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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Statutes – australia"
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Morton, Rochelle, i Alexandra L. Whittaker. "Understanding Subordinate Animal Welfare Legislation in Australia: Assembling the Regulations and Codes of Practice". Animals 12, nr 18 (15.09.2022): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182437.
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The state-based approach to regulating animal welfare in Australia is thought to create national dis-uniformity in that each state and territory legislates and operates inconsistently. The animal welfare legal framework in each of the eight Australian jurisdictions is made up of a primary statute and subordinate legislation, where subordinate animal welfare legislation, in the forms of regulations and codes of practices, are lower-ranking laws that are given power under the jurisdiction’s specific animal welfare statute. Since a review of animal welfare statutes identified broad patterns between the jurisdictions, this study is intended to be complementary by collating the subordinate legislation to provide a more comprehensive understanding of animal welfare laws in Australia. Using targeted search strategies stemming from the eight enabling animal welfare statutes, this study identified 201 pieces of subordinate legislation in force between 28 March 2022 and 5 April 2022. The scope of subordinate legislation is depicted through the following utility categories of animals: companion, production, wild/exotic, entertainment. Whilst subordinate legislation differed between the jurisdictions, it was common for similar welfare concerns or topic areas to be protected in higher-order legislation (statutes or regulations). Additionally, many jurisdictions were found to have similar shortcomings, all which likely could be managed through a mechanism of national data collection.
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Harder, Sirko. "STATUTES OF LIMITATION BETWEEN CLASSIFICATION AND RENVOI—AUSTRALIAN AND SOUTH AFRICAN APPROACHES COMPARED". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 60, nr 3 (lipiec 2011): 659–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589311000261.
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AbstractThis article compares the ways in which Australian and South African courts have approached issues of classification and renvoi where a defendant argues that the action is time-barred. There are two differences in approach. First, Australian courts classify all statutes of limitation as substantive, whereas South African courts distinguish between right-extinguishing statutes (substantive) and merely remedy-barring statutes (procedural). Second, the High Court of Australia has used renvoi in the context of the limitation of actions whereas South African courts have yet to decide on whether to use renvoi. This article assesses the impact of those differences in various situations.
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Woiwod, Dayna M., i Deborah A. Connolly. "Continuous Child Sexual Abuse". Criminal Justice Review 42, nr 2 (22.05.2017): 206–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016817704700.
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Due to calls for reform of legislation that accounts for the difficulties complainants of repeated child sexual abuse (CSA) face when asked to particularize individual acts, jurisdictions in the United States and Australia have adopted continuous CSA statutes. Continuous CSA statutes allow for reduced particularity of individual instances when abuse is repeated. In this article, we discuss particularization requirements and how they are adapted in current jurisdictions in the United States and Australia with continuous CSA statutes. We then discuss the relevant research on children’s memory for repeated events and frequency to discuss how current and future research can inform the criteria for the charge. Our goal in this article is to inspire thoughtful discussion of continuous CSA legislation, and how current and future psychological research can advance the criteria for the charge. As more jurisdictions consider adopting these statutes, it would be helpful for psychologists and legal professionals to work toward developing a consensus on the criteria for the charge that balances both the victim’s capabilities to particularize repeated CSA and various rights of the accused.
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Forsyth, Anthony. "Industrial legislation in Australia in 2016". Journal of Industrial Relations 59, nr 3 (22.05.2017): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185617693876.
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After three years of trying, the Coalition Government finally succeeded in obtaining passage of several key workplace reform statutes in 2016. This followed the outcome of the federal election held on 2 July, delivering the Government a differently composed Senate and a new opportunity to secure support for its legislative program. This review article explains key aspects of the industrial legislation passed by federal Parliament in 2016, including statutes abolishing the specialist road transport industry tribunal, re-establishing the Howard-era regulator for the construction industry, and setting up a new agency to enforce enhanced governance and accountability standards for registered unions and employer organisations. Legislative amendments aimed at resolving the long-running bargaining dispute in Victoria’s Country Fire Authority are also considered, along with the Government’s muted response to the 2015 Productivity Commission review of the workplace relations framework. The article then examines developments at state level, including a major rewrite of Queensland’s industrial legislation, structural changes in New South Wales, and proposed changes to long service leave and the labour hire sector in Victoria. It concludes by noting the irony that just as the federal Government has tasted some success after a long legislative ‘dry spell’, its labour law reform agenda appears limited and piecemeal.
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Murphy, Julian R. "Oceans Apart?: The Rule of Lenity in Australia and the United States". British Journal of American Legal Studies 9, nr 2 (4.08.2020): 233–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjals-2020-0011.
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AbstractOccasionally traced back to Byzantine times, the rule that penal statutes are to be interpreted strictly in favor of the subject, also known as the rule of lenity, now finds expression in common law countries across the world. This Article compares the origins and evolution of the rule in Australia and the United States. The comparison is timely because of the current uncertainty in both jurisdictions about the rule's rationale and scope and because of an emerging global trend towards the “constitutionalization” of common law rules of interpretation. In the course of the analysis, various facets of the rule are discussed, including its common law origins; jurisprudential development; purported constitutional foundations; and modifications by state and federal statutes. Tracing the rule's development in each country reveals significant commonalities, but also important differences, in the respective approaches to the interpretation of criminal statutes. Most importantly, despite similarities in the two countries’ constitutional structures, the rule has assumed constitutional significance in the United States but not in Australia. Identification of this marked difference provides an opportunity to reflect on the separation of powers, and the federal structure, of each country.
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Bentil, J. Kodwo. "Environmental Protection and Improvement Statutes and their Primacy over other Statutes in Australia—a Noteworthy Juridical Feature". Statute Law Review 8, nr 1 (1987): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/8.1.32.
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Grau, Karen. "Parliamentary Sovereignty: New Zealand - New Millennium". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 33, nr 2 (2.09.2002): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v33i2.5846.
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The author examines contemporary debates in New Zealand and Australia over the power of the Courts to disregard Statutes and concludes that such a power, if it exists, ought to be exercised cautiously.
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Brodie, Pat, i Lesley Barclay. "Contemporary issues in Australian midwifery regulation". Australian Health Review 24, nr 4 (2001): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah010103.
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This paper reports on research that examined the Nurses' Acts, regulations and current policies of each state and territory in Australia, in order to determine their adequacy in regulating the education and practice of midwifery. This is part of a three-year study (Australian Midwifery Action Project) set up to identify and investigate barriers to midwifery within the provision of mainstream maternity services in Australia. Through an in-depth examination and comparison of key factors in the various statutes, the paper identifies their effect on contemporary midwifery roles and practices. The work assessed whether the current regulatory system that subsumes midwifery into nursing is adequate in protecting the public appropriately and ensuring that minimum professional standards are met. This is of particular importance in Australia, where many maternity health care services are seeking to maximise midwives' contributions through the development of new models of care that increase midwives' autonomy and level of accountability.
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Dodge, William S. "The Presumption Against Extraterritoriality in Two Steps". AJIL Unbound 110 (2016): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300002385.
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For the past twenty-five years, the presumption against extraterritoriality has been the Supreme Court’s principal tool for determining the geographic scope of federal statutes. In 2010, Morrison v. National Australia Bank used the presumption to decide the scope of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act, which prohibits securities fraud. Morrison approached the question in two steps. First, it looked for a “clear indication of extraterritoriality” to rebut the presumption and found none. Second, it looked to see if application of the statute would be domestic or extraterritorial by examining the “focus” of the provision. Plaintiffs argued that applying Section 10(b) would be domestic because the alleged fraud occurred in the United States, although they had bought their shares in Australia. The Court disagreed, holding that application of Section 10(b) would be extraterritorial because “the focus of the Exchange Act is not upon the place where the deception originated, but upon purchases and sales of securities in the United States,” and in this case the transaction occurred abroad.
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Dale, Gregory. "Appealing to Whom? Australia's ‘Appellate Jurisdiction’ Over Nauru". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 56, nr 3 (lipiec 2007): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei186.
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A peculiar and unique agreement exists between Australia and Nauru, which has ensured that, since 1976, appeals may be brought from the Supreme Court of Nauru, an independent Republic, to the High Court of Australia by virtue of a bilateral treaty1 and statutes of the respective Parliaments.2 In 1998 and 1999 two High Court judgments left a question mark hanging over the constitutional validity of this appellate scheme.3 Furthermore, in 2001, the Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) expressed the view that Australia should terminate the agreement as the arrangement was of no perceived ‘utility’ to Australia.4 For 29 years only two rather trivial cases were appealed from the Supreme Court to Australia's High Court.5 In 2005 a much more significant case, Ruhani, 6 was appealed from Nauru to Australia. The case was not only significant in that it concerned the validity of the so-called ‘Pacific Solution’, which involved Australia holding asylum-seekers offshore in Nauru for the processing of their refugee claims, but it also raised doubts about the desirability of the offshore municipal model of foreign appeals. This article examines the latter of those issues, intending to demonstrate that the model of foreign appeal adopted in the Nauru Treaty is a compromised version of appeal in comparison with the other two more common models.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Statutes – australia"
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Lewis, Sarah Jayne. "Ethics and the professional status of radiography in Australia : a qualitative comparison of Australian and United Kingdom radiographers". Thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medical Radiation Sciences, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1108.
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Devers, Deanna University of Ballarat. "Effects of commuting status upon community involvement of professionals in rural North West Victoria". University of Ballarat, 2006. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/12763.
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Because mobility is associated with rural social decline, this two-phase cross sectional study investigates whether social patterns in small, rural Australian towns are affected by commuting. Quantitative data, which was gathered via a mail-out questionnaire (response = 54 per cent) that was issued to 1,040 occupationally diverse professionals who worked in fourteen towns throughout north-western Victoria, was analysed to determine whether commuting and non-commuting professionals differed significantly in their community involvement. To explain why certain relationships emerged from survey analysis, face-toface interviews were subsequently undertaken with 24 questionnaire respondents. The key finding of this study is that there is a significant relationship between commuting status and the retention of rural professionals. A significantly greater proportion of noncommuters than commuters remain working in the one location for longer than five years. This finding has important implications for the sustainability of rural areas.Doctor of Philosophy
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Devers, Deanna. "Effects of commuting status upon community involvement of professionals in rural North West Victoria". Thesis, University of Ballarat, 2006. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/58705.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Because mobility is associated with rural social decline, this two-phase cross sectional study investigates whether social patterns in small, rural Australian towns are affected by commuting. Quantitative data, which was gathered via a mail-out questionnaire (response = 54 per cent) that was issued to 1,040 occupationally diverse professionals who worked in fourteen towns throughout north-western Victoria, was analysed to determine whether commuting and non-commuting professionals differed significantly in their community involvement. To explain why certain relationships emerged from survey analysis, face-toface interviews were subsequently undertaken with 24 questionnaire respondents. The key finding of this study is that there is a significant relationship between commuting status and the retention of rural professionals. A significantly greater proportion of noncommuters than commuters remain working in the one location for longer than five years. This finding has important implications for the sustainability of rural areas.Doctor of Philosophy
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Devers, Deanna. "Effects of commuting status upon community involvement of professionals in rural North West Victoria". University of Ballarat, 2006. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14599.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Because mobility is associated with rural social decline, this two-phase cross sectional study investigates whether social patterns in small, rural Australian towns are affected by commuting. Quantitative data, which was gathered via a mail-out questionnaire (response = 54 per cent) that was issued to 1,040 occupationally diverse professionals who worked in fourteen towns throughout north-western Victoria, was analysed to determine whether commuting and non-commuting professionals differed significantly in their community involvement. To explain why certain relationships emerged from survey analysis, face-toface interviews were subsequently undertaken with 24 questionnaire respondents. The key finding of this study is that there is a significant relationship between commuting status and the retention of rural professionals. A significantly greater proportion of noncommuters than commuters remain working in the one location for longer than five years. This finding has important implications for the sustainability of rural areas.Doctor of Philosophy
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Dorsett, Shaunnagh Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Thinking jurisdictionally: a genealogy of native title". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23963.
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In Mabo v. State of Queensland (No. 2) (1992) 175 C.L.R. 1, the majority of the High Court held that ???native title??? had survived the acquisition of sovereignty over the Australian continent and is ???recognised??? by the common law. However, all the judgments failed to articulate clearly either the nature of native title as a legal form, and the relationship of that legal form to the common law, or what is meant by ???recognition???. Twelve years later the High Court has still not provided a satisfactory understanding of any of these matters. The central problem investigated by this thesis is the nature of that relationship and of the legal interest of native title. It is contended that this relationship can be understood and ordered as a matter of jurisdiction. This thesis seeks to recuperate a substantive concept of jurisdiction, and specifically of a particular jurisdiction, that of the common law, and to demonstrate how the interest of native title results from the jurisdictional relationship between common law and indigenous law. Part I is a genealogy of native title, drawn out through a history of ideas about common law jurisdiction. It is an account of the legal practice of jurisdiction, through a conceptual elaboration of a particular jurisdiction: the common law. This part traces the history of the common law from its origins in a pluralistic, fragmented, jurisdictional landscape, to its current position as the ???law of the land???. It considers the traditional mechanisms and techniques through which the common law has ordered its relationships with other jurisdictions, and how it has appropriated matters traditionally within the purview of other jurisdictions, accommodating them within the common law as ???custom???. The thesis demonstrates that the same gestures and practices can be seen in modern native title decisions, and contends that the ordering which underpins both native title, and the Australian legal system, is jurisdictional. Part II examines the practice of jurisdiction through an examination of three technologies of jurisdiction, all of which contributed to the construction of the legal entity of native title as an act of jurisdiction: mapping, accommodation and categorisation.
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Walsh, Anna. "The Legal Status of Prenatal Life in Australia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14310.
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This thesis is a doctrinal analysis of the legislation and case law in Australia regulating destruction of the fetus in the contexts of third party crimes against the pregnant woman, abortion, and conscientious objection by doctors to participating in abortion. Its aim is to consider whether there is a consistent position in Australian law regarding the legal status of the fetus and when its destruction is lawful. This thesis examines the dichotomy present in the criminal law's characterisation of the pregnant woman and the fetus as one entity when the fetus is destroyed through an assault on the pregnant woman, and separate entities where the child is destroyed when it is capable of being born alive. It also considers the dichotomy present in negligence laws that have developed a maternal duty of care to the unborn, yet respects the competent pregnant woman's refusal of medical treatment where such refusal may cause indirect harm to the fetus. Finally, this thesis examines and critiques the regulation of abortion in Australia. In analysing abortion laws, this thesis highlights the disparate approach taken by each jurisdiction as to what factors are relevant to justifying abortion. It also examines when a doctor is obliged to participate in abortion, notwithstanding any conscientious objection, and considers what this says about the values embedded in these laws. Ethical relativism in the law is fundamental in a society where social practices require destruction of the fetus. This thesis concludes that in Australian law, the legal status of the fetus is relative and subject to change depending on the context of its destruction, as well as factors intrinsic to it. Despite the apparent confusion in our laws regarding what the fetus is and when it is lawful to destroy it, all jurisdictions share a commitment to deny the fetus legal personhood and maintain its relative status so that laws can permit its destruction where the lawmaker sees fit.
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Walker, Agnes Emilia. "Modelling the links between socioeconomic status and health in Australia : a dynamic microsimulation approach /". View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20060127.120857/index.html.
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White, Leonie. "The role and status of book editors in Australia". Thesis, White, Leonie (1986) The role and status of book editors in Australia. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1986. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41536/.
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Luker, Trish, i LukerT@law anu edu au. "THE RHETORIC OF RECONCILIATION: EVIDENCE AND JUDICIAL SUBJECTIVITY IN CUBILLO v COMMONWEALTH". La Trobe University. School of Law, 2006. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20080305.105209.
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In August 2000, Justice O�Loughlin of the Federal Court of Australia handed down the decision in Cubillo v Commonwealth in which Lorna Cubillo and Peter Gunner took action against the Commonwealth Government, arguing that it was vicariously liable for their removal from their families and communities as children and subsequent detentions in the Northern Territory during the 1940s and 1950s. The case is the landmark decision in relation to legal action taken by members of the Stolen Generations.
Using the decision in Cubillo as a key site of contestation, my thesis provides a critique of legal positivism as the dominant jurisprudential discourse operating within the Anglo-Australian legal system. I argue that the function of legal positivism as the principal paradigm and source of authority for the decision serves to ensure that the debate concerning reconciliation in Australia operates rhetorically to maintain whiteness at the centre of political and discursive power. Specifically concerned with the performative function of legal discourse, the thesis is an interrogation of the interface of law and language, of rhetoric, and the semiotics of legal discourse.
The dominant theory of evidence law is a rationalist and empiricist epistemology in which oral testimony and documentary evidence are regarded as mediating the relationship between proof and truth. I argue that by attributing primacy to principles of rationality, objectivity and narrative coherence, and by privileging that which is visually represented, the decision serves an ideological purpose which diminishes the significance of race in the construction of knowledge.
Legal positivism identifies the knowing subject and the object of knowledge as discrete entities. However, I argue that in Cubillo, Justice O�Loughlin inscribes himself into the text of the judgment and in doing so, reveals the way in which textual and corporeal specificities undermine the pretence of objective judgment and therefore the source of judicial authority.
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au, warren raye@vcp monash edu, i Warren Raye. "An investigation into the status of porcine circovirus in Australia". Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050705.135219.
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This thesis reports for the first time the detection of porcine circovirus virus (PCV) in the Australian pig herd.
PCV DNA was detected in the tissues of pigs from several Australian states using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, the primers for which were based on the sequence of PCV1 and PCV2 strains detected in North America and Europe. PCV type 1 or 2 was detected in 80 of 367 (21.7%) pigs tested. In the 80 positives, both PCV1 and PCV2 were detected in 14 samples. Virus was detected in pigs from all states from which samples were obtained: Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland.
The complete genomes of 13 strains of Australian PCV were sequenced. Analysis of the data indicated there was extremely high homology between the Australian strains of PCV1 and PCV2 and previously published sequences of PCV1 and PCV2 strains from North America and Europe.There were no consistent differences between the genome of the Australian strains and strains in North America and Europe.
The widespread occurrence of PCV in the tissues of pigs was confirmed by a small scale serological study of the Western Australian pig herd using an immunofluorescence assay, which did not discriminate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2. This assay detected PCV antibody in 11 of 14 pig herds in Western Australia, with a prevalence rate in positive herds varying from 25 to 47%, but it was unable to differentiate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2.
A PCV2-specific recombinant viral capsid protein was produced in insect cells with a baculovirus expression system and this was used to develop a PCV2-specific ELISA and a Western immunoblotting assay. These assays were applied to samples from a national pig serum bank and detected PCV2 antibody in 33% of 3933 serum samples. The highest seroprevalence to the recombinant PCV2 capsid antigen was detected in the samples from Victoria where there was a 51.3% seroprevalence rate, and the lowest in Western Australia where there was an 11.4% seroprevalence rate.
An in situ hybridisation (ISH) technique was developed for the detection of PCV in tissues of infected pigs and infected cell cultures. A monoclonal antibody specific for the capsid protein of PCV2 was also produced and has application for the development of immunocytochemical procedures for the detection of PCV2 in tissues and cell cultures.
The high prevalence of PCV in the Australian pig herd and the absence of reports of PMWS suggested that the Australian strains of PMWS detected may have been of low virulence. To examine the pathogenicity of Australian strains, two animal experiments were conducted where the type species of PCV1 present in persistently-infected PK15 pig kidney cells and an Australian PCV2 strain were cultured in vitro in cell cultures and inoculated into weaner pigs. As expected, the PCV1 replicated well in pigs but did not result in the induction of clinical signs or lesions in the inoculated pigs. The inoculation into weaner pigs of cell culture replicated PCV2 with an apparent virus titre of 103 virus particles/mL resulted in infection of only some of the inoculated pigs and it was concluded that the PCV2 inoculum contained insufficient virus to infect all pigs into which it was inoculated. The PCV2 did not induce any disease syndrome and could not be visualised in tissue sections of infected pigs using immunohistochemical techniques.
In conclusion, techniques were developed for the detection of PCV in the Australian pig herd. PCV of both genetic types were detected at prevalence rates similar to those reported in other countries where PMWS has occurred, and the widespread occurrence of PCV was confirmed by serological assays. The PCV strains present were genetically indistinguishable from those present in North America and Europe. The reason for the absence of PMWS in Australia is most likely not due to differences in the characteristics of the PCV strains present.
Książki na temat "Statutes – australia"
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Suzanne, Corcoran, i Bottomley Stephen, red. Interpreting statutes. Annandale, N.S.W: Federation Press, 2005.
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Flynn, Martin M. Human rights in Australia: Treaties, statutes, and cases. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis/Butterworths, 2003.
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Law Reform Commission of Western Australia. Report on United Kingdom statutes in force in Western Australia. [Perth, W.A.]: The Commission, 1994.
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Camfoo, Tex. Love against the law: The autobiographies of Tex and Nelly Camfoo. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 2000.
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Law Reform Committee of Australia. Ninety-sixth report of the Law Reform Committee of South Australia to the Attorney-General relating to the inherited imperial law and constitutional statutes. [Adelaide, South Australia]: D.J. Woolman, Govt. Printer, 1985.
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Butt, Peter. Mabo: What the High Court said. Sydney: Federation Press, 1993.
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Bain, Attwood, i Markus Andrew, red. The struggle for aboriginal rights: A documentary history. [St. Leonards], NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1999.
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Butt, Peter. Mabo, Wik & native title. Wyd. 4. Leichhardt, N.S.W: Federation Press, 2001.
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Butt, Peter. Mabo, Wik & native title. Wyd. 3. Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press, 1998.
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Butt, Peter. Mabo, Wik & native title. Wyd. 4. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press, 2001.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Statutes – australia"
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Lunney, Daniel, i Danielle Ayers. "The status of herpetology in Australia". W Herpetology in Australia, 411–14. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1993.066.
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Pearson, David J. "Distribution, status and conservation of pythons in Western Australia". W Herpetology in Australia, 383–96. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1993.062.
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Woinarski, J. C. Z. "The status of herpetofauna and herpetology in the Northern Territory". W Herpetology in Australia, 81–106. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1993.015.
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Parmenter, C. J. "Australian sea turtle research, conservation and management: a 1993 status review". W Herpetology in Australia, 321–26. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1993.049.
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Lunney, Daniel, i Danielle Ayers. "The official status of frogs and reptiles in New South Wales". W Herpetology in Australia, 404–8. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1993.064.
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Mahony, M. J. "The status of frogs in the Watagan Mountains area the Central Coast of New South Wales". W Herpetology in Australia, 257–64. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1993.039.
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Thurlow, Michael. "Security and Status". W A History of Regional Commercial Television in Australia, 237–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10944-7_7.
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Swain, Shurlee. "Imagined, Intended, Forsaken: The Status of the Mother in a Century of Australian Adoption Advertisements". W Australian Mothering, 111–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20267-5_5.
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Inglis, Ken. "Father Mathew's Statue: The Making of a Monument in Cork 1". W Ireland and Irish-Australia, 119–36. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003514596-8.
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Eastman, Creswell J. "The Status of Iodine Nutrition in Australia". W Iodine Deficiency in Europe, 133–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1245-9_16.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Statutes – australia"
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Norman, F. G. "Managing Australia's Decommissioning Future and Building Regional Capacity". W Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/34895-ms.
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Abstract This paper provides an overview of the status of the Australian decommissioning industry and discusses actions and activities that are underway to ensure the industry is as prepared as possible for the growing volume of work it will face this decade. The paper also considers how the growing decommissioning workload can be managed across the region to deliver best in class outcomes and predictable outcomes for all involved. Driven by reservoirs reaching the end of their production life, the age of existing infrastructure and changes to legislation, the volume of decommissioning activity occurring and planned in Australia has increased significantly this decade. This increase in activity has highlighted several gaps in the readiness across industry; operators have been largely focused on new developments and production with decommissioning taking a lower priority, service sector companies have delayed preparing for decommissioning work due to ongoing uncertainty of workload, and regulators had not been exposed to large enough volumes of decommissioning applications for their personnel to be prepared. Since its establishment in 2020, the Centre of Decommissioning Australia (CODA) has been working to bring a greater focus on the opportunities and challenges facing industry as decommissioning becomes more common place. This has included CODA's initial work highlighting and quantifying the anticipated volumes and timeline of decommissioning works in Australia. Alongside producing the 2020 forward lookahead, CODA has also been developing reports, resources and tools to help Australian industry prepare for the US$40.5 billion of forecast decommissioning activity. Regionally, decommissioning workloads are also growing. There is an increasing global demand for skills and equipment, and a growing intersection and tension between offshore decommissioning and offshore wind. Pressures are building on the supply chain to service demand for decommissioning services in Australia, in the Asia Pacific region and globally. Now is the time to explore deeper regional cooperation on this critical final phase of the oil and gas production cycle.
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Smith, P., i W. Biggs. "Securing interoperable and integrated command and control of unmanned systems – building on the successes of Unmanned Warrior". W 14th International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition. IMarEST, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/issn.2515-818x.2018.066.
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The objective of more complete integration of unmanned vehicles into maritime command and control systems has been set out in previous papers, as has the progress made through the MAPLE (Maritime Autonomous Platform Exploitation) and the demonstrations undertaken at Unmanned Warrior in 2016. This paper details the significant progress that has subsequently been achieved in the fourth phase of MAPLE, in the run up to a further set of demonstrations in Australia in late 2018. Using a comprehensive synthetic environment and a process of iterative development, the ACER (Autonomy Control Exploitation and Realisation) demonstrator is being updated to include new functionality that closes gaps in the MAPLE visionary Persistent Architecture (PA). Specifically this will introduce enhanced Situational Awareness for the operator during Mission Execution, providing details of UxV asset and payload status. Additional functionality will also provide Payload control. Summarising these developments and outlining their significance, the paper will give illustrations of potential applications. Ahead of the Australian Wizard of Aus demonstrations, under the multinational technology co-operation programme (TTCP) and part of Autonomous Warrior, the MAPLE team will further support the STANAG 4586 interface and will undertake derisking work in preparation for the integration of TTCP vehicles provided by Australia, New Zealand and the US. The paper outlines the relevance of this development and how it will be utilised in the Australian demonstration. Finally, the paper will look forward to the developments planned in both future phase of MAPLE and under QinetiQ’s participation with the multinational EU Ocean 2020 programme.
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Robinson, Julie. "Can the Children of Immigrant Mothers Have Levels of Health and Achievement as High as Those of Children of Mothers in the Host Population? Longitudinal Data from Australia". W International Association of Cross Cultural Psychology Congress. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4087/jezn9218.
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The high levels of immigration currently experienced by many Western counties have seen the development and wellbeing of the children of immigrants become an important research issue. However, findings about the developmental trajectories and outcomes for children of immigrants are highly inconsistent. In addition, identifying the factors that predict these outcomes has been hampered by the widespread confounding of parents’ immigration status with other predictors (e.g., mothers’ education, and fluency in the language of the host country). Immigration to Australia offers a context in which the influence of some of these variables can be untangled. Most recent immigrants are highly educated and fluent in English, regardless of their region of origin. This research uses data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children to compare children of Australian-born mothers (n = 6,891) with children of immigrant mothers born in other English-speaking countries (n = 1,234), Continental Europe (n = 765) and Asia (n = 428) at 4, 6 and 8 years of age. At each age, children’s physical health problems (rating of global health), psychosocial wellbeing (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), proficiency in the English language (Adapted Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III) and cognitive skills (4 years: Who am I?; 6 and 8 years: matrix reasoning subscale, WISC-IV) were assessed. Children’s outcomes, and the way these outcomes changed over time, were very similar regardless of their mothers’ immigration status or, immigrant mothers’ region of origin. In contrast, aspects of mothers’ parenting, proficiency in English, level of schooling, and symptoms of psychological distress were associated with many child outcomes at all ages. This is an optimistic finding, since these predictors are amenable to change.
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Foley, C. P. "Status of women in physics in Australia". W WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 4th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794225.
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Foley, C. P., Beverly Karplus Hartline, Renee K. Horton i Catherine M. Kaicher. "Status of Women In Physics in Australia". W WOMEN IN PHYSICS: Third IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3137916.
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Sharma, Manjula Devi. "The Changing Status of Women Physicists in Australia". W WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 2nd IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2128277.
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Dall’Armi-Stoks, Giuseppina (Pina), i Manjula Devi Sharma. "The Status of Australian Women in Physics". W WOMEN IN PHYSICS: The IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1505294.
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Fynn, Kevin A., John F. Siliquini, Brett D. Nener, John M. Dell i Lorenzo Faraone. "Status of MWIR HgCdTe photovoltaic detector technology in Australia". W SPIE's 1995 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, redaktorzy Bjorn F. Andresen i Marija Strojnik. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.218210.
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Lewi, Hanna, i Cameron Logan. "Campus Crisis: Materiality and the Institutional Identity of Australia’s Universities". W The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4019p8ixw.
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In the current century the extreme or ‘ultra’ position on the university campus has been to argue for its dissolution or abolition. University leaders and campus planners in Australia have mostly been unmoved by that position and ploughed on with expansive capital works campaigns and ambitious reformulations of existing campuses. The pandemic, however, provided ideal conditions for an unplanned but thoroughgoing experiment in operating universities without the need for a campus. Consequently, the extreme prospect of universities after the era of the modern campus now seems more likely than ever. In this paper we raise the question of the dematerialised or fully digital campus, by drawing attention to the traditional dependence of universities on material and architectural identities. We ask, what is the nature of that dependence? And consider how the current uncertainties about the status of buildings and grounds for tertiary education are driving new campus models. Using material monikers to categorise groups of universities is something of a commonplace. There is the American Ivy League, which refers to the ritualised planting of ivy at elite colleges in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The English have long referred to their “red brick” universities and to a later generation as the “plate glass” universities. In Australia, the older universities developed in the colonial era came to be known as the “sandstones” to distinguish them from the large group of new universities developed in the postwar decades. While some of the latter possess what are commonly called bush campuses. If nothing else, this tendency to categorise places of higher learning by planting and building materials indicates that the identity of institutions is bound up with their materiality. The paper is in two parts. It first sketches out the material history of the Australian university in the twentieth century, before examining an exemplary recent project that reflects some of the architectural and material uncertainties of the present moment in campus development. This prompts a series of reflections on the problem of institutional trust and brand value in a possible future without buildings.
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Pervan, G. P., i R. Phua. "Executive information systems in Australia: current status and some historical comparisons". W Proceedings of HICSS-29: 29th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.1996.495388.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Statutes – australia"
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Chen, J., A. Negret i P. Dimitriou. Summary Report of the 24th Technical Meeting of the International Network of Nuclear Structure and Decay data (NSDD) Evaluators. IAEA Nuclear Data Section, maj 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61092/iaea.jr1b-5m9p.
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The 24th meeting of the International Network of Nuclear Structure and Decay Data Evaluators was convened at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia, from 24 to 28 October 2022 under the auspices of the IAEA Nuclear Data Section. This meeting was attended by 45 scientists (16 in person, 29 remote) from twelve Member States and IAEA staff, all of whom are concerned primarily with the measurement, evaluation and dissemination of nuclear structure and decay data. A summary of the meeting, data centre status reports, various proposals assessed and considered for adoption, technical discussions, actions agreed by the participants, and the resulting recommendations/conclusions are presented within this document.
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Rukundo, Solomon. Tax Amnesties in Africa: An Analysis of the Voluntary Disclosure Programme in Uganda. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.005.
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Tax amnesties have taken centre stage as a compliance tool in recent years. The OECD estimates that since 2009 tax amnesties in 40 jurisdictions have resulted in the collection of an additional €102 billion in tax revenue. A number of African countries have introduced tax amnesties in the last decade, including Nigeria, Namibia, South Africa and Tanzania. Despite their global popularity, the efficacy of tax amnesties as a tax compliance tool remains in doubt. The revenue is often below expectations, and it probably could have been raised through effective use of regular enforcement measures. It is also argued that tax amnesties might incentivise non-compliance – taxpayers may engage in non-compliance in the hope of benefiting from an amnesty. This paper examines the administration of tax amnesties in various jurisdictions around the world, including the United States, Australia, Canada, Kenya and South Africa. The paper makes a cost-benefit analysis of these and other tax amnesties – and from this analysis develops a model tax amnesty, whose features maximise the benefits of a tax amnesty while minimising the potential costs. The model tax amnesty: (1) is permanent, (2) is available only to taxpayers who make a voluntary disclosure, (3) relieves taxpayers of penalties, interest and the risk of prosecution, but treats intentional and unintentional non-compliance differently, (4) has clear reporting requirements for taxpayers, and (5) is communicated clearly to attract non-compliant taxpayers without appearing unfair to the compliant ones. The paper then focuses on the Ugandan tax amnesty introduced in July 2019 – a Voluntary Disclosure Programme (VDP). As at 7 November 2020, this initiative had raised USh16.8 billion (US$6.2 million) against a projection of USh45 billion (US$16.6 million). The paper examines the legal regime and administration of this VDP, scoring it against the model tax amnesty. It notes that, while the Ugandan VDP partially matches up to the model tax amnesty, because it is permanent, restricted to taxpayers who make voluntary disclosure and relieves penalties and interest only, it still falls short due to a number of limitations. These include: (1) communication of the administration of the VDP through a public notice, instead of a practice note that is binding on the tax authority; (2) uncertainty regarding situations where a VDP application is made while the tax authority has been doing a secret investigation into the taxpayer’s affairs; (3) the absence of differentiated treatment between taxpayers involved in intentional non-compliance, and those whose non-compliance may be unintentional; (4) lack of clarity on how the VDP protects the taxpayer when non-compliance involves the breach of other non-tax statutes, such as those governing financial regulation; (5)absence of clear timelines in the administration of the VDP, which creates uncertainty;(6)failure to cater for voluntary disclosures with minor errors; (7) lack of clarity on VDP applications that result in a refund position for the applicant; and (8) lack of clarity on how often a VDP application can be made. The paper offers recommendations on how the Ugandan VDP can be aligned to match the model tax amnesty, in order to gain the most from this compliance tool.
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Mcgregor-Lowndes, Myles, Marie Balczun i Alexandra Williamson. An Examination of Tax-Deductible Donations Made by Individual Australian Taxpayers in 2020-21: ACPNS Working Paper No. 76. Queensland University of Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.242556.
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This study analyses published Australian Taxation Office (ATO) data and represents the extent and characterisitcs of tax-deductible donations made and claimed by Australian taxpayers to Deductible Gift Recipients (DGRs) at Item D9 Gifts or Donations in their individual income tax returns for the 2020–21 income year. Analysis of the ATO data showed that the total amount donated and claimed as tax-deductible donations in 2020–21 was $4.39 billion (compared to $3.85 billion for the previous income year). This constitutes a increase of 14.19 per cent or $545.72 million. The average tax-deductible donation made to DGRs and claimed by Australian taxpayers in 2020–21 was $1,047.27 (compared to $886.75 in the previous income year). This is an increase of 18.10 per cent. Not all charitable organisations qualify for DGR status e.g., many religious or educational institutions, and donations to these organisations are not deductible gifts. The data does not include corporate and trust taxpayers. Expenses such as raffles, sponsorships, fundraising purchases (e.g., sweets, tickets to special events) or volunteering are generally not deductible as ‘gifts’.
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Kashyap, Varsha, Jill Hooks, Asheq Rahman i Md Borhan Uddin Bhuiyan. Institutional Determinants of Carbon Financial Accounting Practices. Unitec ePress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.084.
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This paper investigates how and why firms affected by Emissions Trading Schemes (ETSs) are financially accounting for carbon in a voluntary setting. Using institutional theory, the authors seek to identify the determinants of a firm’s decision to adopt a particular carbon financial accounting practice. We identify the recognition and measurement practices for carbon-emission allowances using data gathered from the annual reports of ETS-affected firms in Australia. These practices are identified in the five stages of carbon-emission allowance transactions, namely, when these are: (1) received for free, (2) purchased, (3) used, (4) sold, and (5) surrendered. Inconsistencies in carbon financial accounting practices are observed. The findings reveal that carbon-emission allowances are recorded as intangible assets, but most firms provide incomplete information on their carbon financial accounting practices. Firms also exhibit inconsistencies in specifying how they are ‘recognising’ and ‘measuring’ carbon-emission allowances. The results provide evidence of coercive (regulation) and mimetic (size, leverage, and listing status) pressures being the main determinants of carbon financial accounting practice.
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Keto, Aila, i Keith Scott. Impacts of intensive native forest logging on the endangered Greater Glider in Queensland: A response to Eco Logical Australia Risk Assessment and Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Protection Measures. Australian Rainforest Conservation Society Inc, czerwiec 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62974/bxpw2062.
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It is clear that selective logging has a significant impact on the Greater Glider. Whereas the Protection Measures proposed by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF) may produce a small decrease in the impact, DAF is proposing to continue significantly impacting this endangered species. The application of a policy to balance jobs and the environment is inappropriate for an endangered species. The overall approach of the risk assessment and DAF’s response does not appear to take account of the fact that the Greater Glider is already endangered and in serious decline. The risk assessment found ongoing selective logging will seriously degrade 31–70% of greater glider foraging habitat resulting in up to 70% decline in population which will be essentially irreversible. The risk assessment found ongoing selective logging will seriously degrade 31–70% of yellow-bellied glider foraging habitat resulting in up to 100% decline in population which will be essentially irreversible. The literature review refers to the study by one of the authors of the risk assessment which concluded that 85% of basal area needs to be retained to maintain one Greater Glider per 3 ha in southern Queensland. Despite the endangered status of the Greater Glider, the proposed Protection Measures will result in the retention of just one extra habitat recruitment tree per hectare in southern Queensland. Logging will remove up to 50% of the canopy cover with all trees harvested being in the >40 cm DBH class, potentially removing close to all of the essential food source for the endangered Greater Glider in the logged area. Greater gliders will be impacted by climate change and logging impacts will exacerbate the effect. The Precautionary Principle must be applied in policy and management decisions. 76% of greater glider habitat and 14% of potential habitat is of major commercial timber value. 48% of greater glider habitat may be subject to logging (within forestry management planning units). 66% of greater glider habitat is highly or very highly disturbed. 48% of yellow-bellied glider habitat is highly or very highly disturbed.
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Smith, Paul N., David R. J. Gill, Michael J. McAuliffe, Catherine McDougall, James D. Stoney, Christopher J. Vertullo, Christopher J. Wall i in. Mortality Following Primary Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: Supplementary Report. Australian Orthopaedic Association, październik 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25310/irjq4670.
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Mortality information has been obtained by matching all procedures reported to the Registry up to and including 31 December 2022 with the National Death Index (NDI). The NDI is the national mortality database maintained by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). The Registry was granted access to this data following a formal ethics application to AIHW. Adjusted mortality is obtained after direct standardisation of the crude cumulative mortality data by 5 year age intervals and gender to the Estimated Resident Population Status based on the 2001 census. As the total population has a younger age structure than the population of the Registry, the adjusted mortality is substantially lower than the crude mortality. By minimising the effects of age and gender differences within groups, the adjusted measure may be used to compare the mortality of different procedures and is useful when comparing mortality over time. The rate per 100 person years has been calculated from the date of the first joint procedure to either the date of death or 31 December 2022. This provides a true rate. This Report is one of 16 supplementary reports to complete the AOANJRR Annual Report for 2023. Information on the background, purpose, aims, benefits and governance of the Registry can be found in the Introductory chapter of the 2023 Hip, Knee and Shoulder Arthroplasty Annual Report. The Registry data quality processes including data collection, validation and outcomes assessment, are provided in detail in the Data Quality section of the introductory chapter of the 2023 Hip, Knee and Shoulder Arthroplasty Annual Report: https://aoanjrr.sahmri.com/annual-reports-2023.
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Landolt, Peter, Ezra Dunkelblum, Robert R. Heath i Moshe Kehat. Host Plant Chemical Mediation of Heliothis Reproductive Behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, październik 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7568753.bard.
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Phytophagous insects respond to chemicals from their host plants in a number of ways, including orientation or attraction in response to volatiles produced by plants. Orientation to odors from host plants may occur in order to locate food, mates, or oviposition sites. A detailed understanding of these behaviors are the chemical stimuli evoking them may provide useful means for attracting and trapping insect pests of crop plants. Heliothine moths (Helicoverpa and Heliothis herein) include a number of major pests of cultivated crop plants throughout the world. In North America, these include Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea. In much of Eurasia (including Israel) Australia, and Africa, these include Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa peltigera. These 4 species of concern all are attracted to odorants from host plants (Tingle and Mitchell 2992, Mitchell et al 1991, 1992 BARD feasibility study report). Host plant chemicals also play a role in the sexual behavior of Helicoverpa species. Synthesis and possibly release of sex pheromone in H. zea and H. phloxiphaga is stimulated by kairomones from hosts plants (Raina 1988, 1992). Pheromona scent marking on host plants also occurs in H. virescens and H. zea. Studies of several other insects, including the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni, have a variety of other behaviors may occur in association with host plants, including the use of plants as sexual rendesvous sites and of direct involvement of plant chemicals in sexual behavior. Some pest species of moths also may use host plants as adult food sources. These studies were undertaken to develop a more thorough understanding of how Heliothis/Helicoverpa moths use host plant odorants to locate and select foods, mates, and oviposition sites. We used Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea in Florida, and Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa peltigera in Israel as objects of study because of their pest status. It is hoped that such an understanding will provide direction for work to discover and develop novel means to control these pests through behavioral manipulation. The specific objectives of the proposal were to 1) identify host odor affects on known Heliothine sexual behavior, 2) identify novel sexual behavior that is how dependent, 3) isolate and characterize host kairomones important to pest Heliothine host and mate-location behavior, and 4) investigate female attraction to males.
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Hajarizadeh, Behzad, Jennifer MacLachlan, Benjamin Cowie i Gregory J. Dore. Population-level interventions to improve the health outcomes of people living with hepatitis B: an Evidence Check brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health, 2022. The Sax Institute, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/pxwj3682.
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Background An estimated 292 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally, including 223,000 people in Australia. HBV diagnosis and linkage of people living with HBV to clinical care is suboptimal in Australia, with 27% of people living with HBV undiagnosed and 77% not receiving regular HBV clinical care. This systematic review aimed to characterize population-level interventions implemented to enhance all components of HBV care cascade and analyse the effectiveness of interventions. Review questions Question 1: What population-level interventions, programs or policy approaches have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B; and that may not yet be fully rolled out or evaluated in Australia demonstrate early effectiveness, or promise, in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B? Question 2: What population-level interventions and/or programs are effective at reducing disease burden for people in the community with hepatitis B? Methods Four bibliographic databases and 21 grey literature sources were searched. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the study population included people with or at risk of chronic HBV, and the study conducted a population-level interventions to decrease HBV incidence or disease burden or to enhance any components of HBV care cascade (i.e., diagnosis, linkage to care, treatment initiation, adherence to clinical care), or HBV vaccination coverage. Studies published in the past 10 years (since January 2012), with or without comparison groups were eligible for inclusion. Studies conducting an HBV screening intervention were eligible if they reported proportion of people participating in screening, proportion of newly diagnosed HBV (participant was unaware of their HBV status), proportion of people received HBV vaccination following screening, or proportion of participants diagnosed with chronic HBV infection who were linked to HBV clinical care. Studies were excluded if study population was less than 20 participants, intervention included a pharmaceutical intervention or a hospital-based intervention, or study was implemented in limited clinical services. The records were initially screened by title and abstract. The full texts of potentially eligible records were reviewed, and eligible studies were selected for inclusion. For each study included in analysis, the study outcome and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. For studies including a comparison group, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95%CIs were calculated. Random effect meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled study outcome estimates. Stratified analyses were conducted by study setting, study population, and intervention-specific characteristics. Key findings A total of 61 studies were included in the analysis. A large majority of studies (study n=48, 79%) included single-arm studies with no concurrent control, with seven (12%) randomised controlled trials, and six (10%) non-randomised controlled studies. A total of 109 interventions were evaluated in 61 included studies. On-site or outreach HBV screening and linkage to HBV clinical care coordination were the most frequent interventions, conducted in 27 and 26 studies, respectively. Question 1 We found no studies reporting HBV incidence as the study outcome. One study conducted in remote area demonstrated that an intervention including education of pregnant women and training village health volunteers enhanced coverage of HBV birth dose vaccination (93% post-intervention, vs. 81% pre-intervention), but no data of HBV incidence among infants were reported. Question 2 Study outcomes most relevant to the HBV burden for people in the community with HBV included, HBV diagnosis, linkage to HBV care, and HBV vaccination coverage. Among randomised controlled trials aimed at enhancing HBV screening, a meta-analysis was conducted including three studies which implemented an intervention including community face-to-face education focused on HBV and/or liver cancer among migrants from high HBV prevalence areas. This analysis demonstrated a significantly higher HBV testing uptake in intervention groups with the likelihood of HBV testing 3.6 times higher among those participating in education programs compared to the control groups (OR: 3.62, 95% CI 2.72, 4.88). In another analysis, including 25 studies evaluating an intervention to enhance HBV screening, a pooled estimate of 66% of participants received HBV testing following the study intervention (95%CI: 58-75%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 17-98%; I-square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV screening strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing participants with on-site HBV testing, the proportion receiving HBV testing (80%, 95%CI: 72-87%) was significantly higher compared to the studies referring participants to an external site for HBV testing (54%, 95%CI: 37-71%). In the studies implementing an intervention to enhance linkage of people diagnosed with HBV infection to clinical care, the interventions included different components and varied across studies. The most common component was post-test counselling followed by assistance with scheduling clinical appointments, conducted in 52% and 38% of the studies, respectively. In meta-analysis, a pooled estimate of 73% of people with HBV infection were linked to HBV clinical care (95%CI: 64-81%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 28-100%; I-square: 99.2%). A stratified analysis by study population demonstrated that in the studies among general population in high prevalence countries, 94% of people (95%CI: 88-100%) who received the study intervention were linked to care, significantly higher than 72% (95%CI: 61-83%) in studies among migrants from high prevalence area living in a country with low prevalence. In 19 studies, HBV vaccination uptake was assessed after an intervention, among which one study assessed birth dose vaccination among infants, one study assessed vaccination in elementary school children and 17 studies assessed vaccination in adults. Among studies assessing adult vaccination, a pooled estimate of 38% (95%CI: 21-56%) of people initiated vaccination, with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 0.5-93%; I square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV vaccination strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing on-site vaccination, the uptake was 78% (95%CI: 62-94%), significantly higher compared to 27% (95%CI: 13-42%) in studies referring participants to an external site for vaccination. Conclusion This systematic review identified a wide variety of interventions, mostly multi-component interventions, to enhance HBV screening, linkage to HBV clinical care, and HBV vaccination coverage. High heterogeneity was observed in effectiveness of interventions in all three domains of screening, linkage to care, and vaccination. Strategies identified to boost the effectiveness of interventions included providing on-site HBV testing and vaccination (versus referral for testing and vaccination) and including community education focussed on HBV or liver cancer in an HBV screening program. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of more novel interventions (e.g., point of care testing) and interventions specifically including Indigenous populations, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and people incarcerated.
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Kahima, Samuel, Solomon Rukundo i Victor Phillip Makmot. Tax Certainty? The Private Rulings Regime in Uganda in Comparative Perspective. Institute of Development Studies, styczeń 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.001.
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Taxpayers sometimes engage in complex transactions with uncertain tax treatment, such as mergers, acquisitions, demergers and spin-offs. With the rise of global value chains and proliferation of multinational corporations, these transactions increasingly involve transnational financial arrangements and cross-border dealings, making tax treatment even more uncertain. If improperly structured, such transactions could have costly tax consequences. One approach to dealing with this uncertainty is to create a private rulings regime, whereby a taxpayer applies for a private ruling by submitting a statement detailing the transaction (proposed or completed) to the tax authority. The tax authority interprets and applies the tax laws to the requesting taxpayer’s specific set of facts in a written private ruling. The private ruling offers taxpayers certainty as to how the tax authority views the transaction, and the tax treatment the taxpayer can expect based on the specific facts presented. Private rulings are a common feature of many tax systems around the world, and their main goal is to promote tax certainty and increase investor confidence in the tax system. This is especially important in a developing country like Uganda, whose tax laws are often amended and may not anticipate emerging transnational tax issues. Private rulings in Uganda may be applied for in writing prior to or after engaging in the transaction. The Tax Procedures Code Act (TPCA), which provides for private rulings, requires applicants to make a full and true disclosure of the transaction before a private ruling may be issued. This paper evaluates the Ugandan private rulings regime, offering a comparative perspective by highlighting similarities and contrasts between the Ugandan regime and that of other jurisdictions, including the United States, Australia, South Africa and Kenya. The Ugandan private rulings regime has a number of strengths. It is not just an administrative measure as in some jurisdictions, but is based on statute. Rulings are issued from a central office – instead of different district offices, which may result in conflicting rulings. Rather than an elaborate appeals process, the private ruling is only binding on the URA and not on the taxpayer, so a dissatisfied taxpayer can simply ignore the ruling. The URA team that handles private rulings has diverse professional backgrounds, which allows for a better understanding of applications. There are, however, a number of limitations of the Ugandan private rulings system. The procedure of revocation of a private ruling is uncertain. Private rulings are not published, which makes them a form of ‘secret law’. There is no fee for private rulings, which contributes to a delay in the process of issuing one. There is understaffing in the unit that handles private rulings. Finally, there remains a very high risk of bias against the taxpayer because the unit is answerable to a Commissioner whose chief mandate is collection of revenue. A reform of the private rulings regime is therefore necessary, and this would include clarifying the circumstances under which revocation may occur, introducing an application fee, increasing the staffing of the unit responsible, and placing the unit under a Commissioner who does not have a collection mandate. While the private rulings regime in Uganda has shortcomings, it remains an essential tool in supporting investor confidence in the tax regime.
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Pavlovic, Noel, Barbara Plampin, Gayle Tonkovich i David Hamilla. Special flora and vegetation of Indiana Dunes National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302417.
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The Indiana Dunes (comprised of 15 geographic units (see Figure 1) which include Indiana Dunes National Park, Dunes State Park, and adjacent Shirley Heinze Land Trust properties) are remarkable in the Midwest and Great Lakes region for the vascular plant diversity, with an astounding 1,212 native plant species in an area of approximately 16,000 acres! This high plant diversity is the result of the interactions among postglacial migrations, the variety of soil substrates, moisture conditions, topography, successional gradients, ?re regimes, proximity to Lake Michigan, and light levels. This richness is all the more signi?cant given the past human alterations of the landscape resulting from logging; conversion to agriculture; construction of transportation corridors, industrial sites, and residential communities; ?re suppression; land abandonment; and exotic species invasions. Despite these impacts, multiple natural areas supporting native vegetation persist. Thus, each of the 15 units of the Indiana Dunes presents up to eight subunits varying in human disturbance and consequently in ?oristic richness. Of the most signi?cant units of the park in terms of number of native species, Cowles Dunes and the Dunes State Park stand out from all the other units, with 786 and 686 native species, respectively. The next highest ranked units for numbers of native species include Keiser (630), Furnessville (574), Miller Woods (551), and Hoosier Prairie (542). The unit with lowest plant richness is Heron Rookery (220), with increasing richness in progression from Calumet Prairie (320), Hobart Prairie Grove (368), to Pinhook Bog (380). Signi?cant natural areas, retaining native vegetation composition and structure, include Cowles Bog (Cowles Dunes Unit), Howes Prairie (Cowles Dunes), Dunes Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Dunes Prairie Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Pinhook Bog, Furnessville Woods (Furnessville), Miller Woods, Inland Marsh, and Mnoke Prairie (Bailly). Wilhelm (1990) recorded a total of 1,131 native plant species for the ?ora of the Indiana Dunes. This was similar to the 1,132 species recorded by the National Park Service (2014) for the Indiana Dunes. Based on the nomenclature of Swink and Wilhelm (1994), Indiana Dunes National Park has 1,206 native plant species. If we include native varieties and hybrids, the total increases to 1,244 taxa. Based on the nomenclature used for this report?the Flora of North America (FNA 2022), and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS 2022)?Indiana Dunes National Park houses 1,206 native vascular plant species. As of this writing (2020), the Indiana Dunes is home to 37% of the species of conservation concern in Indiana (241 out of 624 Indiana-listed species): state extirpated = 10 species, state endangered = 75, and state threatened = 100. Thus, 4% of the state-listed species in the Indiana Dunes are extirpated, 31% endangered, and 41% threatened. Watch list and rare categories have been eliminated. Twenty-nine species once documented from the Indiana Dunes may be extirpated because they have not been seen since 2001. Eleven have not been seen since 1930 and 15 since 1978. If we exclude these species, then there would be a total of 1,183 species native to the Indiana Dunes. Many of these are cryptic in their life history or diminutive, and thus are di?cult to ?nd. Looking at the growth form of native plants, <1% (nine species) are clubmosses, 3% (37) are ferns, 8% (297) are grasses and sedges, 56% (682) are forbs or herbs, 1% (16) are herbaceous vines, <1% (7) are subshrubs (woody plants of herbaceous stature), 5% (60) are shrubs, 1% (11) are lianas (woody vines), and 8% (93) are trees. Of the 332 exotic species (species introduced from outside North America), 65% (219 species) are forbs such as garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), 15% (50 species) are graminoids such as phragmites (Phragmites australis ssp. australis), 2% (seven species) are vines such as ?eld bindweed (Convulvulus arvensis), <1% (two species) are subshrubs such as Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), 8% (28 species) are shrubs such as Asian bush honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), 1% (three species) are lianas such as oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), and 8% (23 species) are trees such as tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissimus). Of the 85 adventive species, native species that have invaded from elsewhere in North America, 14% (11 species) are graminoids such as broom sedge (Andropogon virginicus), 57% (48 species) are forbs such as fall phlox (Phlox paniculata), 5% (six species) are shrubs such as Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), 3% (two species) are subshrubs such as holly leaved barberry (Berberis repens), 1% (one species) is a liana (trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), 3% two species) are herbaceous vines such as tall morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), and 17% (15 species) are trees such as American holly (Ilex opaca). A total of 436 species were found to be ?special? based on political rankings (federal and state-listed threatened and endangered species), species with charismatic ?owers, and those that are locally rare.