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Kreslins, Karlis. "A stemming algorithm for Latvian". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1996. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7433.
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The thesis covers construction, application and evaluation of a stemming algorithm for advanced information searching and retrieval in Latvian databases. Its aim is to examine the following two questions: Is it possible to apply for Latvian a suffix removal algorithm originally designed for English? Can stemming in Latvian produce the same or better information retrieval results than manual truncation? In order to achieve these aims, the role and importance of automatic word conflation both for document indexing and information retrieval are characterised. A review of literature, which analyzes and evaluates different types of stemming techniques and retrospective development of stemming algorithms, justifies the necessity to apply this advanced IR method also for Latvian. Comparative analysis of morphological structure both for English and Latvian language determined the selection of Porter's suffix removal algorithm as a basis for the Latvian sternmer. An extensive list of Latvian stopwords including conjunctions, particles and adverbs, was designed and added to the initial sternmer in order to eliminate insignificant words from further processing. A number of specific modifications and changes related to the Latvian language were carried out to the structure and rules of the original stemming algorithm. Analysis of word stemming based on Latvian electronic dictionary and Latvian text fragments confirmed that the suffix removal technique can be successfully applied also to Latvian language. An evaluation study of user search statements revealed that the stemming algorithm to a certain extent can improve effectiveness of information retrieval.
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Sottie, C. A. "Stemming the tide : school dropout in Ghana". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546440.
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Pirelli, Alessandro. "Classificazione di documenti pre-elaborati con tecniche di stemming". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5363/.
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Goweder, Abduelbaset. "Stemming and Arabic information retrieval : the case of broken plurals". Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410241.
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Rogerson, Brittany E. "An Evaluation of Existing Light Stemming Algorithms for Arabic Keyword Searches". Thesis, School of Information and Library Science, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1901/572.
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The field of Information Retrieval recognizes the importance of stemming in improving retrieval effectiveness. This same tool, when applied to searches conducted in the Arabic language, increases the relevancy of documents returned and expands searches to encompass the general meaning of a word instead of the word itself. Since the Arabic language relies mainly on triconsonantal roots for verb forms and derives nouns by adding affixes, words with similar consonants are closely related in meaning. Stemming allows a search term to focus more on the meaning of a term and closely related terms and less on specific character matches. This paper discusses the strengths of light stemming, the best techniques, and components for algorithmic affix-based stemmers used in keyword searching in the Arabic language.
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Pytelka, Petr. "Jak kvalita lemmatizace ovlivňuje výsledky vyhledávání dokumentů v českém jazyce". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-150220.
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This thesis deals with the measurement of the quality of the stemming/lemmatization algo-rithm for the Czech language in document processing systems and provides an analysis of the results. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the principles of the full-text search, the possibilities of implementation as well as the common problems which have to be solved in connection with the processing of natural language. Methods of evaluating the quality of lemmatization, using recall and precision, are discussed. In addition, the theoret-ical part covers the method of measuring the index of under-stemming and over-stemming, which can be applied for the purposes of a more detailed evaluation. An experiment for evaluating the lemmatization algorithms is proposed in the second part of the thesis. A specialized application has been developed to perform the experiment in three different systems, namely Apache Lucene, the PostgreSQL database systems and the Microsoft SQL Server. The experiment is based on the Prague Dependency Treebank cor-pus. It has been carried out both for the corpus as a whole and for selected word classes separately. Further analysis of the results for Czech stemmer in Apache Lucene leads to a proposal for several modifications of the algorithm. Such modifications result in measurable improvements. The results achieved show how metrics discussed, together with the values measured, can be used for improving the lemmatization algorithms and thus to improve the full-text search for Czech language.
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Yin, Bo. "Procedural consequences stemming from criminal procedural deficiences : a unified and scientific theory". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=174688.
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This thesis is intended to discover a unified and scientific theory of breaches of criminal procedure and their results. In Chapter One, I provide readers with a way of navigating the argument. In Chapter Two, England, Germany and China are the representative jurisdictions. I then try to harmonise ‘criminal procedure’ and ‘xing-shi su-song-fa’ in Chinese. In Chapter Three, a criminal procedure rule is composed of a procedural direction and the consequence of its breach. Weaknesses in procedural remedies exist in every jurisdiction. In Chapter Four, two obstacles are cleared up: the Anglo-American suspicions about universal legal theory and the antagonistic position between socialist and capitalist laws. Two scientific factors are found: three objectives of criminal procedure: substantive truth, procedural regularity and legal harmony; criminal procedural conduct as the analytical unit. In Chapter Five, civil juristic act theory cannot be mechanically transplanted. Two categorisations are found useful: disposition-influencing conduct, procedure-inducing conduct and adjudicative conduct; conduct by a person in authority and conduct by a person not in authority. In Chapter Six, there are simply proclaimed rules and nullity-backed rules. Breaches of nullity-backed rules can be either absolutely null or relatively null. The treatment of relatively null conducts is either nullification or regularisation. There are three conventional nullifications: reversal of adjudicative conduct; exclusion of disposition-influencing conduct and nullification of procedure-inducing conduct. Regularisation is divided into disposal and overlooking. If substantive aspects are examined, mitigation of sentence and ending of proceedings may be applied. Transmutation of invalid procedural conduct is a peculiar treatment. Then, I briefly integrate the subordinate procedural mechanisms in terms of institutional arrangements and structural constraints. In Chapter Seven, I explore the function of this theory in terms of theoretical guidance, legislation and legal practice, although discretion is unavoidable for deciding the final consequence of many breaches.
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Moukdad, Haidar. "A comparison of root and stemming techniques for the retrieval of Arabic documents /". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38247.
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Using information retrieval systems to gain access to documents in languages other than English is becoming an increasingly significant problem. Rules, theories, algorithms, and retrieval methods designed and developed for English and other morphologically similar languages may or may not apply in the linguistic environments of other languages. The problem is particularly acute in languages that differ radically from English on account of morphological rules. This thesis compares the effects of two indexing and retrieval techniques (stemming and root retrieval) on information retrieval in Arabic through an exploratory study of the handling of Arabic words by an English search engine. It also investigates how best to adapt existing English-language information retrieval systems for use with Arabic-language texts, and specifically to process words and their morphological variations. Search experiments, using 2000 Arabic documents and 40 Arabic search terms (nouns), were conducted with a Web search engine developed for English, AltaVista, to compare the performances of stemming and root retrieval and to investigate the possibility of adapting this engine for use with Arabic text. The results of the experiments show that more effective retrieval can be accomplished through stemming, and that it is possible to adapt the engine for use with Arabic without the need to develop root-retrieval features.
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Al, Nehayan Mohammed. "The challenges stemming from demographic and technology issues within the United Arab Emirates". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4983.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThis research explores the internal security threats posed by both the disproportionate expatriate resident population and the impact of modern technologies within the UAE. More specifically, we analyze UAE government efforts to regulate and monitor the flow and activities of expatriates, as well as measures such as Emiratisation, which seek to replace workers with nationals within, select sectors of the private labor force. To balance the benefits and risks that are inherent with the application of technology, specifically communication related technologies, safeguards have been implemented and policies have been created that suit the interest of the culture to monitor and regulate the flow of information among the people. Based on our inductive exploration of the case of the UAE we generate specific policy recommendations such as to strengthen and move ahead with Emiratisation policy, to impose high values for charges related to the violation of the rules in relation to all security policies, and to impose a mandatory military service for all of the UAE nationals that would enhance national defense internal security response. In addition we have provided general arguments for future testing.
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Lee, Hyo Sook. "Automatic text processing for Korean language free text retrieval". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322916.
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Quihuis, Nicholas R. "Stemming the Flow of Improvised Explosive Device Making Materials through Global Export Control Regimes". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/17444.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe effects of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) continue to be felt throughout the world, and especially in battlefields, such as Afghanistan. The United States currently leads the counter-IED effort through various demand side efforts, such as those led by JIEDDO and Project Global Shield. The purpose of this thesis was to determine the feasibility of a new supply-side effort to counter IEDs through global export control similar to the multilateral export control regimes of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and missile technologies. A comparative method was used that utilized the existing regime literature for success and effectiveness, and then measured those regimes against six variables that focused on technology, as well as the organizations, which provided the framework to determine the success and feasibility of a new regime that focuses on lower technology items. The results show that although IEDs continue to be a presence throughout the world, it lacks the grander threat similar to that of WMD technology to make a new regime successful. Further, the results show that IED technology and material are difficult to classify and track, which makes global export control efforts extremely difficult.
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Mandeville, K. "Train to retain : the role of specialty training in stemming Malawi's medical brain drain". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2016. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2551723/.
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Background: There is a growing awareness of the need to retain health workers in low-and middleincome countries. This is particularly the case in Malawi, with few doctors and historically high emigration. Previous retention efforts have focused on salary supplementation and expansion of undergraduate training. There has been little focus on training new doctors to become specialists, despite evidence of its value to Malawian junior doctors. In light of the considerable investment into medical education and retention, this thesis investigates the role of specialty training in stemming Malawi’s medical brain drain. Methods: A tracing study was carried out to locate all Malawian doctors who graduated between 2006 and 2012. Literature reviews and qualitative interviews informed the design of a discrete choice experiment exploring junior doctors’ preferences for different types of training posts. Nearly all eligible doctors in Malawi participated in the survey. The results were incorporated into a Markov model of the Malawi medical workforce as part of a cost-effectiveness analysis of expanded provision of specialty training. Results: The odds of leaving the public sector and Malawi rose with time after graduation, with most of those outside Malawi in specialty training. Junior doctors had strong preferences for different types of specialty training, with subgroups showing distinct preferences. Doctors would require substantial compensation to undertake training only in Malawi or in less popular specialties. Despite this, expanding training within Malawi was the most cost-effective means to retain doctors in the long-term, although more costly than current government spending. Conclusions: Almost all Malawian junior doctors desire to specialise, but not all specialty training is valued equally. Expansion of specialty training in Malawi, however, would lead to higher returns on investments in medical education. More cost-effectiveness modelling and a “whole-career” perspective to policy interventions would strengthen health workforce policy in low-resource settings.
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Hellebrand, David. "Nalezení slovních kořenů v češtině". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-237150.
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The goal of this master's thesis is to develop stemming algorithm for czech language based on grammatical rules. You can find a description of stemming process and a comparsion of stemming algorithms in this project. The basics of czech grammar and Snowball language are also described here. The main part of this thesis concerns the implementation of the new czech stemming algorithm.
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Nwesri, Abdusalam F. Ahmad, i nwesri@yahoo com. "Effective retrieval techniques for Arabic text". RMIT University. Computer Science and IT, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081204.163422.
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Arabic is a major international language, spoken in more than 23 countries, and the lingua franca of the Islamic world. The number of Arabic-speaking Internet users has grown over nine-fold in the Middle East between the year 2000 and 2007, yet research in Arabic Information Retrieval (AIR) has not advanced as in other languages such as English. In this thesis, we explore techniques that improve the performance of AIR systems. Stemming is considered one of the most important factors to improve retrieval effectiveness of AIR systems. Most current stemmers remove affixes without checking whether the removed letters are actually affixes. We propose lexicon-based improvements to light stemming that distinguish core letters from proper Arabic affixes. We devise rules to stem most affixes and show their effects on retrieval effectiveness. Using the TREC 2001 test collection, we show that applying relevance feedback with our rules produces significantly better results than light stemming. Techniques for Arabic information retrieval have been studied in depth on clean collections of newswire dispatches. However, the effectiveness of such techniques is not known on other noisy collections in which text is generated using automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems and queries are generated using machine translations (MT). Using noisy collections, we show that normalisation, stopping and light stemming improve results as in normal text collections but that n-grams and root stemming decrease performance. Most recent AIR research has been undertaken using collections that are far smaller than the collections used for English text retrieval; consequently, the significance of some published results is debatable. Using the LDC Arabic GigaWord collection that contains more than 1 500 000 documents, we create a test collection of~90 topics with their relevance judgements. Using this test collection, we show empirically that for a large collection, root stemming is not competitive. Of the approaches we have studied, lexicon-based stemming approaches perform better than light stemming approaches alone. Arabic text commonly includes foreign words transliterated into Arabic characters. Several transliterated forms may be in common use for a single foreign word, but users rarely use more than one variant during search tasks. We test the effectiveness of lexicons, Arabic patterns, and n-grams in distinguishing foreign words from native Arabic words. We introduce rules that help filter foreign words and improve the n-gram approach used in language identification. Our combined n-grams and lexicon approach successfully identifies 80% of all foreign words with a precision of 93%. To find variants of a specific foreign word, we apply phonetic and string similarity techniques and introduce novel algorithms to normalise them in Arabic text. We modify phonetic techniques used for English to suit the Arabic language, and compare several techniques to determine their effectiveness in finding foreign word variants. We show that our algorithms significantly improve recall. We also show that expanding queries using variants identified by our Soutex4 phonetic algorithm results in a significant improvement in precision and recall. Together, the approaches described in this thesis represent an important step towards realising highly effective retrieval of Arabic text.
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Oommen, George. "Gandhi's portrayal of Jesus stemming from his reading of the Sermon on the Mount a Reformed perspective /". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2008. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p036-0394.
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Mahlstedt, Nicolaj [Verfasser], i Brian [Akademischer Betreuer] Horsfield. "Evaluating the late gas potential of source rocks stemming from different sedimentary environments / Nicolaj Mahlstedt. Betreuer: Brian Horsfield". Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/102779825X/34.
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Twersky, Fay Debra. "Stemming the tide of HIV infection : a multidimensional analysis of risk and prevention for Acquired Immuno-deficiency Virus". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78091.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1989.Title as it appeared in M.I.T. Graduate List, June 1989: Risk and prevention for Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome; a feminist analysis.
Includes bibliographical references.
by Fay Debra Twersky.
M.C.P.
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Abu-Hola, Imfadi R. A. "Jordanian primary students' science achievement and attitudes towards science stemming from small cooperative-group and lecture-demonstration teaching methods". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363948.
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Onyemaobi, Godson Chukwuemeka. "An analysis of the rising cases of medical malpractice litigation in South Africa and means of stemming the tide". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76756.
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Haupt, Alexander. "A South African perspective on the tax implications of virtual asset accumulation and transactions stemming from persistent virtual worlds". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001638.
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Massively multiplayer online role-playing games are growing in popularity with millions of people participating in these persistent online environments on a daily basis. Accompanying the ever-increasing subscription numbers is an increase in real money trade transactions stemming from these game worlds. The research question to be addressed in this thesis is whether transactions stemming from virtual worlds have real-world taxation consequences. The goal of this research is to determine the taxability of virtual assets obtained in structured as well as unstructured virtual environments and to attempt to establish the differences between capital and revenue receipts in these virtual realms, taking into account the nature of a receipt. The general deduction formula is applied to establish the deductibility of expenditure incurred whilst participating in these virtual environments. Sundry matters such as Value-Added Tax, donations tax, the withholding tax on gambling gains and tax avoidance will also be addressed. The methodology adopted for the research could best be described as interpretative, aimed at analysing and interpreting the relationship between real world taxes and persistent virtual worlds and the transactions that stem from participation therein. The research is based purely on documentary evidence. After applying relevant tax legislation to virtual economies it became evident that merely because virtual assets only exist in virtual reality does not necessarily preclude them real world tax consequences. It was concluded, however, that it is not practical for the South African Revenue Service to monitor all virtual world transactions or for participant taxpayers to calculate the real world value of each and every asset acquired in-world. As a result, it was concluded that real world tax consequences should only be applied in situations where participants actually convert their virtual assets into real world currency.
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Adámek, Tomáš. "Metody stemmingu používané při dolování textu". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-235547.
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The main theme of this master's thesis is a description of text mining. This document is specialized to English texts and their automatic data preprocessing. The main part of this thesis analyses various stemming algorithms (Lovins, Porter and Paice/Husk). Stemming is a procedure for automatic conflating semantically related terms together via the use of rule sets. Next part of this thesis describes design of an application for various types of stemming algorithms. Application is based on the Java platform with using of graphic library Swing and MVC architecture. Next chapter contains description of implementation of the application and stemming algorithms. In the last part of this master's thesis experiments with stemming algorithms and comparing the algorithm from viewpoint to the results of classification the text are described.
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Genton, Marine. "Individuals’ perceptions of their cancers’ risks stemming from environmental factors : overview, relationships with adoption of health-related behaviors and determinants". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1146.
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Objectifs : (1) Explorer et analyser les perceptions individuelles des risques de cancers toutes causes confondues et liés aux facteurs environnementaux. (2) Investiguer les liens entre ces perceptions et l'adoption de comportements en santé. (3) Identifier et analyser les déterminants de ces perceptions. Méthodes : Revues de la littérature empirique et théorique, étude qualitative auprès de personnes avec et sans antécédent(s) de cancer, étude quantitative auprès d'un échantillon représentatif de la population française. Résultats : (1) Les risques de cancers liés aux facteurs environnementaux sont un sujet de préoccupation. Une part importante des participants se percoit notamment à risque de développer des cancers liés à la pollution de l'air, aux pesticides et au stress. (2) Les adoptions de comportements en santé sont parfois associées aux perceptions des risques mais sont plus souvent associées à l'adhérence à des croyances relatives à la prévention et aux préférences visà- vis du temps et du risque. Prendre en compte l'endogénéité impacte fortement la significativié des associations entre perceptions et comportements. (3) L'adhérence à des croyances relatives aux cancers et la saillance des risques de cancers liés à l'environnement déterminent plus fortement les perceptions que les heuristiques d'affect et de disponibilité, la connaissance, le contrôle perçu et la volonté perçue des expositions aux risques, l'histoire personnelle de santé et les caractéristiques sociodémographiques. Discussion : Nos résultats, cohérents avec la littérature, permettent de mieux comprendre les perceptions individuelles des risques et peuvent servir de support au développement de politiques ciblées de santé publiqueObjectives: (1) To explore and analyze individuals’ perceptions of their own cancers’ risks in general and stemming from environmental factors. (2) To investigate their relationships with individuals’ adoption of health-related behaviors. (3) To identify and analyze the determinants of these perceptions. Methods: A theoretical and an empirical literature reviews, an exploratory qualitative study among individuals with and without personal cancer history and a confirmatory quantitative study among a representative sample of the French population have been conducted. Results: (1) Cancers’ risks stemming from environmental factors are a subject of concern among French people. In particular, more than half of our sample perceived themselves at risk to develop cancers stemming from outdoor air pollution, pesticides and stress. (2) Individuals’ adoptions of health-related behaviors can be associated with their risk perceptions, but are more associated with their endorsement of prevention-related beliefs, and their time and risk preferences. Endogeneity strongly impacts the significance of associations between perceptions and behaviors. (3) Endorsement of cancers-related beliefs and salience of cancers’ risks stemming from environmental factors determine more strongly individuals’ risk perceptions than availability and affect heuristics, knowledge, perceived control and voluntariness of risk exposures, personal health history and socio-demographic characteristics. Discussion: Our results, consistent with the literature, bring new outcomes helpful to better understand individuals’ risk perceptions and to design targeted public health policies
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Nguyen, Qui V. "Enhancing a Web Crawler with Arabic Search". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2012.
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Many advantages of the Internetâ ease of access, limited regulation, vast potential audience, and fast flow of
informationâ have turned it into the most popular way to communicate and exchange ideas. Criminal and terrorist
groups also use these advantages to turn the Internet into their new play/battle fields to conduct their illegal/terror
activities. There are millions of Web sites in different languages on the Internet, but the lack of foreign language
search engines makes it impossible to analyze foreign language Web sites efficiently. This thesis will enhance an
open source Web crawler with Arabic search capability, thus improving an existing social networking tool to perform
page correlation and analysis of Arabic Web sites. A social networking tool with Arabic search capabilities could
become a valuable tool for the intelligence community. Its page correlation and analysis results could be used to
collect open source intelligence and build a network of Web sites that are related to terrorist or criminal activities.
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Houston-McMillan, Jason. "An argument for more plurilateral agreements and their value for developing countries: stemming the tide of preferential trade agreements, post-Doha". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25315.
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The latest round of multilateral trade negotiations at the WTO, the Doha Round, is deadlocked, and it is unlikely that any further significant rule-making progress will be made there. The system's faltering has resulted in an unprecedented move towards preferential trade agreements between WTO Members as alternative negotiating platforms. The result is an ever-expanding divergence of the global trading system, which gives rise to added complexity and wider discrimination than would follow from alternatives - specifically the increased use of plurilateral agreements. Preferential agreements, particularly worryingly, may also have serious consequences for developing and least-developed countries in particular. This paper argues that, in light of the stalling of the Doha Round, greater effort should be made by WTO Members to pursue plurilateral agreements in specific policy areas and to move towards a system incorporating more 'variable geometry' which will result in progress in existing areas which have seen little movement since the Doha Round began. Given the recent proliferation of Preferential Trade Agreements and their potential negative effects on rule-making and the WTO, and on developing countries, it is vital that alternatives are explored in order to promote adaptability which would result in a more effective and relevant WTO.
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Scheidemantel, Debora Diane 1957. "Behavioral and natural history studies of the jumping spider Habronattus oregonensis and inquiry based secondary laboratory lesson development stemming from university research". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278612.
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This study was conducted to determine behavior patterns of the jumping spider Habronattus oregonensis. Time budgets show spiders spend their time out and about, eating, interacting with other spiders, and in hidden behaviors with out and about behaviors dominating. Agonistic encounters occur in the field and were staged in the laboratory. Whether a spider keeps control of the area is determined differently for males than females. In male-male interactions, the size of the spider as measured by weight is important in winning a skirmish regardless of familiarity with an area (residency). For female-female agonistic interactions, however, residency does affect the outcome. In interactions between male-female pairs, the male readily courts the female. Mature virgin females readily accept a mate; other females do not. Finally, experiences from university research were used to develop lesson plans for student study at the secondary level in biology classrooms.
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Preston, Anthony A. "Mapping the limestone decay and decay processes on the external limestone of Chichester Cathedral, a structure stemming from the period circa 1076-1090". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430681.
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Chichester Cathedral, the construction of which commenced between 1076- 90, within the rural setting of Sussex, is composed of an eclectic mix of limestones and some sandstones, which have undergone continued replacement over the lifetime of the building due to surface decay and failure. The purpose of this study was to map and record the decay exhibited on a southern aspect of the building, which was due for restoration. In addition a simple study was also undertaken on the early stone still existing from the first building phase from other areas of the building and within differing environments and which confirmed that decay forms commenced with a change in limestone type used, particularly in this case from the Quarr stone to the more micro porous Caen and similar limestones. Thus indicating porosity as a factor in weathering. Laboratory analysis of samples was not available for this study so the majority of observations and recordings were made on site. A study of the climate of the region in chapter 2, indicated that although rainfall for the region was low, humidity was relatively consistent and within the upper range (60-90 per cent). Although wind direction was mainly from the southwest, thereby removing any significant pollutants, the combination of low S02 and high humidity would fit in with the accepted environment for absorption of atmospheric salts and associated crystallisation, hydration pressure and expansion, leading to decay. Micro-climate analysis of an area of the southern side also confirmed that the moisture content across the stone face was also conSistently high and thus an indicator of a salt mobilisation and hydration environment. Chapter 3, which considers the building phases and materials used throughout the building history of the Cathedral, also mapped an emerging pattern of stone life for the various parts of the Cathedral, which tends to fit in with the theory that the lithology of the same stone type may playa significant factor inIt is well established that atmospheric pollution is a major contributor to stone decay but no major polluting industrial base has ever existed within the area of Chichester, which was primarily an agricultural centre (historically a 'Staple Town'). It was necessary therefore to establish the possible historic forms of industry that may have contributed in some way to atmospheric pollution thereby enabling the mapping of resultant pollution levels over time. The analysis of this industry in chapter 4 has indicated that as expected the levels of S02 were so low as to be almost inSignificant until the arrival of wide spread coal use, and then even then they were very low. The amount may be significant, however, when combined with high relative humidity. The actual mapping and main photographic analysis of surface conditions across three height ranges is undertaken and described in chapter 5. In a number of cases, a relationship between black crusting and surface loss could not be established, although, it was apparent that scaling and surface loss of the sample areas was high. It became significant that decay was tending to emanate from the lime mortar joints in a number of locations and situations. This also became evident when looked for in other regions of the structure, for example the north side of the Bell Tower, which had started to decay within a forty-year period of restoration and is covered in chapter 6. Various forms of mechanical breakdown were established but this research did not enable any form of biological decay analysis to be undertaken. the durability of samples.
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Looney, Michael T. (Michael Thomas) 1976. "Knowing no boundaries : stemming the tide of urban sprawl in several southern Connecticut towns and the lessons for other strong home rule areas". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68388.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 168-173).
Land use regulations and development patterns of several southern Connecticut towns and cities were studied in order to determine how the individual municipal land use controls in each town have contributed to urban sprawl in Southern Connecticut. Additionally, the historical foundations for the absence of strong regional governmental entities in southern Connecticut were studied to provide a baseline for developing potential regional solutions to suburban sprawl in Connecticut. Drawing upon analysis of land use regulations, regional governmental structure, existing sprawl typologies and professional and academic literature, remedies for preventing the proliferation of suburban sprawl in Connecticut through municipal action, framed within a multiple-town urban design corridor and a regional compact construct, were proposed and discussed. The potential applicability of these remedies to other areas of the United States where there are many independent municipalities concentrated in a relatively small area, each making land use decisions without a regional framework, was investigated.
by Michael T. Looney.
M.C.P.
28
Hofmann, Frank. "Untersuchungen zur Verbesserung der Resultatqualität bei Suchverfahren über Web-Archive". Thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200300132.
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Eine Übersicht über die Verfahren der Erweiterten Suche (TF,IDF, Stemming, Indexing, Klang von Wörtern) sowie Textkorrektur, dazu deskriptorenbasierte Beschreibung von Dokumenten und Abstracts. Es erfolgt eine Evaluierung dieser Verfahren anhand von ausgewählten XML-Metadaten aus dem MONARCH. Den Abschluß bildet eine Analyse zum Ist-Zustand des MONARCH, bezogen auf Qualität der verwendeten Metadaten und deren Nutzbarkeit für die Erweiterte Suche.
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Abrignani, Federico. "Cookgle, architettura a basso livello di un motore di ricerca per ricette culinarie". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
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La realizzazione di un motore di ricerca per uno specifico ambito documentale comporta molte scelte. Questo documento intende esplicarne problemi riscontrati e soluzioni ottenute durante la realizzazione di un motore di ricerca per ricette culinarie.
Questa dissertazione illustra il problema sia da un punto di vista architetturale che implementativo, in particolare, la tesi tratta sia del design pattern MVC, usato come base del progetto, che di algoritmi di stemming e ranking.
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Dahlberg, Gunnar. "Implementation and evaluation of a text extraction tool for adverse drug reaction information". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-134063.
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Inom ramen för Världshälsoorganisationens (WHO:s) internationella biverkningsprogram rapporterar sjukvårdspersonal och patienter misstänkta läkemedelsbiverkningar i form av spontana biverkningsrapporter som via nationella myndigheter skickas till Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC). Hos UMC lagras rapporterna i VigiBase, WHO:s biverkningsdatabas. Rapporterna i VigiBase analyseras med hjälp av statistiska metoder för att hitta potentiella samband mellan läkemedel och biverkningar. Funna samband utvärderas i flera steg där ett tidigt steg i utvärderingen är att studera den medicinska litteraturen för att se om sambandet redan är känt sedan tidigare (tidigare kända samband filtreras bort från fortsatt analys). Att manuellt leta efter samband mellan ett visst läkemedel och en viss biverkan är tidskrävande. I den här studien har vi utvecklat ett verktyg för att automatiskt leta efter medicinska biverkningstermer i medicinsk litteratur och spara funna samband i ett strukturerat format. I verktyget har vi implementerat och integrerat funktionalitet för att söka efter medicinska biverkningar på olika sätt (utnyttja synonymer,ta bort ändelser på ord, ta bort ord som saknar betydelse, godtycklig ordföljd och stavfel). Verktygets prestanda har utvärderats på manuellt extraherade medicinska termer från SPC-texter (texter från läkemedels bipacksedlar) och på biverkningstexter från Martindale (medicinsk referenslitteratur för information om läkemedel och substanser) där WHO-ART- och MedDRA-terminologierna har använts som källa för biverkningstermer. Studien visar att sofistikerad textextraktion avsevärt kan förbättra identifieringen av biverkningstermer i biverkningstexter jämfört med en ordagrann extraktion.Background: Initial review of potential safety issues related to the use of medicines involves reading and searching existing medical literature sources for known associations of drug and adverse drug reactions (ADRs), so that they can be excluded from further analysis. The task is labor demanding and time consuming. Objective: To develop a text extraction tool to automatically identify ADR information from medical adverse effects texts. Evaluate the performance of the tool’s underlying text extraction algorithm and identify what parts of the algorithm contributed to the performance. Method: A text extraction tool was implemented on the .NET platform with functionality for preprocessing text (removal of stop words, Porter stemming and use of synonyms) and matching medical terms using permutations of words and spelling variations (Soundex, Levenshtein distance and Longest common subsequence distance). Its performance was evaluated on both manually extracted medical terms (semi-structuredtexts) from summary of product characteristics (SPC) texts and unstructured adverse effects texts from Martindale (i.e. a medical reference for information about drugs andmedicines) using the WHO-ART and MedDRA medical term dictionaries. Results: For the SPC data set, a verbatim match identified 72% of the SPC terms. The text extraction tool correctly matched 87% of the SPC terms while producing one false positive match using removal of stop words, Porter stemming, synonyms and permutations. The use of the full MedDRA hierarchy contributed the most to performance. Sophisticated text algorithms together contributed roughly equally to the performance. Phonetic codes (i.e. Soundex) is evidently inferior to string distance measures (i.e. Levenshtein distance and Longest common subsequence distance) for fuzzy matching in our implementation. The string distance measures increased the number of matched SPC terms, but at the expense of generating false positive matches. Results from Martindaleshow that 90% of the identified medical terms were correct. The majority of false positive matches were caused by extracting medical terms not describing ADRs. Conclusion: Sophisticated text extraction can considerably improve the identification of ADR information from adverse effects texts compared to a verbatim extraction.
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Shrestha, Paliza. "Water Quality Performance And Greenhouse Gas Flux Dynamics From Compost-Amended Bioretention Systems & Potential Trade-Offs Between Phytoremediation And Water Quality Stemming From Compost Amendments". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/851.
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Stormwater runoff from existing impervious surfaces needs to be managed to protect downstream waterbodies from hydrologic and water quality impacts associated with development. As urban expansion continues at a rapid pace, increasing impervious cover, and climate change yields more frequent extreme precipitation events, increasing the need for improved stormwater management. Although green infrastructure such as bioretention has been implemented in urban areas for stormwater quality improvements and volume reductions, these systems are seldom monitored to validate their performance. Herein, we evaluate flow attenuation, stormwater quality performance, and nutrient cycling from eight roadside bioretention cells in their third and fourth years of implementation in Burlington, Vermont. Bioretention cells received varying treatments: (1) vegetation with high-diversity (7 species) and low-diversity plant mixes (2 species); (2) proprietary SorbtiveMediaTM (SM) containing iron and aluminum oxide granules to enhance sorption capacity for phosphorus; and (3) enhanced rainfall and runoff (RR) to certain cells (including one with SM treatment) at three levels (15%, 20%, 60% more than their control counterparts), mimicking anticipated precipitation increases from climate change.
Bioretention water quality parameters monitored include total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate/nitrite-nitrogen (NOx), ortho-phosphorus (Ortho-P), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), which were compared among bioretention cells’ inflows and outflows across 121 storms. Simultaneous measurements of flow rates and volumes allowed for evaluation of the cells’ hydraulic performances and estimation of pollutant load and event mean concentration (EMC) removal. We also monitored soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, as they represent a potential nutrient loss pathway from the bioretention cells. We determined C and N stocks in the soil media and vegetation, which are critical design elements of any bioretention, to determine the overall C and N balances in these systems.
Significant average reductions in effluent stormwater volumes and peak flows were reported, with 31% of the storms events completely captured. Influent TSS loads and EMCs were well retained by all cells irrespective of treatments, storm characteristics, or seasonality. Nutrient removal was treatment-dependent, where the SM treatments consistently removed P loads and EMCs, and sometimes N as well. The vegetation and RR treatments mostly exported nutrients to the effluent. We attribute observed nutrient exports to the presence of excess compost in the soil filter media. Rainfall depth and peak inflow rate undermined bioretention performance, likely by increasing pollutant mobilization through the filter media. While the bioretention cells were a source of CO2, they varied between being a sink and source of N2O. CO2 fluxes were orders of magnitude higher than N2O fluxes. However, soil C and N, and plant C and N in biomass was seen to largely offset respiratory CO2-C and biochemical N2O-N losses from bioretention soil. The use of compost in bioretention soil media should be reduced or eliminated. If necessary, compost with low P content and high C: N ratio should be considered to minimize nutrients losses via leaching or gas fluxes.
In order to understand trade-offs stemming from compost amendments, we conducted a laboratory pot study utilizing switchgrass and various organic soil amendments (e.g., different compost types and coir fiber) to a sandy loam soil contaminated with heavy metals and studied potential nutrient leaching and pollutant uptake. Addition of organic amendments significantly reduced metal bioavailability, and improved switchgrass growth and metal uptake potential. While no differences in soil or plant metal uptake were observed among the amendments, significant differences in nutrient leaching were observed.
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Tibell, Rasmus. "Training a Multilayer Perceptron to predict the final selling price of an apartment in co-operative housing society sold in Stockholm city with features stemming from open data". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-159754.
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The need for a robust model for predicting the value of condominiums and houses are becoming more apparent as further evidence of systematic errors in existing models are presented. Traditional valuation methods fail to produce good predictions of condominium sales prices and systematic patterns in the errors linked to for example the repeat sales methodology and the hedonic pricing model have been pointed out by papers referenced in this thesis. This inability can lead to monetary problems for individuals and in worst-case economic crises for whole societies. In this master thesis paper we present how a predictive model constructed from a multilayer perceptron can predict the price of a condominium in the centre of Stockholm using objective data from sources publicly available. The value produced by the model is enriched with a predictive interval using the Inductive Conformal Prediction algorithm to give a clear view of the quality of the prediction. In addition, the Multilayer Perceptron is compared with the commonly used Support Vector Regression algorithm to underline the hallmark of neural networks handling of a broad spectrum of features. The features used to construct the Multilayer Perceptron model are gathered from multiple “Open Data” sources and includes data as: 5,990 apartment sales prices from 2011- 2013, interest rates for condominium loans from two major banks, national election results from 2010, geographic information and nineteen local features. Several well-known techniques of improving performance of Multilayer Perceptrons are applied and evaluated. A Genetic Algorithm is deployed to facilitate the process of determine appropriate parameters used by the backpropagation algorithm. Finally, we conclude that the model created as a Multilayer Perceptron using backpropagation can produce good predictions and outperforms the results from the Support Vector Regression models and the studies in the referenced papers.Behovet av en robust modell för att förutsäga värdet på bostadsrättslägenheter och hus blir allt mer uppenbart alt eftersom ytterligare bevis på systematiska fel i befintliga modeller läggs fram. I artiklar refererade i denna avhandling påvisas systematiska fel i de estimat som görs av metoder som bygger på priser från repetitiv försäljning och hedoniska prismodeller. Detta tillkortakommandet kan leda till monetära problem för individer och i värsta fall ekonomisk kris för hela samhällen. I detta examensarbete påvisar vi att en prediktiv modell konstruerad utifrån en “Multilayer Perceptron” kan estimera priset på en bostadsrättslägenhet i centrala Stockholm baserad på allmänt tillgängligt data (“Öppen Data”). Modellens resultat har utökats med ett prediktivt intervall beräknat utifrån “Inductive Conformal Prediction”- algoritmen som ger en klar bild över estimatets tillförlitlighet. Utöver detta jämförs “Multilayer Perceptron”-algoritmen med en annan vanlig algoritm för maskinlärande, den så kallade “Support Vector Regression” för att påvisa neurala nätverks kvalité och förmåga att hantera dataset med många variabler. De variabler som används för att konstruera “Multilayer Perceptron”-modellen är sammanställda utifrån allmänt tillgängliga öppna datakällor och innehåller information så som: priser från 5990 sålda lägenheter under perioden 2011- 2013, ränteläget för bostadsrättslån från två av de stora bankerna, valresultat från riksdagsvalet 2010, geografisk information och nitton lokala särdrag. Ett flertal välkända förbättringar för “Multilayer Perceptron”-algoritmen har applicerats och evaluerats. En genetisk algoritm har använts för att stödja processen att hitta lämpliga parametrar till “Backpropagation”-algoritmen. I detta arbete drar vi slutsatsen att modellen kan producera goda förutsägelser med en modell konstruerad utifrån ett neuralt nätverk av typen “Multilayer Perceptron” beräknad med “backpropagation”, och därmed utklassar de resultat som levereras av Support Vector Regression modellen och de studier som refererats i denna avhandling
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Šanda, Pavel. "Určení základního tvaru slova". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219288.
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Lemmatization is an important preprocessing step for many applications of text mining. Lemmatization process is similar to the stemming process, with the difference that determines not only the word stem, but it´s trying to determines the basic form of the word using the methods Brute Force and Suffix Stripping. The main aim of this paper is to present methods for algorithmic improvements Czech lemmatization. The created training set of data are content of this paper and can be freely used for student and academic works dealing with similar problematics.
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Jones, Jeffrey J. "Countering Islamic radicalization and Al Shabaab recruitment within the ethnic Somali population of the United States : an argument for applying best practices for stemming youth gang recruitment and initiation". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5072.
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CHDS State/LocalApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Over the past few years, a spate of attempted plots, lethal attacks, and arrests of American Muslims both at home and overseas has created the perception of a more worrisome development regarding the issue of domestic radicalization and homegrown violent extremism. The individuals involved in these developments have come from a broad cross-section of various ethnic, socioeconomic, cultural, and geographic backgrounds in the United States, making it difficult for law enforcement and the intelligence community to focus their efforts to predict or determine where violent extremists will emerge. This thesis focuses on the Somali-American community in particular and the threat posed by a very small percentage of that community that has, in recent years, been drawn to violent extremist agendas in Somalia. This thesis examines existing best practices that might be leveraged or utilized to combat the radicalizing influences that have affected some Somali-Americans in the past, with the hope that those practices can prevent similar effects in the future.
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Conrado, Merley da Silva. "O efeito do uso de diferentes formas de extração de termos na compreensibilidade e representatividade dos termos em coleções textuais na língua portuguesa". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-19012010-112047/.
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A extração de termos em coleções textuais, que é uma atividade da etapa de Pré-Processamento da Mineração de Textos, pode ser empregada para diversos fins nos processos de extração de conhecimento. Esses termos devem ser cuidadosamente extraídos, uma vez que os resultados de todo o processo dependerão, em grande parte, da \"qualidade\" dos termos obtidos. A \"qualidade\" dos termos, neste trabalho, abrange tanto a representatividade dos termos no domínio em questão como sua compreensibilidade. Tendo em vista sua importância, neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito do uso de diferentes técnicas de simplificação de termos na compreensibilidade e representatividade dos termos em coleções textuais na Língua Portuguesa. Os termos foram extraídos seguindo os passos da metodologia apresentada neste trabalho e as técnicas utilizadas durante essa atividade de extração foram a radicalização, lematização e substantivação. Para apoiar tal metodologia, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta, a ExtraT (Ferramenta para Extração de Termos). Visando garantir a \"qualidade\" dos termos extraídos, os mesmos são avaliados objetiva e subjetivamente. As avaliações subjetivas, ou seja, com o auxílio de especialistas do domínio em questão, abrangem a representatividade dos termos em seus respectivos documentos, a compreensibilidade dos termos obtidos ao utilizar cada técnica e a preferência geral subjetiva dos especialistas em cada técnica. As avaliações objetivas, que são auxiliadas por uma ferramenta desenvolvida (a TaxEM - Taxonomia em XML da Embrapa), levam em consideração a quantidade de termos extraídos por cada técnica, além de abranger tambéem a representatividade dos termos extraídos a partir de cada técnica em relação aos seus respectivos documentos. Essa avaliação objetiva da representatividade dos termos utiliza como suporte a medida CTW (Context Term Weight). Oito coleções de textos reais do domínio de agronegócio foram utilizadas na avaliaçao experimental. Como resultado foram indicadas algumas das características positivas e negativas da utilização das técnicas de simplificação de termos, mostrando que a escolha pelo uso de alguma dessas técnicas para o domínio em questão depende do objetivo principal pré-estabelecido, que pode ser desde a necessidade de se ter termos compreensíveis para o usuário até a necessidade de se trabalhar com uma menor quantidade de termosThe task of term extraction in textual domains, which is a subtask of the text pre-processing in Text Mining, can be used for many purposes in knowledge extraction processes. These terms must be carefully extracted since their quality will have a high impact in the results. In this work, the quality of these terms involves both representativity in the specific domain and comprehensibility. Considering this high importance, in this work the effects produced in the comprehensibility and representativity of terms were evaluated when different term simplification techniques are utilized in text collections in Portuguese. The term extraction process follows the methodology presented in this work and the techniques used were radicalization, lematization and substantivation. To support this metodology, a term extraction tool was developed and is presented as ExtraT. In order to guarantee the quality of the extracted terms, they were evaluated in an objective and subjective way. The subjective evaluations, assisted by domain specialists, analyze the representativity of the terms in related documents, the comprehensibility of the terms with each technique, and the specialist\'s opinion. The objective evaluations, which are assisted by TaxEM and by Thesagro (National Agricultural Thesaurus), consider the number of extracted terms by each technique and their representativity in the related documents. This objective evaluation of the representativity uses the CTW measure (Context Term Weight) as support. Eight real collections of the agronomy domain were used in the experimental evaluation. As a result, some positive and negative characteristics of each techniques were pointed out, showing that the best technique selection for this domain depends on the main pre-established goal, which can involve obtaining better comprehensibility terms for the user or reducing the quantity of extracted terms
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Viderberg, Arvid, i Hampus Hammersberg. "Prototyp för att öka exponeringen av skönlitteratur på internet". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232098.
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På internet idag genereras information för att exponera böcker manuellt. Det är information som till exempel genre, författare, platser och sammanfattning. Böckernas fullständiga text är inte tillgänglig publikt på internet på grund av upphovsrättslagen och av den anledningen går det inte att automatiskt generera denna typ av information. En lösning är att konstruera en prototyp som behandlar originalverket och automatisk genererar information som kan exponeras på internet, utan att exponera hela verket. Denna rapport jämfört tre olika algoritmer som behandlar böcker: utbrytning av ordstam, stoppordsfiltrering och blandning av meningar inom stycken. Algoritmerna är jämförda med avseende på generering av relevant information till tjänsterna: sökmotorer, automatisk metadata, smarta annonser och textsammanfattning. Sökmotorer låter en användare söka på exempelvis bokens titel eller en mening ur boken. Automatisk metadata bryter automatiskt ut beskrivande information från boken. Smarta annonser använder beskrivande information för att rekommendera och marknadsföra böcker. Textsammanfattning kan skapa en kort, beskrivande sammanfattning av boken automatiskt. Informationen som sparas från böckerna ska endast vara relevant information till tjänsterna. Informationen ska inte heller har något litterärt värde1 för en människa. Resultatet av arbetet visar att kombinationerna blandning av meningar →stoppordsfiltrering och stoppordsfiltrering →blandning av meningar är optimala i form av sökbarhet. Det är också rekommenderat att lägga till utbrytning av ordstam som ett extra steg i behandlingen av originalverket, eftersom det genererar mer relevant automatisk metadata till boken.On the internet today, information to expose books is generated manually. That includes information such as genre, author, places, and summary. The full text of books are not publicly available on the Internet due to copyright law, and for this reason it is not possible to generate this type of information automatically. One solution is to construct a prototype that processes the original book and automatically generates information that can be exposed to the Internet, without exposing the entire book. In this report, three different algorithms that deal with processing books are compared: stemming, filtering of stop words and scrambling of sentences within paragraphs. The algorithms are compared by generating relevant information to the services: search engines, automatic metadata, smart ads and text analysis. Search engines allows a user to search for e.g. the title or a sentence from the book. Automatic metadata automatically breaks out descriptive information from the book. Smart ads can use descriptive information to recommend and promote books. Text analysis can be used to automatically create a brief descriptive summary. The information stored from the books should only be relevant information for the services and the information should not have any literal value2 for a human to read. The result of the work shows that the combinations scrambling of sentences→filtering of stop words and filtering of stop words→scramlbing of sentences are optimal in terms of searchability. It is also recommended to add stemming as an additional step in the processing of the original book, as it generates more relevant automatic metadata to the book.
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Asian, Jelita, i jelitayang@gmail com. "Effective Techniques for Indonesian Text Retrieval". RMIT University. Computer Science and Information Technology, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080110.084651.
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The Web is a vast repository of data, and information on almost any subject can be found with the aid of search engines. Although the Web is international, the majority of research on finding of information has a focus on languages such as English and Chinese. In this thesis, we investigate information retrieval techniques for Indonesian. Although Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world, little attention has been given to search of Indonesian documents. Stemming is the process of reducing morphological variants of a word to a common stem form. Previous research has shown that stemming is language-dependent. Although several stemming algorithms have been proposed for Indonesian, there is no consensus on which gives better performance. We empirically explore these algorithms, showing that even the best algorithm still has scope for improvement. We propose novel extensions to this algorithm and develop a new Indonesian stemmer, and show that these can improve stemming correctness by up to three percentage points; our approach makes less than one error in thirty-eight words. We propose a range of techniques to enhance the performance of Indonesian information retrieval. These techniques include: stopping; sub-word tokenisation; and identification of proper nouns; and modifications to existing similarity functions. Our experiments show that many of these techniques can increase retrieval performance, with the highest increase achieved when we use grams of size five to tokenise words. We also present an effective method for identifying the language of a document; this allows various information retrieval techniques to be applied selectively depending on the language of target documents. We also address the problem of automatic creation of parallel corpora --- collections of documents that are the direct translations of each other --- which are essential for cross-lingual information retrieval tasks. Well-curated parallel corpora are rare, and for many languages, such as Indonesian, do not exist at all. We describe algorithms that we have developed to automatically identify parallel documents for Indonesian and English. Unlike most current approaches, which consider only the context and structure of the documents, our approach is based on the document content itself. Our algorithms do not make any prior assumptions about the documents, and are based on the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm for global alignment of protein sequences. Our approach works well in identifying Indonesian-English parallel documents, especially when no translation is performed. It can increase the separation value, a measure to discriminate good matches of parallel documents from bad matches, by approximately ten percentage points. We also investigate the applicability of our identification algorithms for other languages that use the Latin alphabet. Our experiments show that, with minor modifications, our alignment methods are effective for English-French, English-German, and French-German corpora, especially when the documents are not translated. Our technique can increase the separation value for the European corpus by up to twenty-eight percentage points. Together, these results provide a substantial advance in understanding techniques that can be applied for effective Indonesian text retrieval.
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Brits, Jeanetta Hendrina. "Outomatiese Setswana lemma-identifisering / Jeanetta Hendrina Brits". Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1160.
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Within the context of natural language processing, a lemmatiser is one of the
most important core technology modules that has to be developed for a particular
language. A lemmatiser reduces words in a corpus to the corresponding lemmas
of the words in the lexicon.
A lemma is defined as the meaningful base form from which other more complex
forms (i.e. variants) are derived. Before a lemmatiser can be developed for a
specific language, the concept "lemma" as it applies to that specific language
should first be defined clearly. This study concludes that, in Setswana, only
stems (and not roots) can act independently as words; therefore, only stems
should be accepted as lemmas in the context of automatic lemmatisation for
Setswana.
Five of the seven parts of speech in Setswana could be viewed as closed
classes, which means that these classes are not extended by means of regular
morphological processes. The two other parts of speech (nouns and verbs) require
the implementation of alternation rules to determine the lemma. Such alternation
rules were formalised in this study, for the purpose of development of a
Setswana lemmatiser. The existing Setswana grammars were used as basis for
these rules. Therewith the precision of the formalisation of these existing grammars
to lemmatise Setswana words could be determined.
The software developed by Van Noord (2002), FSA 6, is one of the best-known
applications available for the development of finite state automata and transducers.
Regular expressions based on the formalised morphological rules were
used in FSA 6 to create finite state transducers. The code subsequently generated
by FSA 6 was implemented in the lemmatiser.
The metric that applies to the evaluation of the lemmatiser is precision. On a test
corpus of 1 000 words, the lemmatiser obtained 70,92%. In another evaluation
on 500 complex nouns and 500 complex verbs separately, the lemmatiser obtained
70,96% and 70,52% respectively. Expressed in numbers the precision on
500 complex and simplex nouns was 78,45% and on complex and simplex verbs
79,59%. The quantitative achievement only gives an indication of the relative
precision of the grammars. Nevertheless, it did offer analysed data with which
the grammars were evaluated qualitatively. The study concludes with an overview
of how these results might be improved in the future.Thesis (M.A. (African Languages))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Bradley, Martha Magdalena. "An examination of the inadequacy of the wording of the damage claim provisions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, resulting in interpretative legal difficulties as revealed by claims stemming from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12857.
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Includes bibliographical references.The United States Oil Pollution Act 1990 (OPA), contains a provision, s1002(b) (2), that sets out six categories or kinds of damage that may be recovered from a ‘responsible party’ liable for losses resulting from damage caused by the discharge of oil in United States (US) waters. The provision was drafted with the purpose of facilitating a predictable and just outcome for claimants against such a responsible party. The central argument of this dissertation is that the intended purpose is undermined by difficulties in interpreting certain of these provisions, and that, if these provisions are to achieve their objective, they require legislative amendment and that such reform is urgent. The BP Spill highlighted the issue of the lack of clarity in the claims provisions of the OPA as well as revealing the potentially catastrophic and widespread effect that a spill of this magnitude can have.
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Uhlíř, Martin. "Metody pro získávání asociačních pravidel z dat". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236817.
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The aim of this thesis is to implement Multipass-Apriori method for mining association rules from text data. After the introduction to the field of knowledge discovery, the specific aspects of text mining are mentioned. In the mining process, preprocessing is a very important problem, use of stemming and stop words dictionary is necessary in this case. Next part of thesis deals with meaning, usage and generating of association rules. The main part is focused on the description of Multipass-Apriori method, which was implemented. On the ground of executed tests the most optimal way of dividing partitions was set and also the best way of sorting the itemsets. As a part of testing, Multipass-Apriori method was compared with Apriori method.
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Pavlín, Václav. "Odvození slovníku pro nástroj Process Inspector na platformě SharePoint". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236591.
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This master's thesis presents methods for mining important pieces of information from text. It analyses the problem of terms extraction from large document collection and describes the implementation using C# language and Microsoft SQL Server. The system uses stemming and a number of statistical methods for term extraction. This project also compares used methods and suggests the process of the dictionary derivation.
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Konduri, Aparna. "CLustering of Web Services Based on Semantic Similarity". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1199657471.
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Yao, Ming. "A security architecture for protecting dynamic components of mobile agents". Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15913/.
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New techniques,languages and paradigms have facilitated the creation of distributed applications in several areas. Perhaps the most promising paradigm is the one that incorporates the mobile agent concept. A mobile agent in a large scale network can be viewed as a software program that travels through a heterogeneous network, crossing various security domains and executing autonomously in its destination. Mobile agent technology extends the traditional network communication model by including mobile processes, which can autonomously migrate to new remote servers. This basic idea results in numerous benefits including flexible, dynamic customisation of the behavior of clients and servers and robust interaction over unreliable networks. In spite of its advantages, widespread adoption of the mobile agent paradigm is being delayed due to various security concerns. Currently available mechanisms for reducing the security risks of this technology do not e±ciently cover all the existing threats. Due to the characteristics of the mobile agent paradigm and the threats to which it is exposed, security mechanisms must be designed to protect both agent hosting servers and agents. Protection to agent-hosting servers' security is a reasonably well researched issue, and many viable mechanisms have been developed to address it. Protecting agents is technically more challenging and solutions to do so are far less developed. The primary added complication is that, as an agent traverses multiple servers that are trusted to different degrees, the agent's owner has no control over the behaviors of the agent-hosting servers. Consequently the hosting servers can subvert the computation of the passing agent. Since it is infeasible to enforce the remote servers to enact the security policy that may prevent the server from corrupting agent's data, cryptographic mechanisms defined by the agent's owner may be one of the feasible solutions to protect agent's data.Hence the focus of this thesis is the development and deployment of cryptographic mechanisms for securing mobile agents in an open environment. Firstly, requirements for securing mobile agents' data are presented. For a sound mobile agent application, the data in an agent that is collected from each visiting server must be provided integrity. In some applications where servers intend to keep anonymous and will reveal their identities only under certain cir- cumstances, privacy is also necessitated. Aimed at these properties, four new schemes are designed to achieve different security levels: two schemes direct at preserving integrity for the agent's data, the other two focus on attaining data privacy. There are four new security techniques designed to support these new schemes. The first one is joint keys to discourage two servers from colluding to forge a victim server's signature. The second one is recoverable key commitment to enable detection of any illegal operation of hosting servers on an agent's data. The third one is conditionally anonymous digital signature schemes, utilising anonymous public-key certificates, to allow any server to digitally sign a document without leaking its identity. The fourth one is servers' pseudonyms that are analogues of identities, to enable servers to be recognised as legitimate servers while their identities remain unknown to anyone. Pseudonyms can be deanonymised with the assistance of authorities. Apart from these new techniques, other mechanisms such as hash chaining relationship and mandatory verification process are adopted in the new schemes. To enable the inter-operability of these mechanisms, a security architecture is therefore developed to integrate compatible techniques to provide a generic solution for securing an agent's data. The architecture can be used independently of the particular mobile agent application under consideration. It can be used for guiding and supporting developers in the analysis of security issues during the design and implementation of services and applications based on mobile agents technology.
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Pagliarani, Andrea. "New markov chain based methods for single and cross-domain sentiment classification". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8445/.
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Nowadays communication is switching from a centralized scenario, where communication media like newspapers, radio, TV programs produce information and people are just consumers, to a completely different decentralized scenario, where everyone is potentially an information producer through the use of social networks, blogs, forums that allow a real-time worldwide information exchange. These new instruments, as a result of their widespread diffusion, have started playing an important socio-economic role. They are the most used communication media and, as a consequence, they constitute the main source of information enterprises, political parties and other organizations can rely on. Analyzing data stored in servers all over the world is feasible by means of Text Mining techniques like Sentiment Analysis, which aims to extract opinions from huge amount of unstructured texts. This could lead to determine, for instance, the user satisfaction degree about products, services, politicians and so on. In this context, this dissertation presents new Document Sentiment Classification methods based on the mathematical theory of Markov Chains. All these approaches bank on a Markov Chain based model, which is language independent and whose killing features are simplicity and generality, which make it interesting with respect to previous sophisticated techniques. Every discussed technique has been tested in both Single-Domain and Cross-Domain Sentiment Classification areas, comparing performance with those of other two previous works. The performed analysis shows that some of the examined algorithms produce results comparable with the best methods in literature, with reference to both single-domain and cross-domain tasks, in $2$-classes (i.e. positive and negative) Document Sentiment Classification. However, there is still room for improvement, because this work also shows the way to walk in order to enhance performance, that is, a good novel feature selection process would be enough to outperform the state of the art. Furthermore, since some of the proposed approaches show promising results in $2$-classes Single-Domain Sentiment Classification, another future work will regard validating these results also in tasks with more than $2$ classes.
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Dodou, Bienvenue. "Le report des garanties accessoires sur l'obligation de restitution en cas d'anéantissement du contrat principal : étude des droits privés français et de l'OHADA". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA024.
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Le report des garanties accessoires sur l’obligation de restitution du contrat principal anéanti est une règle du code civil dans sa version issue de l’ordonnance n° 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 portant réforme du droit des contrats, du régime général et de la preuve des obligations. Précisément, la règle est formulée par l’article 1352-9 du code civil : « Les sûretés constituées pour le paiement de l'obligation sont reportées de plein droit sur l'obligation de restituer sans toutefois que la caution soit privée du bénéfice du terme ». Il s’agit de la codification d’une jurisprudence rendue en d’abord en matière de cautionnement, ensuite étendue à l’hypothèque, enfin, par généralisation, à l’ensemble des sûretés, y compris à la solidarité. La portée d’une telle règle est donc générale en droit français. En droit uniforme des affaires issu de l’OHADA, l’Acte uniforme portant organisation des sûretés révisé n’a pas prévu une telle règle. Par contre, le récent projet de texte d’Acte uniforme portant droit général des obligations dans l’espace OHADA prévoit, en s’inspirant de la solution retenue en droit français, d’adopter la règle sous la forme d’une « extension » des garanties accessoires sur l’obligation de restitution du contrat principal anéanti. En effet, l’article 210 alinéa 1 du projet de texte uniforme précité énonce : « Les garanties stipulées pour le paiement de l’obligation primitive sont étendues à l’obligation de restitution ». Les formulations des deux textes, les articles 1352-9 du code civil et 210 alinéa 1 du projet de texte uniforme, sont différentes mais la logique et la politique législative de deux systèmes juridiques convergent. La thèse défendue est que le terme « report » employé par le code civil en son article 1352-9 dans sa version issue de l’ordonnance n° 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 n’existe pas en tant que tel. Le report est en réalité une double substitution ; il y a une substitution d’abord, dans le rapport principal d’obligation et une substitution consécutive dans le rapport de cautionnement. La première substitution qui a lieu concerne le rapport entre le débiteur principal et le créancier. L’anéantissement des effets du contrat principal produit une substitution à l’obligation initiale de source conventionnelle d’une obligation légale fondé sur le quasi-contrat de paiement de l’indu. Cette première substitution conduit à la disparition, par le jeu ou la règle de l’accessoire, de l’obligation initiale de la caution et de son remplacement par une obligation légale nouvelle. Il y a donc une substitution dans le rapport entre le créancier et la caution due à la première substitution. L’obligation légale nouvelle de la caution reprend certains éléments de l’obligation conventionnelle ancienne de celle-ci, tout en étant distincte par d’autres éléments. La base même de l’obligation nouvelle de la caution reste le cautionnement que la caution avait souscrit préalablementThe postponement of ancillary guarantees on the obligation to return the terminated main contract is a rule of the Civil Code in the version resulting from Order No. 2016-131 of 10 February 2016 related to the reform of contract law of the general regime and the proof of obligations. Specifically, the rule is formulated by article 1352-9 of the Civil Code: "Securities created for the payment of the obligation are automatically transferred under the obligation to return without however depriving the surety of the benefit of the term". It is about the codification of case law handed down first in the field of suretyship, then extended to mortgages, and finally, by generalization, to all securities, including solidarity. The scope of such a rule is therefore general in French law. In the uniform business law of OHADA, the revised Uniform Act on the Organization of Security Interests has not provided for such a rule. On the other hand, the recent draft text of the Uniform Act on the general law of obligations in the OHADA area provides, under the inspiration of the solution adopted in French law, for the adoption of the rule in the form of an "extension" of the accessory guarantees on the obligation to return the terminated main contract. Indeed, Article 210 paragraph 1 of the aforementioned draft uniform text states: "The guarantees stipulated for the payment of the original obligation are extended to the obligation of restitution". The wording of the two texts, Articles 1352-9 of the Civil Code and 210 paragraph 1 of the draft uniform text, are different, but the logic and legislative policy of both legal systems converge. This thesis focuses on the determination of the legal nature of the deferral (or extension) mechanism and its regime. It defends the view that postponement (or extension) is not a technical concept. The deferral is actually a double substitution: a substitution in the main report and a substitution in the bond report
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Silva, João Quirino Machado e. "Desenvolvimento de Chatbots para responder a perguntas frequentes". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29039.
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Hoje em dia, seja qual for o sítio que visitamos na Internet, dificilmente não nos deparamos com um
Chatbot: desde as pequenas caixas de diálogo que nos assistem em compras online, até aos agentes virtuais
que executam os pedidos que fazemos através de comandos de voz. Nesta dissertação, o objetivo principal é
a implementação de um Chatbot para responder a perguntas frequentes. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo
sobre o Processamento de Linguagem Natural, formas de preparar o texto para que fique pronto a ser
utilizado pelo computador, distâncias que podem ser aplicadas a texto, similaridade semântica e, por fim,
qual o impacto da remoção das palavras vazias. Após a realização deste estudo e obtenção da informação
necessária, foi implementado um Chatbot para responder a perguntas frequentes, independentemente do
tema dessas perguntas. Esse Chatbot foi, posteriormente, testado em perguntas frequentes relacionadas
com o Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho; Abstract:
Chatbots development to answer frequently asked
questions
Nowadays, whatever the site we visit on the Internet, we hardly encounter a Chatbot: from the small dialog
boxes that assist us in online shopping to the virtual agents that execute the orders we make through voice
commands. In this dissertation, the main goal is to implement a Chatbot to answer frequently asked
questions. With this in mind, a study was carried out on natural language processing, ways to prepare the
text so that it is ready for use by the computer, distances that can be applied to text, semantic similarity
and, finally, what is the impact of removing stopwords. After conducting this and obtaining the necessary
information, a Chatbot was implemented to answer frequently asked questions, regardless of the domain
of those questions. This Chatbot was subsequently tested on frequently asked questions related to the
Institute of Vine and Wine.
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Pokorný, Lubomír. "Metody sumarizace textových dokumentů". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236443.
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This thesis deals with one-document summarization of text data. Part of it is devoted to data preparation, mainly to the normalization. Listed are some of the stemming algorithms and it contains also description of lemmatization. The main part is devoted to Luhn"s method for summarization and its extension of use WordNet dictionary. Oswald summarization method is described and applied as well. Designed and implemented application performs automatic generation of abstracts using these methods. A set of experiments where developed, which verified correct functionality of the application and of extension of Luhn"s summarization method too.
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Nielsen, Rosemarie Maiyanne Sölvi. "Stemmen som terapeutisk redskab i gruppeterapi : udvikling af en gruppeterapeutisk metode". Thesis, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, Institutionen för musik, pedagogik och samhälle, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-1934.
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Denne D-uppsats i Musikterapi ved Kungliga Musikhögskolan i Stockholm undersøger på et fænonomenologisk grundlag, hvordan fem kvinder i et gruppeterapiforløb oplevede at arbejde med stemmen som terapeutisk redskab. Det overordnede formål med projektet var at udvikle en metode til at arbejde med stemmen som terapeutisk redskab. I et eksperimentelt projekt over ti sessioner af hver to timers varighed, blev der arbejdet med forskellige aspekter af det at arbejde med stemmen, herunder afslapning/mindfulness før alle praktiske øvelser, vejrtræknings- og stemmetekniske øvelser og forskellige stemmeimprovisations øvelser. Maleri og tegning blev taget ind som en ekstra dimension i forhold til at arbejde med de psykologiske processer. Sessionerne blev filmet som dokumentation og siden blev sessionerne transkriberet, beskrevet og analyseret. Alle samtaler i gruppeterapien udgik fra Irving D.Yaloms eksistentielle psykologiske vinkel. Via en fænomenologisk forskningsmetode og med triangulering af spørgeskemaer er øvelserne og deres effekter på deltagernes oplevelse af blandt andet selvværd, det at tage sin plads og præstation, blevet undersøgt. Resultaterne indikerer 1) at afslapning/mindfulness kan have en positiv indvirkning på deltagernes personlige processer, 2) at stemmetekniske øvelser kan åbne op for flere forskellige personlige processer, herunder processer relateret til sociale regler, selvværd, præstation og det at blive mere bevidst om ens egen krop og dens funktioner i forhold til stemmen og vejrtrækningen. Resultaterne indikerer også, at vejrtrækningsøvelser og afslapning påvirker hinanden gensidigt og at vejrtrækningsøvelser kan bruges som individuelt værktøj i relation til angstdæmpning. Improvisationsøvelser findes at kunne åbne for meget forskellige personlige processer alt efter stemmetekniske forudsætninger. Følelser af frihed i forhold til stemmeidealer, manglende teknik, indlejrede sociale konventioner, forhold til autoriteter og regler, samt følelsen af at lege og eksperimentere, er nogen af de temaer som deltagerne oplevede der kom fokus på. Deltagerne oplevede at de var i stand til at overføre disse oplevelser til deres private livsforhold og at de her kunne skabe en forandring. I forhold til Male/tegne øvelsen viser resultaterne at deltagerne oplevede at kunne uddybe deres udfordringer og processer yderligere, og at de oplevede øvelsen overraskende nem, kravløs og legende. Et uforudset resultat var, at det at arbejde med en medfølende intention i forhold til en selv, viste sig at være den allerstørste faktor for at forløbet udgjorde en terapeutisk forskel for de deltagende. Generelt oplevede deltagerne selve gruppeterapien som en støttende og kærlig proces og derfor inspirende i forhold til den enkeltes udfordring og proces.This Magister Thesis in Music Therapy at the Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm examines on a phenomenological basis how five women in a group therapy process experienced working with voice exercises as a therapeutic tool. The overall objective of the project was to develop a method to work with the voice as a therapeutic tool. In an experimental course over ten sessions of two hours duration, the women worked with various aspects of voicework, including relaxation /mindfulness before all practical exercises, breathing and technical voice exercises and various voiceimprovisation exercises. Painting and drawing were taken in as an extra dimension to the work of the psychological processes. The sessions were video recorded as documentation and afterwards the sessions were transcribed, described and analyzed. All conversations in the group therapy were based on Irving D.Yaloms existential psychology. Through a phenomenological research method and triangulation of questionnaires, -the exercises and their influence on participants' experience, among others of self-esteem, of being able to take one´s needed space - and of performance, were examinded. The results indicates 1) that relaxation /mindfulness can have a positive impact on participants' personal processes, 2) that technical voice exercises can open up several different personal processes, including processes related to social rules, self-esteem, achievement and to become more aware of ones own body and its functions in relation to the voice and breathing. The results also indicate that breathing exercises and relaxation have a mutual influence on one another and that breathing exercises can be used as a tool for the individual, concerning anxiety reduction. Improvisation exercises can help opening up to different personal processes, depending on the level of technical experience of the voice the participant possesses. Feelings of freedom in relation to voice ideals, lack of voice technique, embedded social conventions, relationship to authorities and rules, as well as the feeling of playing and experimenting, were some of the themes the participants experienced to have a focus on. The participants found that they were able to transfer these experiences to their private life conditions and here to create a change. In relation to the painting / drawing exercise, it was found that the participants experienced to immerse their challenges and processes further and that they experienced this exercise surprisingly easy, non-demanding and playful. As an unexpected result it was found, that working with a compassionate intention towards oneself in the process made the largest therapeutic difference for the participants. In general, participants experienced the group therapy as supportive and with a loving atmosphere which inspired the individual´s challenges and processes.
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Prandoni, Marco. "Een mozaïek van stemmen : verbeeldend lezen in Vondels "Gysbreght van Aemstel /". Hilversum : Verloren, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb411478742.
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Meyer, Hermann-Josef [Verfasser], i Olaf [Akademischer Betreuer] Stemmann. "Enhanced protein degradation by branched ubiquitin chains / Hermann-Josef Meyer. Betreuer: Olaf Stemmann". Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060010267/34.
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