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Murard, Nadine. "L'influence du statut et du genre sur l'utilisation des interruptions verbales : importance du contexte d'interaction /". Montréal : Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. http://accesbib.uqam.ca/cgi-bin/bduqam/transit.pl?&noMan=24144778.
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Ung, Davy. ""Big brother is watching you" : influence de l'information publique, du statut social et des profils comportementaux sur les comportements reproducteurs chez le canari domestique Serinus canaria". Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100062/document.
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De nombreux animaux évoluent dans un environnement social où les individus peuvent réaliser de l'écoute/observation clandestine, c'est-à-dire, obtenir des informations sur des compétiteurs ou partenaires sexuels potentiels en observant les interactions de leurs congénères. À l’inverse, les animaux engagés dans une interaction peuvent exprimer un effet d'audience: modifier leurs comportements en présence d’observateurs (audiences). Ce doctorat s'intéresse à la flexibilité et aux conséquences de ces comportements et recherche des stratégies individuelles dans leur utilisation chez le canari domestique. Les résultats indiquent que l'écoute clandestine influence les préférences sexuelles et l'investissement reproducteur des femelles. Ce dernier dépend également des statuts hiérarchiques et de la personnalité. Les effets d'audience sont mis en évidence chez les deux sexes et semblent complexes et flexibles. Leur expression dépend de la situation, du type d'audience, de la dominance et de la familiarité des individus impliqués mais pas de la personnalité. Ces résultats posent la question des bases cognitives impliquées dans l'écoute clandestine et les effets d'audienceMany animals live in social environments where individuals can eavesdrop: get information on competitors or potential sexual partners by observing interactions between conspecifics. In such environments, interacting individuals might express an audience effect: they can change their behavior in the presence of eavesdroppers (i.e. an audience). This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the flexibility and the consequences of these behaviours and searches for individual strategies in their expression in domestic canaries. Results show that eavesdropping drives sexual preferences and reproductive effort in females. The latter is also influenced by dominance and personality. The existence of complex and flexible audience effects is demonstrated in males and females. Their expression depends on the situation, the type of audience, the dominance and familiarity of the interacting individuals but not on personality. Results raise the question of the cognitive foundations of eavesdropping and audience effects
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Mescouto, Lopes Mariana. "Transcriptional and epigenetic responses of blood leukocytes in sows : towards new indicators of positive affective states". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NSARB380.
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L'évaluation des états affectifs chez les animaux d'élevage représente encore un défi majeur pour la science du bien-être animal, nécessitant des outils physiologiques pratiques pouvant être appliqués au niveau de la ferme. Des études humaines suggèrent que les profils d'expression génique et la méthylation de l'ADN dans les cellules immunitaires peuvent refléter des états affectifs. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier le transcriptome et le méthylome des cellules immunitaires chez des truies gestantes multipares présentant des états affectifs contrastés, résultant de différences dans les conditions physiques (enrichissement de l'environnement) ou sociales (statut de dominance). Dans le premier essai, les truies ont été logées pendant leur vie productive soit dans un environnement conventionnel, soit dans un environnement enrichi. Dans le deuxième essai, les truies ont été logées dans un environnement conventionnel pendant toute la gestation,tandis qu'un groupe avait accès périodiquement à un environnement enrichi. Les résultats montrent que l'enrichissement environnemental a eu un effet modeste sur le transcriptome et le méthylome des cellules immunitaires, quel que soit le protocole expérimental. En revanche, le statut de dominance a eu un impact significatif, en particulier sur les fonctions liées aux réponses humorales (essai 1). De plus, la parité s'est révélée être un facteur majeur influençant à la fois l'expression génique (essai 1 et 2) et les profils de méthylation de l'ADN (essai 1), soulignant l'importance de ce facteur même chez les truies multipares. Les résultats de cette thèse révèlent des gènes et/ou des fonctions biologiques potentiels qui pourraient être associés aux états affectifs des porcs, contribuant ainsi à une meilleure compréhension de ces aspects cruciaux pour le bien-être animalAssessing affective states in farm animals remains a major challenge in animal welfare science, requiring practical physiological tools that can be applied at the farm level. Human studies suggest that gene expression profiles and DNA methylation in immune cells can reflect affective states. This thesis aimed to investigate the transcriptome and methylome of immune cells in multiparous pregnant sows exhibiting contrasted affective states, resulting from differences in physical (environmental enrichment) or social (dominance status) conditions. In the first experiment, sows were housed during their productive lives in either a conventional or enriched environment. In the second experiment, sows were housed in conventional environments throughout gestation,with one group periodically accessing an enriched environment. The results showed that environmental enrichment had a modest effect on the transcriptome and methylome of immune cells, regardless of the experimental design. In contrast, dominance status had a significant impact, particularly on functions related to humoral responses (experiment 1). Additionally, parity was a key factor influencing both gene expression (experiments 1 and 2) and DNA methylation profiles (experiment 1), underscoring the importance of this factor even among multiparous sows. The findings of this thesis provide potential genes and/or biological functions that could be associated with pigs' affective states, contributing to a deeper understanding of these critical aspects of animal welfare
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Snyder, Jeffrey K. "The Dominance Dilemma: Differentiating Status from Dominance in the Context of Women's Heterosexual Mate Preferences". W&M ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626419.
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Wickens, Stephen Michael. "Social relationships in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) : the effect of learning and breed on behaviour within status relationships". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283381.
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Ajdahi, Sami, i Erik Hansson. "Stolthet-statusmodellen och attityder till utbildning : En kvantitativ studie om hur gymnasielevers upplevelser av stolthet och social status korrelerar med deras attityder till utbildning". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-52620.
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Tidigare forskning av Cheng, Tracy och Henrich (2010) har identifierat samband mellan tvåfacetter av stolthet och två olika strategier för att nå social status. Dessa samband harkonceptualiserats till stolthet-statusmodellen. Den har tidigare undersökts i en amerikanskpopulation och det finns enbart en studie på en liten avgränsad svensk population. Vidarefinns det inga tidigare studier som har undersökt om stolthet-statusmodellen samvarierar medpositiva attityder till utbildning. Denna studies syften var därför att undersöka stolthet-statusmodellen på en svensk population samt undersöka hur de olika statusstrategierna ochstolthetsfacetterna samvarierar med positiva attityder kring utbildning. För att undersöka dettagjordes ett bekvämlighetsurval av 609 stycken elever på teoretiska gymnasieprogram som fickskatta sin subjektiva upplevelse av stolthetsfacetterna, statusstrategierna samt sina positivaattityder till utbildning. Gymnasieelevernas skattningar korrelerades och skillnaden mellankorrelationerna undersöktes. Resultaten visar att stolthet-statusmodellen delvis är valid på ensvensk population, att statusstrategier samvarierar signifikant med positiva attityder tillutbildning och att stolthetsfacetterna till viss del samvarierar signifikant med positiva attitydertill utbildning. Möjliga förklaringar till resultaten diskuteras tillsammans med enmetoddiskussion samt praktiska implikationer och förslag på framtida forskning om stolthet-statusmodellen och positiva attityder till utbildning.Previous research by Cheng, Tracy and Henrich (2010) has identified relationships betweentwo facets of pride and two different strategies to attain social status. These relationships havebeen conceptualized to a pride-status model. The model has been tested on an Americanpopulation and only in one study has it been tested in a Swedish context. Moreover, there areno previous studies on the possible relationship between the pride-status model and positiveattitudes towards post-secondary education. Therefore, the purposes of this study were toinvestigate if the pride-status model is valid on a Swedish population and investigate how thedifferent status strategies and facets of pride relate to positive attitudes towards post-secondary education. In order to examine this, a convenience sample consisting of 609students in high school preparing for post-secondary education rated subjective experiences offacets of pride, social status strategies and attitudes towards post-secondary education. Thestudents’ ratings were correlated with each other and the difference between the correlationswas examined. The findings show that the pride-status model is partly valid on a Swedishpopulation and that the status strategies correlated significantly with positive attitudes towardspost-secondary education. The facets of pride were significantly correlated with positiveattitudes towards post-secondary education to some extent. Possible explanations of thefindings are discussed together with a methodology discussion and proposals for futureresearch within the area of the pride-status model and attitudes towards education.
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Lindblom, Emelie. "Traits and behaviour affecting social status in red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) hens". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-79083.
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Social status is commonly established among individuals within groups of animals. Despite this common characteristic of social animals it is still unclear how individuals establish their status. I investigated the relationships between morphology, posture and behaviours with social status in red junglefowl hens. The hens tested were measured (weight, comb length, comb height and tarsus length) and exposed to three different behavioural tests (novel arena, novel object and interaction test). None of the morphological features were associated with social status. However, dominant hens initiated the first encounter in a dyad interaction and performed a higher proportion of aggressive encounters against the opponent. The dominant hens were also the ones displaying more spread tail feathers than the opponent after status being established. Aggressiveness and social status is strongly linked, showing that there is a scope of behaviours to affect the establishment of status.
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Mileva, Viktoria. "Social status in humans : differentiating the cues to dominance and prestige in men and women". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/23269.
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Human social status has long been of interest to evolutionary and social psychologists. The question of who gets to control resources and be a leader has garnered a lot of attention from these and other fields, and this thesis examines evidence for there being two different mechanisms of achieving high status, and their correlates. The mechanisms are 1) Dominance: being aggressive, manipulative and forcing others to follow you, and 2) Prestige: possessing qualities which make others freely follow you. Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter in which I explain selection pressures, group formation, and the need for social hierarchies; I then describe the two proposed methods of attaining social status and how facial characteristics can give clues as to an individual’s social status. In Chapter 2, my first experimental chapter, I examined how faces created to appear either high in dominance or high in prestige were judged with respect to those traits as well as personality characteristics. Taking this further, in Chapter 3, I looked at how natural variation in real faces would reflect differences in other- and self-perceived ratings of dominance and prestige. Chapter 4 served to examine whether, given a set of words related to social status, I would find differences in what words were placed into dominant or prestige categories. Findings within these chapters are consistent with dominance and prestige being separable methods of attaining high status, from differences in facial appearance (Chapter 2 and 3), to personality characteristics (Chapter 2), to word usage (Chapter 4). Once I had established that these were two distinct routes to achieving high status, I chose to focus on dominance in Chapter 5 and explored the conceptual relationships between dominance and facial expressions. I found that manipulating perceptions of dominance affected how intense expressions of anger, sadness, and fear were perceived (Chapter 5). As there has been a paucity of research in the area of women’s social status, in Chapter 6, I went on to explore what effects cosmetics use in women would have on their perceived social status. I found differences in how men and women perceived women wearing cosmetics, which again points to a distinction between dominance and prestige. My thesis then presents a broad view of the two different mechanisms for attaining high status. Using new methods not otherwise used in exploring dominance and prestige I was able to explore correlates and indicators, as well as perceptions of both strategies. These findings will allow us to determine who might be capable of attaining social status, which of the two methods they might use, as well as what implicit associations we hold about each. They will also open doors for future research into the two strategies, and even help interpret previous research, as many previous studies simply relate to high status and do not distinguish between dominance and prestige.
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Gilbert-Norton, Lynne Barbara. "The Effects of Social Status and Learning on Captive Coyote (Canis latrans) Behavior". DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/514.
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Many canids live within hierarchical social systems that could promote differences in learning or in behavior between ranked individuals. Differences in foraging and territorial behavior have been observed between ranked coyotes (Canis latrans), yet effects of learning and social status on coyote behavior are not thoroughly understood. I explored a) coyote response to an artificial scent boundary and whether response differed by status, b) how foraging coyotes tracked temporal resource change, and c) how coyotes find spatially distributed food, and the effect of dominance on foraging behavior. I used male/female pairs of captive coyotes at the National Wildlife Research Center Predator Research Facility in Utah. Prior to testing, I identified social rank within pairs by testing for food dominance. In study 1, I laid a scent boundary and monitored space use with GPS and observed behavioral responses directly. All coyotes investigated and crossed the boundary, but were repelled more by human presence. Subordinates investigated and marked the boundary more than dominants. Further investigation is needed to mimic natural boundaries for management purposes. In study 2, I gave eight individual coyotes an operant test with concurrent variable interval (VI) schedules. I varied the ratio of resources and measured the time spent on two choices, then fitted the generalized matching equation to the data. I found that all coyotes efficiently tracked changes in resource ratios and matched their relative rate of foraging time to relative rate of resources. Matching theory provides an effective methodology to explore foraging strategies and behavioral flexibility in coyotes. In study 3, I tested 16 coyotes in a spatial foraging task. Coyotes searched for food in eight potential locations, and were tested individually and in respective pairs. I recorded the area and number of locations searched, approach time, and frequency of marking by dominant and subordinate coyotes. Results showed individual subordinates increased efficiency by relocating, but their efficiency decreased when foraging in pairs. Dominant coyotes did not increase efficiency in company by following subordinates. Coyotes marked the correct feeder more than incorrect feeders. Results suggest coyotes use memory and odor (scent marks) to find food, but that social status overrules information use.
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Um, Ji-Young. "War without end : 20th century U.S. wars in Asia and empire structured in dominance /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9359.
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Wotherspoon, Lisa. ""Let each man show his manhood" : masculinity and status in medieval Norse and Irish sagas". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227649.
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Over the last few decades there has been a growing trend in scholarship which has focused upon conceptualisations of gender in the representations of characters in medieval narrative literature. Thus far, depictions of women have received a disproportionate amount of attention to the side-lining of the man, although recently the man has slowly been reinstated. However, questions as to the nature of masculinity and what behaviours constituted an appropriate expression of a man's manliness in the sagas have remained. In this dissertation, I first set out to identify a foundation masculinity from which other representations of masculinity can be said to derive. Two behavioural principles are defined (the ability to provide and the ability to protect) before being explored primarily in the representations of kings and martial champions in a selection of medieval Norse and Irish sagas. Discussion of kings focuses upon the literary depictions of Conchobor mac Nessa and Óláfr Haraldsson, while for the martial champions, representations of Cú Chulainn, Caílte mac Rónáin and characters within four Norse sagas (Njáls saga, Fóstbroeðra saga, Bósa saga ok Herrauðs and Ọrvar-Odds saga) are examined. Given that wider gender studies highlights that a number of variables affect depictions of gender in the medieval sagas, a comparative approach allows scope for an exploration into the impact of geographical location on expressions of masculinity. However, the main research question of this dissertation centres upon an inquiry into the role that status plays in depictions of manliness in characters from the saga. While making a judgement upon the degree of influence of this particular factor, other variables affecting the formation of gender – such as textual purpose and genre – are also discussed.
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Buttermore, Nicole Reed. "Status, Dominance, or Prestige?: Domains of Self-Esteem as Moderators of Reactions to an Embarrassing Situation". W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626471.
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Schick, Casey. "Influence of Leadership, Peer Status, and Social Goals on Overt and Relational Aggression during Early Adolescence". Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7083.
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Peer relationships are highly salient during early adolescence, especially during the first year of middle school. As a result, coolness (a facet of peer status) is prioritized and increasingly associated with aggression. Recent research indicates the relationship between peer status (coolness) and aggression is moderated by social goals (popularity, dominance, intimacy) and gender. Leadership among peers is also salient during early adolescence, although it is understudied in comparison to peer status (coolness). Leadership is worth additional investigation, as youth leaders are considered interpersonally competent and possess the social skills necessary to influence peer behavior. Research is needed to examine the extent to which peer status (coolness) and leadership are similar yet distinct constructs and the extent to which peer status and leadership influence subsequent aggression. Research is also needed to determine if the relationship between leadership and aggression is moderated by social goals and gender, as this may have implications for understanding antecedents to aggression. The current study examined the following: (1) the associations among peer-reported leadership and coolness in the fall with peer-reported aggression (overt and relational) in the spring of sixth grade, (2) the extent to which social goals (popularity, dominance, and intimacy) and gender moderate relations of leadership and coolness in the fall with aggression in the spring of sixth grade, (3) and the extent to which mean-level gender differences and study variables change across time. The sample was comprised of sixth-grade students from three middle schools in an urban, ethnically diverse setting (N = 347). Results revealed a significant association across both time points for leadership and coolness. Moreover, social goals and gender moderated the association between coolness, leadership, and aggression.
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Cincotta, Julie Passmore. "The Effect of Group Status on Moral Relativism and the Stigmatization of Mental Illness: a Social Dominance Theoretical Model". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271791/.
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This dissertation created a model to explore the effect of dominant group status on stigmatization of mental illness and on moral relativism and the interactive effect of dominant group status on stigmatization of mental illness through moral relativism. The model was conceptualized according to social dominance theory. Latent variables were created to measure moral relativism and stigmatization of mental illness. The latent measures were conceptualized according to current theories in the fields of moral relativism and stigmatization. During statistical analyses the latent measure for moral relativism was found to be unreliable. The study then became confirmatory-exploratory in nature by first comparing the fit indices of three alternate models with single-measure latent variables. The model that best fit the data was then used to conclude the exploratory research on the effect of group status on moral relativism and stigmatization of mental illness. The model was not supported by the data based on fit index and standardized residual scores.
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Issa, Fadi Aziz. "Effect of Social Status on the Behavior and Neurophysiology of Crayfish". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/biology_diss/35.
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Adaptation to changing social conditions is important for many social animals. Here, the effects of social experience on the behavior and neurophysiology of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, were studied. Evidence is presented that shows juvenile crayfish interact and form social order, and their behavior patterns shift in accordance to social status. Dominant animals maintain a high level of aggressive behavior, while subordinates shift their behavior pattern from aggressive to submissive behavior. Adult male crayfish show similar behavior pattern during dominance formation. However, this work demonstrates that male crayfish adopt a unique strategy to signify the formation of a social order expressed in the form of pseudocopulation. Pseudocopulation between male crayfish signifies the acceptance of the social status and leads to the reduction of aggression of dominants and enhances the survival of subordinate animals. I investigated the long-term effects of social status on the behavioral and physiological responses of crayfish to unexpected sensory touch. I discovered that animals of different social experience display different orienting responses that correlate with in vivo electromyographic recordings from the legs’ depressor muscle. The status-dependent response patterns observed in vivo are retained in a reduced, in vitro, preparation that lacks descending input from the brain. The role of serotonin (5-HT) was investigated in mediating the motor output patterns of the depressor nerve. Putative serotonergic innervations of the depressor nerve were identified that originate from serotonergic neurons located in the first abdominal ganglion. Selective stimulation of the ipsilateral 5-HT neuron enhances the response of the depressor nerve to sensory stimulation. Application of 5-HT modestly increased the tonic firing activity of the depressor nerve in social isolates and subordinates but significantly decreased the activity in dominants. This work illustrates that the formation of a dominance relationship significantly and immediately alters the behavior of the participants. As the social relationship matures, the social experience that develops affects the underlying neurophysiology that mediates the behavior. It will be of great interest in future studies to identify not only the effects rather the mechanisms of how social experience induces physiological changes.
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Bower, Derek J. "Social dominance orientation and self-esteem as a function of manipulating perceived group-status among gay men". Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/25189.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 25 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 16-17). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Song, Cha-Kyong. "Social Status-Dependent Changes in Behavior and Neurogenesis in the Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/biology_diss/7.
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Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) form dominance hierarchies, which are patterns of repeated fights with expected outcomes of winner and loser. Establishment of hierarchies allows dominants the first access to limited resources over subordinates, and leads to behavioral and cellular changes corresponding to the social status. Here, the animals¡¯ responses to an unexpected unilateral touch, a non-social stimulus, were examined with respect to their social status and to their social context. Isolates oriented to the stimulus source with raised claws and elevated posture. Dominants also oriented to the stimulus both when tested alone and in the presence of a subordinate. Subordinates oriented to the stimulus while separated from their familiar dominant partner; however, they avoided it when tested while paired with the dominant. In subsequent tests first while semi-separated from the dominant and later while fully separated, the same subordinates displayed more orienting responses as the duration of post-fight separation increased. These results suggest that the lingering effects of recent social experience influence the behavior of subordinate animals. During fights, crayfish release urine toward each other, providing critical chemosensory cues for establishing hierarchies. Throughout the lifespan, new neuronal precursors are added into clusters of olfactory local and projection interneurons (clusters 9 and 10). Here, the effect of pair-wise social experience on neurogenesis in these brain regions was examined using the proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine. Groups of proliferating cells in clusters 9 and 10 formed distinctive comma shapes. The BrdU-positive nuclei in the head part of the comma were smaller and more circular than those in the tail part of the comma. Subordinates had fewer new neuronal precursors surviving in cluster 9 after 14 days than did dominants. Mitotic activity was not influenced by social status. The effect of social experience on neurogenesis remained when the effect of body growth rate on neurogenesis was removed. In conclusion, social domination enhances cell survival compared to social subordination. Although the function of these surviving newborn neuronal precursors is unknown they may enhance the learning ability of dominant crayfish.
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Lang, Shelley L. C. "The roles of relative size and genetics in determining early dominance status in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24976.pdf.
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Beales, Brian O. "F-22 versus UCAV fixing today's deficiencies leaves questions about tomorrow's dominance". Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FBeales.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Looney, Robert E. ; McNab, Robert M. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: F-22, MQ-1, MQ-9, UCAV, homeland defense, aircraft effectiveness, defense spending, manned flight, unmanned flight. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-76). Also available in print.
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de, Waal-Andrews Wendy G. "What it takes to attain status in face-to-face groups : the importance of distinguishing between dominance and prestige hierarchies". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/347167/.
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Hierarchy is a defining feature of groups (Berger et al., 1972; Fiske, 2010; Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). In this thesis I examined what it takes to climb up this hierarchy in face-to-face groups. I did so from three angles: what people need to do in order to attain status, what kind of person people need to be in order to attain status, and what people may need to sacrifice in order to attain status. Moreover, I assessed the moderating effect on these relations of two fundamental processes underlying group hierarchies: dominance (i.e., assertively claiming status) and prestige (i.e., willingly being granted status). Before addressing the main questions of this thesis, I examined the impact of dominance and prestige processes on perceptions of group hierarchy types (Chapter 2). A vignette study found that assertively claiming status for oneself and willingly being granted status both emerged as viable ways of enhancing perceived status, above and beyond formal status. It also found that, at the group level, each type of process worked against the other: perceptions of each were undermined by mixing it with the other. This finding implies that groups can be classed along a hierarchy type continuum, ranging from highly dominance-based to highly prestige-based. Having empirically established how dominance and prestige processes jointly shape the types of hierarchies that exist in groups, I addressed the main questions of this thesis in a series of experimental and naturalistic studies. In Chapter 3, I examined the interpersonal behaviours that promote status in different types of group hierarchies. I found that agentic behaviour promoted status both in dominance-based and in prestige-based hierarchies. In contrast, communal behaviour augmented status in prestige-based hierarchies, but diminished status in dominance-based hierarchies. Thus, I found that status attainment is associated with diametrically different interpersonal behaviours in different hierarchy types. In Chapter 4, I assessed how the self-appraisals of people who engage in different status-promoting behaviours differ. I found that self-esteem was associated with behaviour that was high in agency and high in communion, whereas narcissism was associated with behaviour that was high in agency and low in communion. Thus, self-esteem related to behaviours that promote status in prestige-based groups, whereas narcissism related to behaviours that promote status in dominance-based groups. In Chapter 5, an experimental study found that the interpersonal warmth towards individuals increased with status in relatively prestige-based hierarchies and decreased with status in relatively dominance-based hierarchies. In other words, in prestige-based groups, being liked and being included were liable to go hand-in-hand, whereas in dominance-based groups, there was a trade-off between them: to attain status one might need to sacrifice inclusion. However, this finding needs to be interpreted with caution as I failed to replicate it in a subsequent naturalistic study. Together, these findings presented in this thesis convincingly demonstrate that hierarchy type is a diversifying feature of groups. As such, they powerfully illustrate the importance of distinguishing between dominance-based and prestige-based groups.
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Cowan, Mary Louise. "There's nothing funny about the evolution of humour : the impact of sex, style, and status on humour production and appreciation". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21792.
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The sense of humour is a uniquely human skill and understanding humour is an important and rewarding part of social interaction. This thesis begins by discussing the definition of humour, followed by a review of the evidence we have that humour is an evolved and adaptive behaviour. Humour may play an important role in helping individuals to bond and signal cooperation, which may be further communicated by the humour style which is used to communicate. Research has also demonstrated that humour is an attractive quality in a mate, though the precise reasons for this are currently debated (Chapter 1). Empirical work in the first section of the thesis is consistent with evidence demonstrating that humour is attractive and sexually selected for. Chapter 2 tests the influence of modality and relationship context in an effort to further our understanding of why humour is attractive and provides evidence that more attractive people are rated as being funnier than less attractive people. Humour was also found to be more attractive for short-term relationships than long-term relationships, possibly due to the similarity between funniness and flirtatiousness. In Chapter 3, attractiveness ratings of vignettes in the style of personal advertisements, which contained either aggressive or affiliative humour, demonstrated the importance of humour style. An affiliative humour style was more attractive for long-term relationships whereas an aggressive humour style was more attractive for short-term relationships. Further testing provided evidence that humour styles were associated with personality traits which are highly relevant in a mating context, helping to explain the functions of different humour styles. The second section of the thesis examines the relationship between humour, cooperation, and dominance as an alternative explanation for the evolution of humour. Chapter 4 contains an extended introduction to the physical, verbal, and nonverbal cues to dominance and the sex differences that exist in expressive behaviours. Chapter 5 continues this theme and elaborates further on the function of humour in group situations, before providing empirical evidence of how humour is used in the context of a competitive ‘desert-island’ style conversation between same-sex dyads. Chapter 6 further expands on this line of research as empirical evidence presented in this chapter demonstrates that males may be using humour as a way of communicating the desire to cooperate with other males who are of a similar level of dominance. The communication of dominance is further examined in Chapter 7, where ethological evidence showed that males who were more physically dominant tended to knock doors with greater frequency than males who were less physically dominant. In the final chapter of the thesis (Chapter 8), the evolution of humour is discussed in light of the evidence presented in Chapters 2-7. The thesis presents evidence to suggest that humour production is an important skill for males for two reasons. Firstly, a good sense of humour is a highly attractive quality to females and may be a cue to genetic quality or good partner qualities, depending on the humour style used. Secondly, it may be important for males to use humour to signal cooperation to other males in order to form alliances. In females, the evidence presented in the thesis suggests that humour production may be a way for females to demonstrate romantic interest or flirtatiousness but the function of humour use between females remains largely inconclusive.
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VandenBerg, Robert Joseph. "The Effect of Urban Status on Xenophobic Sentiment: A Case Study". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405792524.
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Marlier, Jean-François. "Etude des paramètres responsables du statut dominant de Crematogaster Scutellaris (Hymenoptera :Myrmicinae) dans les communautés de fourmis méditerranéennes". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211098.
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Morlan, Beatrice Uilani Tiptida. "Who Participates in Ethnic Organizations: Immigrant Children in Los Angeles". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3922.
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This exploratory descriptive study looks at the characteristics of immigrant children in the greater metropolitan Los Angeles area who participate in organizations associated with their parents' country of origin. By drawing on the 2004 Immigration and Intergenerational Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles (IIMMLA) survey dataset, I bring together aspects of the participation and assimilation literatures in order to better understand who participates in ethnic organizations. Results provide evidence that ethnic organization participants differ from the full sample and from respondents who participate in community organizations; they exhibit more ethnic resource characteristics. Significant determinants of participation in ethnic organizations include having a larger numbers of close relatives in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, literacy in their parents' native language, higher education levels, and being married. These findings indicate that ethnic resources are more important to immigrant children who participate in ethnic organizations than attaining dominant characteristics or straight-line assimilation in society.
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Causse, Elsa. "La différenciation individuelle : définition d’une approche théorique et comparaison de mesures". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21642/document.
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Ce travail de recherche est consacré à la différenciation individuelle (DI), une notion présente dans trois champs de recherche : l’identité, l’individualisme/collectivisme et la variabilité perçue dans les groupes. Avec des approches contrastées, ces trois courants ne situent pas la DI au même niveau d’analyse et adoptent des méthodologies différentes. En outre, dans ces travaux, la DI n’a qu’une place périphérique. Par conséquent, on ne sait pas exactement ce qu’elle recouvre. L’objectif de ce travail est d’approfondir le contenu théorique de la DI et de l’opérationnaliser plus précisément. Afin de comparer les méthodologies existantes, nous avons utilisé trois mesures de la DI. Une échelle générale et décontextualisée, des échelles spécifiques, contextualisées séparément et une mesure implicite fondée sur des descriptions de soi et d’autrui. L’impact du statut socioprofessionnel, du genre, du contexte et de l’ordre des descriptions dans la mesure implicite ont été examinés auprès d’une population de professionnels, agents de service et avocats. Les résultats montrent un fort impact des variables positionnelles sur la DI. Le contexte et l’ordre des descriptions ont également induit d’importantes variations. Cette recherche permet de mieux délimiter l’approche de la DI et d’étayer sa définition. La DI correspond à une norme socioculturelle induisant deux conséquences : la perception d’unicité et la recherche de différence, repérable dans les stratégies de présentation de soi. L’utilisation de mesures complémentaires semble indispensable car ces deux effets sont approchés par des mesures différentes, la mesure générale et la mesure implicite, respectivement. Sur ces deux mesures, la DI est plus importante dans les groupes dominants. Les échelles spécifiques correspondent à une mesure explicite qui produit des résultats inversés : davantage de DI dans les groupes dominés. Ce type de mesure révèle un refus des images respectives associées aux groupes dominants et dominés. Elle permet de comprendre que dans la vie quotidienne, la DI engendre de nombreux paradoxes par rapport aux besoins de conformité et d’affiliation groupale. Cette mesure reflète la gestion des contradictions induites par la DI aux plans identitaire et normatifThe present dissertation is devoted to individual differentiation (ID), a notion that is present in three fields of research: identity, individualism/collectivism and perceived group variability. These three approaches do not consider ID at the same level of analysis and use different methods. Moreover, ID only has a peripheral place. Consequently, we do not know exactly what this notion covers. This work intended to develop the theoretical content of ID and operationalize it more precisely. With the aim to compare the existing methods, we used three measures of ID. A general and decontextualized scale, specific scales, separately contextualized and an implicit measure based on self and others descriptions. The impact of socio-professional status, gender, context and order of descriptions in the implicit measure were estimated within a population of cleaners and lawyers. Results showed a strong effect of status variables on ID. Important variations induced by context and order of descriptions were also observed. This research enabled to delimit ID approach and to develop its definition. ID refers to a socio-cultural norm that brings about two consequences: perception of uniqueness and quest of difference, located in self presentation strategies. The use of complementary measures appears necessary since these two effects are reached by different measures, general measure and implicit measure respectively. With these two measures, ID is more important in high-status groups. Specific scales refer to an explicit measure which produces the opposite result: more ID in low-status groups. This type of measure reveals a rejection of respective images associated to high and low-status groups. It enables us to understand that in everyday life, ID generates many paradoxes with regard to the needs of conformity and of group affiliation. This measure reflects the control of contradictions induced by ID that arise at an identitary level and a normative one
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Théodoropoulos, Alexandra. "Les accords collectifs de groupe". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30044.
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D’abord cantonnés au secteur industriel, les groupes de sociétés se sont progressivement développés dans l’ensemble des secteurs d’activités et sont devenus en quelques années des acteurs incontournables de la vie économique et sociale. Le regroupement d’entreprises sous la domination d’une société-mère s’est accompagné d’une recherche d’unité dans les modes de gestion et les statuts sociaux déployés dans chaque entreprise les composant. C’est dans ce contexte que s’est développée la négociation d’accords de groupe. De simple expérimentation issue de la pratique, la négociation collective de groupe est devenue un véritable niveau de négociation collective reconnue par le législateur. L’accord de groupe est désormais consacré comme une norme créatrice de droits et d’obligations entre employeurs et salariés du groupe, mais sa place dans la hiérarchie des normes n’a pas été précisée. Cette situation génère de nombreuses interrogations quant à sa portée et à ses limites : chaque apport du législateur à la construction du régime juridique des accords de groupe soulève de nouvelles difficultés avec lesquelles les partenaires sociaux doivent composer. La présente étude tentera de mettre en évidence les solutions proposées par les partenaires sociaux pour affiner et sécuriser le régime juridique applicable aux accords de groupeOriginally confined to the industrial sector, corporate groups have gradually developed in all sectors and have become in just a few years key players in economic and social life. The business combination under supervision of parent company was accompanied by a search for unity in management methods and employees’ status. The negotiation of group agreements has developed in this context. Simple hands-on experience at the beginning, group collective bargaining has become a real level of collective bargaining recognized by the legislator. The group agreement is now set out as a standard which establishing rights and obligations between employers and employees of the group, but its place in the hierarchy of norms has not been specified. This situation generates many questions about its scope and its limits: each legislator’s contribution to the group agreements’ legal regime raises new difficulties that the social partners have to deal with. This study will attempt to identify the solutions proposed by the social partners in order to refine and secure the group agreements’ legal regime
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Crow, Stephen M. (Stephen Martin). "Dominant Decision Cues in Labor Arbitration; Standards Used in Alcohol and Drug Cases". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331930/.
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During the past twenty years, extensive research has been conducted concerning the judgmental processes of labor arbitrators. Previous research, sometimes referred to as policy capturing, attempted to identify the criteria or standards used by arbitrators to support their decisions. Much of the research was qualitative. Due to the categorical nature of the dependent variables, log-linear models such as logit regression have been used to examine decisional relationships in more recent studies.
The decision cues used by arbitrators in 249 published alcohol- and drug-related arbitration cases were examined. The justifications for arbitrators' decisions were fitted into Carroll Daugherty's "seven tests" of just cause. The dominant cues were proof of misconduct, the appropriateness of the penalty, and the business necessity of management's action. Foreknowledge of the rule by the grievant and the consequences of a violation, equal treatment of the grievant, and an appropriate investigation by management were also important decision cues.
In general, grievants in alcohol and drug arbitration cases fared as well as grievants in any other disciplinary arbitrations. However, when the cases were analyzed based on the legal status of the drug, illicit drug users were at a considerable disadvantage.
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Chadwick, Michèle. "Cognitive mechanisms underlying the determining of relevance : the causal role of body states". Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080036/document.
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La quantité d’informations à laquelle nous sommes chaque jour confrontésconditionne notre survie à la capacité de détecter rapidement ce qui est le pluspertinent dans notre environnement. Nos cerveaux ont ainsi évolué afin dedéclencher, en réponse aux stimuli pertinents, des changements d’état affectif quinous informent alors de l’existence et de la nature de ces stimuli. Or, tandis que lesétats émotionnels, induits par des états corporels, impactent notre perception desstimuli émotionnels, l’influence de ces états corporels sur l’évaluation de lapertinence de stimuli externes est méconnue. Nous avons ici examiné le rôle queces états du corps, transitoires et socialement signifiants, jouent dans l'évaluation dela pertinence des expressions faciales de menace. Lors de nos testscomportementaux, où variaient le degré de pertinence des stimuli et le focusattentionnel, nous avons modulé l'état corporel des participants à l’aide de posturesdominantes ou non dominantes réalisées avant les tâches. Nous avons alorsdémontré que ces postures influencent l'évaluation de la pertinence des expressionsde menace, en accord avec le statut social qu’elles incarnent. De plus, ceci n’a étérévélé que lorsque le traitement de ces stimuli était implicite, soulignant alors lasaillance de ces derniers. Ainsi, nos résultats démontrent que les états corporelsinfluencent non seulement l'évaluation de la pertinence, mais la déterminent, car desstimuli par ailleurs pertinents ne sont plus évalués comme tels selon la postureadoptée. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’état du corps interagit avec nos états affectifspour signaler à l’observateur quels indices sociaux sont pertinentsGiven the quantity of information with which we are constantly confronted, our survival depends on the ability to rapidly detect and attend to what is most relevant. To this end, our brains have evolved to trigger changes in our affective state in response to relevant objects and events, which inform us of their existence and of their nature. While body-induced affective states impact the perception of congruent emotional stimuli, it is still unknown whether body-induced affective states influence the manner in which the relevance of external stimuli is determined and therefore perceived. Here, we examined the role that socially meaningful transient body states play in the evaluation of relevance of facial displays of threat. In a series of behavioral experiments, we modulated participants’ body state, instructing them to hold dominant or non-dominant postures prior to behavioral tests, in which we varied the degree of relevance of the stimuli and the focus of attention. We first demonstrated that these body postures, in accordance with the social status they embody, influenced the evaluation of the relevance of threatening facial displays. Moreover, this impact occurred where facial displays were processed implicitly, highlighting the saliency of these social cues. Overall, our studies demonstrate, that body states, not only influence the evaluation of relevance, but determine it, as otherwise relevant social cues, were no longer evaluated as such. These findings suggest that body states interact with affective states to signal which social cues are relevant to the observer
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Duffin, Paige Joy. "Establishing relationships among environmental stressors, host immune status, and wasting disease susceptibility in the dominant seagrass species Thalassia testudinum". UNF Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/831.
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A growing body of evidence supports the observation that marine disease outbreaks, especially those caused by opportunistic pathogens, are increasing in frequency and severity. One genus of such pathogens, Labyrinthula, has been identified as the causative agent of seagrass wasting disease, an epidemic that has historically plagued seagrass beds around the world. It is suspected that pathogenicity is intimately linked to the ability of the host to initiate defense responses, but a lack of compelling evidence prevents any meaningful application of preliminary observations. This body of work investigated the roles of host genotype, host immune status, and environmental stressors in dictating the susceptibility of Thalassia testudinum (turtlegrass) to seagrass wasting disease, through two investigational studies. The first, a lab-based study, addressed the deficit in empirical methods through the development of techniques that measured: 1) Labyrinthula loading in host tissue through a novel qPCR-based assay and 2) immune status in the seagrass host via four immune biomarker assays, measuring peroxidase (POX), exochitinase (EXOC), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and lysozyme (LYS) activity. These methods were used to analyze turtlegrass individuals exposed to 1) abiotic stressors alone or 2) abiotic stressors followed by pathogen-challenge, in a controlled laboratory setting. The qPCR assay successfully quantified pathogen loading in seagrass tissue with high specificity. All four biomarkers were constitutively active in host tissue, but expression was largely unaffected by the chosen abiotic stressors. There were significant positive relationships between pathogen loading and two of the four biomarkers (POX and EXOC), regardless of abiotic stress treatment. Finally, despite the widely variable response among individuals, regardless of treatment, we identify a potential trade-off mediated immune response in T. testudinum, when faced with pathogen invasion. The second investigation was a field study conducted in Florida Bay, a shallow, subtropical estuary characterized by many spatiotemporally unique basins, where T. testudinum dominates. Samples collected from 15 representative sites were analyzed using the methods developed in the first study as well as historical monitoring databases, in an effort to identify ecologically significant trends that existed in patterns between: 1) pathogen loading and immune status; 2) pathogen loading and geographic site; 3) pathogen loading and morphometric characteristics; 4) pathogen loading and water quality data; 5) immune status and geographic site; 6) immune status and morphometric characteristics; and 7) immune status and water quality data. The results revealed that both pathogen loading and immune status varied as a function of location in Florida Bay. Furthermore, based on the trends observed among and between sites with regards to pathogen loading, immune status, leaf morphology and water quality, a mechanism in which all four of these parameter sets interact is proposed as a potential explanation for the differences observed in Labyrinthula prevalence and severity within the bay. The results of both investigations address whether wasting disease susceptibility is driven primarily by variability in the environment or in the host species, and provide valuable insight regarding the extent to which seagrasses possess the capacity for resilience against marine pathogens.
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Grundy, Martha Paxson. "“In the world but not of it”: Quaker faith and the dominant culture, Middletown Meeting, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 1750-1850". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1058985472.
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Kuchynka, Sophie. "Prejudice Asymmetry: The Cultural Acceptance of Sexism". Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7833.
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Sexism tends to be a culturally accepted form of prejudice. I propose the relatively strong trivialization of societal sexism stems from the unique benefits that men receive from the gender status hierarchy, compared to other types of group-based hierarchies. Three studies examined why people, men in particular, trivialize or justify gender bias in relation to other types of group-based biases. Study 1 was a correlational study that examined whether participants downplay the existence and social harm of gender bias in relation to racial, religious, and sexual orientation bias, moderated by participant gender. Participants reported stronger trivialization and denial of gender bias, compared to other three types of bias. Study 2 experimentally tested whether White men’s justifications for gender bias, in relation to racial bias, stems from the dyadic benefits men receive in interpersonal relationships with women. White men high in proximal benefits reported stronger essentialist justifications in the gender bias, compared to the racial bias condition. Study 3 examined whether heterosexual men, compared to heterosexual women and gay men, endorse stronger justifications for gender bias, compared to sexual orientation bias. Heterosexual men endorsed stronger essentialist justifications in the gender bias, compared to the sexual orientation bias condition. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Pritchard, Gregory A. "The pursuit of fulfillment the emergence of personal fulfillment as a dominant influence in American culture /". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.
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Welshans, James Samuel. "Nothing can stop the U.S. Air Force exploring cultural reproduction among members of a dominant elite in an American public institution /". [Pensacola, Fla.] : University of West Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/WFE0000128.
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Boies, Robert 1955. "RECEPTIVE ACQUISITION OF NOVEL VOCABULARY BY SPANISH-DOMINANT, BILINGUAL PRESCHOOL CHILDREN". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276450.
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The effectiveness of a bilingual and a monolingual treatment condition was compared in the receptive training of novel action words presented to two bilingual, Spanish-dominant, minority-language preschoolers. In the bilingual condition, one set of actions and referents was trained in Spanish (L1) followed by training in English (L2). In the monolingual condition, another set of actions and referents was trained in L2 alone. For one child, superior L2 learning occurred in the bilingual condition, results consonant with reports by Garcia (1983a) and by Oskarsson (1975). For the other child, unexpectedly, the monolingual condition resulted in superior L2 learning. Her findings suggest that the effect of preference to learn in L2 may result in behavior which runs counter to expectations of performance based on observed dominance. Generalization of receptive learning to expressive performance was also assessed. Both children performed at sufficient levels to indicate learning was generalized from reception to expression.
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Parois, Séverine. "Mise en évidence des effets du génotype, de l’agressivité et de l’hygiène sur la teneur en composes odorants du gras dorsal de la viande de porc male entier". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARB290/document.
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Les défauts d’odeurs, liés à l’accumulation d’androsténone et de scatol dans le tissu adipeux, sont le frein majeur à l’élevage des porcs mâles entiers. L’androsténone est produite par les testicules et le scatol dans le colon. En dehors de la génétique et de l’alimentation, les facteurs de variation ont été peu étudiés.La thèse aborde le problème des odeurs sexuelles sous quatre angles : 1) estimer l’héritabilité des composés odorants du tissu gras et leurs corrélations génétiques avec des indicateurs de santé, du développement sexuel et de l’agressivité ; 2) étudier l’effet de la dominance sur ces composés ; 3) déterminer l’impact d’un état inflammatoire chronique modéré sur le développement sexuel et la concentration en androsténone ; 4) rechercher les effets de conditions d’hygiène contrastées sur la teneur en scatol et analyser l’implication du microbiote intestinalNos résultats confirment l’héritabilité forte des teneurs en composés odorants mais les corrélations génétiques avec les paramètres de santé sont faibles. Une sélection pour réduire la concentration plasmatique en œstradiol et testostérone permettrait de réduire à la fois les teneurs en composés odorants et l’agressivité des porcs. Les porcs de rang de dominance élevé ont une teneur en androsténone supérieure dans le gras. Un état inflammatoire chronique modéré ne semble pas affecter la teneur en androsténone. Enfin, la dégradation de l’hygiène du logement augmente fortement la concentration en scatol, probablement via des changements de composition du microbiote intestinalBoar taint, due to the accumulation of androstenone and skatole in the fat tissue, is the major constraint to the production of entire male pigs. Androstenone is produced by the testes. Its synthesis increases during pubertal development. Skatole is produced in the hind gut. Its hepatic catabolism is inhibited by sexual steroids. Apart from genetics and feeding, the factors affecting boar taint have been little studied.The current thesis approaches four aspects of the boar taint problem: 1) the heritability of the fat content of odorous compounds in the fat tissue and their genetic correlations with indicators of health, sexual development and aggressiveness; 2) to study the effect of dominance on the fat content of boar taint compounds; 3) to determine the influence of a moderate chronic inflammatory status on the sexual development and the fat concentration in androstenone; 4) to evaluate the effect of contrasting hygiene conditions on the fat concentration in skatole and, to analyOur results confirm the high heritability of the fat concentrations of boar taint compounds but their genetic correlations with health indicators are low. A selection to decrease the plasma concentrations in estradiol and testosterone should decrease both boar taint compound concentrations and aggressiveness of boars. Boars with a high dominance rank have a higher fat concentration in androstenone. Lastly, the degradation of the housing hygiene conditions strongly increases the concentration in skatole, probably through modifications in gut microbiota composition
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Rabefitseheno, Félicien Mandimbiarisoa. "Colonisation, décolonisation et succession d'Etats : le cas de Madagascar : contribution à l'étude de la suprématie du droit de la Puissance dominante". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D030.
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Le droit international élaboré́ à la fin du XIXe siècle par les Européens leur a permis la colonisation de vastes territoires en Afrique. L'Acte général de Berlin de 1885 a facilité́ la prise de possession de Madagascar par la France en 1896, provoquant ainsi la disparition du Royaume malgache. La domination a duré́ jusqu'en 1960, où toutes les colonies françaises d'Afrique et Madagascar accèdent à l’indépendance. Malgré́ leur liberté, les nouveaux États restent liés à la France par des accords de coopération. A la colonisation comme à la décolonisation, l'État dominant imposait un droit international à sa convenance, engendrant un phénomène particulier de succession d'États. En ce qui concerne le droit interne, la France a introduit à la colonisation sa législation, utilisant les principes de la spécialité législative permettant de promulguer dans les colonies des lois en vigueur en métropole. Elle a maintenu partiellement, et en le modifiant, le droit traditionnel malgache, mais a fait table rase des tribunaux existant, les remplaçant par des tribunaux spéciaux. Il en résulte qu'il existait à Madagascar, pendant la période coloniale, une législation et des tribunaux destinés aux Européens, et une législation et des tribunaux destinés aux Malgaches, instituant ainsi une dualité législative et une dualité juridictionnelle, créant des conflits de lois et de juridictions à l'occasion desquels les autorités coloniales imposaient la primauté des lois et des tribunaux français. À chaque succession d'États, le droit interne est bouleversé, faisant disparaître le droit traditionnel malgache, par la suprématie imposée du droit français et par acculturationThe international law developed by Europeans at the end of the nineteenth century gave them the opportunity to colonize vast territories in Africa. The general Act of the 1885 Conference of Berlin made it easier to take possession of Madagascar for France, thus shifting from a protectorate system to a colony by means of annexation, causing the collapse of the Madagascan kingdom. The domination lasted up to 1960, when all the French colonies in Africa and Madagascar gained their independence. Notwithstanding their freedom, these new states were compelled to remain tied to France through cooperation agreements that unwillingly resulted in a loss of their sovereignty. Be it for the purpose of colonization or decolonization, the dominant State imposed an international law at its convenience and brought about a succession of States. As regards the national law, France introduced its legislation, using a legislative special rule which permitted to promulgate in its colonies the existing Law in the Metropolis. While making changes, France partly kept the Madagascan traditional law, but dismantled existing courts, which were replaced by special courts. As a result, during the colonial period in Madagascar, there were a legislation and courts intended to Europeans along with a legislation and courts intended to the Malagasy, leading to a legislative and jurisdictional duality that, inevitably, entailed conflicts of laws and jurisdictions. The supremacy of French laws and courts was then imposed by colonial authorities. At each succession of states, domestic law was affected and thereby traditional law was abolished by the supremacy of French law and through acculturation
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Cesiulis, Mindaugas. "Iššūkiai JAV dominavimui Vakarų pusrutulyje XXI a.: Brazilijos atvejis". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120604_104752-84316.
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Žvelgiant iš kelių šimtų metų istorinės perspektyvos, Vakarų pusrutulis yra Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų dominuojama teritorija bei jos strateginių interesų vieta. Tačiau, XXI a. pastebimas JAV santykinės galios mažėjimas. Be to, 2001 m. rugsėjo 11–osios įvykiai sąlyginai pakoregavo pagrindinius JAV užsienio politikos prioritetus ir nukreipė pastarosios dėmesį į kitus pasaulio regionus (Artimieji Rytai ir Vidurinioji Azija). O tam tikru atsiradusiu įtakos vakuumu Lotynų Amerikos regione ganėtinai aktyviai pradėjo naudotis kitos valstybės. Viena iš aktyviausių – Brazilija – kaip sparčiai kylanti vidutinė galybė siekia tapti suvienytos Pietų Amerikos lydere. Brazilija stengiasi atsverti Jungtinių Valstijų įtaką regione bei pasisako už tarptautinio valdymo struktūrų reformas (JTO Saugumo Tarybos). Nepaisant to, remiantis istorine patirtimi, Jungtinės Valstijos yra linkusios užsitikrinti savo nacionalinių interesų įgyvendinimą savomis priemonėmis.
Šio darbo objektas – Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų ir Brazilijos galios dinamika bei užsienio politikos iniciatyvos, orientuotos į įtakos didinimą Lotynų Amerikoje. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti Braziliją, kaip iššūkį Jungtinių Valstijų dominavimui Vakarų pusrutulyje bei aptarti JAV atsaką, siekiant išsaugoti savo, kaip lyderės, pozicijas. Siekiant įgyvendinti užsibrėžtą tikslą, darbo eigoje buvo įvykdyti tokie išsikelti uždaviniai – remiantis tarptautinių santykių teorijomis, aptartos galios, galios balanso ir kylančios... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Looking from a few hundred years of historical perspective, the Western Hemisphere is being dominated by United States of America. In the twenty-first century, however, one can say it is quite noticeable decline in the United States relative power. In addition, the September 11 events have relatively adjusted major U.S. foreign policy priorities and fostered to focus its attention on other regions of the world (particularly Middle East and Middle Asia). Along these lines, a kind of vacuum of influence that has left afterwards in the Latin America has been actively used by other states. One of the most assertive, Brazil, has lots of aspirations to fill and consolidate the regional leadership and thus become a leader of more united and integrated South America. As a rapidly emerging middle power, Brazil tries to counterbalance the U.S. influence in the region and calls for reforms of a particular international governance structures (for example, the UN Security Council). Nevertheless, the United States usually is prone to secure its own national interests by implementation of its own measures. The general subject of this work is the power dynamics of United States and Brazil and their foreign policy initiatives oriented towards keeping or increasing influence in Latin America. The aim of this thesis is to analyze Brazil as a challenge to the United States dominance in Western Hemisphere and to evaluate the U.S. response, in order to maintain their leadership. Seeking to achieve... [to full text]
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Emanuelsson, Emma, i Elina Eriksson. ""Det borde vara ocoolt att vara elak" : En grundad teori om gymnasieelevers perspektiv på pro-aggressiva deltagarroller". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Psykologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177522.
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Mobbning är ett socialt fenomen där det ofta finns flera olika deltagarroller närvarande. Deltagarrollerna är offer, mobbare, assistenter, understödjare, passiva åskådare och försvarare. De flesta barn och ungdomar tycker att mobbning är fel men ändå ökar mobbningen i svenska skolor. Mobbning kan fungera som ett medel för att klättra i den sociala hierarkin och erhålla social status. För att kunna utföra elaka handlingar utan att känna skuld kan individer också använda sig av moraliskt disengagemang. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka möjliga förklaringsmodeller gymnasieelever själva identifierar att elever använder för att rättfärdiga pro-aggressiva deltagarroller (dvs. mobbare, assistent och understödjare) i mobbning. Fjorton fokusgruppsintervjuer genomfördes med totalt 51 gymnasieelever. Deltagarna presenterades två snarlika vinjetter som gestaltade en mobbningssituation i en killgrupp och en tjejgrupp. Utifrån premissen att personerna i vinjetten tycker att mobbning generellt sett är fel, fick deltagarna resonera kring varför de tror att eleverna intar de olika deltagarrollerna. Analys av data genomfördes med hjälp av konstruktivistisk grundad teori. Resultatet visade på att utifrån gymnasieelevers perspektiv så hamnar elever i de tre pro-aggressiva rollerna för att de är upptagna av sociala processer som relaterar till kärnkategorin: att tillhöra maktsfären. Studiens resultat bekräftar flera tidigare forskningsfynd och ger en djupare förståelse för varför elever intar pro-aggressiva deltagarroller vid mobbning. Studiens styrkor och begränsningar samt förslag på vidare forskning lyfts fram.
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CONSTANTINO, DA SILVA RUI MIGUEL. "ESSAYS ON EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION AND GAME THEORY". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/636885.
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The problem of equilibrium selection has been a relevant and fundamental topic in game theory since the own definition of the Nash equilibrium concept. However, despite its importance, this topic does not appear any longer as a top priority in the game-theoretic research agenda; at least, considering the absence of relevant contributions in the last two decades. In its present state, the existent literature consists of an eclectic collection of methods, each one dependent on a particular methodology, or tailored merely to a specific class of problems. Hence, it becomes almost impossible to organize those approaches under the umbrella of one or two research programs.
The current state is partially the product of the initial approach to the equilibrium multiplicity issue; that was the equilibrium refinement research program. Its purpose was the refinement of the equilibrium concept, seeking in the process to produce more reasonable predictions, and to reduce the number of possible solutions in a game. However, the result was a sequence of competing refinements and the absence of a consensual and unanimous concept. Even in extensive-form games, where the sequential equilibrium concept is possibly the most sensible candidate, we can find several variations that depend on the conditions for the consistency of beliefs, none of which being entirely satisfactory. The first approach aiming at the development of rational criteria for the selection of an equilibrium as the solution of a game emerges in the late 1980s, seen as the culmination of the refinement program and led by two of its main contributors, John Harsanyi, and Reinhard Selten. The subsequent interest resulted in some new methods and theories; however, none became utterly dominant. The slowdown that followed was also the product of an emerging paradigm, under which the information provided by the multiplicity of solutions is perhaps more useful than the prediction/prescription of a single one.
However, in my opinion, game theory has reached a stage that justifies renewed attention over this topic. In the one hand, the information provided by the multiplicity of solutions does not prevent the selection of a single solution. On the other hand, the dissemination of game theoretical tools in applied research raises the necessity for sensible predictions. Those predictions do not have to correspond to an exact behavior code; instead, they may just have a prescriptive orientation, matching the limitations that real agents face. The absence of such criteria limits the impact of game-theoretical tools and raises questions as to the usefulness of the theory itself. The product of behavioral and experimental economics research also has increased the criticism on game theory, based on the argument that a theory that does not make consistent and recurrent predictions cannot be effectively useful in social sciences.
In this dissertation, I treat the selection issue with a prescriptive orientation. Therefore, I propose an equilibrium selection method to static games with complete information and an extension of it to dynamic games with asymmetric information.
In the first paper - equilibrium selection in static games - I define criteria of risk and payoff dominance, which I combine into a single measure. That measure - the premium of an equilibrium - represents the risk of an equilibrium to a player, given his perception about risk, and the expected payoff. Such measure helps to rationalize the available experimental evidence by adjusting the importance of each dominance criterion to the selection of an equilibrium according to the characteristics of the game, namely, the distribution of the payoffs across the game outcomes. The solution of a game is an equilibrium that minimizes the premium to the player, that is, which minimizes the risk to a player given their perception of risk and their expected payoff, conditional on the same being true for every opponent. I provide a brief axiomatic characterization of that measure, and show that the solution set is nonempty and that almost all games have a unique solution; therefore, the set of games with multiple solutions have null Lebesgue measure.
In the second paper, I extend the method to dynamic games with asymmetric information. Considering the sequential nature of decision making, I show that a solution of an extensive-form game does not necessarily coincide with the solution of its reduced normal-form. I apply the method to the most basic version of Spence signaling game with just two types of worker. I obtain that the solution of such a game depends on the firms’ prior concerning the players’ types. In both dynamic and static games, I show that the method’s solutions respect certain invariance properties.
I am then able to identify several directions of research. In one direction, we have the application of the selection method to specific problems in which the multiplicity of solutions play a critical role. Among such problems, I highlight bank-runs, and climate change negotiations. Additionally, I am interested in expanding the selection analysis of Spence game through the inclusion of additional types of worker. Another direction follows a different path, and focus on the identification and further characterization of the epistemic conditions of this selection method, and the comparison with the conditions in other selection methods and/or equilibrium refinement concepts.
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Rowan, Lisa S. "Effects of Asphondylia borrichiae, Simulated Herbivory, and Nutritional Status on Survival, Flowering, and Seed Viability in Sea Oxeye Daisy (Borrichia frutescens)". UNF Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/500.
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Although herbivory and other types of plant damage typically are viewed as detrimental to plant survival and performance, vigorous regrowth, greater seed set, and fitness benefits may be possible when damage to the apical meristem, or actively growing stem terminal, is involved. Such damage releases apical dominance, or the hormonal suppression of lateral buds, activates dormant lateral buds, and enables lateral shoots to grow. Since in plants with terminal flowers, each stem may bear a flower, removal of the apical meristem may result in stem bifurcation and ultimately increase the number of flowers and seeds, thereby increasing potential fitness. In the current study, possible overcompensation in response to apical meristem damage caused by simulated herbivory (clipping) and the gall midge Asphondylia borrichiae Rossi and Strong (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (galling) was investigated in the native coastal halophyte, sea oxeye daisy Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. (Asteraceae), in relation to nutrient supplementation. Results suggest a strong correlation between stem count and gall count at the study site; moreover, apical dominance was relatively weak early in the growing season and stronger in short plants that were shaded by taller neighbors later in the season. Results also indicate that overcompensation or even full compensation is an unlikely response to apical meristem damage in B. frutescens. Stem count was similar across all stem treatments, but increased significantly with nutrient supplementation, which all supports weak apical dominance in sea oxeye daisy. Nearly all measures of fitness also were either slightly or significantly lower when clipped and galled compared to plants with stems intact, while seed count responded positively to nutrient supplementation.
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Adel, Fatma El-Zahraa. "L'effectivité du droit égyptien de la concurrence : essais de mise en perspective". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D014.
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Après des décennies de mise en œuvre d’une politique économique protectionniste et enfermée, l’Égypte a opté en 1991 pour l’économie du marché et l’ouverture de ses frontières aux échanges internationaux. Dès lors, il manquait une pièce importante de lutte contre les cartels et le pouvoir de marché de manière générale. En 2005, l’Égypte a finalement adopté sa première législation de concurrence. Au regard de l’importance de l’Égypte au niveau régional et mondial, sur le plan économique et politique, il est opportun de s’intéresser à l’effectivité du droit égyptien de la concurrence, dans le but d’apprécier ses avancées et ses faiblesses et de proposer des pistes de perfectionnement. Cette étude cible des aspects qu’elle juge prioritaires : les règles substantielles, procédurales et institutionnelles visant la lutte contre les ententes secrètes, les abus de position dominante et les concentrations. Les appréciations et propositions sont faites à partir d’une mise en perspective de systèmes juridiques qui ont été choisis en référence : ceux de deux pays en développement (Brésil et Afrique du sud) et ceux des pays développés (Union européenne, la France et, à titre subsidiaire, les États-Unis). Elles entendent également tirer profit des travaux d’organisations internationalesAfter decades of adopting a protective and closed economic policy, Egypt has finally opted in 1991 for the market economy and the opening of its borders to international trade. However, an important aspect was missing ; the fight against cartels and market power in general. In 2005, Egypt has finally adopted its first competition law. Given the importance of Egypt at the regional and global levels, from both economic and political perspectives, it is timely to pay attention to the effectiveness of Egyptian competition law in order to evaluate its level of progress and its weaknesses and to propose methods and means of enhancement. This study is targeting issues and matters that are considered to be priorities: substantive, procedural and institutional rules aiming for fighting against cartels, abuse of dominance and mergers. The assessments and proposals set out in this study have been made in perspective of legal systems that have been chosen as reference: those of two developing countries (Brazil and South Africa) and those of developed countries (European Union, France and, alternatively, the United States). They also intend to benefit from the work of international organizations
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Palmeira, Lana Lisiêr de Lima. "História do ensino jurídico em Alagoas : antecedentes e condicionantes de sua recente expansão". Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2006. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/296.
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This paper looks into the recent law school boom in Alagoas and attempts to
frame it against the historical, cultural, and social background of the State, providing a
reasonable explanation as to the factors that have contributed to such expansion, which has
rendered Alagoas the fastest growing state when it comes to newly accredited law schools.
To delve into the core elements that might yield an answer to such troubling question, we
embarked on a socio-anthropological study of the local society and analyzed the historical
college education pattern in the state, from the birth of the first law school to the current state
of affairs, devoting attention to the advances in teaching and to the reasons for this explosive
growth. One factor unquestioningly stands out and makes it plain why so many students
choose law among the vast array of courses offered. To understand so heightened a
preference, as well as the other aspects relevant to the theme, such as how this phenomenal
expansion is sensed, students from several law schools statewide and applicants from one
such institution were asked to answer questionnaires. Law students and professionals were
also interviewed. Based on the historical, sociological, and anthropological framework we
studied, the collected data were ultimately analyzed and led us to conclude that, in view of
the highly conservative nature of society regarding its culture and behavior patterns, the
fascination with a career in law still prevails, imprinting on the collective psyche the idea of a
highly esteemed profession, able to bestow power and prestige, which, in a patriarchal and
conservative society like ours, is but a dream, a lifetime s aspiration, a goal for many.Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
O presente trabalho analisa a expansão recente do ensino jurídico em Alagoas e busca visualizá-la dentro do contexto histórico-cultural e social do Estado, extraindo as explicações centrais em torno dos fatores que contribuíram para a referida expansão, a ponto de possibilitar o quadro atual encontrado, ou seja, o de ser Alagoas, em termos percentuais, o estado campeão no crescimento de cursos de Direito. Assim, na busca de encontrar os elementos centrais da pesquisa e desvendar a problemática proposta, foi feito um estudo sócio-antropológico da realidade alagoana, além da análise histórica da trajetória da educação superior no estado, observando o surgimento e a evolução do ensino jurídico, analisando as peculiaridades desse crescimento, em que foi constatado um fator indiscutivelmente acentuado, que está relacionado à grande procura em Alagoas pelos cursos de Direito em detrimento a tantas outras graduações. Assim, a fim de entender a referida preferência pelos cursos jurídicos, bem como outros aspectos de relevância à temática em análise, foram aplicados questionários com estudantes de Direito de várias faculdades do Estado, sendo também aplicados questionários com candidatos ao Vestibular de Direito de uma instituição do estado, além da realização de entrevistas com estudantes de Direito e com profissionais da seara jurídica, no sentido de revelar a percepção destes sobre o fenômeno expansionista e sobre a preferência por tais cursos. Ao final, promoveu-se a análise conjunta dos dados coletados, tendo como referência os fundamentos históricos, sociológicos e antropológicos estudados, o que permitiu concluir que, sendo a sociedade alagoana paradigmaticamente conservadora, no que concerne à sua cultura e aos seus padrões comportamentais, o fascínio pelas carreiras jurídicas ainda impera, representando, no imaginário coletivo, ser uma profissão de extraordinário destaque, capaz de conferir prestígio e poder, o que, numa sociedade patrimonialista, patriarcal e conservadora como a alagoana, constitui um sonho, um ideal de vida e uma meta de boa parte da população.
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Mosquera, Aura Constanza. "Values and symbols: An intercultural analysis of web pages on the Internet". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2558.
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The author examines how a North American commercial Web site developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute serves as a vehicle through which American hegemony and cultural imperialism are propagated to Latin America. The author argues that the content of the web site pages, which contain American cultural symbols and values, may serve to influence or change the values of its Latin American visitors.
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Galindo, Marilys. "A Relationship Between the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test 2.0 Mathematics Scores and Racial and Ethnic Concentrations when Considering Socio-Economic Status, ESOL Student Population". FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1010.
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From the moment children are born, they begin a lifetime journey of learning about themselves and their surroundings. With the establishment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, it mandates that all children receive a high-quality education in a positive school climate. Regardless of the school the child attends or the neighborhood in which the child lives, proper and quality education and resources must be provided and made available in order for the child to be academically successful.
The purpose of this ex post facto study was to investigate the relationship between the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County, Florida and the concentrations of a school’s racial and ethnic make-up (Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics), English for Speakers of other Languages (ESOL) population, socio-economic status (SES), and school climate. The research question of this study was: Is there a significant relationship between the FCAT 2.0 Mathematics scores and racial and ethnic concentration of public middle school students in Miami-Dade County when controlling SES, ESOL student population, and school climate for the 2010-2011 school year?
The instruments used to collect the data were the FCAT 2.0 and Miami-Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS) School Climate Survey. The study found that Economically Disadvantaged (SES) students socio-economic status had the strongest correlation with the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores (r = -.830). The next strongest correlation was with the number of students who agreed that their school climate was positive and helped them learn (r = .741) and the third strongest correlation was a school percentage of White students (r = .668). The study concluded that the FCAT 2.0 mathematics scores of M-DCPS middle school students have a significant relationship with socio-economic status, school climate, and racial concentration.
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Shapiro, Jakob. "Splittrat medborgarskap och principer om tilldelning av medborgarskap". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412183.
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This is paper is an argument analysis of citizenship and its allocation using an interpretation of Linda Bosniaks theory of Divided Citizenship. The starting point of this paper is the absence of a thorough or exhaustive legal definition of citizenship and legal binding and enforceable citizenship allocation laws within international migration law. Referring primarily to the absence of principals of social justice and global ethics within the legal framework. In total this leads to a multitude of different ethical problems. Therefore, there is a need for researching and evaluating alternative definitions and principles concerning citizenship and its allocation beyond the most common ones.The research material of this paper consists of chapters from two books Spheres of Justice by Michael Walzer and Scales of Justice by Nancy Fraser. The conclusion of this paper is that the combination of the “all subjected-principle” and “the membership-principle” are best suited to the demands that a wide definition of citizenship poses. Citizenship and its allocation are today less and less dependent on the state itself and can today easily be supplemented by other institutions depending on geographic and political needs, while still using democratic governance. Therefore, it is desirable to link the allocation of citizenship to the goal of establishing participatory parity. Deliberative democracy is the necessary foundation of all political organization. All other forms of citizenships and rights are necessary preconditions for people to be able to participate in the political process and protect all equal value of all people. The denial of citizenship is always the first in a long train of abuses.
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Shabani, Shkelzen. "The Role of Chemical Senses in Predation, Risk Assessment, and Social Behavior of Spiny Lobsters". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/biology_diss/44.
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Chemical senses play a critical role in predator-prey and social interactions of many animals. Predators often evoke adaptive escape responses by prey, one of which is the release of chemicals that induce adaptive avoidance behaviors from both predators and conspecifics. I explore the use of chemicals in predator-prey and social interactions, using a crustacean model system, the spiny lobster. As predators, spiny lobsters are opportunistic, polyphagous feeders, and they rely heavily on their chemical senses during feeding. Some of their potential prey deter attacks through chemical defenses that act through the spiny lobsters’ chemical senses. An example of this is sea hares, Aplysia californica, which secrete an ink when vigorously attacked by sympatric spiny lobsters, Panulirus interruptus. I show that that this ink defends sea hares from spiny lobsters through several mechanisms that include phagomimicry, sensory disruption, and deterrence, and that the ink’s efficacy is enhanced by its naturally high acidity. As prey, spiny lobsters rely heavily on their chemical senses to assess risk from predators. One way to assess risk of predation is through ‘alarm cues’, which are injury-related chemicals. I show that injured Caribbean spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, release alarm cues in their hemolymph, and that nearby conspecifics detect these cues using olfaction. Hemolymph from conspecifics induces primarily alarm behavior in the form of retreat, sheltering, and suppression of appetitive responses. In contrast, hemolymph from heterospecifics, depending on phylogenetic relatedness, induces either mixed alarm and appetitive behaviors or primarily appetitive behaviors. Spiny lobsters also use chemical cues to assess risk during social interactions with conspecific. I show that spiny lobsters use urine-borne chemical signals and agonistic behaviors to communicate social status and that these chemical signals are detected exclusively by the olfactory pathway. Dominant animals increase urine release during social interactions, whereas subordinates do not. Experimental prevention of urine release during interactions causes an increase in agonism, but this increase is abolished when urine of dominants is reintroduced. My findings lay the foundation for neuroethological studies of risk-assessment systems mediated by intraspecific chemical cues.
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Nilson, Chad. "Handcuffs or Stethoscopes: A Cross-National Examination of the Influence that Political Institutions and Bureaucracy have on Public Policies Concerning Illegal Drugs". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/661.
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This dissertation attempts to explain why cross-national variation exists in government approaches to dealing with illegal drugs. As other scholars have shown, several domestic and international political factors do account for some of this variance. However less is known of the effect that bureaucratic dominance and political institutions may have on drug policy. This research argues that bureaucrats define problems in ways that make their services the best possible solution to policymakers. Mediating the ability of bureaucrats to influence drug policy outcomes are political institutions. Certain institutional structures foster a competitive policymaking environment while others foster a more cooperative policymaking environment. In the former of these, law enforcement approaches to the drug problem are often retained as the status quo because competition between policy actors prevents consideration of alternatives. In the latter environment however, prevention, treatment, and harm reduction approaches to the drug problem are developed because cooperation between policymakers allows other actors. namely public health bureaucrats.to influence drug policy decision making. To test this argument, I constructed an original dataset that includes over 4,000 observations of drug policy in 101 democracies. Institutional data on intergovernmental relations, regime type, political bargaining, electoral design, and cameralism were regressed on 6 different drug policy indices: law enforcement, deterrence-based prevention, abstinence-based treatment, educationbased prevention, substitution-based treatment, and harm reduction. While controlling for government resource capacity, severity of the drug problem, international pressure, and political ideology, I found that institutions explain a portion of the variance in drug policy outcomes. Providing in-depth information about these phenomena is a large amount of field data I collected while interviewing 155 politicians, bureaucrats, interest group leaders, and service providers. Respondents from all four of the case countries examined in this research.including United States, Canada, Austria, and Netherlands.report that bureaucrats play a major role in the formation of drug policy. Which bureaucrats have the most influence on policymakers is largely a function of domestic political conditions, international political factors, and political institutions.
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Roberts, Anthea Elizabeth. "Is International Law International?" Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/124611.
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International lawyers are familiar with the question:
“Is international law law?” But this thesis instead asks the
question: “Is international law international?” Using a
variety of methods, this work sheds light on some of the ways in
which international law as a transnational legal field is
constructed by international law academics, and is conceptualized
in international law textbooks, in the five permanent members of
the Security Council: the People’s Republic of China, the
French Republic, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of
America. It explores how different national communities of
international lawyers construct and pass on their understandings
of “international law” in ways that belie the field’s claim
to universality, perpetuating certain forms of difference and
dominance. By adopting a comparative approach, it aims to make
international lawyers more aware of the frames that shape their
own understandings of and approaches to the field, as well as how
these might be similar to or different from the frames adopted by
those coming from other states, regions or geopolitical
groupings. It also examines how some of these patterns might be
disrupted as a result of shifts in geopolitical power, such as
the movement from unipolar power toward greater multipolarity and
the growing confrontations between Western liberal democratic
states (like the United States, the United Kingdom, and France)
and non-Western authoritarian states (like China and Russia).
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Brunschwig, Vivekan. "Les duels de rap en tant que forme de compétition pour le statut : une perspective évolutionnaire". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19066.
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Les duels de rap sont souvent définis dans la littérature sociologique comme étant des échanges d’insultes ou des joutes verbales improvisées. Ces définitions risquent de biaiser la compréhension du phénomène, puisque les chercheurs auront tendance à ne relever que les aspects qui vont dans le sens des définitions choisies au début de l’analyse qui, en plus, sont très réductrices et contextuelles. En adoptant une perspective évolutionnaire, il est possible d’ancrer l’analyse dans un cadre plus large, car basé sur des tendances motivationnelles universelles, pouvant servir comme un point de départ objectif à l’analyse. En ce sens les duels de rap peuvent être considérés comme des concours de compétences pour un statut conféré par le public (hypothèse de départ) où les participants tentent de surpasser leurs adversaires (hypothèse 1), tentent de conquérir le public (hypothèse 2), et reçoivent certains bénéfices en liens avec le statut grâce à leurs performances (hypothèse 3). Ces trois hypothèses évolutionnaires ont été confirmées par un examen systématique de cinq duels selon une grille d’analyse standardisée comportant 14 critères d’observations. Ces critères, regroupés en neuf prédictions, représentent les aspects variables et contextuels des duels de rap, tels que les niveaux et fréquences de dominance physique démontrés par chaque participant, d’interactions avec le public, de vers où ils se vantent et/ou rabaissent leur adversaire, de démonstrations des capacités artistiques, d’humour, et, pour le public, les niveaux d’acclamations des participants et les votes pour élire un vainqueur ou encore pour établir une hiérarchie entre les participants. L’utilisation d’un cadre évolutionnaire a donc permis d’intégrer les aspects motivationnels universels et les aspects variables contextuels dans l’étude des duels de rap, offrant ainsi une vision plus complète et nuancée du phénomène. De plus, le modèle présenté permet de s’interroger sur les liens entre les performances de chaque participant, l’appréciation relative qu’elles suscitent et le statut qui est attribué aux participants par le public.Rap duels have been often described as exchanges of insults, or as freestyle competitions in the sociological literature. These definitions are not only highly reductionist and contextual, but they can also influence researchers to adopt a stereotypical image of what rap duels should look like, and only record the aspects that fit this image. By adopting an evolutionary perspective, it is possible to set the study in a larger framework which considers the universal motivational tendencies underlying social behavior in this context, and thus give a more objective starting point in the study of rap duels. With an evolutionary perspective, rap duels can be studied as a form of competition where participants display their competences in order to get status conferred by the public (initial hypothesis); where participants try to surpass their opponents (hypothesis 1); try to conquer the public (hypothesis 2); and improve their relative status in return for their performances (hypothesis 3). These three hypotheses were confirmed by the systematic examination of five duels, using a standardised analysis grid composed of 14 criteria. These criteria, forming together a set of nine predictions, describe the variable and contextual aspects of rap duels: 1) levels of physical dominance displayed by each participant; 2) levels of interaction with the public; 3) proportions of verses where they boast and/or demean their opponents; 4) the content of those verses; 5) levels of demonstrated artistic skills in rap; 6) humour; and, in terms of the public reactions, 7) the levels of acclamations and, 8) votes to elect a winner; and 9) votes to establish a hierarchical status between the participants. Applying this methodology, we see that using an evolutionary framework allows the integration of the universal motivational aspects and the more contextual and variable aspects of rap duels, and thus offering a more complete and nuanced vision of the phenomenon. Furthermore, this model proposes methods of quantifying links between the performances of each participant, the relative appreciation which they arouse in the public and the status which is attributed to the participants by the public.
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Pařízek, Pavel. "Interakční dominance". Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-389132.
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The thesis describes a biosocial model of status stratification in face to face groups. The model is based on the belief that human status behavior is evolutionary extension of animal status behavior (especially primates). Each person of a group is equipped with a signaling mechanism that signals the status of domination or submision (or the status he ought to have). Status communication is among humans very subtle and primarily occurs at a nonverbal level. Status stratification often takes place automatically without the knowledge of the subjects. The biosocial model criticizes classical authors of social stratification, who explain the mechanism primarily at the cognitive level. In the practical part, the thesis attempts to use new methodology to verify the main assumption of an implicit stratification mechanism that is able to function without the involvement of cognition. The research works with a group of people with 6 probands. To indicate status in a group, playing cards were used. In each group, individuals were artificially assigned positions by playing cards. Subsequently, it was recorded how these artificial positions were reflected in the real position of member of the group. In the second part, the influence of personality trait on the position was measured. The main assumption could...