Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Steel alloys – Corrosion”
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Jin, Hao Zhe, Kuan Xin Wang, Hai Yan Ren i Guo Fu Ou. "Erosion-Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Alloys in Ammonium Hydrosulfide Solutions". Advanced Materials Research 1096 (kwiecień 2015): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1096.125.
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The rotary experiment apparatus was built to study the erosion-corrosionresistance of carbon steel, 15CrMo steel, duplex stainless steel 2205, nickel based alloy 825 and stainless steel 316L which are commonly used in the sour water environment of refinery. Based on the electrochemical test, the carbon steel and alloys corrosion rates in different ammonium hydrosulfide concentration, fluid velocity and temperature were obtained. The corrosion products film morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to find the reasons for corrosion rates difference of carbon steel and alloys. The results showed that the corrosion rates of carbon steel and alloys were increasing with fluid velocity, ammonium hydrosulfide concentration and temperature increase, when the velocity exceeds 6 m/s the corrosion rates essentially unchanged. The maximum corrosion rate of carbon steel at 60 °C and 10 wt% ammonium hydrosulfide concentration was as high as 6.5 mm/year, while the nickel based alloys 825 and stainless steel 316L were less than 1.5 mm/year. The corrosion product films of carbon steel and 15CrMo steel was loose and cracking which can easy to fall off from the substrate when subjected to fluid impact and the corrosive media can easily penetrate into the bottom of corrosion product and continue to corrode substrate. However, the corrosion film of nickel based alloys 825 and stainless steel 316L was dense and tightly bonded to substrate making it has a good corrosion resistance.
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Francis, Roger, i Glenn Byrne. "Duplex Stainless Steels—Alloys for the 21st Century". Metals 11, nr 5 (19.05.2021): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050836.
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Duplex stainless steels were first manufactured early in the 20th century, but it was the introduction in the 1970s of the argon-oxygen decarburisation (AOD) steel making process and the addition of nitrogen to these steels, that made the alloys stronger, more weldable and more corrosion resistant. Today, duplex stainless steels can be categorised into four main groups, i.e., “lean”, “standard”, “super”, and “hyper” duplex types. These groups cover a range of compositions and properties, but they all have in common a microstructure consisting of roughly equal proportions of austenite and ferrite, high strength, good toughness and good corrosion resistance, especially to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) compared with similar austenitic stainless steels. Moreover, the development of a duplex stainless-steel microstructure requires lower levels of nickel in the composition than for a corresponding austenitic stainless steel with comparable pitting and crevice corrosion resistance, hence they cost less. This makes duplex stainless steels a very versatile and attractive group of alloys both commercially and technically. There are applications where duplex grades can be used as lower cost through-life options, in preference to coated carbon steels, a range of other stainless steels, and in some cases nickel alloys. This cost benefit is further emphasised if the design engineer can use the higher strength of duplex grades to construct vessels and pipework of lower wall thickness than would be the case if an austenitic grade or nickel alloy was being used. Hence, we find duplex stainless steels are widely used in many industries. In this paper their use in three industrial applications is reviewed, namely marine, heat exchangers, and the chemical and process industries. The corrosion resistance in the relevant fluids is discussed and some case histories highlight both successes and potential problems with duplex alloys in these industries. The paper shows how duplex stainless steels can provide cost-effective solutions in corrosive environments, and why they will be a standard corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) for many industries through the 21st century.
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ISTRATE, Gina Genoveva, i Alina Crina MUREȘAN. "Corrosion Behavior of Materials Al5083 Alloy, 316L Stainless Steel and A681 Carbon Steel in Seawater". Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, nr 2 (15.06.2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.2.07.
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In this paper the corrosion behavior of different materials has been evaluated based on exposure in seawater. The laboratory immersion test technique has been applied to evaluate the effect of seawater on the corrosion behavior of different materials. In three sets of experiments, carbon steels (A681 Type O7), austenitic stainless steels (316L) and aluminium alloys (Al5083) were utilized. The specimens were fixed fully submerged in seawater. The corrosion process was evaluated using weight loss method, open-circuit potential measurements (OCP) and polarization techniques. To determine gravimetric index and the rate of penetration, samples were immersed in corrosive environment for 89 days and weighed periodically. The electrochemical experiments were conducted with a Potentiostat/Galvanostat (PGP 201) analyzer. It was connected to a PC. The Voltamaster software was used for electrochemical data analysis. A three-electrode cell composed of a specimen as a working electrode, Pt as counter electrode, and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) (Hg (l)/ Hg2Cl2 (s)) as a reference electrode were used for the tests. The weight loss tests revealed the lowest corrosion rate values for stainless steel and aluminium alloys, indicating a beneficial use for these materials in marine environments. The potentiodynamic method shows that the lowest corrosion rate in seawater (2.8 μm /year) was obtained for the Al5083 alloy, and the highest value of the corrosion rate (41.67 μm/year) for A681 carbon steel.
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Pound, BG, MH Abdurrahman, MP Glucina, GA Wright i RM Sharp. "The Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel in Simulated Geothermal Media". Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, nr 8 (1985): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9851133.
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The corrosion rates of low-carbon steel, and 304, 316 and 410/420 stainless steels in simulated geothermal media containing hydrogen sulfide have been measured by means of the polarization resistance technique. Good agreement was found between weight-loss and polarization resistance measurements of the corrosion rate for all the metals tested. Carbon steel formed a non-adherent film of mackinawite (Fe1 + xS). The lack of protection afforded to the steel by the film resulted in an approximately constant corrosion rate. The stainless steels also exhibited corrosion rates that were independent of time. However, the 410 and 420 alloys formed an adherent film consisting mainly of troilite ( FeS ) which provided only limited passivity. In contrast, the 304 and 316 alloys appeared to be essentially protected by a passive film which did not seem to involve an iron sulfide phase. However, all the stainless steels, particularly the 410 and 420 alloys, showed pitting, which indicated that some breakdown of the passive films occurred.
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Cao, Peng Jun, Ji Ling Dong, Hai Dong Wu i Pei Geng Fan. "Preparation and Corrosion Resistance of Cu-Based Bulk Glassy Alloys". Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (styczeń 2013): 1143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1143.
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The Cu-based bulk glassy alloys in Cu-Zr-Ti-Ni systems were prepared by means of copper mold casting. The structure and corrosion resistance of Cu-based bulk glassy alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electrochemistry method, lost weight method. The result indicates the supercooled liquid temperature interval (ΔTx) is up to 70.98 K for Cu50Zr25Ti15Ni10bulk glassy alloy. The maximum diameter was up to 5.0 mm for the Cu55Zr25Ti15Ni5bulk glassy alloy. For electrochemistry corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution, self-corrosion electric current density of the Cu50Zr25Ti15Ni10bulk glassy alloys is obviously lower than that of stainless steel and brass, so corrosion resistance of Cu-based bulk glassy alloys is better than stainless steel and brass at the same corrosion condition. The lost weight method showed that the corrosion rate of brass, stainless steel and glassy alloy is respectively 10.08 g/(m2•h), 6.08 g/(m2•h) and 2.19 g/(m2•h) in the 3% NaCl solution, which also indicates that the corrosion resistance of Cu-based bulk glassy alloys is better than stainless steel and brass. The Cu-based bulk glassy alloys can be used in the special field demanding to have the super high strength, hardness and corrosion resistance.
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Lachowicz, M. M., i M. B. Lachowicz. "The Mechanism of Corrosion of Steel 304L in the Presence of Copper in Industrial Installations / Mechanizm Korozji Stali Austenitycznej 304L W Obecności Miedzi W Instalacjach Przemysłowych". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, nr 4 (1.12.2015): 2657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0429.
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This paper presents the mechanism of corrosion of austenitic steel in the presence of copper. It has been found that when corrosion occurs, the presence of copper in the corrosive solution in the neighbourhood of austenitic steel results in the intensification of the corrosion processes. In the macroscopic scale, austenitic steel constitutes a cathode, but since copper precipitates can deposit on it, the steel can locally pass to the active state and become an anode in the places where copper deposited, which leads to its local corrosion due to galvanic corrosion.
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Swindeman, R. W., i M. Gold. "Developments in Ferrous Alloy Technology for High-Temperature Service". Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 113, nr 2 (1.05.1991): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928737.
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Developments during the past twenty-five years are outlined for the technology of ferrous alloys needed in elevated temperature service. These developments include new alloys with improved strength and corrosion resistance for use in nuclear, fossil, and petrochemical applications. Specific groups of alloys that are addressed include vanadium-modified low alloy steels, 9Cr-1Mo-V steel, niobium-modified lean stainless steels, and high chrome-nickel iron alloys. A brief description of coating and claddings for improved corrosion resistance is also provided.
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Correia, Maria J., i Manuela M. Salta. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steel Alloys for Reinforced Concrete". Materials Science Forum 514-516 (maj 2006): 1511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1511.
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The corrosion resistance under mechanical stress can be one of the most concerning types of localized corrosion for the application of stainless steel reinforcements in concrete. This paper will assess the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility, by the slow strain rate test method (SSRT), of three austenitic stainless steel alloys: one conventional Fe-Cr-Ni base alloy and two new composition Fe-Cr-Mn base alloys adequate to the manufacturing of ribbed bars for reinforcing concrete. The SSRT results show that only one of the austenitic Fe-Cr-Mn alloys is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking while the other shows a performance similar to that of the AISI 304 stainless steel alloy.
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Neacsu, Elena Ionela, Virgil Constantin, Cristina Donath, Kazimir Yanushkevich, Aliona Zhivulka, Anatholy Galyas, Olga Demidenko i Ana Maria Popescu. "Corrosion Processes of Uranus B6 and Monel 400 Special Alloys in Deep Eutectic Solvents". Revista de Chimie 70, nr 8 (15.09.2019): 2968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.8.7466.
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The corrosion behaviour of special alloys (Uranus B6 steel and Monel 400) exposed to chlorine chloride-deep eutectic solvents (DES) at 353 K has been investigated by polarization curves method. The corresponding corrosion parameters in choline chloride-oxalic acid and choline chloride-malonic acid were calculated. Micrographic images before and after immersion in the corrosive medium were obtained. Measurements of the influence of the corrosion process on the crystal structure and specific magnetization of the studied steels was carried out by using X-ray diffraction and respectivelly ponderomotive methods.
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Bajat, Jelena, Aleksandra Petrovic i Miodrag Maksimovic. "Electrochemical deposition and characterization of zinc-nickel alloys deposited by direct and reverse current". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, nr 12 (2005): 1427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0512427b.
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Zn-Ni alloys electrochemically deposited on steel under various deposition conditions were investigated. The alloys were deposited on a rotating disc electrode and on a steel panel from chloride solutions by direct and reverse current. The influence of reverse plating variables (cathodic and anodic current densities and their time duration) on the composition, phase structure and corrosion properties were investigated. The chemical content and phase composition affect the anticorrosive properties of Zn-Ni alloys during exposure to a corrosive agent (3%NaCl solution). It was shown that the Zn-Ni alloy electrodeposited by reverse current with a full period T = 1 s and r=0.2 exhibits the best corrosion properties of all the investigated alloys deposited by reverse current.
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Przondziono, Joanna, Witold Walke i Eugeniusz Hadasik. "Galvanic Corrosion Test of Magnesium Alloys after Plastic Forming". Solid State Phenomena 191 (sierpień 2012): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.191.169.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate resistance to galvanic and crevice corrosion of magnesium alloys AZ61 and AZ80. Resistance to galvanic corrosion was evaluated with additional application of aluminium alloy 2017A and 8Mn2Si steel as reference materials. The tests were carried out by means of potentiostat VoltaLab PGP 201 by Radiometer with application of Evans method. The tests were carried out in the solution with concentration of 0.01 M NaCl in ambient temperature. For comparison, the relations of the surface of magnesium alloys to aluminium alloys and steel (1:1, 5:1 i 10:1) was differentiated in the experiment. It was proved that AZ80 alloy features slightly higher corrosion resistance in contact with aluminium alloy and steel.
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Janiec-Anwar, Justyna, George E. Thompson, Xiao Rong Zhou, Michele Curioni, Mark Turski i Tim Wilks. "Galvanic Corrosion between Magnesium Alloys and Steel". Materials Science Forum 765 (lipiec 2013): 648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.648.
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The corrosion behaviour of pure magnesium, cast Elektron 21-T6, and extruded Elektron 43-T5, galvanically coupled to mild steel, has been investigated. The coupling current and potential were measured in selected concentrations of sodium chloride solutions in order to establish the effects of the environment and the alloy type on the galvanic corrosion behaviour. The time evolution of the galvanic currents was related to the results of potentiodynamic polarisation and to the corrosion morphologies revealed on specimens comprising a steel bolt and washer after salt spray testing. During the galvanic coupling, the measured current for pure magnesium was less than that for Elektron 21; the highest current was measured for Elektron 43, suggesting the highest corrosion rate. These results were in agreement with the behaviour expected from the individual potentiodynamic polarisation curves. Concerning the corrosion morphology of the galvanic couple, for Elektron 43, the corrosion close to the washer was relatively deep but extended only about 10 mm. For Elektron 21, the corrosion was shallower but advanced further (up to 15 mm). For pure magnesium, a relatively deep and laterally spread attack (approximately 20 mm around the bolt) was developed. These results suggest differences between observed corrosion in galvanically coupled assemblies and corrosion rates expected based on coupling currents alone.
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Shankar, A. Ravi, K. Thyagarajan i U. Kamachi Mudali. "Corrosion Behavior of Candidate Materials in Molten LiCl-KCl Salt Under Argon Atmosphere". Corrosion 69, nr 7 (5.02.2013): 655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/0746.
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Pyrochemical reprocessing involves the use of molten LiCl-KCl (lithium chloride-potassium chloride) eutectic salt at 773 K for the recovery of uranium and plutonium from spent metallic fuel of fast breeder reactors. The materials selected for such corrosive environments should withstand high temperatures and at the same time offer good corrosion resistance. The present work discusses the corrosion behavior of candidate materials like 2.25Cr-1Mo steel (UNS K21590), 9Cr-1 Mo steel (UNS K90941), Ni-based alloy 600 (UNS N06600), Ni-based alloy 625 (UNS N06625), and Ni-based alloy 690 (UNS N06690) in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt at 873 K for various durations under ultrahigh-purity argon atmosphere. Corrosion behavior of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) coating on candidate materials also was evaluated. Weight-loss results indicated that the corrosion resistance of the materials increased in the following order: 2.25Cr-1Mo > 9Cr-1 Mo > Ni-based alloys > PSZ coating. PSZ-coated specimens showed better corrosion resistance in molten LiCl-KCl salt when compared with uncoated specimens; however, accidental ingression of oxygen and moisture could result in premature spallation of the coating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) analysis of exposed Cr-Mo steels and Ni-based alloys exhibited dealloyed surfaces and corrosion product regions rich in Cr, indicating preferential leaching of Cr. The paper highlights the results of the present investigation.
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Khoshnaw, Fuad Mohamed, i Hussein Bakir Rahmatalla. "Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Welded Duplex Stainless Steel". Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (styczeń 2010): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.709.
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This study investigated stress corrosion cracking of two welded stainless steel alloys, austenitic 304L and duplex 2205, in an acidic chloride solution. Different heat inputs are selected for welding the alloys, using tungsten inert gas, with and without filler metal. The slow strain rate technique is utilized to estimate the susceptibility of each weldment to stress corrosion cracking. Different strain rates are used, and the experiments showed that the strain rate equal to 1.66x10-6/sec is a critical value that can be used for assessing the susceptibility of the alloys to corrosion cracking. A numerical index used in this study to evaluate this susceptibility, which is based on a ratio between elongation percent of each alloy in the solution to that in the air. The results showed that the austenitic alloy has higher ductility than duplex in air, while there was not a big difference between both alloys in the solution. Increasing the heat input in autogenous welding caused a brittleness, i.e. less elongation, for both alloys. The results showed that the austenitic alloy is exposed to stress corrosion cracking in the solution, before and after welding, with or without filler metals. On the other hand, the duplex alloy showed higher resistance to stress corrosion cracking than the austenitic alloy due to the high chromium content, and it is dual phase.
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Ezirmik, Kadri Vefa. "Corrosion and High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Structural Steels Coated with Aluminum Alloys". BEN Vol:2 Issue:3 2021 2, nr 3 (2.04.2021): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/ben.2021.003.005.
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Structural steels are among the most widely used materials in today's industry. Various surface coating processes are used to protect structural steels from corrosion in atmospheric or aggressive environments. The most commonly used method is the galvanizing process based on forming zinc coating on the steel surface by using the hot dip method. Zinc coatings are insufficient to protect against corrosion, especially in chlorinated environments. Aluminum and its alloys stand out as an alternative material group to zinc in chlorinated environments. In this study, aluminum and aluminum alloy coatings, which are thought to be an alternative to zinc coating, were coated on the structural steel surface using the hot dip method. To examine how different aluminum alloys affect the corrosion and high-temperature oxidation properties of steels, nearly pure AA1050, high Cu content AA2024, and high Mg content AA5083 alloys were coated on structural steels. The coating process was carried out by dipping the structural steels into molten aluminum baths kept at a constant temperature of 700°C for 1, 3, and 5 minutes. The optimum adhesion and surface properties were obtained from dipping time for 3 minutes. The properties of coatings and intermetallic structures formed at the coating-steel interface were examined using an optical microscope, X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Scattering Spectroscopy (EDS) systems. To examine the high-temperature oxidation properties of the coatings, the coated samples were oxidized for 24 hours at 750°C under open-air conditions, and the changes in weight were investigated. Immersion corrosion tests were performed in 3.5% NaCl solution, and corrosion losses and degradation patterns were investigated. As a result of the studies, it has been determined that the Al coatings produced by the hot dip process significantly increase the oxidation and corrosion resistance of the structural steels.
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Song, Quan Ming, i David Wert. "State of the Art Stainless Steel Provides Improved Properties for Widely Varying Applications". Advanced Materials Research 413 (grudzień 2011): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.341.
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Carpenter Technology Corporation’s Custom 465® stainless steel is a state-of-the-art alloy which has seen its applications expanding at a rapid rate. This alloy is a premium double vacuum melted (VIM/VAR) martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel that offers an excellent combination of strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. With its exceptional properties, design engineers have specified the alloy for high-performance components in various industries, such as aerospace, industrial, energy, consumer and medical. The high strength, greater than 250 ksi (1722 MPa) typical, and toughness of the alloy have allowed Custom 465 stainless to be used as a high-strength upgrade to conventional PH stainless steels such as 13-8 and 17-4. The addition of corrosion resistance to the high strength and toughness properties has allowed the alloy to be used as a stainless alternative to non-stainless steels such as AISI 4340 and 300M. This paper will compare mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of Custom 465 stainless steel to those of other PH stainless steels such as 17-4, 15-5, and 13-8, as well as to those of other aerospace alloys such as 300M and AerMet® 100 alloy. In addition, examples of the varied uses of the alloy will be provided, these examples will highlight the benefits obtained by the use of Custom 465 stainless steel over the previous alloys of choice for the applications.
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Arrabal, Raúl, Marta Mohedano, Angel Pardo, Karín Paucar, M. Concepción Merino, Endzhe Matykina, Beatriz Mingo i Gerardo Garcés. "Galvanic corrosion of rare earth modified AM50 and AZ91D magnesium alloys coupled to steel and aluminium alloys". Revista de Metalurgia 50, nr 1 (30.03.2014): e002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.002.
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Bastidas, David M., Jacob Ress, Juan Bosch i Ulises Martin. "Corrosion Mechanisms of High-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steels: A Critical Review". Metals 11, nr 2 (7.02.2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020287.
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Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels have higher strength and ductility than conventional steels. Deformation mechanisms producing twins that prevent gliding and stacking of dislocations cause a higher ductility than that of steel grades with the same strength. TWIP steels are considered to be within the new generation of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). However, some aspects, such as the corrosion resistance and performance in service of TWIP steel materials, need more research. Application of TWIP steels in the automotive industry requires a proper investigation of corrosion behavior and corrosion mechanisms, which would indicate the optimum degree of protection and the possible decrease in costs. In general, Fe−Mn-based TWIP steel alloys can passivate in oxidizing acid, neutral, and basic solutions, however they cannot passivate in reducing acid or active chloride solutions. TWIP steels have become as a potential material of interest for automotive applications due to their effectiveness, impact resistance, and negligible harm to the environment. The mechanical and corrosion performance of TWIP steels is subjected to the manufacturing and processing steps, like forging and casting, elemental composition, and thermo-mechanical treatment. Corrosion of TWIP steels caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors has posed a serious problem for their use. Passivity breakdown caused by pitting, and galvanic corrosion due to phase segregation are widely described and their critical mechanisms examined. Numerous studies have been performed to study corrosion behavior and passivation of TWIP steel. Despite the large number of articles on corrosion, few comprehensive reports have been published on this topic. The current trend for development of corrosion resistance TWIP steel is thoroughly studied and represented, showing the key mechanisms and factors influencing corrosion processes, and its consequences on TWIP steel. In addition, suggestions for future works and gaps in the literature are considered.
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Fashu, Simbarashe, i Rajwali Khan. "Recent work on electrochemical deposition of Zn-Ni (-X) alloys for corrosion protection of steel". Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, nr 1 (7.01.2019): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-06-2018-1957.
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PurposeThin coatings are of great importance to minimize corrosion attack of steel in different environments. A review of recent work on electrodeposition and corrosion performance of Zn-Ni-based alloys for sacrificial corrosion protection of ferrous substrates is presented. The purpose of this study is to provide a systematic comparison of the corrosion resistances of Zn-Ni alloy coatings. The review contains key and outstanding comparisons of references for the period from 2007 to 2017. Binary and ternary Zn-Ni-based alloys were compared and contrasted to provide a good knowledge basis for selection of best coating system to steel substrates.Design/methodology/approachThis article is a review article.FindingsZn-Ni-(X) alloys show great potential for replacing Cd metal in corrosion protection of steel substrates.Practical implicationsThe research on plating of binary Zn-Ni alloys from aqueous electrolytes is now well advanced and these alloys show improved corrosion resistance compared to pure Zn. Pulse plated and compositionally modulated multilayer Zn-Ni alloy coatings showed enhanced corrosion properties compared to direct plated Zn-Ni coatings of similar composition.Originality/valueThe work on electrodeposition of Zn-Ni based alloys from ionic liquids is still scarce, yet these liquids show great promise in improving corrosion resistance and reducing coating thickness when compared to aqueous electrolytes. Advanced plating techniques in ionic liquids such as electromagnetic, compositionally modulated multilayer, pulse plating, ternary alloys and composites should be considered as these electrolytes avoid water chemistry and associated defects.
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Shin, Shun Myung, i Jei Pil Wang. "A Comparative Study on the Oxidation of Fe-25Cr-7Ni-4Mo and Fe-25Cr-7Ni-2Mo-4W Steels". Applied Mechanics and Materials 620 (sierpień 2014): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.620.453.
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Stainless steel materials (FeCr and FeCrNi-based alloys) are employed in a wide range of modern applications due to their ability to withstand corrosive environments while maintaining good mechanical properties. Their corrosion resistance originates from Cr-rich oxide layer which serves as a barrier against ion diffusion between the alloy and the ambient phase. Custom steel grades can be designed for specific applications by optimizing their properties throughout alloy composition [1].
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Mioč, Ekatarina Kristan, i Helena Otmačić Ćurković. "Corrosion Protection by Octadecylphosphonic Acid in Flow Conditions". Chemical & biochemical engineering quarterly 33, nr 3 (2019): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/cabeq.2018.1572.
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The aim of this work was to examine the influence of the flow rate of corrosive media on the stability of self-assembled films of octadecylphosphonic acid on copper-nickel alloy and stainless steel. The studies were conducted in river and seawater in a laboratory scale flow system. Corrosion behaviour of protected and unprotected alloys was examined by electrochemical techniques, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and polarization measurements. The results show that octadecylphosphonic acid films can efficiently protect copper-nickel and stainless steel from corrosion in flowing natural waters. The flow of corrosive media had the highest influence on the stability of films on CuNi in seawater, while in all other studied cases, the protective properties of ODPA film changed insignificantly with the change of the flow rate.
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Schino, Andrea Di. "CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF AISI 460LI SUPER-FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL". Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 25, nr 4 (18.12.2019): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v25i4.1363.
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<p class="AMSmaintext1"><span lang="EN-GB">Following nickel and molybdenum significant price increase, nowadays the stainless steel market is moving toward an increasing use of ferritic stainless steel instead of austenitic stainless and therefore to the development of advanced ferritic stainless steels grades aimed to substitute the more expensive austenitic materials in all applications allowing it. Super-ferritic stainless steels are higher chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo) steels with properties similar to those of standard ferritic alloys. Such elements increase high temperature and corrosion resistance in strong environment. This paper deal about the corrosion resistance of super-ferritic stainless steels with a Cr content ranging from 21% to 24%. </span></p>
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Kim, Young Sik, Y. R. Yoo, C. G. Sohn, Keun Taek Oh, Kyoung Nam Kim, Jae Hong Yoon i H. S. Kim. "Role of Alloying Elements on the Cytotoxic Behavior and Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels". Materials Science Forum 475-479 (styczeń 2005): 2295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.2295.
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Super stainless steel has been used to solve corrosion problems of biomaterials because it shows the excellent corrosion resistance as like Ti and Ti alloys and has better mechanical properties than Ti and Ti alloys. We designed high Mo and Ni bearing super austenitic stainless steel. To obtain desirable microstructure, Cr, Ni, Mo, N contents were controlled. This work focused on the role of alloying elements on cytotoxic behavior and corrosion of stainless steel. In acidic chloride solution, when the alloys had high PRE values, the alloys showed high pitting resistance and low critical current density. However, in Hanks’ solution, the higher PRE’s alloys showed high critical passive current density. Namely, it was revealed that EDTA among Hanks’ solution played an important role to increase the critical passive current density of high Mo and Ni bearing super stainless steels, regardless of PRE’s value of the alloys. Therefore, even if the PRE values of the alloys were higher, high Ni and Mo bearing alloys would reveal more cytotoxic and high metal ion release rate than 316L stainless steel.
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Gowreesan, Vamadevan, Dhimas Ario, Hepy Hanifa i Wayne Greaves. "Weld Repair of Steam Turbine Rotor with 12 Cr Weld to Mitigate Corrosion Issues". MATEC Web of Conferences 269 (2019): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926903007.
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Weld repair of steam turbine rotors has become an acceptable practice to extend the life of rotors. Depending on the type of damage, the extent of weld repair can range from weld build-up of integral discs to stubbing a new forging to replace the damaged portion of an old rotor. Steam turbine rotors made of low alloy steels experience corrosion related damages such as stress corrosion cracking, pitting corrosion, corrosion-erosion etc., Traditional weld repairs have been using low alloy steel welds. While the low alloy welds may have mechanical properties comparable to or even slightly exceeding that of the low alloy steel rotor alloys, the corrosion resistance of the low alloy welds are not great. 12 Chromium weld will provide better resistance to corrosion related damages than typical low alloy welds. However using 12 Chromium weld on low alloy steel rotors provides some additional challenges and limitations. These include selection of optimal combination of weld wire and flux for rotor welding, selection of optimal post weld stress relieve temperature and dealing with abrupt change in chemical composition at the weld interface. This paper discusses development of such a weld procedure and provides some examples where the 12 Chromium weld was successfully applied on steam turbine rotors that experienced corrosion related damages.
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Ron, Tomer, Ohad Dolev, Avi Leon, Amnon Shirizly i Eli Aghion. "Effect of Phase Transformation on Stress Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel Produced by Directed Energy Deposition". Materials 14, nr 1 (24.12.2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010055.
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The present study aims to evaluate the stress corrosion behavior of additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel produced by the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process. This was examined in comparison with its counterpart, wrought alloy, by electrochemical analysis in terms of potentiodynamic polarization and impedance spectroscopy and by slow strain rate testing (SSRT) in a corrosive environment. The microstructure assessment was performed using optical and scanning electron microscopy along with X-ray diffraction analysis. The obtained results indicated that in spite of the inherent differences in microstructure and mechanical properties between the additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel and its counterpart wrought alloy, their electrochemical performance and stress corrosion susceptibility were similar. The corrosion attack in the additively manufactured alloy was mainly concentrated at the interface between the austenitic matrix and the secondary ferritic phase. In the case of the counterpart wrought alloy with a single austenitic phase, the corrosion attack was manifested by uniform pitting evenly scattered at the external surface. Both alloys showed ductile failure in the form of “cap and cone” fractures in post-SSRT experiments in corrosive environment.
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Ismail, A., i Mohd Fuzaimie Ahmad Fuad. "Effect of Immersion and Green Inhibitor to Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel". Advanced Materials Research 1087 (luty 2015): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.276.
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Corrosion is the reaction between the material and the environment that cause degradation of the material. Corrosion reduces the essential properties of materials such as strength, appearance, toughness and life expectancy. Carbon steels are composed of a mixture of metallic iron and carbon and being used extensively in every sector due to good mechanical properties and good cost. However, carbon steel are every susceptible to corrosion attack especially in corrosive environment. The use of inhibitors is one of the best options to protect against corrosion on metals and alloys especially in a closed system. Inhibitor is a chemical substance which can reduce corrosion attack when added into electrolyte. The organic inhibitor used in this study was from banana peel (scientific name Musa sapieutum) to extract tannin-a compound which can provide protective layer on metal [1-3]. The results elucidate that banana peel can be used as green inhibitor on canbon steel, however, the effect only can be seen when added with 10% and more. The immersion test was done to evaluate the effect of corrosion product to corrosion rate. The results explained that corrosion rate fluctuated during immersion period due to developed and dissolved of soluble product into electrolyte. The research provide a set of data elucidate that corrosion product developed on carbon steel cannot provide corrosion protection on carbon steel, however, using green inhibitor in high concentrations which is purely not harmful to environment could prevent corrosion attack on carbon steel.
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Pisarevskii, L. A., A. B. Korostelev, A. A. Lipatov, G. A. Filippov i T. Yu Kin. "Local corrosion of austenitic steels and alloys for heat exchanger tubes of nuclear power stations steam generators". Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, nr 2 (10.03.2019): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-2-227-241.
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Elaboration of modern domestic structural materials with increased corrosion resistance in contact with advanced heatcarriers of future reactor plants is an important problem at development of innovation projects of nuclear power engineering. Heatexchanging tubes are the critical components, which influence on the safety and reliability of steam generators operation. Corrosion properties of non-stabilized nitrogen-containing corrosion resistant steels of austenite class after cold deformation, thermal treatment and long-term thermal aging studied. It was shown, that silicon introducing into chrome-nickel steel, alloyed by nitrogen and molybdenum, results in increasing of its resistance against local kinds of corrosion and equated it on resistance against intercrystallite and pitting corrosion with particularly low-carbon steels and alloys. But the experimental 03Х18Н13С2АМ2ВФБР-Ш low carbon micro-alloyed steel, proposed for operation at a heat-carrier temperature of 450–500 о С, in the first version had a tendency to a decrease of resistance against local corrosion and impact resistance after long-term thermal aging at temperatures of 360 о С and higher. At present specifying of technological parameters of production and balanced alloying element content takes place, which prevents heat exchanging tubes properties degradation. Steel 03Х17Н13С2АМ2 which has higher resistance against local corrosion and strength comparing with 316LN and 08Х18Н10Т grades, can be taken as a candidate material for production of heat-exchanging tubes of steam generators of nuclear power stations having power reactors of water-water type. The new 03Х17Н9АС2 steel, resistant against inter-crystallite corrosion in high-oxidizing media, was proposed for tests of its operation under conditions of contact with lead heat-carriers instead of 10Х15Н9С3Б1-Ш (ЭП 302-Ш) steel.
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Herme, C. A., G. P. Cicileo, P. G. Bercoff i S. E. Jacobo. "Corrosion of Steel Alloys with Ferrite Coating". Procedia Materials Science 9 (2015): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2015.04.019.
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Cebulski, J., A. Fornalczyk i D. Pasek. "Comparison of High Temperature Corrosion Resistance in Gaseous Environment of Alloys based on Intermetallic Phase Matrix Fe40Al5CrZrb And Steel X12CrCoNi2120". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, nr 2 (1.06.2014): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0074.
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Abstract The paper presents results of the research which aim was to compare the corrosion resistance of alloys based on intermetallic phase after Fe40Al5CrTiB crystallization and after forming the steel corrosion resistant X12CrCoNi2120 species. The tests were performed for steel at temperature of 700°C Fe40Al5CrTiB and for alloy at 1100°C and 9% O2 0.2% HCl + SO2+ 0.08 N2 environment. In the research the changes of weight after corrosion tests, observations of the surface, specified chemical and phase composition of corrosion products were made. The obtained results of the study showed a very good corrosion resistance of Fe40Al5CrTiB alloys in high temperature and environments containing oxygen, sulfur and chlorine as compared to the corrosion resistance of the steel grade X12CrCoNi2120. Results of the research conducted in this scope are the basis for further research.
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Souto Maior Tavares, Sérgio, Adriana da Cunha Rocha, Manoel Ribeiro da Silva, Carlos Augusto Silva de Oliveira i Rachel Pereira Carneiro da Cunha. "Microstructural Characterization of New Super-Ferritic-Martensitic Stainless Steel". Solid State Phenomena 257 (październik 2016): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.257.52.
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The demand for high strength materials with improved corrosion resistance boosted the development of supermartensitic steels from conventional martensitic stainless steels The first alloys were designed with 11-13%Cr, extra-low carbon and nickel addition. More recently, experimental alloys with higher Cr (15-17%) and other ferritizing elements (Mo, W, Nb,…) were developed with the aim of obtain higher corrosion resistance in high chloride environments. In this work, the microstructure features of a new 17%Cr stainless steel were investigated.
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Rodriguez, Alvaro A., Joseph H. Tylczak, Michael C. Gao, Paul D. Jablonski, Martin Detrois, Margaret Ziomek-Moroz i Jeffrey A. Hawk. "Effect of Molybdenum on the Corrosion Behavior of High-Entropy Alloys CoCrFeNi2 and CoCrFeNi2Mo0.25 under Sodium Chloride Aqueous Conditions". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3016304.
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The corrosion behavior of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) CoCrFeNi2 and CoCrFeNi2Mo0.25 was investigated in 3.5 wt. percent sodium chloride (NaCl) at 25°C by electrochemical methods. Their corrosion parameters were compared to those of HASTELLOY® C-276 (UNS N10276) and stainless steel 316L (UNS 31600) to assess the suitability of HEAs for potential industrial applications in NaCl simulating seawater type environments. The corrosion rates were calculated using corrosion current determined from electrochemical experiments for each of the alloys. In addition, potentiodynamic polarization measurements can indicate active, passive, and transpassive behavior of the metal as well as potential susceptibility to pitting corrosion. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) can confirm the alloy susceptibility to pitting corrosion. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) elucidates the corrosion mechanism under studied conditions. The results of the electrochemical experiments and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of the corroded surfaces revealed general corrosion on alloy CoCrFeNi2Mo0.25 and HASTELLOY C-276 and pitting corrosion on alloy CoCrFeNi2 and stainless steel 316L.
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Omar, Haidar, Nikolaos Michailidis, Stefanos Skolianos, Azarias Mavropoulos, Sofia Tsipas i Nikiforos Maragoudakis. "Determination of Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Boride Coating on P91 Steel". Key Engineering Materials 438 (maj 2010): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.438.89.
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In many applications, even high-performance alloys have to be covered with protective coatings, providing higher corrosion and oxidation resistance, as compared to the alloy itself. This study investigates the feasibility to apply boron coatings on P91 steel by pack cementation process, to increase the steel durability in oxidative and corrosive environments, as well as its mechanical strength. Micro-indentation and the coating impact test were used to characterize the hardness and fatigue properties of the film respectively. The coating corrosion resistance versus the one of the uncoated P91 steel was tested in a salt spray chamber. The coating performance was characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy to check the consistency of the coated and uncoated surfaces and the oxidation extend. The results show an increased film strength, good fatigue performance and adequate corrosion resistance.
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Larché, Nicolas, Perry Ian Nice, Hisashi Amaya, Lucrezia Scoppio, Charles Leballeur i Dominique Thierry. "Corrosion Risk and Repassivation of Duplex Stainless Steel UNS S82551 in Treated Seawater Injection Service". Corrosion 77, nr 5 (6.02.2021): 504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3697.
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In seawater injection wells, the available well tubing materials are generally low alloy steel, glass-reinforced epoxy-lined low alloy steel or corrosion-resistant alloys such as super duplex stainless steel. However, in treated seawater the corrosion risk can be controlled and lower-grade alloys (low alloy steel) can be considered. But for long well lifetime designs (20 y plus), then low alloy steel tubing can be challenged. In this respect, recent efforts have focused attention on better dissolved oxygen control which permits the investigation and on the possible use of more cost-effective materials such as the duplex stainless steels UNS S82551 and UNS S82541 (the latter is a higher strength version, but same PRENw). Full-scale testing of tubes joined together with a proprietary premium threaded connection (pipe-coupling premium connection [PCPC] couplings) was performed in controlled seawater loops simulating service conditions at 30°C. The flow rate and dissolved oxygen were controlled at 5 m/s and <20 ppb, respectively. Weekly dissolved oxygen excursions corresponding to 24 h at 100 ppb followed by 1 h at 300 ppb were performed during the 5 months exposure. Corrosion results of UNS S82551/S82541 tubing were compared to UNS S31803 and UNS S39274. In parallel, laboratory exposures of creviced coupons for parametric study were performed in dissolved oxygen-controlled cells, allowing the measurement of electrochemical potentials as function of dissolved oxygen content and the related corrosion resistance. The results showed that dissolved oxygen content should be properly controlled below critical values to avoid crevice corrosion of the lesser alloyed duplex stainless steels. The ability of UNS S82551/S82541 to recover or repassivate after prolonged exposures to high dissolved oxygen concentrations (DOC) was also determined with both the use of full-sized PCPC test cells and electrochemical testing involving a remote crevice assembly. The repassivation potential was investigated after different active crevice corrosion durations. The results of the study allowed to precisely define the limits of use of UNS S82551/S82541 in treated seawater, i.e., the critical DOC conditions for corrosion initiation and for repassivation of UNS S82551/S82541. For all tested conditions, the UNS S82551/S82541 showed a rather good ability to repassivation when normal service conditions (i.e., low dissolved oxygen) are recovered.
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Zheng, Wen Yue, C. Derushie i Jason Lo. "Protection of Mg Alloys against Galvanic and Other Forms of Corrosion". Materials Science Forum 488-489 (lipiec 2005): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.787.
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Galvanic corrosion is a particularly important form of corrosion for Mg alloys used in automobiles. Our research work focuses on corrosion protection using cost-effective Cr-free coatings. The top-tanking coatings are found to be effective in preventing general corrosion; some of these coatings are also good for reducing galvanic corrosion and stress corrosion. A practical approach for mitigating galvanic corrosion is to increase the electrolytic resistance between the coated steel and the Mg surfaces. This has been demonstrated in the case of a conversion coating plus a powder coat applied on the surface of a magnesium alloy and in the case of a thin Mylar isolation layer installed between the Mg and the steel surfaces.
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Bajat, Jelena, Vesna Miskovic-Stankovic, Miodrag Maksimovic, Dragutin Drazic i Slavica Zec. "Electrochemical deposition and characterization of Zn-Fe alloys". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 69, nr 10 (2004): 807–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0410807b.
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Zn?Fe alloy electrochemically deposited on steel under various deposition conditions were investigated using anodic linear sweep voltammetry (ALSV) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for phase structure determination, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for determination of chemical composition and polarization measurements and open circuit potential measurements for determination of corrosion properties. The influence of deposition current density on the chemical composition, phase structure and corrosion stability of Zn?Fe alloys was studied. It was shown that deposition current density strongly affects the corrosion stability of Zn?Fe alloys, while Zn?Fe alloy electrodeposited at 4Adm-2 exhibited the lowest corrosion rate.
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Bajat, Jelena, Vesna Miskovic-Stankovic i Dragutin Drazic. "Adhesion of epoxy cataphoretic coatings on Zn alloys". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 72, nr 12 (2007): 1383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0712383b.
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One of the most important factors in corrosion prevention by protective coatings is the loss of coating adhesion under environmental influence. In this work, the adhesion of epoxy cataphoretic coatings was examined on steel and steel modified by Zn-Fe and Zn-Co alloys. The dry and wet adhesions of epoxy primers were measured by the direct pull-off standardized procedure, as well as indirectly by the NMP test. The corrosion stability of the coated samples was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was shown that under dry testing conditions all the samples exhibited very good adhesion. However, different trends of adhesion loss of different protective systems during exposure to a corrosive agent (3 % NaCl solution) were observed. The lowest adhesion values were obtained for epoxy coating on the steel substrate. The change in adhesion of the epoxy coating on steel modified by Zn-Co alloy during immersion in 3 % NaCl solution for 24 days was the smallest of all the investigated samples. Electrochemical impedance measurements in 3 % NaCl solution confirmed the good protective properties of this protective system, i.e., greater values of pore resistance were obtained.
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Li, Na, Ling Yan, Shaodong Wang, Changshun Wang, Hongmei Zhang, Fangfang Ai i Zhengyi Jiang. "Corrosion Behavior of Copper Bearing Steels and the Derived In-Situ Coating". Metals 11, nr 9 (15.09.2021): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091462.
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Using a period immersion wet/dry cyclic corrosion test, in-situ copper-coated steels prepared by corroding copper-bearing steels were investigated in this study. The steel with a higher copper content (>3%) has a higher initial corrosion rate due to its obvious two-phase microstructure. The corrosion rates of all copper bearing steels tend to be stable after a certain time of corrosion. A copper-rich layer is formed between the matrix and the rust layer, which is due to the diffusion of copper from the rust layer to the metal surface. The copper’s stability under this corrosion condition led to the formation of a thin copper-rich film, which was uncovered after removing the rust by choosing appropriate descaling reagents. The copper coating was generated from the matrix itself during the corrosion process at 25 °C, which provided a new approach for producing in-situ composite materials without any bonding defect. It is found that the corrosion rate, corrosion time, and copper content in steel all affect the formation of copper-rich layer. In addition to the noble copper surface, the electrochemical corrosion test results show that the corrosion resistance of copper-coated steel has been significantly improved.
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Pound, Bruce G. "Corrosion behavior of metallic materials in biomedical applications. II. Stainless steels and Co-Cr alloys". Corrosion Reviews 32, nr 1-2 (1.06.2014): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2014-0008.
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AbstractNumerous studies have been performed to investigate the corrosion behavior of Ti and its alloys, 316-type stainless steel, and Co-Cr alloys in simulated and actual physiological liquids. This review is the second of two parts and focuses on 316-type stainless steel and Co-Cr alloys. It deals with the forms of corrosion that are of principal interest with regard to these alloys in vivo: general corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and fretting corrosion. The review also addresses environmentally assisted cracking in the form of corrosion fatigue and hydrogen embrittlement as well as the use of implantable electrodes.
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Bajat, Jelena, Miodrag Maksimovic i Goran Radovic. "Electrochemical deposition and characterization of zinc-nickel alloys deposited by direct and pulse current". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 67, nr 8-9 (2002): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0209625b.
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Chemical composition and phase structure of Zn-Ni alloys obtained by electrochemical deposition under various conditions were investigated. The alloys were deposited on a rotating disc electrode and steel panel from chloride solutions by direct and pulse current. The influence of the pulse plating variables (on-time, off-time, relation of off- and on-time) on the composition, phase structure and corrosion properties were investigated. The phase composition affects the anticorrosive properties of Zn-Ni alloys during exposure to a corrosive agent (3% NaCl solution). It was shown that a Zn-Ni alloy electrodeposited by pulse current with a pulse time of 1 ms and an off- and on-time ratio of 1 exhibits the best corrosion properties.
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Bernstein, H., i C. Loeby. "Low-Cycle Corrosion Fatigue of Three Engineering Alloys in Salt Water". Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 110, nr 3 (1.07.1988): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226042.
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Low-cycle fatigue tests were conducted under strain control in salt water on 2024 aluminum, 304 stainless steel, and 1045 steel. All three materials showed a significant reduction in life due to corrosion fatigue in the low-cycle fatigue regime. The corrosion fatigue life of the aluminum and steel was time dependent, with significantly shorter lives at lower frequencies or at longer strain hold times. The corrosion fatigue life of the stainless steel was not time dependent for the conditions studied. Elastic and plastic strain-range versus life equations were modified by a frequency term to predict the corrosion fatigue life. This model correlated the fatigue data to within a factor of 1.28. A modification of this model correlated some corrosion fatigue data in the literature to within a factor of 1.19.
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Sandhi, Ketan Kumar, i Jerzy Szpunar. "Analysis of Corrosion of Hastelloy-N, Alloy X750, SS316 and SS304 in Molten Salt High-Temperature Environment". Energies 14, nr 3 (21.01.2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030543.
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Nickel superalloy Hastelloy-N, alloy X-750, stainless steel 316 (SS316), and stainless steel 304 (SS304) are among the alloys used in the construction of molten salt reactor (MSR). These alloys were analyzed for their corrosion resistance behavior in molten fluoride salt, a coolant used in MSR reactors with 46.5% LiF+ 11.5% NaF+ 42% KF. The corrosion tests were run at 700 °C for 100 h under the Ar cover gas. After corrosion, significant weight loss was observed in the alloy X750. Weight loss registered in SS316 and SS304 was also high. However, Hastelloy-N gained weight after exposure to molten salt corrosion. This could be attributed to electrochemical plating of corrosion products from other alloys on Hastelloy-N surface. SEM–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) scans of cross-section of alloys revealed maximum corrosion damage to the depth of 250 µm in X750, in contrast to only 20 µm on Hastelloy-N. XPS wide survey scans revealed the presence of Fe, Cr, and Ni elements on the surface of all corroded alloys. In addition, Cr clusters were formed at the triple junctions of grains, as confirmed by SEM–EBSD (Electron Back Scattered Diffraction) analysis. The order of corrosion resistance in FLiNaK environment was X750 < SS316 < SS304 < Hastelloy-N.
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Khalaj, Omid, Ehsan Saebnoori, Hana Jirková, Ondrej Chocholaty i Jiří Svoboda. "Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Properties of New Developed Oxide Precipitation Hardened Steels". Key Engineering Materials 846 (czerwiec 2020): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.846.87.
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The Oxide Precipitation Hardened (OPH) steel is a new developed group of materials from Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) alloys which are well known advanced materials for high temperature properties. Besides, the corrosion resistance of these types of material is so important regarding to their practical usage. The production of OPH alloys, the same as ODS alloys, involves mechanical alloying process to create material with ductile matrix and hard oxide dispersion. Six variants of Fe-Al base OPH steel which developed and manufactured by the authors, were prepared with different chemical composition to evaluate the role of main component on the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of new-developed OPH steels. The corrosion tests were done using potentiodynamic polarization methods. The results show that the Aluminum content has a main role both on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
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Sunada, Satoshi, Masahiko Hataheyama, Haruna Motoya i Norio Nunomura. "Corrosion behaviors of the iron-based and Ni-based brazing filler metals brazed on the stainless steels in a solution of 3.5MASS% NaCl". Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 24, nr 1 (22.03.2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v24i1.1025.
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<p class="AMSmaintext"><span lang="EN-GB">The corrosion resistance was studied electrochemically for an iron-based brazing filler metal F300 and a Ni-based brazing filler metal Ni613. Both austenitic stainless steel SUS316 and ferritic stainless steel SUS444 were used as base metals for these brazing filling metals. F300 showed a higher corrosion rate than those of Ni613 and both base metals and was less corrosion-resistive. While Ni613 showed a stronger depression effect of an anodic reaction than those of base metals, F300 showed little depression effect of the reaction. As an Fe-Ni phase dissolved preferentially in F300 and a finite laminated corrosive morphology was observed, the corrosion progression along a depth direction was suggested. These corrosion behaviors depend on the difference of chemical composition of these brazing filler metals.</span></p>
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Singh, Raghuvir, S. K. Tiwari i Suman K. Mishra. "Cladding of Tungsten Carbide and Stellite Using High Power Diode Laser to Improve the Surface Properties of Stainless Steel". Advanced Materials Research 585 (listopad 2012): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.498.
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Surface engineering is one of the most viable methods, in addition to development of new alloys and equipment design, to minimize degradation due to cavitation erosion, and corrosion. Laser surface cladding is relatively a newer engineering technique to produce metallurgically bonded coating for industrial applications due to its inherent benefits. Present paper reports the results obtained on the laser cladding of stainless steel with tungsten carbide (WC) and stellite alloy powder using high power diode laser (HPDL) at various laser parameters. Cladded specimens were characterized for erosion, and corrosion resistance. Both WC and stellite cladding have increased the erosion resistance of stainless steels. WC cladding was found to reduce the corrosion resistance of steel while stellite showed it to increase significantly.
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Priyotomo, Gadang, Lutviasari Nuraini, Siska Prifiharni, Ahmad Royani, Sundjono Sundjono, Hadi Gunawan i Meng Zheng. "Atmospheric Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel and Galvanized Steel after Exposure in Eretan and Ciwaringin, West Java Province, Indonesia". Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, nr 5 (18.07.2020): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.46755.
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The investigation of corrosion for carbon steel and galvanized steel has been conducted in the marine atmosphere of Eretan and Ciwaringin Districts, West Java Province. The exposure time of the field test was up to 200 days, and their corrosion rates are determined according to weight loss method. The objective of the work is to elucidate the corrosion behavior of those alloys which is affected by distances from coastline and environmental condition. The magnitude of corrosion rate for carbon steel was 20 times as high as that for galvanized steel in both districts The distance from coastline has significantly affected for the magnitude of corrosion rate, where that both alloys in Ciwaringin is lower than that in Eretan. The deposition of chloride ion in Eretan and Ciwaringin Districts were 4.305 mg/m2 day and 1.863 mg/m2 day, respectively, where the higher chloride ion can tend to increase the corrosion rates. Relative humidity (RH) which is over 60% has essential role for corrosion process as well as rainfall. The uniform corrosion attack was observed both alloys after exposure. The corrosion product phases of galvanized steel exhibits as zincite, hydrozincite and simonkolleite in Eretan as the typical coastline atmosphere phases but not in Ciwaringin. The formation of rust product for both metals lead the decrease of further corrosion attack due to the barrier between metal and environment. The usage of galvanized steel is remarkable to minimize corrosion attack compared to that of carbon steel in tropical coastline.
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Fu, Guangyan, Yongzhao Wu, Qun Liu, Rongguang Li i Yong Su. "Hot Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel with Al-Si/Al-Si-Cr Coating". High Temperature Materials and Processes 36, nr 3 (1.03.2017): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2015-0154.
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AbstractThe 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel with Al-Si/Al-Si-Cr coatings is prepared by slurry process and vacuum diffusion, and the hot corrosion behavior of the stainless steel with/without the coatings is studied under the condition of Na2SO4 film at 950 °C in air. Results show that the corrosion kinetics of stainless steel, the stainless steel with Al-Si coating and the stainless steel with Al-Si-Cr coating follow parabolic laws in several segments. After 24 h corrosion, the sequence of the mass gain for the three alloys is the stainless steel with Al-Si-Cr coating < the stainless steel with Al-Si coating < the stainless steel without any coating. The corrosion products of the three alloys are layered. Thereinto, the corrosion products of stainless steel without coating are divided into two layers, where the outside layer contains a composite of Fe2O3 and FeO, and the inner layer is Cr2O3. The corrosion products of the stainless steel with Al-Si coating are also divided into two layers, of which the outside layer mainly consists of Cr2O3, and the inner layer is mainly SiO2. The corrosion film of the stainless steel with Al-Si-Cr coating is thin and dense, which combines well with substrate. Thereinto, the outside layer is mainly Cr2O3, and the inside layer is Al2O3. In the matrix of all of the three alloys, there exist small amount of sulfides. Continuous and protective films of Cr2O3, SiO2 and Al2O3 form on the surface of the stainless steel with Al-Si and Al-Si-Cr coatings, which prevent further oxidation or sulfide corrosion of matrix metals, and this is the main reason for the much smaller mass gain of the two alloys than that of the stainless steel without any coatings in the 24 h hot corrosion process.
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Lee, Hyunju, Cheolmin Ahn, Walid Khalfaoui, Brajendra Mishra, Ilguk Jo i Eunkyung Lee. "Effects of Iron Oxidation State and Chromium Distribution on the Corrosion Resistance of High Interstitial Stainless Steel for Down-Hole Application". Metals 10, nr 10 (29.09.2020): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10101302.
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The corrosion properties of Fe-Cr-Mn-C-N high interstitial austenitic stainless cast steels were investigated for down-hole application in sour environments. The two cast alloys contained 0.66% and 0.71% of total nitrogen and carbon. The corrosion properties of the alloys that were solution-treated and fast-cooled were directly responsible for high corrosion resistance in NaCl solution, including resistance to pitting corrosion resulting from a better distribution of chromium chemical compound in the high interstitial stainless cast steel. However, the sour corrosion resistance of the alloys decreased with the fast cooling rate, which can be attributed to the increased amount of ferrite containing Fe2+, which causes iron sulfide precipitate formation in H2S.
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Jang, Jin Sung, Yong Bok Lee, Chang Hee Han, Yong Sun Yi i Seong Sik Hwang. "Effect of Cr Content on Supercritical Water Corrosion of High Cr Alloys". Materials Science Forum 475-479 (styczeń 2005): 1483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1483.
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High Cr alloys were corrosion tested in supercritical water and the oxide scale was analyzed. Commercial grade two steel specimens; 9CrMoVNb steels, one 9CrMoVNbW steel, one 12Cr-MoVNbWCu steel and one 20Cr Fe-based O.D.S (Oxide Dispersion Strengthened) alloy specimen were investigated. Corrosion tests were conducted within non-deaerated pure supercritical water at 627, 550, and 500oC with 25 MPa. Corrosion rate was estimated by the weight change per unit surface area and the oxide layer was analyzed using a grazing incidence X.R.D (x-ray diffractometer), S.E.M (scanning electron microscope) and T.E.M (transmission electron microscope) equipped with an E.D.S (energy dispersive spectroscope). Corrosion rates of the 9Cr steel specimens were observed to follow the parabolic growth rate law, while those of the specimens with a 12 per cent or higher Cr content showed significantly lower rates. Oxide scale on the 9Cr steel specimen after a corrosion test in a supercritical water was found to consist of three distinctive layers. Through the cross-section T.E.M the outermost layer with about a 35 µm thickness after 200 hr at 627 oC was identified to be magnetite type Fe3O4, and about 25 µm thick intermediate layer was a Cr partitioned magnetite type (Fe,Cr)3O4. The outermost layer showed a coarse columnar structure, while the intermediate one revealed an agglomerate of tiny oxide particles (several tens nm in diameter). The innermost layer next to the matrix phase was found to be the internally oxidized zone. Oxygen atoms seemed to have attacked along the grain boundaries and the lath boundaries and formed oxide CrO3 along the boundaries. Also a Cr depleted zone, and consequently a carbide-free zone, was observed along the interface between the internal oxidation zone and the matrix phase.
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Bajat, Jelena, Vesna Miskovic-Stankovic i Zorica Kacarevic-Popovic. "Protective properties of epoxy coatings electrodeposited on steel electrochemically modified by Zn-Fe alloys". Chemical Industry 58, nr 10 (2004): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0410450b.
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Epoxy coatings were electrodeposited on steel and steel modified by Zn-Fe alloys using the constant voltage method. Zn-Fe alloys were electrodeposited on steel at different current densities. The effect of the Zn-Fe alloy on the corrosion behavior of the epoxy coating was interpreted in terms of the electrochemical and transport properties. It was shown that the best properties, i.e. the largest values of the pore resistance and the smallest values of the coating capacitance, a longer period of almost constant Rp and Cp values, and the smallest diffusion coefficient of water through the epoxy coating, as well as the smallest amount of water absorbed inside the epoxy coating, were found for epoxy coatings on steel modified by a Zn-Fe alloy deposited at 4 A dm-2. During prolonged exposure to 3% NaCl, this Zn-Fe alloy significantly improves the corrosion stability of the epoxy coating: almost unchanged values of Rp and Rct were observed, due to the formation of a pseudo-passive layer of corrosion products, which is a good barrier to the transport of water, oxygen and electrolyte ions.
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Xu, Chun Yu, i Dong Bok Lee. "Hot Corrosion of T122 and 347HFG Steels in Na2SO4 Salts at 800 and 900 °C". Advanced Materials Research 711 (czerwiec 2013): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.128.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The T122 steel (ferritic Fe-Cr-W alloy) and 347HFG stainless steel (austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni alloy) were corroded in the Na2SO4salt at 800 and at 900 °C, and their hot corrosion behavior was studied. They displayed good corrosion resistance owing to the formation of the protective Fe3O4and (Fe0.6Cr0.4)2O3scales. These oxides effectively suppressed sulfidation by the Na2SO4salt. The oxide scales that formed were thin and loosely adherent. The displayed good corrosion resistance was mainly attributed to the large amount of Cr in the alloys.