Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Steel alloys”
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1
Anderson, Kevin J. "Steel and Steel Alloys". MRS Bulletin 18, nr 7 (lipiec 1993): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400037611.
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Oh, Yong-Jun, Min-Chul Kim i Jun Hwa Hong. "A Study on the Characteristics of the Boundaries in Bainitic Low Alloy Steels Using Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) Technique". Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (sierpień 1999): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600014513.
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Bainitic low alloy steel has a complex microstructure exhibiting several types of boundaries. The boundaries in bainitic steel, although certain boundaries are absent with respect to the alloy composition and the manufacturing process, could be typically divided into 4 types; dislocation cell boundary, lath boundary, packet boundary, and prior austenite grain boundary, in increasing order of size. The size and distribution of the respective boundaries are an important factor which controls the mechanical properties of the steels, including brittle fracture. In the present research, the characteristics of the boundaries in the bainitic low alloy steels were investigated in view of misorientation between grains enclosed by the respective boundaries.The alloys investigated were Mn-Mo-Ni low alloy forging steels having chemical compositions shown in TABLE 1. Steel-A was manufactured by the Vacuum Carbon Deoxidation(VCD) process. For the finer prior austenite grain size, Steel-B was produced by the aluminium addition and the silicon killing process. Before EBSD analysis, the microstructures of the alloys were observed using SEM and TEM. EBSD measurements were obtained using a Link OPAL system(Oxford) linked to a JEOL JSM 6300 SEM operating at 15KeV with the sample tilted at 70°.
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Toleuova, Ainagul, Gulnaz Musina i Saule Kaldybayeva. "Modifying and Micro-Alloying Effect on Carbon Steels Microstructure". Solid State Phenomena 316 (kwiecień 2021): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.359.
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Small additives of elements exhibiting high chemical activity with respect to iron and impurities, included in its composition, have a complex effect on the structure and properties of steel. Moreover, as a result of the modifying and refining effect of micro-additives, the amount, dispersion and morphology of nonmetallic inclusions change, and when alloying the matrix, hardenability, uniformity of structure and resistance to brittle fracture of steels change, too. The article presents a metallographic analysis of carbon steel deoxidized by a complex Са – Ва alloy. Deoxidation of steel using the complex Са – Ва alloy allows significant reducing the content of nonmetallic inclusions, modifying residual nonmetallic inclusions into favorable complexes with their uniform distribution in the volume of steel, and significant increasing the mechanical properties of steel. The high surface activity of barium makes it possible to consider barium as a rather effective modifier. The use of barium in alloys leads to grinding of non-metallic inclusions, homogenization of liquid metal, lowering the liquidus temperature, grinding of primary grains of cast steel, and increasing technological ductility.
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Kathayat, Pawan, Lawrence Cho, John G. Speer, Yuran Kong, Chris W. San Marchi, Joseph A. Ronevich i Kip O. Findley. "Microstructural Engineering of Mn-Alloyed Austenitic Steel for Hydrogen Storage and Delivery". Key Engineering Materials 967 (5.12.2023): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-dyo8ha.
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Austenitic stainless steels are commonly used for hydrogen storage and transportation. These alloys have a high nickel (Ni) content, which increases alloy cost. In this study, high manganese (Mn) austenitic alloys were evaluated as potential lower cost alternatives. Two heats of high Mn alloys with different stacking fault energies (SFE) of ~29 mJ·m-2 and 49 mJ·m-2 were acquired. Additionally, a new vanadium (V)-microalloyed high Mn alloy was designed to achieve a SFE of 47 mJ·m-2 to minimize planar slip deformation mechanisms. Post-processing via cold working in conjunction with aging was also performed on the V-microalloyed high Mn steel. Hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity was investigated using circumferential notch tensile specimens cathodically charged with hydrogen in a 0.05M NaOH electrolytic solution. The alloys were compared to a cold-worked 316L stainless steel, which exhibited no strength loss due to hydrogen. The high Mn alloys with SFE of ~29 mJ·m2 and 49 mJ·m-2 had notch strength losses of 11 and 6 pct, respectively. The V-microalloyed high Mn steel in the as-hot-rolled condition had a notch strength loss of 17 pct. The V-microalloyed high Mn steel in the cold worked and aged condition indicated no notch strength loss in hydrogen, which was comparable to the performance of the 316L stainless steel.
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Swindeman, R. W., i M. Gold. "Developments in Ferrous Alloy Technology for High-Temperature Service". Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 113, nr 2 (1.05.1991): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928737.
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Developments during the past twenty-five years are outlined for the technology of ferrous alloys needed in elevated temperature service. These developments include new alloys with improved strength and corrosion resistance for use in nuclear, fossil, and petrochemical applications. Specific groups of alloys that are addressed include vanadium-modified low alloy steels, 9Cr-1Mo-V steel, niobium-modified lean stainless steels, and high chrome-nickel iron alloys. A brief description of coating and claddings for improved corrosion resistance is also provided.
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Francis, Roger, i Glenn Byrne. "Duplex Stainless Steels—Alloys for the 21st Century". Metals 11, nr 5 (19.05.2021): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050836.
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Duplex stainless steels were first manufactured early in the 20th century, but it was the introduction in the 1970s of the argon-oxygen decarburisation (AOD) steel making process and the addition of nitrogen to these steels, that made the alloys stronger, more weldable and more corrosion resistant. Today, duplex stainless steels can be categorised into four main groups, i.e., “lean”, “standard”, “super”, and “hyper” duplex types. These groups cover a range of compositions and properties, but they all have in common a microstructure consisting of roughly equal proportions of austenite and ferrite, high strength, good toughness and good corrosion resistance, especially to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) compared with similar austenitic stainless steels. Moreover, the development of a duplex stainless-steel microstructure requires lower levels of nickel in the composition than for a corresponding austenitic stainless steel with comparable pitting and crevice corrosion resistance, hence they cost less. This makes duplex stainless steels a very versatile and attractive group of alloys both commercially and technically. There are applications where duplex grades can be used as lower cost through-life options, in preference to coated carbon steels, a range of other stainless steels, and in some cases nickel alloys. This cost benefit is further emphasised if the design engineer can use the higher strength of duplex grades to construct vessels and pipework of lower wall thickness than would be the case if an austenitic grade or nickel alloy was being used. Hence, we find duplex stainless steels are widely used in many industries. In this paper their use in three industrial applications is reviewed, namely marine, heat exchangers, and the chemical and process industries. The corrosion resistance in the relevant fluids is discussed and some case histories highlight both successes and potential problems with duplex alloys in these industries. The paper shows how duplex stainless steels can provide cost-effective solutions in corrosive environments, and why they will be a standard corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) for many industries through the 21st century.
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Song, Quan Ming, i David Wert. "State of the Art Stainless Steel Provides Improved Properties for Widely Varying Applications". Advanced Materials Research 413 (grudzień 2011): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.341.
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Carpenter Technology Corporation’s Custom 465® stainless steel is a state-of-the-art alloy which has seen its applications expanding at a rapid rate. This alloy is a premium double vacuum melted (VIM/VAR) martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel that offers an excellent combination of strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. With its exceptional properties, design engineers have specified the alloy for high-performance components in various industries, such as aerospace, industrial, energy, consumer and medical. The high strength, greater than 250 ksi (1722 MPa) typical, and toughness of the alloy have allowed Custom 465 stainless to be used as a high-strength upgrade to conventional PH stainless steels such as 13-8 and 17-4. The addition of corrosion resistance to the high strength and toughness properties has allowed the alloy to be used as a stainless alternative to non-stainless steels such as AISI 4340 and 300M. This paper will compare mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of Custom 465 stainless steel to those of other PH stainless steels such as 17-4, 15-5, and 13-8, as well as to those of other aerospace alloys such as 300M and AerMet® 100 alloy. In addition, examples of the varied uses of the alloy will be provided, these examples will highlight the benefits obtained by the use of Custom 465 stainless steel over the previous alloys of choice for the applications.
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Alatalo, Matti, Heikki Pitkänen, Matti Ropo, Kalevi Kokko i Levente Vitos. "Modeling of Steels and Steel Surfaces Using Quantum Mechanical First Principles Methods". Materials Science Forum 762 (lipiec 2013): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.762.445.
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We describe recent progress in first principles materials modelling applied to iron alloys. First principles methods in general have proven to be an effective way of describing atomic level phenomena in solids. When applied to alloys with chemical disorder, however, the widely used supercell methods turn out to be impractical due to the vast variety of different possible configurations. This problem can be overcome using the coherent potential approximation (CPA), which enables the description of a multicomponent alloy in terms of an effective medium constructed in such a way that it represents, on the average, the scattering properties of the alloy. A bulk alloy, in the case of substitutional random alloys, can thus be described with a single atom while a slab is needed to describe surfaces. The exact muffin-tin orbitals (EMTO) method provides a first principles method that can be combined with the CPA in order to describe steels and other multicomponent alloys. We describe the EMTO-CPA method and provide examples of both bulk and surface properties that can be modelled with this method.
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Pound, BG, MH Abdurrahman, MP Glucina, GA Wright i RM Sharp. "The Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel in Simulated Geothermal Media". Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, nr 8 (1985): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9851133.
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The corrosion rates of low-carbon steel, and 304, 316 and 410/420 stainless steels in simulated geothermal media containing hydrogen sulfide have been measured by means of the polarization resistance technique. Good agreement was found between weight-loss and polarization resistance measurements of the corrosion rate for all the metals tested. Carbon steel formed a non-adherent film of mackinawite (Fe1 + xS). The lack of protection afforded to the steel by the film resulted in an approximately constant corrosion rate. The stainless steels also exhibited corrosion rates that were independent of time. However, the 410 and 420 alloys formed an adherent film consisting mainly of troilite ( FeS ) which provided only limited passivity. In contrast, the 304 and 316 alloys appeared to be essentially protected by a passive film which did not seem to involve an iron sulfide phase. However, all the stainless steels, particularly the 410 and 420 alloys, showed pitting, which indicated that some breakdown of the passive films occurred.
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Hafez, Shaimaa, M.M. Eissa, S.U. El-Kameesy, R.M. Elshazly, M. K. El Fawkhry i Aly Saeed. "MODIFIED BORON-TITANIUM AUSTENITIC STAINLESS-STEEL ALLOYS FOR POWER REACTORS". International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, nr 6 (20.03.2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i6.2018.248.
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Boron, Titanium and boron – titaniumaustenitic stainless steel alloys were developed to be used as a nuclear reactor shielding material. Three grades of steel alloys with base composition of AISI316 but having either Ti or B or Ti and B (SS316Ti, SS316B and SS316TiB) were designed and produced using 30 kg pilot plant medium frequency induction furnace at the same conditions. Samples of the properly treated steels were subjected to microstructure observation, hardness, tensile and impact testing. The microstructure observation revealed an austenitic phase in all investigated steel alloys. Among the investigated steels, the lowest corrosion rate was found in the modified steel containing B. The macroscopic-cross sections for neutrons > 10 keV, slow, and total slow neutrons were carried out using 241Am-Be neutron source. The developed boron and boron-titanium stainless steel alloys were found to have higher cross sections for neutrons > 10 keV, slow, and total slow neutrons than SS316 while the modified Ti- stainless steel has lower values for slow neutrons and neutrons > 10 keV than the standard stainless steel SS316. Moreover, the associated neutron half value layer (HVL) was calculated for each sample. Additionally, gamma ray shielding properties were performed for several gamma ray energies that emitted from 232Th radioactive source.
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Chaengkham, Pongsak, i Panya Srichandr. "Modular Horizontal Continuous Casting Machine: Meeting the Challenge of Flexible Manufacturing of the Future". Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (październik 2009): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.349.
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Manufacturing of the future has to be more flexible and versatile in order to meet the ever changing needs of the customer. Most continuous casting machines today are rather inflexible in that they are designed to cast specific types of alloys and with limited size ranges, thus suitable for the mass production paradigm. This paper reports the design and development of a modular horizontal continuous casting machine (HCCM). The aim is to have a machine that can continuously cast a variety of ferrous alloys from carbon steels, low alloy steels, stainless steels to cast irons, and with ranges of cross-sectional areas. The modular design approach and quick changing techniques are employed as the key design concept. The construction of the first prototype of the machine is completed and several field trials have been conducted. The results are promising. For carbon and low alloy steel billets, the overall structures and surface quality are good although the amount of porosities is rather large. The overall quality of stainless steel billets is better than that of carbon and low alloy steels. Adapting and setting up the machine for casting different alloys and/or different billet sizes require a little time, no more than 20 minutes.
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Bobyr, S. V. "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics model for calculating diffusion fluxes under phase transformations in alloy steels". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 66, nr 1 (2.04.2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2021-66-1-28-36.
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The phase transformations in alloyed iron-carbon alloys is largely related to diffusion of components, foremost to the carbon. For the analysis of diffusive processes in alloy steels, it is possible to use the mathematical methods of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The equation for the diffusive fluxes of the system contains unknown in general case of coefficients activity of elements and vacancies, and their derivatives for to the concentrations, that extraordinarily makes it difficult being of values of cross coefficients. In the article a non-equilibrium thermodynamics methodology of calculation of diffusive fluxes at presence of two phases in alloy steels is described. It allows one to calculate both direct- and cross coefficients in the Onsager equations. Formulas for calculation of thermodynamics forces in the alloy steel – for iron, alloying element of substitution – chrome, of element of introduction – carbon and vacancies, are presented. Common expressions are suggested for calculation of cross-factors, motive forces and fluxes in the Onsager’s equations for a multicomponent thermodynamic system. The example of using the developed model to find changes in concentrations and diffusion fluxes over time is given. For the model system used, it was established that at the stage of predominant diffusion of carbon in the alloy steel, cementite inclusions with a size of about 18 nm are formed rather quickly (within ~ 200 s). The technique developed in the article allows one to perform diffusion kinetics calculations in multicomponent thermodynamic systems, which are also iron-carbon alloys and to control the size of the phases formed, for example, of carbide nanoparticles.
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Zhan, Dongping, Jihang Li, Dongwei Wang, Huishu Zhang, Guoxing Qiu i Yongkun Yang. "Enhanced Mechanical Properties of CLAM by Zirconium Alloying and Thermo-Mechanical Processing". Journal of Nuclear Engineering 4, nr 1 (17.01.2023): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jne4010009.
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In this study, we present the effects of 0.004~0.098 wt% Zr and thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the China RAFM steel, CLAM, as a feasibility study for improving mechanical properties. The inclusions in ingots were characterized using optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), which could be classified as fine simple particles and large complex particles. The complexity of the alloy’s inclusion composition increases with the increasing Zr concentration. The higher the Zr content, the more complex the composition of inclusions in the alloy. The average diameter of inclusions in 0.004Zr steel was the smallest, which was 0.79 μm and the volume fraction was 0.018%. The highest yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and impact energy of 0.004Zr alloy at room temperature were 548.3 MPa, 679.4 MPa, 25.7%, and 253.9 J. The structure of the TMPed steels was all tempered martensite. With the increase in tempering temperature, the yield and tensile strength of the experimental steel gradually decreased, while the elongation and impact energy gradually increased. The 0.004ZrD and 0.004ZrH alloys had the best yield strength and impact energy, which were 597.9 and 611.8 MPa and 225.9 and 243.3 J, respectively. In addition, the alloys showed good thermal stability during the aging at 600 °C for 1500 h. It was discovered that TMP is a simple and practical industrial technique that could successfully enhance the mechanical properties of CLAM steel without sacrificing impact toughness.
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Syreyshchikova, Nelli Vladimirovna, Danil Yurievich Pimenov, Munish Kumar Gupta, Krzysztof Nadolny, Khaled Giasin, Muhammad Aamir i Shubham Sharma. "Relationship between Pressure and Output Parameters in Belt Grinding of Steels and Nickel Alloy". Materials 14, nr 16 (20.08.2021): 4704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164704.
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Belt grinding of flat surfaces of typical parts made of steel and alloys, such as grooves, shoulders, ends, and long workpieces, is a good alternative to milling. Several factors can influence the belt grinding process of flat surfaces of metals, such as cutting speed and pressure. In this work, the importance of pressure in the belt grinding was investigated in terms of technological and experimental aspects. The grinding experiments were performed on structural alloy steel 30KhGSN2/30KhGSNA, structural carbon steel AISI 1045, corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant stainless steel AISI 321, and heat-resistant nickel alloy KHN77TYuR. The performance of the grinding belt was investigated in terms of surface roughness, material removal rate (MRR), grinding belt wear, performance index. Estimated indicators of the belt grinding process were developed: cutting ability; reduced cutting ability for belt grinding of steels and heat-resistant alloy. It was found that with an increase in pressure p, the surface roughness of the processed surface Ra decreased while the tool wear VB and MRR increased. With a decrease in plasticity and difficulty of machinability, the roughness, material removal rate, reduced cutting capacity (Performance index) qper, material removal Q decreased, and the tool wear VB increased. The obtained research results can be used by technologists when creating belt grinding operations for steels and alloys to ensure the required performance is met.
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Desai, Meghna, i Thilo Rehren. "Estimating carbon content in crucible steel using image analysis". Historical Metallurgy 54, nr 2 (10.10.2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54841/hm.664.
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Pre-industrial crucible steel ingots, produced in both Central and South Asia, are an important class of iron-carbon alloys. Their microstructure reflects their formation from a liquid alloy at a carbon content of 1.0–2.5wt%, which is higher than most mild steels but lower than most cast irons. This article introduces a tool to quantify the carbon content of such alloys based on an operator-supervised image analysis which determines the relative proportions of austenite/pearlite and cementite, respectively, from high-contrast back-scatter electron images of unetched samples. Using examples from a recently discovered hoard of crucible steel ingots in Telangana, south-central India, we demonstrate the capabilities of the tool and test its usefulness. The main benefit is in improving accuracy and precision in metallography-based carbon content determination in such alloys by reducing the uncertainty in area estimation in complex microstructures based on visual impression alone.
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Sydorchuk, Oleg, Gennadii Bagliuk, Denys Myroniuk, Oleksandr Myslyvchenko i Ye Hongguang. "Die steel for hot deformation of copper and copper alloys". MATEC Web of Conferences 366 (2022): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236604003.
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The possibility of using die steels (4Kh3N5М3F and 4Kh4N5М4F2) with adjustable austenitic transformation during operation for a wide range of operating temperatures (below the critical point A1 and above the critical point A3) is shown for hot deformation of M1 copper (up to 630 °С) and МNZh5-1 copper-nickel alloy (900-950 °C) with increased service life. During hot deformation of copper-nickel alloy МNZh5-1, the service life of matrices made of steel with adjustable austenitic transformation 4Kh3N5М3F was increased, compared to steel 3Kh3М3F. The studied forged steel 4Kh4N5М4F2 is characterized by an increase in hardness and strength threshold compared to H13 steel, after the use of extruder wheels (production of more than 60 tons of copper products). In order to facilitate mechanical processing by cutting the work piece during the manufacture of matrices from experimental steels, it was proposed to carry out partial recrystallization, namely, incomplete annealing at a temperature of 750±20 ºС, which made it possible to improve mechanical processing (cutting) for the manufacture of dies and large-sized parts such as wheels extruders.
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Ishizawa, Toshimasa, Masashi Nishimoto, Izumi Muto i Yu Sugawara. "Anodic Oxidation and Corrosion Resistance of Ta-Containing High Entropy Alloys". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, nr 65 (22.12.2023): 3036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02653036mtgabs.
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Stainless steels are corrosion resistant, but pitting corrosion sometimes occurs in chloride solutions. Anodic oxidation is one of the effective methods to increase the pitting corrosion resistance. However, unlike valve metals, stainless steels are difficult to improve pitting corrosion resistance by anodic oxidation. In this study, Fe-based alloys containing valve metals were fabricated to investigate anodic oxidation and corrosion resistance. Equimolar CrFeNbNiTa and (CrFeTa)30(NbNi)5 alloys were fabricated by arc melting, and pure metals of Cr, Fe, Nb, Ni, and Ta were used as raw materials. After casting, the ingots were heat-treated at 1200 ℃ for 2 h (furnace-cooling) and cut into 2 mm thick sheets. After that, the specimen surfaces were polished up to 1 μm with a diamond paste. The microstructures were observed using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The chemical compositions and elemental distributions of the specimens were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Potentiodynamic polarization was performed in 1 M H2SO4. As a reference, Type 304 stainless steel was used. The equimolar CrFeNbNiTa alloy was composed of two phases. One was Cr- and Fe-rich and the other was Nb- and Ni-rich. The (CrFeTa)30(NbNi)5 alloy was a single phase. In the potentiodynamic polarization measurements, the current densities of oxygen evolution reaction of equimolar CrFeTaNbNi and (CrFeTa)30(NbNi)5 alloys were lower than that of Type 304 stainless steel. Moreover, the passive current densities of equimolar CrFeTaNbNi and (CrFeTa)30(NbNi)5 alloys were higher than that of Type 304 stainless steel.
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Stradomski, G. "The Analysis of AISI A3 Type Ferritic-Austenitic Cast Steel Crystallization Mechanism". Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, nr 3 (1.09.2017): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0120.
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AbstractHigh-alloy corrosion-resistant ferritic-austenitic steels and cast steels are a group of high potential construction materials. This is evidenced by the development of new alloys both low alloys grades such as the ASTM 2101 series or high alloy like super or hyper duplex series 2507 or 2707 [1-5]. The potential of these materials is also presented by the increasing frequency of sintered components made both from duplex steel powders as well as mixtures of austenitic and ferritic steels [6, 7]. This article is a continuation of the problems presented in earlier works [5, 8, 9] and its inspiration were technological observed problems related to the production of duplex cast steel.The analyzed AISI A3 type cast steel is widely used in both wet exhaust gas desulphurisation systems in coal fired power plants as well as in aggressive working environments. Technological problems such as hot cracking presented in works [5, 8], with are effects of the rich chemical composition and phenomena occurring during crystallization, must be known to the technologists.The presented in this work phenomena which occur during the crystallization and cooling of ferritic-austenitic cast steel were investigated using numerical methods with use of the ThermoCalc and FactSage® software, as well with use of experimental thermal-derivative analysis.
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Baskakov, Ivan, Vladimir Orobinsky, Arkady Himchenko, Aleksey Chernyshov i Olga Chernova. "THE EFFECT OF OZONE ON THE CORROSIVE BEHAVIOR OF METALS AND ALLOYS". SCIENCE IN THE CENTRAL RUSSIA, nr 2 (27.04.2024): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35887/2305-2538-2024-2-141-149.
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Research on the effect of ozone treatment on metal corrosion is presented in the article. The results of experiments on changes in the state of metals and steels when they are in aggressive environments in the presence of ozone are analyzed. In most cases, the ozone-air mixture has a negative effect on various metals and welded joints, increasing the rate of corrosion. Considering that recently the popularity of ozone technologies in all industries has been steadily growing, the massive use of ozone in agriculture is a matter of time. Therefore, there is a need to conduct research aimed at studying the corrosion resistance of various steels and alloys used in the agricultural sector. It has been analytically established that one of the most accessible alloying elements resistant to ozone treatment is chromium. However, its content in steel grades Steel 08kp, Steel 45, 45X, Steel 60S2, which are most widely used in agricultural engineering, ranges from 0.1 to 1.1%. This chromium content may be insufficient and therefore similar studies need to be carried out. It was established that the most common Steel 08kp showed sufficient resistance to aggressive environments in the presence of ozone as a result of the experiment, quite comparable with more expensive alloys. At the same time, the introduction of ozone into a solution of 70% acetic acid reduced the weight loss per unit area of steel grades Steel 08kp, Steel 45, 45X, Steel 60S2 by 2...7 times. This suggests that ozone blocks metal atoms and prevents exposure to aggressive environments.
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Kawamoto, Kyohei, Yasuji Oda i Hiroshi Noguchi. "Fatigue Crack Growth Characteristics and Effects of Testing Frequency on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in a Hydrogen Gas Environment in a Few Alloys". Materials Science Forum 567-568 (grudzień 2007): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.567-568.329.
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In order to investigate the hydrogen effect on fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in a few kinds of practical alloys; austenitic stainless steels (solution-treated metastable type 304 and stable type 316L), an aluminum alloy (age-hardened 6061) and a low carbon steel (annealed 0.13%C-Fe), FCG tests were carried out in hydrogen gas and in nitrogen gas. The FCG rates of these materials are enhanced by hydrogen, though the acceleration degrees are different. A crack grows across grains by slip-off in 316L stainless steel and in age-hardened 6061 aluminum alloys even in hydrogen. Faceted area increases in 304 stainless steel and in low carbon steel in hydrogen. In 304 stainless steel, the ratio of facets to the entire fracture surface was not so large. Thus, the FCG rate is not significantly affected through the facets in 304 stainless steel. In low carbon steel, facets were increased considerably, though a crack grows step by step or after a large number of loading cycles even along grain boundaries. Anyhow hydrogen enhances the FCG rate of these materials through the influence on slip behavior. Based on above-mentioned results, the effect of loading frequency on FCG rate in hydrogen of the age-hardened 6061 aluminum alloy was also investigated. The FCG rate increases as the testing frequency decreases, though the FCG rate in hydrogen shows the tendency to saturate.
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Prabakaran, M. P., i G. R. Kannan. "Parametric Modeling of GTA Welding Process for Dissimilar Metals through Response Surface Methodology". Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (lipiec 2014): 673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.673.
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The gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process is generally implemented for fusion welding of stainless steel, magnesium alloys, nickel base alloys, carbon steel and low alloy steels. This study deals with the parametric modeling of gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding process for two dissimilar metals specifically stainless steel and low carbon steel. There are several process parameters influences the quality of weld strength namely arc voltage, gas flow rate, torch distance, current and welding speed to be used. Among the various process parameters, the arc voltage, gas flow rate and torch distance were considered for this analysis with the response of tensile strength. Twenty experiments were performed as per response surface methodology (RSM) based central composite face centered design for GTAW process. Comparison studies were made for predicted and experimental values of tensile or weld strength by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). It was found that developed model statistically fit on 95% confidence level.
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PERTEK-OWSIANNA, Aleksandra. "THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF IRON ALLOYS WITH VARIOUS CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AFTER DIFFUSIONAL BORONIZING". Tribologia, nr 5 (31.10.2017): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5905.
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The purpose of the paper was to test how the content of carbon and alloying elements in steels influence the structure and properties of boronized layers. The following grades of steels were used during the tests: C45, C99U, 41Cr4, 42CrMo4, 45SG, 50HS, 60G, and 102Cr6. In the process of boronizing, the two-phase layer of borides of FeB and Fe2B were obtained on the tested steels with a hardness from 1900 HV0.1 for boride FeB to 1600 HV0.1 for Fe2B, irrespective of the chemical composition of the core/substrate. As the kontent of carbon and alloying elements in steels increase, the structure of borides becomes more compact, and the needles are thicker. The richer in alloying elements the core and the more carbon in steel, the thinner is the boride layer. After boronizing, the layer of FeB and Fe2B with a thickness of approx. 110 μm for C45 steel to approx. 90 μm for 102Cr6 steel was obtained. The test results indicate that the brittleness of borides increases in steels with the addition of Cr, and it decreases in steels containing Si and Mn. The highest wear resistance was obtained in steel 102Cr6.
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Zorc, Matija, Borut Zorc, Jožef Medved i Aleš Nagode. "A Preliminary Study of New Experimental Low-Cost Fe–P-Based and Mn–Fe–P-Based Brazing Filler Metals for Brazing of Non-Alloy and Low-Alloy Steels". Metals 13, nr 9 (24.08.2023): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13091513.
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Seventeen new experimental filler metals from eight different alloy systems based on Fe–P–X and Mn–Fe–P–X (X = B, C, Si in various combinations) were created and experimented with. DSC analyses were performed to determine the solidus and liquidus temperatures and the melting ranges. Hardness measurements of the alloys were performed in the as-cast state. The alloys contain primary and eutectic intermetallic compounds that make them very hard with average hardness values ranging from 590 HV10 to 876 HV10. The wettability was determined at 1000 °C, 1040 °C and 1080 °C on C22 non-alloy steel and 15CrNiS6 low-alloy steel in Ar 4.6 and 78 vol% H2-22 vol% N2 atmospheres. The results show good wettability at T = 1080 °C in both atmospheres, as the contact angles were mostly ≤30°. Thirteen alloys exhibit very good wettability with average contact angles of ≤15.5°. Nine alloys exhibit excellent wettability with their average contact angles being ≤10°. Wettability improves at higher temperatures. The liquid alloys are reactive to solid steels and form a diffusion joint. Diffusion of P, B, C, and Si from the filler metal into the base material dealloys the composition of the melt near the joint interface. For the same reason, a continuous layer of solid solution forms on the joint interface. When brazing with filler metals rich in carbon, strong carburisation of steels can be observed near the joint.
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Mondal, Avishek, Daniela Pilone, Andrea Brotzu i Ferdinando Felli. "Effect of composition and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of Fe Mn Al steels". Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 16, nr 62 (22.09.2022): 624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.62.43.
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Starting from the research aimed at the development of substitute alloys for stainless steels, with the aim of replacing strategic metals such as chromium and nickel with the more available manganese, FeMnAlC alloys have been studied and developed for several years. These alloys exhibit an attractive strength/ductility combination, low density, and some of them show good oxidation behaviour at high temperatures. After a preliminary study, in this paper the effect of a solubilization treatment followed by aging in the temperature range 550 - 750 °C has been evaluated. The results of the investigation revealed that the steel characterized by the higher amount of Mn and Al shows, after heat treatment, the formation of phases that make the alloy very brittle. Considering the obtained results, it is evident that optimizing the alloy chemical composition is of paramount importance to guarantee a high fracture toughness if the steel works for limited time intervals at high temperature.
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Sandya, M., i K. Srivignesh Kumar. "A Study On Stress Management Among Employees Towards Alloy Industries With Reference To Coimbatore". E3S Web of Conferences 491 (2024): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449102030.
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In order to boost strength or corrosion resistance, two or more metallic components are mixed to form an alloy, which is a type of metal. A metallic material composed of two or more elements is called an alloy, sometimes known as a compound or a solution. Although the non-metal carbon is an essential part of steel, the constituents of alloys are normally metals. Alloys are often created by melting the mixture of components. According to customer specifications and drawings, Alloys Industries manufactures and exports a variety of machined and un-machined castings made of Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Low Alloy Steel, Heat Resistant Steel, Martensitic Stainless Steel (CA6NM), Precipitated Hardened Steel (CB7Cu-1), Nickel Alloy, and Duplex Stainless Steel. The phrase "stress managements" is broad and includes training, facilitation, and education about the effects that stress has on an individual or group. The study of stress management fosters and encourages the development of coping mechanisms. Employees' physiology and psyche are stressed out by organisational elements such management-labor relations, working conditions, resource distribution, the role of trade unions, employee behaviours, etc. The working practises and policies of an organisation are among its most important influencing variables. This study examined the occupational stress experienced by Alloy Industries in Coimbatore, employees in great detail.
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Dubberstein, Tobias, i Hans Peter Heller. "Vacuum Inert Gas Atomisation of Cr-Mn-Ni Austenitic Steel Alloys". Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (luty 2014): 1265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1265.
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The Cr-Mn-Ni austenitic steel cast alloys containing 16 wt.-% chromium, 7 wt.-% manganese and 3 to 9 wt.-% nickel are used as matrix material to manufacture TRIP-Matrix-Composite containing MgO partially stabilised ZrO2ceramics. In the present work, these steel master alloys were atomised via a vacuum inert gas atomisation to provide fine grain sized metal powders for the assembling of TRIP-Matrix-Composite. The atomised steel powders where characterised according to their chemical composition and the d50mass median particle size determined by a laser diffraction analyses. The surface tension of the liquid steel alloys was experimentally investigated using the maximum bubble pressure (MBP) method. The reference austenitic steel alloy (AISI 304) has the highest surface tension and the highest mass median particle size compared to the Cr-Mn-Ni steel alloys, where d50values are lower due to lower surface tension values. Finally, it is concluded from the present investigation, that the d50size of the atomised steel powders decreases by a decrease of surface tension values for the liquid steel alloys.
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Семенов, Михаил, i Mikhail Semenov. "The formation mechanism of refractory carbide phases in the complex-alloy heat-resistant steels during carburization." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2014, nr 2 (30.06.2014): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23317.
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The laws of carbide phases nucleation were analyzed in the context of the complex-alloy heat-resistant steels carburization. Numerical experiments and metallographic investigations of steel and model alloys diffusion layers structures were applied to determine the predominant mechanism for the formation of refractory carbide phases.
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Kim, Young Sik, Y. R. Yoo, C. G. Sohn, Keun Taek Oh, Kyoung Nam Kim, Jae Hong Yoon i H. S. Kim. "Role of Alloying Elements on the Cytotoxic Behavior and Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels". Materials Science Forum 475-479 (styczeń 2005): 2295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.2295.
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Super stainless steel has been used to solve corrosion problems of biomaterials because it shows the excellent corrosion resistance as like Ti and Ti alloys and has better mechanical properties than Ti and Ti alloys. We designed high Mo and Ni bearing super austenitic stainless steel. To obtain desirable microstructure, Cr, Ni, Mo, N contents were controlled. This work focused on the role of alloying elements on cytotoxic behavior and corrosion of stainless steel. In acidic chloride solution, when the alloys had high PRE values, the alloys showed high pitting resistance and low critical current density. However, in Hanks’ solution, the higher PRE’s alloys showed high critical passive current density. Namely, it was revealed that EDTA among Hanks’ solution played an important role to increase the critical passive current density of high Mo and Ni bearing super stainless steels, regardless of PRE’s value of the alloys. Therefore, even if the PRE values of the alloys were higher, high Ni and Mo bearing alloys would reveal more cytotoxic and high metal ion release rate than 316L stainless steel.
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Makówka, M., i B. Wendler. "Carbon based coatings for applications in friction couples with bearing steel and aluminium alloy". Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, nr 87 (1.09.2017): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5966.
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Purpose: Low friction nc-WC/a-C:H coatings deposited by means of magnetron sputtering provide very good tribological properties in friction couple against hard steels and good adhesion to steel substrates. Nevertheless, it was necessary to elaborate a new type of coatings because the nc-WC/a-C:H one had no use in friction couple against aluminium alloys. Design/methodology/approach: In the paper the WC/a-C:H and (Si, Cr)C/a-C:H coatings were investigated. The coatings were investigated by means of SEM, EDS, in order to obtain thickness, surface morphology and chemical composition of coatings. Tribological properties of deposited coatings were elaborated by means of 'pin-on-disc' method in friction couple against 100Cr6 bearing steel and AlSi alloy. Findings: It was stated that (Si, Cr)C/a-C:H coatings have very good tribological properties in friction couple against bearing steel and AlSi alloy (friction coefficient <0,1). In case of WC/a-C:H coatings, good tribological properties were achieved in friction couple with bearing steel. Both coatings have very low wear rate in investigated friction couples. Research limitations/implications: The (Si,Cr)C/a-C:H coating have a worse quality of adhesion to quenched and tempered Vanadis 23 HS steel substrate in comparison with the nc-WC/a-C:H coating. Resolving this disadvantage can increase potential of application of (Si, Cr)C/a-C:H coatings. Practical implications: Newly developed (Si, Cr)C/a-C:H coating has a greater application potential for modification of surfaces of elements working in friction couples against hardened steels and light alloys like AlSi. Originality/value: There are numerous publications where low friction carbon based coatings were described mostly as a coatings deposited on elements working in friction couples against hard steels. Undertaken tests showed that the newly developed (Si,Cr)C/a- C:H coating can have a broad spectrum of applications in friction couples against different counterbodies, including light Al alloys.
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Boumerzoug, Zakaria, Lamia Baghdadi, François Brisset, Denis Solas i Thierry Baudin. "SOLID STATE DIFFUSION BONDING OF X70 STEEL TO DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL". Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 28, nr 2 (22.06.2022): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1504.
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This paper deals with the solid state diffusion bonding of X70 steel to duplex stainless steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded dissimilar steels were investigated. Optical microscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometry, Vickers hardness measurements, and X-Ray Diffraction were the main techniques of characterization. Microtructural variation was observed in the X70 steel side compared to duplex stainless steel. The diffusion coefficient of iron, chromium, and nickel across the interface X70 steel/duplex stainless steel was also measured. The diffusion coefficient of iron and chromium is higher than that of nickel. The Vickers microhardness profile across the bond joint showed an abrupt decrease in hardness from duplex stainless steel to X70 steel. In addition, a dynamic recrystallisation reaction was observed close to the interface in the X70 steel side.
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Specht, Eckehard, i Rudolf Jeschar. "Kinetics of steel melting in carbon-steel alloys". Steel Research 64, nr 1 (styczeń 1993): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199300978.
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Kanayev, A. T., М. А. Jaxymbetova i I. М. Kossanova. "QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE YIELD STRESS OF FERRITE-PEARLITIC STEELS BY STRUCTURE PARAMETERS". Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 447, nr 3 (15.06.2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.64.
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In various sectors of the economy, requirements are imposed on the quality of metallurgical products. The event that improves the quality of metallurgical products - thermomechanical treatment (TMT). TMT allows reducing the specific consumption of steel, increasing the service life, reliability and durability of products, which is tantamount to an increase in the volume of finished metal products. The problem of applied materials science is the establishment of a quantitative relationship between the structure and properties of steels and alloys, it underlies the development and creation of new effective ways to improve the operational characteristics of metal products. In the production of long products, (TMT) is increasingly used, which is a combination of two methods of strengthening steels: deformational by plastic deformation and thermal by phase transformations. Revealing the features of the properties of heat-treated steels makes it possible to approach the solution of this problem. The main mechanisms of hardening are solid solution hardening by alloying with relatively cheap alloying elements (Mn, Si) and dislocation and precipitation hardening using hardening heat treatment and microalloying of steel with carbide and nitride-forming elements V (C, N). The article quantifies the approximate contribution of various strengthening mechanisms to the yield stress of carbon and low-alloy steels. For St5ps steel (hot-rolled state), the yield stress is given by solid-solution and grain-boundary hardening (37.4.0% and 28.6%), in low-alloy steel 16G2AF (36.7% and 27.1%), the role of dispersion hardening (28.0%).Thermomechanical treatment of steel grade St.5ps leads to an increase in the value of dislocation hardening up to 27.6% due to an increase in the density of dislocations and the retention of most of the dislocations in the rolled stock during accelerated cooling of hot-deformed austenite.
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Lad’yanov, V. I., G. A. Dorofeev, E. V. Kuz’minykh, V. A. Karev i A. N. Lubnin. "ALUMINOBAROTHERMIC SYNTHESIS OF HIGH-NITROGEN STEEL". Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, nr 2 (30.03.2019): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-2-154-162.
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High-nitrogen austenitic steels are promising materials, combining high strength, plasticity and corrosion resistance properties. However, to produce high-nitrogen steel by conventional metallurgical methods under high nitrogen pressure, powerful and complex metallurgical equipment is required. From energy-saving viewpoint, an alternative and simpler method for producing high-nitrogen steels can be aluminothermy (reduction of metal oxides by metallic aluminum) under nitrogen pressure. Thermodynamic modeling of aluminothermic reactions in a nitrogen atmosphere was carried out by the authors. Aluminothermy under nitrogen pressure was used to produce high-nitrogen nickel-free Cr – N and Cr – Mn – N stainless steels with a nitrogen content of about 1 %. Microstructure (X-ray diffraction, metallography and transmission electron microscopy techniques) and mechanical properties were examined. Thermodynamic analysis has shown that the aluminothermic reduction reactions do not go to the end. The most important parameter of the synthesis is the ratio of Al and oxygen in the charge, the correct choice of which provides a compromise between completeness of oxides reduction, content of aluminum and oxygen in steel (the degree of deoxidation), and its contamination with aluminum nitride. Cr – N steel ingots in the cast state had the structure of nitrogen perlite (ferrite-nitride mixture), and Cr – Mn – N steel – ferrite-austenite structure with attributes of austenite discontinuous decomposition with Cr2 N precipitations. Quenching resulted in complete austenization of both steels. The compliance of the austenite lattice parameter obtained from the diffractograms for quenched Cr – Mn – N steel with the parameter predicted from the known concentration dependence for Cr – Mn – N austenitic steels indicated that all alloying elements (including nitrogen) were dissolved in austenite during aging at quenching temperature and fixed in the solid solution by quenching. Study of the mechanical properties of quenched Cr – Mn – N steel has shown a combination of high strength and ductility. It is concluded that by the aluminothermic method a high-nitrogen steel can be obtained, which, by mechanical properties, is not inferior to industrial steel – analog manufacted by electroslag remelting under nitrogen pressure.
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Abdul Rahim, Mohd Aidil Shah bin, Mohamad bin Minhat, Nur Izan Syahriah Binti Hussein i Mohd Shukor bin Salleh. "A comprehensive review on cold work of AISI D2 tool steel". Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, nr 1 (24.11.2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017048.
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As a common material in mould and die application, AISI D2 cold work tool steel has proven to be a promising chosen material in the industries. However, challenges remain in using AISI D2 through a modified version with a considerable progress having been made in recent years. This paper provides a critical review of the original as-cast AISI D2 cold work tool steel up to the modified version. The main purpose is to develop an understanding of current modified tool steel trend; the machinability of AISI D2 (drilling, milling, turning, grinding and EDM/WEDM; and the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of these cold work tool steels due to the presence of alloy materials in the steel matrix. The doping of rare earth alloy element, new steel fabrication processes, significant process parameter in machinability and surface treatment shows that there have been few empirical investigations into these cold work tool steel alloys. This study has discovered that cold work tool steel will remain to be explored in order to survive in the steel industries.
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Przondziono, Joanna, Witold Walke i Eugeniusz Hadasik. "Galvanic Corrosion Test of Magnesium Alloys after Plastic Forming". Solid State Phenomena 191 (sierpień 2012): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.191.169.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate resistance to galvanic and crevice corrosion of magnesium alloys AZ61 and AZ80. Resistance to galvanic corrosion was evaluated with additional application of aluminium alloy 2017A and 8Mn2Si steel as reference materials. The tests were carried out by means of potentiostat VoltaLab PGP 201 by Radiometer with application of Evans method. The tests were carried out in the solution with concentration of 0.01 M NaCl in ambient temperature. For comparison, the relations of the surface of magnesium alloys to aluminium alloys and steel (1:1, 5:1 i 10:1) was differentiated in the experiment. It was proved that AZ80 alloy features slightly higher corrosion resistance in contact with aluminium alloy and steel.
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Bui, Anh-Hoa, i Hoang Le. "STRENGTH AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF COLD-ROLLED IF STEEL". Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 22, nr 1 (29.03.2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v22i1.690.
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<p>With the emerge of vacuum technology, it is possible to produce ultra low carbon (ULC) steels with carbon content of less than 0.005 %mass which is called interstitial free (IF) steels. In this study, strength and microstructure of IF steel after cold-rolling have been determined. The initial steel plates were cold-rolled using two different cold reductions (CR) as 80 and 90% in total, thereafter the steel sheets were cut into specimens for tensile test and optical microscopy. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the cold-rolled steel was high (650¸807 MPa), but the elongation (EL) was low (3.5¸5.3%). Meanwhile, UTS of the annealed steels was decreased to 290 MPa when soaking temperature was 800<sup>o</sup>C because of stress relief and recrystallization. It was concluded that higher CR (more severe deformation) increased the strength but decreased the ductility of the IF steels. In consistence with micrograph of the steels, X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that microstructure of the cold-rolled and annealed IF steels was only ferrite. Textures, one of the most important factors affecting the recrystallization, were found in cold-rolled steels.</p>
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You, Hyeonjeong, Taehyun Lee, Minjung Kang i Cheolhee Kim. "Process Review on Dissimilar Metal Joining of Steel and Ti Alloys". Journal of Welding and Joining 39, nr 6 (30.12.2021): 666–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2021.39.6.12.
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Titanium alloys have high specific strength and excellent high-temperature properties. However, Ti alloys have limited weldability with other metals due to the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds. Moreover, when steel is a counterpart of dissimilar metal joining, the soundness of weld is hardly achieved due to weld defects. Numerous studies have been conducted to achieve joint strength by minimizing the effects of Fe-Ti intermetallic compounds. In most studies, pure titanium or Ti-6Al-4V alloy were selected as the Ti base metal, whereas stainless steel, low carbon steel, or alloy steel were selected as the steel base metal. To date, joining processes such as diffusion bonding, brazing, fusion welding, and solid-state joining have been investigated. In this study, the characteristics of each of these joining processes were reviewed. More specifically, the formation of intermetallic compounds was analyzed when Ti alloy and steel were directly joined without using interlayer materials.
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Park, Jeong Yeol, Byoung Koo Kim, Dae Geun Nam i Myung Hyun Kim. "Effect of Nickel Contents on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate and Fracture Toughness for Nickel Alloy Steels". Metals 12, nr 2 (18.01.2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020173.
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In terms of steel alloying elements, generally, nickel is used as an austenite stabilizing element to increase the toughness of steel. The low temperature materials, such as nickel alloy steels with a nickel content of 3.5% to 9%, stainless steel and Invar, show excellent toughness at low (173 K) and cryogenic (108 K) temperatures. In particular, in the shipbuilding industry, it is mainly used for liquefied ethane and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) carriers, and research on low-temperature steels are attracting attention again as regulations on environmental issues are strengthened in recent years. Therefore, in this study, fatigue and fracture performances of nickel alloy steel containing 9% or less among nickel alloy steels are evaluated. Moreover, we assess the Fatigue Ductile to Brittle Transition (FDBT) of nickel alloy steels based on crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). In order to discuss the fatigue and fracture performances of nickel alloy steels, microstructure analysis carried out. As a result, CTOD and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate (FCGR) of nickel alloy steels increases as nickel contents increase. In addition, FDBT of 9% nickel alloy steel is the lowest compared to other nickel alloy steels.
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Morizono, Yasuhiro, Seiichiro Nakatsukasa i Minoru Nishida. "Bonding and Separation Behaviors between Ti-Sn Alloys and High Carbon Steel". Materials Science Forum 638-642 (styczeń 2010): 3787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3787.
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Ti-Sn binary alloys (Ti-5 to 20 mol% Sn) were diffusion-bonded to high carbon steel between 1073 and 1273 K for 3.6 ks in a vacuum to investigate the influence of the alloy composition on the interfacial microstructures. Ti-5 and 10 mol% Sn alloys were attached firmly to the steel at a bonding temperature of 1273 K. A continuous TiC layer was formed along the interface, while voids were observed between the TiC layer and the steel. Although the joints with Ti-15 and 20 mol% Sn alloys were also prepared at 1273 K, these joints separated near the interface after the bonding treatment. The TiC layer was formed in the separated surface of Ti-Sn alloy, and Fe in the steel diffused into the Ti-Sn alloy. This indicates that the Ti-15 and 20 mol% Sn alloys established contact with the steel at elevated temperatures until just before the separation. The specimens bonded at 1173 K also denoted the same tendency. However, the Ti-15 mol% Sn/steel joint bonded at 1073 K showed a shear strength of more than 50 MPa. The mechanism and the application of the interface separation are discussed on the basis of the microstructural observations.
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Kuznetsova, L. P., K. Yu Kuznetsov, V. I. Kolmykov i B. A. Semenikhin. "Investigation of the Elemental Composition of Components of the Cutters of a Cold Miller by the Method of X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis". Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Engineering and Technology 13, nr 3 (29.09.2023): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1528-2023-13-3-44-60.
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Purpose. Establishment of the elemental and quantitative composition of alloys - components of road milling cutters, which are used as working bodies for milling the road surface, by X-ray fluorescence analysis.Methods. To establish the chemical composition of alloys - components of cutters of a road milling cutter, WIRTGENW6/20X cutters and their domestic counterpart KZTS A6/20 were studied. The X-ray fluorescence method was chosen to study the elemental composition of the components of the road milling cutters. This method, based on the interaction of X-ray radiation with the analyzed substance, is the most effective and efficient method of analysis, which allows obtaining complete and reliable information about the elemental composition of complex samples in a minimum period of time without destroying them, while maintaining all the physicochemical properties, as well as without using a reference sample. The method is based on the correlation between the X-ray fluorescence intensity and the element concentration in the sample. As a result of irradiating the sample with an X-ray flux, a characteristic emission of atoms is created, which is proportional to their concentration in the sample. With the help of an express analyzer of metals and alloys - the Niton GOLDD spectrometer, experimental data were obtained on the composition of alloys - components of cutters of a road milling machine.Results. During the study, it was revealed that the components of the cutters are made from the following alloys:1. Cutter WIRTGEN W6/20X:- tip made of hard sintered alloy VK8;- housing made of structural alloyed steel 32G2;- spring sleeve of the cutter made of structural carbon steel 08ps;- washer made of structural quality carbon steel 60.2. Cutter KZTS A6/20:- tip made of hard sintered alloy VK8;- housing made of structural alloyed steel 38XV;- spring sleeve made of structural quality carbon steel 40;- washer made of structural alloyed steel 45G.Conclusion. The obtained research results can be used for subsequent processes of hardening or restoration of cutters of road milling machines.
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Ezirmik, Kadri Vefa. "Corrosion and High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Structural Steels Coated with Aluminum Alloys". BEN Vol:2 Issue:3 2021 2, nr 3 (2.04.2021): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/ben.2021.003.005.
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Structural steels are among the most widely used materials in today's industry. Various surface coating processes are used to protect structural steels from corrosion in atmospheric or aggressive environments. The most commonly used method is the galvanizing process based on forming zinc coating on the steel surface by using the hot dip method. Zinc coatings are insufficient to protect against corrosion, especially in chlorinated environments. Aluminum and its alloys stand out as an alternative material group to zinc in chlorinated environments. In this study, aluminum and aluminum alloy coatings, which are thought to be an alternative to zinc coating, were coated on the structural steel surface using the hot dip method. To examine how different aluminum alloys affect the corrosion and high-temperature oxidation properties of steels, nearly pure AA1050, high Cu content AA2024, and high Mg content AA5083 alloys were coated on structural steels. The coating process was carried out by dipping the structural steels into molten aluminum baths kept at a constant temperature of 700°C for 1, 3, and 5 minutes. The optimum adhesion and surface properties were obtained from dipping time for 3 minutes. The properties of coatings and intermetallic structures formed at the coating-steel interface were examined using an optical microscope, X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Scattering Spectroscopy (EDS) systems. To examine the high-temperature oxidation properties of the coatings, the coated samples were oxidized for 24 hours at 750°C under open-air conditions, and the changes in weight were investigated. Immersion corrosion tests were performed in 3.5% NaCl solution, and corrosion losses and degradation patterns were investigated. As a result of the studies, it has been determined that the Al coatings produced by the hot dip process significantly increase the oxidation and corrosion resistance of the structural steels.
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Correia, Maria J., i Manuela M. Salta. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steel Alloys for Reinforced Concrete". Materials Science Forum 514-516 (maj 2006): 1511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1511.
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The corrosion resistance under mechanical stress can be one of the most concerning types of localized corrosion for the application of stainless steel reinforcements in concrete. This paper will assess the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility, by the slow strain rate test method (SSRT), of three austenitic stainless steel alloys: one conventional Fe-Cr-Ni base alloy and two new composition Fe-Cr-Mn base alloys adequate to the manufacturing of ribbed bars for reinforcing concrete. The SSRT results show that only one of the austenitic Fe-Cr-Mn alloys is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking while the other shows a performance similar to that of the AISI 304 stainless steel alloy.
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Cao, Peng Jun, Ji Ling Dong, Hai Dong Wu i Pei Geng Fan. "Preparation and Corrosion Resistance of Cu-Based Bulk Glassy Alloys". Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (styczeń 2013): 1143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1143.
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The Cu-based bulk glassy alloys in Cu-Zr-Ti-Ni systems were prepared by means of copper mold casting. The structure and corrosion resistance of Cu-based bulk glassy alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electrochemistry method, lost weight method. The result indicates the supercooled liquid temperature interval (ΔTx) is up to 70.98 K for Cu50Zr25Ti15Ni10bulk glassy alloy. The maximum diameter was up to 5.0 mm for the Cu55Zr25Ti15Ni5bulk glassy alloy. For electrochemistry corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution, self-corrosion electric current density of the Cu50Zr25Ti15Ni10bulk glassy alloys is obviously lower than that of stainless steel and brass, so corrosion resistance of Cu-based bulk glassy alloys is better than stainless steel and brass at the same corrosion condition. The lost weight method showed that the corrosion rate of brass, stainless steel and glassy alloy is respectively 10.08 g/(m2•h), 6.08 g/(m2•h) and 2.19 g/(m2•h) in the 3% NaCl solution, which also indicates that the corrosion resistance of Cu-based bulk glassy alloys is better than stainless steel and brass. The Cu-based bulk glassy alloys can be used in the special field demanding to have the super high strength, hardness and corrosion resistance.
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Graham, Jordan, Savko Malinov, Roy Douglas i Rose Mary Stalker. "The Influence of Temperature and Alloy Composition on Austenitic Stainless Steel Oxidation Resistance". Defect and Diffusion Forum 380 (listopad 2017): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.380.141.
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Stainless steels can form a protective oxide layer when exposed to a high temperature oxidising environment, this protective layer forms a diffusion barrier and slows the oxidation of the alloys in harsh environments. This characteristic has made stainless steels one of the most commonly used alloys for high temperature industrial applications. In this work, a systematic testing procedure has been used to investigate the high temperature oxidation of two commonly used grades of stainless steel, 316 and 310. Samples of each alloy have undergone isothermal testing in air at 1050°C, 1150°C and 1250°C for a range of time periods up to 8h. The oxidation kinetics were also investigated using thermo-gravimetric analysis in air at the same temperatures for 8h. The oxide layers formed on the samples were characterised using X-Ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Information derived from oxide layer characterisation was used to explain any differences between the two alloys in terms of oxidation rate and overall alloy performance in the high temperature environment.
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Jin, Hao Zhe, Kuan Xin Wang, Hai Yan Ren i Guo Fu Ou. "Erosion-Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Alloys in Ammonium Hydrosulfide Solutions". Advanced Materials Research 1096 (kwiecień 2015): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1096.125.
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The rotary experiment apparatus was built to study the erosion-corrosionresistance of carbon steel, 15CrMo steel, duplex stainless steel 2205, nickel based alloy 825 and stainless steel 316L which are commonly used in the sour water environment of refinery. Based on the electrochemical test, the carbon steel and alloys corrosion rates in different ammonium hydrosulfide concentration, fluid velocity and temperature were obtained. The corrosion products film morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to find the reasons for corrosion rates difference of carbon steel and alloys. The results showed that the corrosion rates of carbon steel and alloys were increasing with fluid velocity, ammonium hydrosulfide concentration and temperature increase, when the velocity exceeds 6 m/s the corrosion rates essentially unchanged. The maximum corrosion rate of carbon steel at 60 °C and 10 wt% ammonium hydrosulfide concentration was as high as 6.5 mm/year, while the nickel based alloys 825 and stainless steel 316L were less than 1.5 mm/year. The corrosion product films of carbon steel and 15CrMo steel was loose and cracking which can easy to fall off from the substrate when subjected to fluid impact and the corrosive media can easily penetrate into the bottom of corrosion product and continue to corrode substrate. However, the corrosion film of nickel based alloys 825 and stainless steel 316L was dense and tightly bonded to substrate making it has a good corrosion resistance.
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Sydorchuk, O. M. "Steel with control austenitic transformation during operation". Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 98, nr 2 (7.06.2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2021.02.047.
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The intermediate class of steels, which at room temperature belong to the ferritic state, and at operating temperature pass into the austenitic region, are called steels with control of austenitic transformation during operation. The possibility of increasing the service life of such intermediate steels at high temperatures (above the critical point A3) is shown. For the first time, the cast structure and phase-structural state of steel (grade 4Kh3N5М3F) obtained by electroslag remelting were studied. An improved composition of steel (4Kh4N5М3F) for the production of stamping tools for hot pressing of copper, copper and aluminum alloys is proposed. When setting the critical points (A1 and A3) of the investigated steel, which was confirmed by the results of high-temperature X-ray phase analysis, it was possible to optimize the heat treatment (annealing) of steel 4Kh3N5M3F and 4Kh4N5M4F2 in cast and forged condition, which facilitated processing tool. The results of researches on optimization of modes of heat treatment (hardening, tempering) of steel are given. The mechanical properties (strength, toughness, heat resistance) of steel in cast and forged state depending on the tempering and tempering temperature are determined. The tempering brittleness of the experimental steel is determined. An experimental-industrial test of a stamping tool (die dies, extruder parts) made of the investigated steel was carried out. The possibility of using stamped steel with adjustable austenitic transformation for a wide range of operating temperatures of hot deformation of aluminum alloy AK7h (450-500 ºC), copper M1 (600-630 ºC) and copper-nickel alloy MNZh 5-1 (900-950 ºC) with increased service life in comparison with steels of ferrite class 4Kh5МF1S and 3Kh3М3F. Keywords: die steel, composition, thermal treatment, structure, mechanical properties.
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Legostaev, Yu L., N. I. Karchevskaya i V. P. Kharchevnikov. "Cold-Resistant nickel-alloys steel". Metal Science and Heat Treatment 29, nr 11 (listopad 1987): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00707764.
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Muralidharan, G., Y. Yamamoto, M. P. Brady, D. N. Leonard, Roger Miller, Sujit Das, Stanley Fauske i in. "Cast Alumina-Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels for High Temperature Heat Treatment Furnace Rolls". AM&P Technical Articles 182, nr 4 (1.05.2024): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2024-04.p046.
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Abstract Alloy developers worldwide have struggled to create creep-resistant alumina-forming, iron-based austenitic stainless steels for use as high-temperature structural alloys, but with limited success in balancing alloy cost, oxidation, and creep resistance. This article describes the research and development of a novel cast alumina-forming austenitic stainless steel. This work won the prestigious Engineering Materials Achievement Award presented at IMAT 2023 in Detroit.
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Vahrusheva, Vera, Diana Hlushkova, Volodymyr Volchuk, Tetyana Nosova, Stella Mamchur, Natalia Tsokur, Valeriy Bagrov, Sergey Demchenko, Yuri Ryzhkov i Victor Scrypnikov. "The effect of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of power equipment parts". Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, nr 97 (5.09.2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2022.97.0.24.
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For the manufacture of parts and assemblies of the turbopump unit of details of power equipment, welded joints with corrosion resistant steels and heat-resistant alloys are used, requiring various modes heat treatment to achieve the required level of mechanical properties. In the manufacture of parts and assemblies of details of power equipment at the machine-building enterprises of Ukraine, it became necessary to replace semi-finished products. It is necessary to replace sheet products from high-alloy alloys ХН67МВТЮ and 06Х15Н6МВФБ with one alloy with a high complex of physical and mechanical characteristics. In the work, as a replacement for the applied heat-resistant alloys, Inconel 718 alloy welded to 316L steel. Samples of welded joints, processed according to the recommended mode, showed increased corrosion resistance.
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Kantyukov, R. R., D. N. Zapevalov i R. K. Vagapov. "Effect of hydrogen on steels in hydrogen sulfide-containing and other environments at gas facilities". Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 67, nr 1 (25.02.2024): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2024-1-53-64.
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The impact of hydrogen sulfide raw materials on steel equipment and pipelines is known and is associated not only with internal corrosion processes, but also with the hydrogenation of carbon and low-alloy steels used. Penetration of hydrogen into steel can lead to the loss of its strength properties and subsequent destruction of gas pipelines operated under high pressure conditions. The manifestations of cracking characteristic of hydrogen sulfide environments, which are a consequence of the penetration of hydrogen into steel, are the most dangerous from the point of view of the safety and reliability of the operation of facilities for the production and transportation of corrosive gas. The effect of H2S on the decrease in ductility of the main types of structural steels was studied based on the results of simulation tests. The formation of blisters (bloatings) and cracks on the surface of steels due to the effect of hydrogen on steel was recorded. The study of the phase composition and properties of corrosion products was carried out in order to assess their possible influence on the processes of steel hydrogenation. The formation of evenly distributed on the surface and the densest corrosion deposits will hinder both the corrosion processes and the penetration of hydrogen into steel. A decrease in the plastic properties of steel is also observed when exposed to hydrogen, which can be transported both separately and together with methane through the main gas pipelines. The main possible means of protecting steels that are unstable to hydrogenation is the use of corrosion inhibitors. It was established that the most effective corrosion inhibitors with rational technologies of application and dosage can protect steels from penetration of hydrogen into them and their destructive effect.