Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „State-controlled monopoly”
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Katsoudas, Dimitrios. "Greece: A politically controlled state monopoly broadcasting system". West European Politics 8, nr 2 (kwiecień 1985): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402388508424530.
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Akyuwen, Rory Jeff. "Monopoly of State-Owned Enterprise of Social Justice". Pattimura Law Journal 1, nr 2 (1.03.2017): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/palau.v1i2.2016.91.
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The role of the state through BUMN becomes so important when it is formulated in a provision as formulated in Article 33 Paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the State of the Republic of Indonesia, where the production branches which are important for the State and which affect the livelihood of the public must be controlled by Country. Here it indicates the authority of the State to participate in economic activities through the operation of production branches that can be categorized as important for the State and considered vital and strategic for the interest of the State.This is based on the reasons as formulated in the explanatory section of Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution of the State of the Republic of Indonesia, so that the benefits of the production branches do not fall into the hands of individuals, the State actively takes the role to cultivate it because the production branch is considered important and which control the livelihood of the people for the greatest prosperity of the people. State-Owned Enterprises is formed with the aim of contributing to the development of the national economy in general and the state's revenue in particular; The pursuit of profit; To hold general benefit in the form of providing goods and / or services of high quality and adequate for the fulfillment of the livelihood of the public; Pioneering business activities that have not yet been implemented by the private sector and cooperatives and actively providing guidance and assistance to weak economic entrepreneurs, cooperatives, and communities.SOEs are given the right to monopoly in the economic field which is considered to control the livelihood of many people.
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Akyuwen, Rory Jeff. "Monopoly of State-Owned Enterprise of Social Justice". Pattimura Law Journal 1, nr 2 (31.03.2017): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/palau.v1i2.91.
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The role of the state through BUMN becomes so important when it is formulated in a provision as formulated in Article 33 Paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the State of the Republic of Indonesia, where the production branches which are important for the State and which affect the livelihood of the public must be controlled by Country. Here it indicates the authority of the State to participate in economic activities through the operation of production branches that can be categorized as important for the State and considered vital and strategic for the interest of the State.This is based on the reasons as formulated in the explanatory section of Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution of the State of the Republic of Indonesia, so that the benefits of the production branches do not fall into the hands of individuals, the State actively takes the role to cultivate it because the production branch is considered important and which control the livelihood of the people for the greatest prosperity of the people. State-Owned Enterprises is formed with the aim of contributing to the development of the national economy in general and the state's revenue in particular; The pursuit of profit; To hold general benefit in the form of providing goods and / or services of high quality and adequate for the fulfillment of the livelihood of the public; Pioneering business activities that have not yet been implemented by the private sector and cooperatives and actively providing guidance and assistance to weak economic entrepreneurs, cooperatives, and communities.SOEs are given the right to monopoly in the economic field which is considered to control the livelihood of many people.
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Apăvăloaei, Matei-Alexandru, Octavian-Dragomir Jora i Mihaela Iacob. "Voting with Your Brain or Heart, Hands or Feet? An Enquiry in the Microeconomics of Intra- and Inter- National Political Competition". Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 13, nr 1 (1.05.2019): 889–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2019-0078.
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Abstract This paper is an interdisciplinary analysis of the benefits and limits of political competition. We start from the economic theory of monopoly and extend its implications on matters concerning political action. If the state is defined as the institution that holds the monopoly on coercion over a given territory, are the democratic selection process (internal political competition) and the possibility open to an economic agent to leave for more economically free jurisdictions (international political competition) enough to temper its reach? By referring to the inherent limits that plague collective action, voter rational ignorance, and the possibility of redistributing benefits and incumbent decision-maker collaboration when it comes to trading votes, we argue that democratic competition cannot be considered an effective restraint against political discretion. Because of this, we consider that international political competition can offer better protection against political action. However, even the possibility of voting with one’s feet or observing the political milieu in another territory become manageable if political decision-makers decide to collude at the international level. Also, emigration is an economically costly and psychologically exacting decision that ultimately implies choosing between two state-controlled jurisdictions. Therefore, even the choice of voting with one’s feet is a second-best solution that, in practice, might not prove to be an effective restraint on the state’s monopoly discretion.
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Lai, M. B., A. Cavicchi, K. Rickertsen, A. M. Corsi i L. Casini. "Monopoly and wine: the Norwegian case". British Food Journal 115, nr 2 (8.02.2013): 314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070701311302267.
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PurposeThe Norwegian retail market for alcoholic beverages is controlled by a state monopoly. Wine and other alcoholic beverages above 4.75 per cent alcohol, can only be bought in government stores called The Wine Monopoly (Vinmonopolet in Norwegian) or consumed in hotels, restaurants, bars, pubs, or catering firms. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the Norwegian wine market and present some of the major opportunities and constraints facing foreign producers.Design/methodology/approachThe objective of this article is twofold: first, to explain the role of the actors in the Norwegian wine market and second, to identify the market opportunities for Italian and other foreign producers. The organisation of the monopoly, the strategies wine producers may use to introduce new wines into the market, and the marketing levers that can be used to utilise the market opportunities are of special interest. The key informant techniques as well as official statistics are used.FindingsComparing the outcome of the authors' field research, done during the winter of 2010, with government statistics on wine consumption, it is clear that the competitive environment evolves daily. Consumers' tastes and perceptions play a crucial role in this dynamism.Originality/valueThere have not been many studies of the effects of the alcohol monopoly on the Norwegian market. Therefore, it is of particular interest to investigate the organisation of the Norwegian alcohol monopoly and how wine producers may successfully introduce new wines into this market. This paper makes a positive contribution to the literature in this field, giving some promotion strategies which could be achievable and could work in the Norwegian wine market.
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Sang Hyun, Moon. "Global Pressure, Local Adjustment: The Political Economy of Telecommunication Liberalization in Korea in the 1990s". Korean Journal of Policy Studies 22, nr 2 (28.02.2008): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps22201.
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This paper examines the political and economic implications of the liberalization of international telecommunications in South Korea in the 1990s and the changing roles of the South Koran state. Until the end of the 1980s, the South Korean telecommunications sector was controlled by a public monopoly. With the internal political and economic need for industrial restructuring, various external forces have driven liberalization of the telecommunications industry since the late 1980s. Intertwined with the national political economy, those external forces and, more generally, structural transformations in the global political economy have also significantly affected the nature and roles of the South Korean state.
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Vernikov, A. "National Champions and the Competitive Structure of the Russian Banking Market". Voprosy Ekonomiki, nr 3 (20.03.2013): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-3-94-108.
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We assess the effect that the industrial policy of growing state-controlled national champions in Russia had on concentration and competitiveness of the banking system in 2000—2012. A modified method of calculating the indicators of market concentration suggests that the main segments of the market have crossed the threshold of high concentration, whereas the household deposits market has approached a monopoly situation. Supremacy of public banks enhances their market power and enables collecting rent that boosts profitability. We suggest that Russia’s industrial policy in banking might be similar to that of China.
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Ghaya, Kalyani, i Srikanth Hariharan. "Competition Law in the Energy Sector: The European Experience". European Energy and Environmental Law Review 20, Issue 5 (1.10.2011): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2011018.
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The article critically analyzes the evolution of competition law in the energy sector of the European Union. It highlights the efforts that are taken up by the European Commission to ensure that there is a single market for the energy sector. The article's scope spans from the natural monopoly days where the energy sector was controlled by the State to days of State-aid control. Inter alia, the paper mainly deals with the anti-competitive practices that the EU had to face in the energy sector and the measures that were adopted by the EC to see that there is free and fair competition in the energy sector, leading to the beneficial development of the ultimate consumer.
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Seim, Katja, i Joel Waldfogel. "Public Monopoly and Economic Efficiency: Evidence from the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board's Entry Decisions". American Economic Review 103, nr 2 (1.04.2013): 831–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.2.831.
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We estimate a spatial model of liquor demand to analyze the impact of government-controlled retailing on entry patterns. In the absence of the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board, the state would have roughly 2.5 times the current number of stores, higher consumer surplus, and lower payments to liquor store employees. With just over half the number of stores that would maximize welfare, the government system is instead best rationalized as profit maximization with profit sharing. Government operation mitigates, but does not eliminate, free entry's bias against rural consumers. We find only limited evidence of political influence on entry. (JEL D42, D72, L11, L12, L43, L81)
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Eaton, Sarah. "The Gradual Encroachment of an Idea: Large Enterprise Groups in China". Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 31, nr 2 (23.05.2014): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v31i2.4331.
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This article illuminates the ideational foundations of China's 'large enterprise strategy', an early experiment in China's efforts to employ industrial policy to cultivate a group of state-controlled business groups. Based on archival research, the author argues that Chinese policymakers believed the development of state-owned large enterprises would bring several kinds of benefits, both economic and political. Drawing eclectically from Marxian economics and the history of capitalist development in East Asia, they argued that large enterprises could serve as both engines of domestic development and as safeguards and vanguards in the context of China's re-entry to the global marketplace. These enterprise groups were also seen as key elements in a market-conforming model of state control that senior officials began to envision and plan for as early as the late 1980s. The archival documents also shed light on internal debate in the 1980s and 1990s about the pros and cons of promoting monopolies, the substance of which anticipates much of the current heated discussion about China's 'monopoly industries' (longduan hangye垄断行业).
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Angelova, Milena. "Visionarity and Health: The Semashko Model and the Sovietization of Public Health in Bulgaria (1944–1951)". Balkanistic Forum 30, nr 3 (5.10.2021): 74–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i3.4.
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After the Second World War and until 1990, Bulgaria, as most of the former communist countries from the Eastern Europe, implemented a Semashko healthcare system developed in the USSR. Named after the First People’s Commissar of Health of the Soviet Russia, Nikolai Semashko, Soviet health care was developed as “social health care”, trying also to eliminate the social reasons for illness, thus transforming society and economy as a whole. This type of system was based on the centrally planned principles, on rigid management and on the state monopoly. Consequently, the healthcare system created by the Ministry of Health was integrated and centralized, completely controlled by the state. The system of health services in Bulgara from 1944 to 1990 was inspired by the Soviet model Semashko, a centralized state system, which seemed to guarantee “free access to health services for the entire population”. In the research the author focuses on the policies in the field of public health in Bulgaria between 1944 and 1951, when the "Sovietization" in this field took place.
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Borovsky, Y. V. "PRIVATIZATION OF RUSSIA’S ENERGY ASSETS IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT". MGIMO Review of International Relations, nr 4(31) (28.08.2013): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-4-31-242-250.
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The article deals with privatization in Russia’s energy sector with a special focus on a recent purchase of the private TNK-BP by the state-owned Rosneft. The author analyses the past, present and future privatization deals related to the Russian oil, gas and power generation industry as compared to accumulated international experience. For instance, the article displays the ways the Norwegian, Brazilian, French and British authorities privatized national strategic energy assets. The study presented in the article also aims to find out key advantages and disadvantages of state or private ownership in the Russian and global energy industry. For example, it sheds light on some considerable achievements of the Russian state-controlled companies in oil production amid a widespread belief that more than a decade-long growth in the Russian oil industry is due only to private firms that were created in the 1990s. Additionally, the state-controlled Norwegian oil and gas firm Statoil that shows strong operational and financial results on the Norwegian Continental Shelf and abroad is also in the spotlight of the current study. In line with the mentioned takeover of TNK-BP the author examines outcomes of the reorganization of RAO UES of Russia (the dismantled Russian electric power monopoly) that was seen as a massive privatization of the national power industry. Moreover, the study presents two groups of interests prevailing in the Russian government and energy business to give an outlook on the Russian energy industry.
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Marmazov, Vasyl, i Pavlo Pushkar. "The Right of Access to Non-State Dispute Resolution in the Legal Order of Larger Europe: A Yardstick to Harmonise Approaches to State and Non-State Dispute Settlement in Ukraine". NaUKMA Research Papers. Law 7 (20.07.2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-2607.2021.7.33-43.
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The Ukrainian legal thought has traditionally regarded the right of access to justice as a right of access to the State court, or to State managed or controlled procedures for dispute settlement. One of the main reasons for that was that the non-state, or uncontrolled by the State dispute settlement was not formally permitted, prohibition being imposed by the Soviet system and even to a certain extent during the period of domination on parts of the territory of the modern Ukraine, of the various externally imposed requirements of various legal systems in force at the material time. Non-state dispute settlement in its traditional forms, mainly based on the custom, was also left outside the attention in the pre-Soviet times and could not find its dignified place between accessible schemes and instruments for dispute settlement. Moreover, the understanding that justice delivery for the parties to the dispute should remain within State monopoly, became commonly accepted as from 1996. The adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine to a certain extent perverted approach to settlement of conflicts, focusing on the main role for the State courts, to these ends. In particular, the courts are having “direct jurisdiction” over any dispute, this led to perception of pre-trial settlements as unnecessary, even as regards those that remained in force, notably, the commissions on labour disputes that were recognized in the case-law of the European Court as equating in legal force to binding and enforceable legal instruments. Thus, the traditional historical approach to seeing judicial examination of disputes as an exceptional step in dispute settlement, in the absence of agreement or settlement by the parties, notably through mediation, arbitration or conciliation, variousforms of third party involvement, steadily disappeared. However, alternative examination of disputes is returning back to its original standing. It is gaining its place in the discussions on the judicial reform and reform of the system for settlement of disputes. This reform is far from being finalised and possibly has not even started in practice. The new approach to settlement of disputes, aimed at breaking the principle of State monopoly on examination of disputes and seeing State dispute settlement by court as an exception, is still not firmly entrenched into the mentality of lawyers, public servants, judges, law enforcement employees and politicians in Ukraine. Thus, the article suggests and points out to importance of taking into account with these changes of a wider European perspective. Such a perspective should relate not only to theoretical and practical advantages of the non-state dispute settlement, but also provides that the privatisation of the dispute settlement procedures and breaking the state monopoly on it, is a part of wider international obligations, also being a part of the supranational legal order of the European Union. This obligation of Ukraine is also seen as part of the requirements stemming from the Council of Europe law. Both the EU law and the Council of Europe provide for extensive soft law recommendations, legal principles, which are formed by the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. Such an approach provides that alternative means of dispute settlement, including arbitration, do not run contrary to the principles of human rights with regard to fair judicial proceedings. On the contrary, they could be seen as a highly relevant actual means of dispute settlement for any modern European society, built on the principles of respect to rule of law and human rights.
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Katz-Kimchi, Merav. "Screening science, producing the nation: popular science programs on Israeli television (1968–88)". Media, Culture & Society 34, nr 5 (lipiec 2012): 519–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443712442699.
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From 1968 on, the state of Israel deployed television as a tool in the service of its ongoing project of reproducing the nation and as a propaganda tool that targeted the population of the newly occupied territories and the Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel. With the collaboration of the scientific elite, the televising of original popular science programs, aired on the sole government-controlled channel at prime time, contributed immensely to these projects. Through these programs, the state disseminated a specific image of the nation’s scientific prowess for popular consumption in the euphoric aftermath of the Six Day War. This article examines the first 20 years of the state’s projects, during which the grip of Zionist collectivism was still strong, the monopoly of the government-controlled channel was not yet challenged, and the programs enjoyed astonishingly high ratings. My examination focuses on the ideology and motivations of the producers; the ways in which the communication elite and the scientific elite, enjoying a position of hegemony, collaborated by disseminating the nation’s accomplishments in both the Arabic and Hebrew programs; and the actual content of the programs at large and specifically that of four episodes of Tazpit, the popular science program of the 1980s.
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Lemennicier, Bertrand, i Nikolai Wenzel. "The Judge and His Hangman: Judicial Selection and the Accountability of Judges in the US". ICL Journal 12, nr 3 (27.11.2018): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icl-2018-0009.
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Abstract Who gets to determine rights and justice? Which mechanism of judicial selection and accountability is optimal? There is no easy answer. If judges are independent experts, nominated and evaluated by their peers, they will be immune from the pressures of electoral rent-seeking, but unaccountable to the people. If judges are elected, they will be democratically accountable, but subject to the redistributive pressures of the ballot box. If judges are nominated and controlled by politicians, they will face the temptations of bureaucratic self-interest and will not be democratically accountable, but they will be shielded from the Public Choice problems of elections. This paper uses the death penalty in the United States to measure and compare the impact of different methods of judicial selection. In the end, there is no optimal solution – at least not within a state judicial monopoly.
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Scheiner, Ethan. "Pipelines of Pork". Comparative Political Studies 38, nr 7 (wrzesień 2005): 799–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414005277020.
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The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has dominated Japanese politics since 1955, and the party’s even greater dominance of subnational level elections is much of the reason why. This article seeks to explain local electoral outcomes in Japan by focusing on two key features of the Japanese political system: the heavy centralization of governmental finances and an emphasis on clientelistic exchange. Because Japan’s political system focuses so heavily on the clientelist distribution of goods, local politicians and voters casting ballots in local elections have an incentive to align with parties that have access to the state budget. Because Japan’s public funds are primarily controlled by the central government, parties that control the national budget will be the most likely to benefit. In short, Japan’s fiscally centralized and clientelist system helps generate for the LDP a near monopoly on local power across most of Japan.
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Humphreys, Laura-Zoë. "Utopia in a Package? Digital Media Piracy and the Politics of Entertainment in Cuba". boundary 2 49, nr 1 (1.02.2022): 231–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-9615473.
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Following the 1959 revolution, the Cuban state nationalized media outlets on the island and has controlled them ever since. Since 2010, however, this monopoly has been threatened by the paquete (package), one terabyte of pirated digital media collected by independent Cuban entrepreneurs and circulated through informal distribution networks across the island using flash drives and hard drives. Combining archival and textual analysis with ethnographic research, this article analyzes how the legacy of state socialism gave distinctive shape to experiences and perceptions of digital media piracy. I show how the state's history of contravening international copyright provided justification for piracy and how cultural producers and consumers worked to reconcile revolutionary aspirations for socialist art with the influx of global entertainment and the rise of new forms of local cultural production, especially advertising, enabled by the paquete. In so doing, this research challenges media archaeology's Euro-American focus and shows how alternate media histories can lead to different understandings of key questions in media studies, including the links between copyright, entertainment, and modernity.
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Herţa, Laura-Maria. "Intra-State Violence In D.R. Congo And Features Of The ‘New War’ Scenarios". International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, nr 1 (1.06.2015): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0006.
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Abstract The chief objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the characteristics of new wars (described by scholars Mary Kaldor and Herfried Műnkler) are identified in the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Hence, the main argument is that the wars in D.R. Congo displayed most features of the new wars. Former Zaire/RDC was a weak state, completely unable to retain monopoly on the use of organized violence or to control its entire territory. Many armed groups and local militias had free vein in the east part and at some point they also controlled the north east and south east areas. Moreover, they gained autonomy and resorted to atrocities. The distinction between combatants and civilians was blurred. The locus of belligerence moved from the military sector to the societal one, thus also pinpointing to the need to reconceptualize security. Most attacks were carried out systematically and deliberately against groups of individuals, without discrimination between civilians and members of the militias. Child-soldiering was present and violence against women was prevailing systematically. Looting, raping, and killing was the bulk of the fighting and on several occasions civilians were used as human shields.
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Chubais, A. B. "Russian electric power industry reform: 10 years later". Voprosy Ekonomiki, nr 8 (28.08.2018): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-8-39-56.
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The article presents the main results of the reform of the Russian electric power industry — the reorganization of RAO UES of Russia. Over the past 10 years since the reform, it has become clear that its main goals have been achieved. The monopoly branch, controlled by the state, has turned into a market one based on competition and private property. The necessary structural changes were made in the industry; a system of markets was created; large-scale investments were launched. All this led to a sharp increase in capacity inputs in Russia’s electric power industry. As a result of the reform, the price of electricity for the population, taking into account the PPP, that is, the real standard of living in Russia, and for the majority of industrial consumers is lower than in the leading foreign countries. It has become possible to improve the reliability of the power system and preserve its technological integrity. Proposals for further improvement of the Russian electric power industry are formulated.
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Murphy, Curtis G. "Burghers versus Bureaucrats: Enlightened Centralism, the Royal Towns, and the Case of the Propinacja Law in Poland-Lithuania, 1776-1793". Slavic Review 71, nr 2 (2012): 385–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0037677900013668.
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In the eighteenth-century, European rulers embraced a common policy of enlightened centralism aimed at undermining the prerogatives of local self-government, a trend that even reached the decentralized Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth. In this article, Curtis G. Murphy investigates an example of an Enlightenment centralist policy that failed. A new reformist king sought to convert the burghers' right to produce alcohol, known as propinacja, into a state-controlled monopoly, but the effort produced only chaos and the diminishment of self-government. Contrary to the center's complaint that insufficient force undermined a beneficial effort, Murphy argues that the law failed because the priorities of the locals did not align with the government's goals and the habits of selfgovernment clashed with the bureaucratic methods of enlightened centralism. Historians of Poland have often praised the centralizing reforms of the late-eighteenth century, but the case of the propinacja law questions whether such efforts justified the costs of destroying self-government in the towns.
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CHURA, Vasil. "Lviv as a Center of National Revival During the Period of “Perestroika”". Наукові зошити історичного факультету Львівського університету / Proceedings of History Faculty of Lviv University, nr 22 (14.07.2022): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fhi.2021.22.3705.
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At the turn of 1980s the Communist Party leadership dared to introduce a policy of “perestroikaˮ as a way to preserve Russia's political monopoly in a multinational country, the principles of which had been significantly shaken. However, the “perestroikaˮ was unsuccessful attempt to install democratic tools and the elements of a market economy into the autocratic Soviet background and its planned economy. This unnatural synthesis led to a partial weakening of the political regime in the country, which manifested itself in the form of a policy of publicity. It made the numerous communist crimes of the past decades, carefully concealed by the Communist Party publicly available and began the process of demolishing the Communist Party doctrine in general and communist structures in particular. For centuries, patriotic Lviv was one of the first cities in the USSR to perceive “perestroikaˮ not as a democratic renewal, but as an opportunity for Ukrainian national revival. In 1986–1987, “informalˮ societies appeared in the city. All of them came under the control of pro-Russian communist and Komsomol organizations in the city. However, the debating historical, cultural and artistic activities of the young “informalsˮ were filled with national content by semi-legal human rights unions, which advocated depriving the Communist Party of a monopoly on political power in the USSR and thus restoring Ukraine's state independence. The synchronization of the activities of “informalsˮ and human rights activists gradually transformed them into non-communist-controlled national organizations, whose program goals took on anti-communist features and whose activities gave rise to the first street protests. The key feature of 1989 was the rapid politicization of national societies, which lost their “informal” features and accepted the demands of the patriotic public of Lviv. This process resulted in strikes and “rally marathons, which turned the democratic movement into a national one and gave it liberating features. In 1990, the national societies of Lviv became the basis for the consolidation as well as the foundation of political parties that deprived the Communists of power in the city before the collapse of the USSR and the restoration of state independence of Ukraine. At this stage, the national movement was so politicized that it acquired pronounced state-building features. The final stage of Lviv's national revival was 1991. Patriotic citizens, led by political parties, were ready to repel the State Committee of Emergency Situations and were preparing for an indefinite political strike. After the failure of the coup in the USSR, the Lviv national authorities deprived Communist Parties of property and put this organization outside the law.
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Kasim, Helmi, i Titis Anindyajati. "Perspektif Konstitusional Kedudukan Negara dan Swasta dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Menurut UUD 1945". Jurnal Konstitusi 13, nr 2 (27.08.2016): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/jk13210.
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This research discusses the constitutional perspective of water resources management and its relation to the position of the state and the private sector in the management of water resources. This research examines the decision of the Constitutional Court in the judicial review of Law No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources. There are two issues discussed in these studies namely (i) what is the constitutional perspective of water resource management and (ii) what is the position of the state and the private sector in water resources management? This research uses normative law research. The results showed that there are two constitutional perspectives in water resources management which are the perspective of control by the state under Article 33 paragraph (3) and the perspective of Human Rights perspective based on Article 28H of the 1945 Constitution. Based on the perspective of control by the state, management of water resources should be controlled by the state from upstream to downstream. The state should take control of water resources and establish distribution channels to meet the needs of the citizens on the water. From a human rights perspective, the state is obliged to protect, promote and fulfill the right to water. This obligation cannot be left to the private sector especially in water management based on its primary function. Therefore, the overall water management should be done by the state through the State Owned Enterprises or Regional Owned Enterprises. In fact, the monopoly of water management is a policy option that can be taken by the state. On the other hand, the private sector can take a part to commercialize water based on the use of water in its secondary function for industrial use through licensing mechanism. The study concluded that the state has an obligation to meet the citizens’ rights to water in order to meet the needs of a decent life based on primary functions of water. Secondary functions can be operated by private sectors.
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Elsässer, Joshua P., Thomas Hickmann i Fee Stehle. "The Role of Cities in South Africa’s Energy Gridlock". Case Studies in the Environment 2, nr 1 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001297.
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South Africa’s energy sector finds itself in a gridlock situation. The sector is controlled by the state-owned utility Eskom holding the monopoly on the generation and transmission of electricity, which is almost exclusively produced from domestically extracted coal. At the same time, the constitutional mandate enables municipalities to distribute and sell electricity generated by Eskom to local consumers, which constitutes a large part of the cities’ municipal income. This is a strong disincentive for city governments to promote reductions in energy consumption and substantially limits the scope for urban action on energy efficiency and renewable energies. In the present case study, we portray the current development in South Africa’s energy policy and trace how deadlocked legal, financial, and institutional barriers block the transition from a coal-based energy system toward a greener and more sustainable energy economy. We furthermore point to the efforts of major South African cities to introduce low-carbon strategies in their jurisdictions and highlight key challenges for the future development of the country’s energy sector. By engaging with this case study, readers will become familiar with a prime example of the wider phenomenon of national political–economic obstacles to the progress in sustainable urban development.
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Rached, Kardo, i Ahmed Omar Bali. "Post-ISIS Iraq and the Shia Armed Groups". Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 13, nr 1 (22.03.2019): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51870/cejiss.a130105.
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The political environment of Iraq in the period from 2011-2014 experienced a great degree of turbulence. Many Sunni tribes in the Anbar, Ramadi and Salahadin regions organized a daily protest against the central government, accusing it of being sectarian. Gradually, these protests become more popular, and the Baghdad government became fearful that it would spread into the other regions of Iraq. In order to control the protests, the government used force, and many were killed. Simultaneously, in Syria, and especially during 2013-2014, the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) controlled more land and more people, and to take advantage of the Iraqi people's dissatisfaction with their government, ISIS crossed the border between Iraq and Syria in June 2014. Mosul as the second most heavily populated city was seized by ISIS and the Iraqi army could not fight back, which meant that the Iraqi army retreated from most of the Sunni areas. Even Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, and the city where the central government operates, was threatened. While the Iraqi army was unable to fight against ISIS, the Shia religious supreme leader Al-Sistani called for self-defence and to stand against ISIS. Sistani’s call became a cornerstone for the creation of the so-called Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) with the aim of the fighting against ISIS. In this article, we assess the PMF from different perspectives, for example, using the Weberian theory that the state is the only entity that has a monopoly on violence, considering Ariel Ahram's model of state-sponsored and government-sponsored militias, and finally the devolution of violence to these armed groups.
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Ivashinenko, Nina, Mikhail Teodorovich i Alla Varyzgina. "Digital Inequality: Internet Technologies in Activation of Consumer Behavior". Logos et Praxis, nr 3 (grudzień 2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2020.3.3.
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The paper is focused on the analysis of the territorial distribution of digital inequality in the Russian region and its influence on the level of online trading in the region. The paper presents the results of monitoring studies of the development of competition and of anti-monopoly regulation in the Nizhny Novgorod region, conducted since 2014, and the results of the last survey in 2018 (comparable methodology was used) on 3,000 respondents out of 20 districts of the region, different by their socio-economic situation. The sample is territorially random, representing the population by sex and age. The authors use the concept of digital inequality of the third generation developed by Ragneddа (Ragnedda, 2017) for study of digital inequality in shopping online possibilities. This approach defines digital inequality not only as an information and technological and educational elements in differences of social groups and communities in the Internet access, but also as an inequality of the advantages that groups might get from its use. This type of inequality cannot be overcome only due to technological and popularizing decisions; inequality should be controlled by the state and communities to prevent its escalation and of excluding entire territories from social and economic development. The paper presents the invented methodology for the typology of administrative municipalities of the region, which helps in implementation of state control over competition. All territories of the region were divided into four zones with different degree of government regulation needed. It helps to reduce the imbalance in market development and to lower the digital divide in Internet shopping. A study of the interrelation between online shopping and retail population satisfaction in administrative regions of Russian regions shows the urgent need to expand municipal competition development maps to include shopping online indicators.
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Liubovets, Olena. "The Bolshevik Model of Ukrainian Statehood: an Attempt to Implement in 1919". Ethnic History of European Nations, nr 67 (2022): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.67.08.
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The article considers the process of establishing Soviet power in Ukraine in 1919. The political principles of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR) as a variant of the Bolshevik model of statehood are analyzed. It is substantiated that the political system of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was taken as a model. The power structure was headed by the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine, which exercised the powers not only of the central governing body, but was also the highest legislative body of state power. All its activities were directed and controlled by the TsK RKP(b), the Radnarkom of the RSFSR, and the TsK KP(b)U. The most common form of Soviet power on the ground were revolutionary committees. The Revolutionary Committees carried out all current work on the places: organizing kombidy and komnezamy, seeking to implement prodrozverstki plans, conducting an election campaign, etc. A characteristic feature of the Bolshevik political system was the establishment of an absolute monopoly on state power – all the People’s Commissars of the USSR represented only one ruling party. Ukrainian left-wing socialist parties have been denied a request to include their representatives in the government. Another characteristic feature of the Bolshevik political system in Ukraine was its foreign non-Ukrainian character – in the leading party and government bodies of the republic several times the majority were representatives of other nationalities. Based on the analysis of Bolshevik documents, it is proved that the Central Committee of the RKP(B) steadfastly sought the complete elimination of the sovereignty of the USSR and its unification with the RSFSR. During the spring and summer of 1919, a number of measures were taken to unite the two republics. However, the formal unification of Ukraine with Russia was hampered by the forces of Denikin.
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Heyets, Valeriy. "INSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONALITY OF THE ENDOGENIZATION OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT". JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY, Vol 17, No 2 (2018) (2018): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2018.02.145.
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At the end of the XXth century, in the countries of the former socialist camp, the capitalist reforms of the fundamental content of the principles of ensuring the right to liberty were carried out, including the economic one, that was realized in accordance with the existence and protection of the rights for a private property. This choice was made because there was a fundamental desire to overcome the dependence on the leadership of the political sovereign, which, in fact, ensured the receipt of «rents» through the implementation of a centralized management system on a planning and distribution basis, restraining the desire to gain freedom by providing opportunities for self-realization. In place of the ideology of the political «sovereign», the new ways of human activity coordination had to come, based on the principles of the ideology of liberalism. At the initial stages of reforms, the problems of institutionalization of activity of both the state and business, remained out of attention, since freedom was «above all».Capitalism, that develops without control and restrictions, is guided by a single criterion - by the private interest of the strongest and remains hostile to any form of public interest of the majority. At the same time, the development of the social institutions requires the formation of an institutional space for the implementation of the civic initiatives and the protection of freedoms from the manifestations of power and the weakly controlled monopoly organized business in the limitation of the civic activity. For this reason, in the process of development of society, the state should establish the long-term social mechanisms not only to consolidate the new spirit of capitalization and further economic growth, but also development through the social mechanisms of the social space that will not break, but will stabilize the society on the basis of the social values.
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Vitaliano, Donald F. "Demand and supply of opiates in an unregulated market". Drugs and Alcohol Today 18, nr 4 (3.12.2018): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-02-2018-0007.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the demand and supply of opiates in the USA during the period 1870–1914 when the market was virtually unregulated. Design/methodology/approach The price and quantity of opiates is econometrically estimated using a data set constructed primarily from pharmaceutical trade journals. Findings Per capita opiate consumption varies in inverse proportion to its price, a price elasticity of demand of unity. The supply of opiates to the USA is perfectly elastic, a horizontal line, implying the USA was a “price-taker” in the world market for opium. The number of medical schools, a proxy for the state of medical science, significantly effects opiate consumption, as does the import tariff on opium. Research limitations/implications Opiate use, both medicinal and addictive, is highly responsive to purely the economic forces of price and income. The influential role of the medical profession in shaping the pattern of consumption is confirmed. Data limitations prevent making substantive statements about usage of the various sub-categories of opium, requiring all opium to be treated as equivalent units of morphine sulfate. Practical implications Decriminalized access to opiates and other addictive substances is likely to result in a significant increase in usage, which could be controlled by taxation. Originality/value Prior studies of unregulated opiate demand and supply have covered Indonesia and Taiwan under colonial government monopoly, not a major western country user like the USA. Also, this paper uses a newly created consistent set of inflation-adjusted opiate prices covering a long period (1870–1914).
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Vyazovchenko, Lyubov’ I. "Formation of a New System of Taxation of the Beer Production in Russia in the second half of the 19th century (on the example of “The Provision on drinkable collecting” 1861)". Economic History 15, nr 4 (31.12.2019): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.047.015.201904.341-347.
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Introduction. It is possible to call a problem of replenishment of the government budget classical and universal: it is inherent for any country during any chronological period. It was inherent also for the Russian Empire. Transformations in the sphere of indirect taxation on alcoholic products, including beer were one of opportunities to increase profitability of treasury. In 1861 “The Provision on drinkable collecting” which created the harmonious system of taxation of alcoholic products and which, with insignificant adjustments, will exist up to introduction of wine monopoly at the very end of the 19th century. Separate articles in this document were devoted to taxation of beer production: from the statement feeder of the beer producer, divisions of provinces according to classes, before penal functions, in case of violation of the law. Methods. The solution of research tasks was provided with a complex complementary theoretical (the analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (studying and generalization of sources, hermeneutical) methods. Results. “The Provision on drinkable collecting” created 1861 quite effective control system and taxation of alcoholic production. Situation was applied practically in all territory of the Russian Empire, for its realization special fiscal bodies – Excise managements were created. The algorithm of actions for producers was created: filing of application about the beginning and plant operation term, inspection by officials of Excise management of production and a typo of tubs, adjustment of quantity of jams, tax payment. Conclusion. Entered in 1861. “The Provision…” and the created system of taxation and controlled situation to growth of receipts from production of alcohol in general and beer in particular that was very favorable to the state.
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Egorov, Sergey. "The problem of the integrity of the new Russian system of scientific attestation (by the example of the requirements for a dissertation)". Современное образование, nr 1 (styczeń 2022): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8736.2022.1.37622.
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The article is devoted to the issue of the integrity of the scientific certification system in modern Russia. After the elimination of the monopoly of the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC), the procedures for awarding academic degrees began to be regulated by a variety of different regulatory and legal acts. The growing variety of rules and regulations raises doubts about whether the system is still capable of ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all applicants for academic degrees. Using the example of the requirements for a dissertation for a degree, the article shows the similarities and differences that exist in different parts of this system. In the course of the study, three subsystems were identified within the system that have relatively similar requirements. The first subsystem is classical and special dissertation councils, directly controlled by the Higher Attestation Commission. The second system is formed by leading scientific and educational organizations that independently award academic degrees. The third subsystem includes spiritual educational organizations that are granted the right to award theological degrees recognized as equivalent to other academic degrees at the level of federal state educational standards. В В В В To consider each of these systems, the relevant requirements of federal legislation, local regulations of educational and scientific organizations that independently award academic degrees, as well as internal regulations of spiritual educational organizations were studied. A comparative analysis of normative and legal acts made it possible to trace how the integrity of the entire system of Russian scientific certification is ensured in the context of the diversity of its forms. In general, this system still remains comparable in terms of requirements for dissertations, but the rights and opportunities of applicants arising after their defense differ markedly depending on the place of defense.
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Brennan, James R. "Youth, the Tanu Youth League and Managed Vigilantism in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, 1925–73". Africa 76, nr 2 (maj 2006): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2006.76.2.221.
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AbstractThis article examines the role of male youth in the political history of Dar es Salaam. ‘Youth’, as a category of opposition to elders, became important during the inter-war period as it was inhabited by educated African bureaucrats aspiring to representation in urban politics over the traditional claims of authority by local ethnic Zaramo and Shomvi elders. This group of bureaucrats grew in power through the popularization of racial-nationalist politics, and in the 1950s formed the Tanganyika African Nationalist Party (TANU), which instituted its own category of ‘youth’ with the creation of the TANU Youth League (TYL). Consisting mainly of young, under-employed men who failed to obtain sufficient educational qualifications, the Youth League challenged the late colonial state's theoretical monopoly over violence through voluntary and aggressive policing activities. After the work of independence was complete, there was practical way to demobilize this enormous, semi-autonomous police and intelligence-gathering force. The repeated reassertion of party control over its Youth League took many forms in the decade after independence – through the creation of a National Service and the militarization of development; frequent nationalist events and rituals where Youth League members controlled public space; and a war on urban morality led by Youth League shock troops. Control over youth also offered a potentially autonomous patrimony for ambitious TANU party members. The 1970s witnessed the beginning of the general failure of both state and party to generate sufficient resources to serve as a patron to patron-seeking youth, which has effectively decentralized youth violence and vigilantism ever since. A political history of ‘youth’, both as a social category and political institution, can shed further light on contemporary dilemmas of youth violence, meanings of citizenship, and hidden motors of party politics.
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Perepelytsya, Maria. "Financial security of the state in the field of circulation and use of virtual currencies". Law and innovations, nr 3 (35) (21.09.2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-3(35)-10.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Problem setting. An important condition for the financial security of any state is full control over the monetary system, which allows not only to perform tasks in the field of regulation of social processes, but also to predict their further development, to determine priorities. Legislation regulated such types of financial security as budget, tax, banking, monetary, currency, investment, debt and others. Legal relations within these areas of financial activity of the state are clear to its participants, they function in the material "physical" world and the state only corrects them by making changes and additions to existing legal norms and laws. The rapid development of information technology (digital revolution) has penetrated and continues to affect all spheres of society. In IT, there is a direction that works to improve financial technologies. The creation of a virtual currency or cryptocurrency, i.e. virtual money, can be considered a revolutionary discovery in the field of financial technologies. Money is the main component of the state's financial sovereignty, the basis of its existence. The monopoly on the issuance of money and control over its circulation has always belonged to the state represented by central banks and other financial regulators (Ministry of Finance). In essence, the state has an objective need to issue, control and supervise its currency (one of the features of the state in general is the collection of taxes, i.e. money in the form of taxes). Therefore, the issue of protecting financial security in the circulation of virtual currencies is important for any state. The purpose of the research is to analyze the legal regulation of virtual currency in the areas of banking, tax, budget activities of the state and activities related to combating and preventing money laundering. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The essence of such a new financial phenomenon as virtual currency, its functionality, types and principles of operation were studied in the works of domestic scientists M. Kucheryavenko, A. Kud, E. Smychok, A. Ovcharenko, O. Glushchenko, S. Khvalinsky and foreign - Fredrik Schneider, E. Gots. At the same time, there is a separate aspect of this problem – these are the challenges and threats that arise and tend to increase in the financial security of any state, namely - in the banking system, tax and budgetary relations, in the field of money laundering by criminal means. Articles main body. The emergence of a new virtual currency, money that is emerging, existing and disappearing forever in cyberspace - this is in the full sense of the word a new challenge to financial security. Legislatively regulating the circulation of virtual currency in detail is a difficult task, because the very algorithm of its operation, originally laid down by the founders - provides for the purpose of avoiding such regulation. The circulation and operation of virtual currency is based on mathematical schemes and formulas, which gives it stability to any state and centralized regulation. The main advantage of virtual currency is its anonymity. The personal data of the e-wallet owner is kept secret. Sometimes the transactions themselves contain such a complex and confusing pattern of movement, which generally disappears in cyberspace. The circulation of virtual currency is not controlled by the state. Does this pose a threat to the financial security of the state? Really, and serious. After all, an alternative currency and a payment system operating in cyberspace have been created, improved and are gaining momentum. Cryptocurrency becomes a competitor to the national currency of any state. Therefore, it should be noted that the state has grounds to interfere in the regulation of cryptocurrency circulation. What are the direct threats and risks from the existence of a virtual decentralized cryptocurrency system? These threats can be divided into areas of financial activity of the state and identify the most important of them. These are the banking sector, the monetary sphere, the tax and related budget sphere, the legal relations in the field of financial monitoring, the debt sphere. The introduction of digital currencies and blockchain technologies threatens to destroy the banking system in its traditional form. The fact is that virtual currencies and the blockchain allow any entity (physical and legal, etc.) to communicate economically directly, bypassing any intermediaries. And modern banks are such classic intermediaries, in addition to the monopoly type. Problems also arise in the field of tax evasion with the help of virtual currency. Such activity can be taxed only if one condition is met - if users of this network (real taxpayers) will be willing to declare and keep records of their transactions with virtual currencies. And will there be many such people? It is clear that the risks of tax evasion in the circulation of virtual currencies pose threats first in the tax sphere, destroying the state's ability to protect its economic interests, the ability to realize and develop the country's tax potential, and then create threats to budget security. Virtual currencies that can be exchanged for real money pose a threat of their illegal use for money laundering and terrorist financing. They may allow for anonymous transfers if the sender's and recipient's identities are not properly established. In this situation, there is no control body with which to track and detect suspicious transactions. Today, we can give examples of services designed to hide sources of virtual currency, transactions with them and complete anonymity. Yes, anonymizer means "dark networks" and "mixers", which are designed for these types of operations. Their types are the Tor network (anonymous network), Dark Wallet (anonymous network service), Bitcoin Laundry (mixer), Cold Storage, Hot Storage. Conclusions. The emergence of Fintech in information and telecommunication technologies, on the basis of which a system of virtual currencies and decentralized payment systems was developed and implemented, has created a number of serious threats and risks for the world. The main principle of the virtual currency is anonymity, which allows users to completely prevent government and financial control by the authorities, which is a very attractive prospect for many of them. Unregulated cryptocurrency market threatens the financial security of the state in the banking, tax, budgetary spheres and legal relations in the field of money laundering. The only way to counter these threats is to take full control and supervision of the decentralized system of virtual currency circulation. Unfortunately, the creation of an alternative centralized system of virtual currencies, which is subordinated to state and financial institutions, is not able to completely solve this problem.
33
Perepelytsya, Maria. "Financial security of the state in the field of circulation and use of virtual currencies". Law and innovations, nr 3 (35) (21.09.2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-3(35)-10.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Problem setting. An important condition for the financial security of any state is full control over the monetary system, which allows not only to perform tasks in the field of regulation of social processes, but also to predict their further development, to determine priorities. Legislation regulated such types of financial security as budget, tax, banking, monetary, currency, investment, debt and others. Legal relations within these areas of financial activity of the state are clear to its participants, they function in the material "physical" world and the state only corrects them by making changes and additions to existing legal norms and laws. The rapid development of information technology (digital revolution) has penetrated and continues to affect all spheres of society. In IT, there is a direction that works to improve financial technologies. The creation of a virtual currency or cryptocurrency, i.e. virtual money, can be considered a revolutionary discovery in the field of financial technologies. Money is the main component of the state's financial sovereignty, the basis of its existence. The monopoly on the issuance of money and control over its circulation has always belonged to the state represented by central banks and other financial regulators (Ministry of Finance). In essence, the state has an objective need to issue, control and supervise its currency (one of the features of the state in general is the collection of taxes, i.e. money in the form of taxes). Therefore, the issue of protecting financial security in the circulation of virtual currencies is important for any state. The purpose of the research is to analyze the legal regulation of virtual currency in the areas of banking, tax, budget activities of the state and activities related to combating and preventing money laundering. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The essence of such a new financial phenomenon as virtual currency, its functionality, types and principles of operation were studied in the works of domestic scientists M. Kucheryavenko, A. Kud, E. Smychok, A. Ovcharenko, O. Glushchenko, S. Khvalinsky and foreign - Fredrik Schneider, E. Gots. At the same time, there is a separate aspect of this problem – these are the challenges and threats that arise and tend to increase in the financial security of any state, namely - in the banking system, tax and budgetary relations, in the field of money laundering by criminal means. Articles main body. The emergence of a new virtual currency, money that is emerging, existing and disappearing forever in cyberspace - this is in the full sense of the word a new challenge to financial security. Legislatively regulating the circulation of virtual currency in detail is a difficult task, because the very algorithm of its operation, originally laid down by the founders - provides for the purpose of avoiding such regulation. The circulation and operation of virtual currency is based on mathematical schemes and formulas, which gives it stability to any state and centralized regulation. The main advantage of virtual currency is its anonymity. The personal data of the e-wallet owner is kept secret. Sometimes the transactions themselves contain such a complex and confusing pattern of movement, which generally disappears in cyberspace. The circulation of virtual currency is not controlled by the state. Does this pose a threat to the financial security of the state? Really, and serious. After all, an alternative currency and a payment system operating in cyberspace have been created, improved and are gaining momentum. Cryptocurrency becomes a competitor to the national currency of any state. Therefore, it should be noted that the state has grounds to interfere in the regulation of cryptocurrency circulation. What are the direct threats and risks from the existence of a virtual decentralized cryptocurrency system? These threats can be divided into areas of financial activity of the state and identify the most important of them. These are the banking sector, the monetary sphere, the tax and related budget sphere, the legal relations in the field of financial monitoring, the debt sphere. The introduction of digital currencies and blockchain technologies threatens to destroy the banking system in its traditional form. The fact is that virtual currencies and the blockchain allow any entity (physical and legal, etc.) to communicate economically directly, bypassing any intermediaries. And modern banks are such classic intermediaries, in addition to the monopoly type. Problems also arise in the field of tax evasion with the help of virtual currency. Such activity can be taxed only if one condition is met - if users of this network (real taxpayers) will be willing to declare and keep records of their transactions with virtual currencies. And will there be many such people? It is clear that the risks of tax evasion in the circulation of virtual currencies pose threats first in the tax sphere, destroying the state's ability to protect its economic interests, the ability to realize and develop the country's tax potential, and then create threats to budget security. Virtual currencies that can be exchanged for real money pose a threat of their illegal use for money laundering and terrorist financing. They may allow for anonymous transfers if the sender's and recipient's identities are not properly established. In this situation, there is no control body with which to track and detect suspicious transactions. Today, we can give examples of services designed to hide sources of virtual currency, transactions with them and complete anonymity. Yes, anonymizer means "dark networks" and "mixers", which are designed for these types of operations. Their types are the Tor network (anonymous network), Dark Wallet (anonymous network service), Bitcoin Laundry (mixer), Cold Storage, Hot Storage. Conclusions. The emergence of Fintech in information and telecommunication technologies, on the basis of which a system of virtual currencies and decentralized payment systems was developed and implemented, has created a number of serious threats and risks for the world. The main principle of the virtual currency is anonymity, which allows users to completely prevent government and financial control by the authorities, which is a very attractive prospect for many of them. Unregulated cryptocurrency market threatens the financial security of the state in the banking, tax, budgetary spheres and legal relations in the field of money laundering. The only way to counter these threats is to take full control and supervision of the decentralized system of virtual currency circulation. Unfortunately, the creation of an alternative centralized system of virtual currencies, which is subordinated to state and financial institutions, is not able to completely solve this problem.
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Rukhlin, Alexey N. "Sects and Religious Movements in the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the XIX – First Quarter of the XX Century оn the Pages of the Simbirsk and Samara Diocesan News". Humanitarian: actual problems of the humanities and education 21, nr 1 (14.04.2021): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.053.021.202101.048-062.
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Introduction. The presented article touches upon one of the serious religious problems of Russian history, the phenomenon of “sects”. The author, with the help of the provincial periodical press of the Russian Orthodox Church, tried to highlight the activities of sectarians in the second half of the 19th century until the end of the First World War. The significance of the material presented is undoubtedly, especially in the context of the emergence of new radical sects. To these days, too much depends on the experience of solving this issue, which is acute in our country. The successful resolution of religious problems is the foundation of Russia’s peaceful existence. The purpose of the article is to determine the historical place of sects and sectarianism in the religious life of provinces Middle Volga region, based on the characteristics of their condition and activities, to highlight the policy of the Russian Orthodox Church in relation to sectarians in the period under review, to reveal the special role of the church periodicals aimed at forming environment of negative perception of sects, heretics and all those who broke away from the “true Orthodox teaching”. Materials and Methods. The most important in the study, based on the provisions formulated by the above authors, is the historical method, or, as it is also formulated, the principle of historicism. In carrying out this scientific research, the author relied, first of all, on special historical or general historical methods. Research Results. The study showed that the church media, controlled by local bishops and supported by the secular authorities, carried out an anti-sectarian policy on the pages of their magazines. The Russian Church in Russia had the status of a “state religion” and a monopoly on religious consciousness, therefore it suppressed any deviations from its dogmas. The anti-sectarian tone did not change until 1917. Discussion and Conclusion. We can conclude that the topic of sectarianism is still relevant, moreover, sects continue to arise and develop throughout the world. As long as there are official religions, new sects will be born and spun off. The image of a heretic-sectarian, when necessary, is actively used in propaganda in the media today. The proposed provisions and conclusions create prerequisites for further study of this problem.
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Mischanyn, Vasyl. "SOVIET STANDARDS OF ALCOHOLIC LEGISLATION OF TRANSCARPATHIAN UKRAINE (1944 – 1946 YEARS)". Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, nr 1 (44) (27.06.2021): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(44).2021.232449.
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The article deals with copying Soviet alcohol legislation by the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine on the region's territory. All this happened during Transcarpathia's preventive Sovietization in 1944 – 1945, from the liberation of Transcarpathia from Hungarian-German invaders on October 28, 1944. It should be noted that officially Subcarpathian Rus' was part of Czechoslovakia before signing the agreement on the reunification of Transcarpathian Ukraine with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The treaty was signed on June 29, 1945, and ratified by the Provisional National Assembly of the Czechoslovak Republic on November 22, 1945, and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on November 27, 1945. The Transcarpathian region was created by the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet Decree on January 22, 1946. The next day the legislation of the USSR was introduced here. It should be noted that the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine copied the experience of the Soviet Union regarding alcohol policy. It consisted of establishing a monopoly on the production and sale of alcoholic beverages, complete state control over the production of wine and vodka products. One of the first laws of the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine was decrees on the nationalization of distilleries and the brewery of Count Schönborn-Buchheim in Pidhoryany. Later, church distilleries were nationalized. Thus, a half dozen enterprises for the production of alcohol were nationalized in Transcarpathian Ukraine. By separate resolutions, the People's Council regulated the prices of alcohol, vodka, and beer. We also briefly consider the industrial capacity of enterprises for the production of vodka, alcohol, beer, and point out the potential opportunities for winemaking in Transcarpathian Ukraine. After the signing of the reunification agreement, on July 6, 1945, a separate resolution of the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine established a trust of the alcohol and vodka industry at the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine food industry department, to which the distilleries of Transcarpathian Ukraine were subordinated. That was one of the steps in preparation for implementing the industrial complex of Transcarpathia to the All-Union. The resolution of the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine controlled «the production of alcoholic beverages and the prosecution of production without permits». At the same time, the leadership of the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine often resorted to using the products of distilleries for their purposes, the military council of the 4th Ukrainian Front, «security police», etc.
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Draskovic, Drasko, Jean Raphaël Olivier Fernandez i César Briso Rodríguez. "Planar Ultrawideband Antenna with Photonically Controlled Notched Bands". International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/924768.
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A design of a planar microstrip-fed ultrawideband (UWB) printed circular monopole antenna with optically controlled notched bands is presented. The proposed antenna is composed of a circular ultrawideband patch, with an etched T-shaped slot controlled by an integrated silicon switch. The slot modifies the frequency response of the antenna suppressing 3.5–5 GHz band when the switch is in open state. The optical switch is controlled by a low-power near-infrared (808 nm) laser diode, which causes the change in the frequency response of the antenna generating a frequency notch. This solution could be expanded to include several notches in the antenna frequency response achieving a fully reconfigurable UWB antenna. The antenna could be remotely controlled at large distances using optical fiber. The prototype antenna has been fully characterized to verify these design concepts.
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Alexander, Jennifer, i Paul Alexander. "Protecting Peasants from Capitalism: The Subordination of Javanese Traders by the Colonial State". Comparative Studies in Society and History 33, nr 2 (kwiecień 1991): 370–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500017060.
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Colonial Java represents the paradigmatic case of an ethnically stratified economy. The Dutch controlled large-scale agricultural production and processing and the sale of these products in European markets. They also monopolised the import of European manufactured commodities, such as cloth. The Javanese provided labour for the cultivation and processing of export crops, maintaining themselves by subsistence farming and subsidiary occupations, such as petty trading and handicrafts. The Chinese linked the other two groups, providing supervisors and skilled workers in export agriculture, bulking peasant crops for interregional trade and export to other Asian countries, and wholesaling the imported and manufactured commodities that the Javanese required. Although ethnic monopoly of economic function was never quite this absolute, the basic hierarchical structure was only momentarily threatened in the mid-1930s, when the Japanese began importing their own commodities and selling them in their own stores to challenge the position of both the Dutch and the Chinese (Cator 1936:75–7; Liem 1947:66).
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Han, M. G., J. A. Garlow, Y. Kharkov, L. Camacho, R. Rov, J. Sauceda, G. Vats i in. "Scaling, rotation, and channeling behavior of helical and skyrmion spin textures in thin films of Te-doped Cu2OSeO3". Science Advances 6, nr 13 (marzec 2020): eaax2138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax2138.
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Topologically nontrivial spin textures such as vortices, skyrmions, and monopoles are promising candidates as information carriers for future quantum information science. Their controlled manipulation including creation and annihilation remains an important challenge toward practical applications and further exploration of their emergent phenomena. Here, we report controlled evolution of the helical and skyrmion phases in thin films of multiferroic Te-doped Cu2OSeO3 as a function of material thickness, dopant, temperature, and magnetic field using in situ Lorentz phase microscopy. We report two previously unknown phenomena in chiral spin textures in multiferroic Cu2OSeO3: anisotropic scaling and channeling with a fixed-Q state. The skyrmion channeling effectively suppresses the recently reported second skyrmion phase formation at low temperature. Our study provides a viable way toward controlled manipulation of skyrmion lattices, envisaging chirality-controlled skyrmion flow circuits and enabling precise measurement of emergent electromagnetic induction and topological Hall effects in skyrmion lattices.
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Hügli, R. V., G. Duff, B. O'Conchuir, E. Mengotti, A. Fraile Rodríguez, F. Nolting, L. J. Heyderman i H. B. Braun. "Artificial kagome spin ice: dimensional reduction, avalanche control and emergent magnetic monopoles". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, nr 1981 (28.12.2012): 5767–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0538.
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Artificial spin-ice systems consisting of nanolithographic arrays of isolated nanomagnets are model systems for the study of frustration-induced phenomena. We have recently demonstrated that monopoles and Dirac strings can be directly observed via synchrotron-based photoemission electron microscopy, where the magnetic state of individual nanoislands can be imaged in real space. These experimental results of Dirac string formation are in excellent agreement with Monte Carlo simulations of the hysteresis of an array of dipoles situated on a kagome lattice with randomized switching fields. This formation of one-dimensional avalanches in a two-dimensional system is in sharp contrast to disordered thin films, where avalanches associated with magnetization reversal are two-dimensional. The self-organized restriction of avalanches to one dimension provides an example of dimensional reduction due to frustration. We give simple explanations for the origin of this dimensional reduction and discuss the disorder dependence of these avalanches. We conclude with the explicit demonstration of how these avalanches can be controlled via locally modified anisotropies. Such a controlled start and stop of avalanches will have potential applications in data storage and information processing.
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Papakonstantinou, P., i H. Gil. "Nuclear structure and the nucleon effective mass: explorations with the versatile KIDS functional". HNPS Proceedings 26 (1.04.2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1884.
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The connection from the structure and dynamics of atomic nuclei (finite nuclear system) to the nuclear equation of state (thermodynamic limit) is primarily made through nuclear energy-density functional (EDF) theory. Failure to describe both entities simultaneously within existing EDF frameworks means that we have either seriously misjudged the scope of EDF or not fully taken advantage of it. Enter the versatile KIDS Ansatz, which is based on controlled, order-by-order extensions of the nuclear EDF with respect to the Fermi momentum and allows a direct mapping from a given, immutable equation of state to a convenient Skyrme pseudopotential for applications in finite nuclei. A recent proof-of-principle study of nuclear ground-states revealed the subversive role of the effective mass. Here we summarize the formalism and previous results and present further explorations related to giant resonances. As examples we consider the electric dipole polarizability of 68Ni and the giant monopole resonance (GMR) of heavy nuclei, particularly the fluffiness of 120Sn. We find that the choice of the effective mass parameters and that of the compression modulus affect the centroid energy of the GMR to comparable degrees.
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Bohnert, K. Adam, Anthony M. Rossi, Quan-Wen Jin, Jun-Song Chen i Kathleen L. Gould. "Phosphoregulation of the cytokinetic protein Fic1 contributes to fission yeast growth polarity establishment". Journal of Cell Science 133, nr 18 (2.09.2020): jcs244392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.244392.
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ABSTRACTCellular polarization underlies many facets of cell behavior, including cell growth. The rod-shaped fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a well-established, genetically tractable system for studying growth polarity regulation. S. pombe cells elongate at their two cell tips in a cell cycle-controlled manner, transitioning from monopolar to bipolar growth in interphase when new ends established by the most recent cell division begin to extend. We previously identified cytokinesis as a critical regulator of new end growth and demonstrated that Fic1, a cytokinetic factor, is required for normal polarized growth at new ends. Here, we report that Fic1 is phosphorylated on two C-terminal residues, which are each targeted by multiple protein kinases. Endogenously expressed Fic1 phosphomutants cannot support proper bipolar growth, and the resultant defects facilitate the switch into an invasive pseudohyphal state. Thus, phosphoregulation of Fic1 links the completion of cytokinesis to the re-establishment of polarized growth in the next cell cycle. These findings broaden the scope of signaling events that contribute to regulating S. pombe growth polarity, underscoring that cytokinetic factors constitute relevant targets of kinases affecting new end growth.This article has an associated First Person interview with Anthony M. Rossi, joint first author of the paper.
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Richard, A., R. Alterman i D. Simon. "P.012 Bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation in a patient with chorea-acanthocytosis". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 46, s1 (czerwiec 2019): S16—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2019.113.
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Background: Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease due to mutation of the VPS13A gene encoding the protein chorein. ChAc is a slowly progressive disorder that typically presents in early adulthood, and whose clinical features include chorea and dystonia with involuntary lip, cheek and tongue biting. Some patients also have seizures. Treatment for ChAc is symptomatic. A small number of ChAc patients have been treated with bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus interna (GPi), and we now present an additional case. Methods: Patient chart, functional measures, and laboratory findings were reviewed from the time of ChAc diagnosis until 6 months after deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. Results: Here we present a case of ChAc in a 31 year old male positive for VPS13A gene muations who presented with chorea, tongue biting, dysarthria, weight loss, and mild cognitive dysfunction. GPi-DBS using monopolar stimulation was associated with significant improvement in chorea and dysarthria. Conclusions: This case adds to the current state of knowledge regarding the efficacy and safety of bilateral GPi-DBS for symptomatic control of drug-resistant hyperkinetic movements seen in ChAc. Controlled trials are needed to better assess the impact of DBS in ChAc.
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Richard, Alby, Joey Hsu, Patricia Baum, Ron Alterman i David K. Simon. "Efficacy of Deep Brain Stimulation in a Patient with Genetically Confirmed Chorea-Acanthocytosis". Case Reports in Neurology 11, nr 2 (26.06.2019): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500951.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease due to mutation of the VPS13A gene encoding the protein chorein. ChAc is a slowly progressive disorder that typically presents in early adulthood, and whose clinical features include chorea and dystonia with involuntary lip, cheek, and tongue biting. Some patients also have seizures. Treatment for ChAc is symptomatic. A small number of ChAc patients have been treated with bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus interna (GPi), and we now present an additional case. Patient chart, functional measures, and laboratory findings were reviewed from the time of ChAc diagnosis until 6 months after DBS surgery. Here, we present a case of ChAc in a 31-year-old male positive for VPS13A gene mutations who presented with chorea, tongue biting, dysarthria, weight loss, and mild cognitive dysfunction. DBS using monopolar stimulation with placement slightly lateral to the GPi was associated with significant improvement in chorea and dysarthria. This case adds to the current state of knowledge regarding the efficacy and safety of bilateral GPi-DBS for symptomatic control of drug-resistant hyperkinetic movements seen in ChAc. Controlled trials are needed to better assess the impact and ideal target of DBS in ChAc.
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Vinogradov, Vasiliy, Radik Gibadullin i Anvar Gumerov. "Modeling of cartographic parameters in the flow part of an energy machine for safe vibro-drying of grain". BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700045.
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The present article is devoted to the modeling of a gas-air flow at the nozzle of the energy machine designed for the use in the agricultural sector. The machine has an option of secure vibro-drying of grain crops and their control, which increases the drying performance both in the steady-state and transient modes. The article also presents a mathematical model describing acoustic processes in a flow part of the energy machine and suggests the ways to improve them for their safe operation. The authors outline the principles of construction of complex drying systems of aero-acoustic cartography, which allow controlling the parameters of energy machines serving grain crops drying and the climatic parameters depending on the volume of grain dryers. This is very important for productivity increase and automated control in real time, supplemented by methods and means of measurements of gas-dynamic parameters in the flow and at the nozzle of the energy machine. These methods are aimed at increasing information capacity and the level of algorithmic non-destructive condition monitoring of rotor blades as well as providing data in terms of parametric and structural uncertainties of the gas-air flow as controlled by the internal cross-section of the flow part, and the output section of the energy machine. Statistical approaches are used to determine the coordinates of sensors and the recovery error on the example of a model problem for monitoring the radiation field created by a continuous monopole emitter. The possibility of using fiber technologies for vibro-drying of grain is a new contribution to the improvement and effective management of grain drying process.
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Arrsa, Ria Casmi. "TELAAH SOCIOLEGAL TERHADAP TERWUJUDNYA KEDAULATAN HAK ATAS SUMBER DAYA AIR". Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional 4, nr 2 (31.08.2015): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v4i2.21.
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<p>Amanat Pasal 33 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 menyebutkan bahwa, “Bumi dan air dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar besar kemakmuran rakyat”. Namun demikian dalam ranah praktek penyelenggaraan negara maka pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air di Indonesia mengalami pergeseran paradigma pasca ditetapkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air yang cenderung mengarah pada praktek privatisasi sehingga sering memicu terjadinya konflik sosial. Untuk mengkaji permasalahan yang ada, maka dalam penulisan karya ilmiah ini menggunakan metode Socio Legal . Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pergeseran paradigma penguasaan sumber daya air oleh swasta dan/atau pihak asing yang bersifat monopoli dan eksploitatif memiliki potensi untuk menimbulkan konflik sosial. Untuk itu diperlukan revisi terhadap ketentuan Undang- Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air guna mewujudkan kedaulatan atas Sumber Daya Air dan melakukan harmonisasi dan sinkronisasi hukum terhadap aturan pelaksanaan dari Undang-Undang tersebut. Pemerintah juga perlu melakukan identifikasi guna mengeluarkan kebijakan agar sumber daya air dimasukkan dalam kategori bidang usaha yang tertutup dari penanaman modal.</p><p>Mandate of Article 33 paragraph (3) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 states that, “The earth and water and natural resources contained therein shall be controlled by the state and used for maximizing peopleprosperity”. Constitutional design is essentially gave birth to the idea of Neo-Socialism of Indonesia nations toward the management of water resources oriented to the overall prosperity of the people. However, in the realm of the state governing, practice management of water resources in Indonesia experienced a paradigm shift after the enactment of Law Number 7 year 2004 regarding Water Resources which intended to lead of privatization practices that potentially lead to social conflict. The constitutional court through the Constitutional Court Decision No. 85/ PUU-XII/2013 opened a new chapter in the management of Water Resources Indonesia directed at political reconstruction prismatic design rights law Mastering State Upper Water Resources based on the values of social justice and popular participation in order to ensure the realization of the people’s sovereignty on Water Resources. The final goal of this study was expected tobridge formation of paradigmatic legal framework for the management of water resources in order to reach future welfare.</p>
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Nikkinen, Janne, i Virve Marionneau. "On the efficiency of Nordic state-controlled gambling companies". Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 11.12.2020, 145507252096802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072520968024.
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Aims: This article assesses the efficiency of six Nordic state-controlled gambling companies in raising revenue for their host societies, and the terms under which they operate. Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Norway have established gambling monopolies on the grounds that they help to prevent fraud and money laundering, and channel proceeds to their host societies. Within the last decade, Denmark (2012) and Sweden (2019) have opened substantial parts of their gambling markets to competition, whereas Finland and Norway continue to uphold monopolies. Design: The analysis is based on publicly disclosed income statements and financial reporting concerning Nordic gambling operators for the year 2017. We calculated how much they contribute to societies, what are the costs, and how these figures compare among the companies. Results: We found that Veikkaus raises the highest amounts of surplus to society both in absolute terms and in relative numbers, and that, overall, the companies vary in efficiency. We discuss the reasons for these differences, focusing on their respective product portfolios, institutional frameworks and competitive market positions. Conclusions: The results problematise the measurement of efficiency in gambling companies in monetary terms. Efficiency depends on high total consumption with little regard to the principles of responsible gambling and the prevention of gambling problems. Nordic countries have a strong commitment to the protection of health, but in the case of gambling, protecting the monopoly seems to outweigh harm prevention.
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Agbinya, Johnson. "Missing Links". African Journal of Information & Communication Technology 2, nr 1 (1.03.2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajict.v2i1.177.
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There are no doubts that the African telecommunication sector has grown and made significant strides the last three years. The level of progress is not a fluke. However, one of the greatest problems facing affordable telecommunication access in many parts of Africa is monopoly of access, links and inter-connectivity between operators. In many countries, this monopoly is controlled by incumbents, legacies of state owned telecommunication companies failing to realise when their job is done and when relinquishing their hold on national structures is more nationally productive. Often the links in question have been paid for with tax payers’ money before such companies are privatised or sold. This problem is significant across the African continent and has kept communication access in the continent very expensive.
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Mishura, Anna, i Svetlana Ageeva. "Financialisation and the authoritarian state: the case of Russia". Cambridge Journal of Economics, 4.08.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beac038.
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Abstract Using the example of Russia, we argue that financialisation in an authoritarian state can take place primarily through formation in financial sector monopoly-like state-related structures controlled by a limited circle of the irreplaceable elite. It occurs because financialisation and new financial technologies in an authoritarian state increase both the opportunities and incentives for dominance of large state-dependent institutions in the financial sector. The authoritarian state and its elite are using financial and information technology developments in accordance with their goals, adopting and enhancing some financial practices and innovations from the experience of developed countries while rejecting, distorting or slowing down others. As a result, on the one hand, within the framework of the formation of such monopoly-like institutions, financialisation is proceeding actively, the role of finance and financial relations in society is increasing everywhere and the use of new financial technologies, digitalisation and financial inclusion are expanding. On the other hand, some financial markets remain underdeveloped because either they imply a certain degree of competition, diversity, institutional quality and independence from state voluntarism, or the state and authoritarian elite have not yet fully elaborated a strategy of integrating these financial markets into the orbit of their interests. Thus financialisation in DEEs with an authoritarian political regime can strengthen and facilitate the dominance of authoritarian elites. We draw these conclusions considering the example of financialisation in Russia in the last two decades, where the banking sector is at the core of the financial system.
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Aguilera, Jaime Hernán-Pérez. "La decadencia española del siglo XVII: La Escuela Austriaca de Economía y la interpretación de la crisis". REVISTA PROCESOS DE MERCADO, 8.03.2021, 13–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52195/pm.v11i2.162.
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The Decline of the Spanish seventeenth century was a deep crisis, with dramatic consequences for the population. Many authors consider the costs of the Spanish imperial politics, defense and commercial monopoly of the Catholic faith, the continuing conflict with France for hegemony in Europe, with England for the defense of American monopoly or the Ottoman Empire for control Mediterranean, as the main causes. However, the un-controlled expansion of the money supply due to the precious metals from America, the use of credit to finance the huge deficits of the Spanish Monarchy and monetary changes, coupled with government intervention offered, from the perspective offered Austrian Theory of Economic Cycle, a new interpretation. Austerity policies, control of public expenditure, reducing the tax burden and reorganization of the monetary system, initiated in the late seventeenth century, stabilized the economy and allowed to return to a path of sustained growth.
Key words: Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy, Monetary Disturbances, Public Deficit, State Interventionism, Recession, Stagflation.
JEL Classification: E3, E4, E5, H3, H6, N1.
Resumen: La Decadencia Española del siglo XVII fue una crisis profunda, con unas consecuencias dramáticas para la población. Muchos autores consideran a los costes de la política imperial española, la defensa del monopolio comercial y de la fe católica, el conflicto permanente con Francia por la hegemonía en Europa, con Inglaterra por la defensa del monopolio americano o con el Imperio Otomano por el control del Mediterráneo, como las causas principales. Sin embargo, la expansión descontrolada de la masa monetaria debida a los metales preciosos procedentes de América, el recurso al crédito para financiar los gigantescos déficits públicos de la Monarquía Hispánica y las alteraciones monetarias, unidas al interven-cionismo del gobierno ofrecen, desde la perspectiva que ofrece la Teoría Austriaca del Ciclo Económico, una nueva interpretación. Las políticas de austeridad, control del gasto público, reducción de la presión fiscal y re-organización del sistema monetario, emprendidas a finales del siglo XVII, estabilizaron la economía y permitieron regresar a una senda de crecimiento sostenido.
Palabras clave: Política Monetaria, Política Fiscal, Alteraciones Monetarias, Déficit Público, Intervencionismo Estatal, Recesión, Estanflación.
Clasificación JEL: E3, E4, E5, H3, H6, N1.
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"SAXONY (DRESDEN)". Camden Fifth Series 56 (kwiecień 2019): 263–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960116318000283.
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On the occasion of the New Year, the Saxon Press has spoken in very optimist language of the state of Europe, as guaranteeing a continuance of peace. The Germans seem to have a belief in the existence of a separate diplomatic faculty, to whose agency they ascribe events due more to the natural evolution of affairs than to the forethought and contrivance of statesmen. Prince Bismarck is credited with the monopoly of this force, with which he regulates at will the European alliances, bringing the continent into an international system controlled by Germany. The feeling that the Reichskanzler has created a German hegemony in Europe, is expressed in the ‘Dresdner Nachrichten’ in some remarks of which the following is the purport.