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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „StarLink”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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1

Tregloan-Reed, J., A. Otarola, E. Ortiz, V. Molina, J. Anais, R. González, J. P. Colque i E. Unda-Sanzana. "First observations and magnitude measurement of Starlink’s Darksat". Astronomy & Astrophysics 637 (30.04.2020): L1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037958.

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Aims. We measured the Sloan g′ magnitudes of the Starlink’s STARLINK-1130 (Darksat) and 1113 low Earth orbit (LEO) communication satellites to determine the effectiveness of the Darksat darkening treatment at 475.4 nm. Methods. Two observations of the Starlink’s Darksat LEO communication satellite were conducted on 2020/02/08 and 2020/03/06 using Sloan r′ and g′ filters, respectively. A second satellite, STARLINK-1113, was observed on 2020/03/06 using a Sloan g′ filter. The initial observation on 2020/02/08 was a test observation conducted when Darksat was still in the process of manoeuvring to its nominal orbit and orientation. Based on the successful test observation, the first main observation took place on 2020/03/06, along with an observation of the second Starlink satellite. Results. The calibration, image processing, and analysis of the Darksat Sloan g′ image gives an estimated Sloan g′ magnitude of 7.46 ± 0.04 at a range of 976.50 km. For STARLINK-1113, an estimated Sloan g′ magnitude of 6.59 ± 0.05 at a range of 941.62 km was found. When scaled to a range of 550 km and corrected for the solar and observer phase angles, a reduction by a factor of two is seen in the reflected solar flux between Darksat and STARLINK-1113. Conclusions. The data and results presented in this work demonstrate that the special darkening coating used by Starlink for Darksat has darkened the Sloan g’ magnitude by 0.77 ± 0.05 mag when the range is equal to a nominal orbital height (550 km). This result will serve members of the astronomical community who are actively modelling the satellite mega-constellations to ascertain their actual impact on both amateur and professional astronomical observations. Both concurrent and subsequent observations are planned to cover the full optical and NIR spectrum using an ensemble of instruments, telescopes, and observatories.

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Tregloan-Reed, J., A. Otarola, E. Unda-Sanzana, B. Haeussler, F. Gaete, J. P. Colque, C. González-Fernández i in. "Optical-to-NIR magnitude measurements of the Starlink LEO Darksat satellite and effectiveness of the darkening treatment". Astronomy & Astrophysics 647 (marzec 2021): A54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039364.

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Aims. We aim to measure the Sloan r′, Sloan i′, J, and Ks magnitudes of Starlink’s STARLINK-1130 (Darksat) and STARLINK-1113 low Earth orbit (LEO) communication satellites and determine the effectiveness of the Darksat darkening treatment from the optical to the near-infrared (NIR). Methods. Four observations of Starlink’s LEO communication satellites, Darksat and STARLINK-1113, were conducted on two nights with two telescopes. The Chakana 0.6 m telescope at the Ckoirama observatory (Chile) observed both satellites on 5 Mar. 2020 (UTC) and 7 Mar. 2020 (UTC) using a Sloan r′ and Sloan i′ filter, respectively. The ESO VISTA 4.1 m telescope with the VIRCAM instrument observed both satellites on 5 Mar. 2020 (UTC) and 7 Mar. 2020 (UTC) in the NIR J-band and Ks-band, respectively. Results. The calibration, image processing, and analysis of the Darksat images give r ≈ 5.6 mag, i ≈ 5.0 mag, J ≈ 4.2 mag, and Ks ≈ 4.0 mag when scaled to a range of 550 km (airmass = 1) and corrected for the solar incidence and observer phase angles. In comparison, the STARLINK-1113 images give r ≈ 4.9 mag, i ≈ 4.4 mag, J ≈ 3.8 mag, and Ks ≈ 3.6 mag when corrected for range, solar incidence, and observer phase angles. The data and results presented in this work show that the special darkening coating used by Starlink for Darksat has darkened the Sloan r′ magnitude by 50%, Sloan i′ magnitude by 42%, NIR J magnitude by 32%, and NIR Ks magnitude by 28%. Conclusions. The results show that both satellites increase in reflective brightness with increasing wavelength and that the effectiveness of the darkening treatment is reduced at longer wavelengths. This shows that the mitigation strategies being developed by Starlink and other LEO satellite operators need to take into account other wavelengths, not just the optical. This work highlights the continued importance of obtaining multi-wavelength observations of many different LEO satellites in order to characterise their reflective properties and to aid the community in developing impact simulations and developing mitigation tools.

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3

Wallace, Patrick. "Standard Software for Astronomy - the Starlink SLALIB Example". Highlights of Astronomy 10 (1995): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600010984.

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Starlink’s SLALIB library is a collection of algorithms used in astronomical position and time applications. After describing the library in the context of Starlink as a whole, we look at more general questions about the provision of such software.

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4

Tao, Haicheng, Xueke Che, Qinyu Zhu i XinHong Li. "Satellite In-Orbit Secondary Collision Risk Assessment". International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2022 (2.05.2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6358188.

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The massive mega constellation of satellites will have a significant impact on global space safety. With Starlink as an example, this paper is aimed at assessing the risk of in-orbit collision, analyzing the probability of collision in orbit in its natural operating state, and forecasting the probability of secondary collision between the collision-generated short-term debris cloud and satellites in the same orbit. The mass, size, velocity, and direction of space debris in a particular orbit of Starlink satellite are calculated based on the MASTER-8 model, and the shape characteristics of the Starlink satellite are added to the model to determine the probability of a Starlink satellite colliding with space debris in that orbit. A modified spacecraft impact disintegration model then is used to calculate the collision results and estimate the collision threat level of the short-term debris cloud formed by the Starlink satellite after its destruction to satellites in the same orbit. The results indicate that the collision probability of Starlink satellite in orbit natural operation exceeds the red warning threshold 10-4 that the satellite disintegration after the first collision will generate 14088 pieces of debris over 1 cm, of which 4092 debris are potentially dangerous to other spacecraft, and that the collision probability to a satellite in the same orbit exceeds the red warning threshold of 10-4 within 30 minutes, implying that collision avoidance needs to be improved.

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5

Zhu, Qinyu, Haicheng Tao, Yanhua Cao i Xinhong Li. "Laser Inter-Satellite Link Visibility and Topology Optimization for Mega Constellation". Electronics 11, nr 14 (17.07.2022): 2232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11142232.

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In this paper, we begin by describing the Starlink constellation’s configuration plan, treating each satellite as a network node, naming and numbering the various nodes, and then classifying the laser interstellar links (LISLs) according to their orbital alignment and whether they are permanently visible. Whereupon, the method for calculating the respective theoretical interstellar distances required for establishing LISLs under two distinct orbital scenarios, co-orbital and hetero-orbital are analyzed, and the optimal phasing factors are proposed by solving an optimization algorithm for the shortest distance. The OneWeb and Starlink constellations, as well as the constellation states of various phasing factors are simulated, respectively. The Starlink constellation with F = 11 obtains the best coverage between 60° north and south latitudes predicated upon the analysis of the constellation N Asset Coverage. Following that, the first phase of the Starlink constellation deployment was modeled in order to analyze and count the number of permanent LISLs in orbit, adjacent to, and nearby. Subsequently, the characteristics of azimuthal, elevation, and range (AER) were subsequently analyzed to ascertain their variation law and to compile the number of permanent and temporary LISLs that could be established at various inter-distance ranges. Finally, predicated on the simulation results, the optimal LISLs connection strategy for the Starlink constellation is evaluated and a static topology for the constellation is constructed.

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6

Tao, Haicheng, Qinyu Zhu, Xueke Che, Xinhong Li, Wanxin Man, Zhibin Zhang i Guohui Zhang. "Impact of Mega Constellations on Geospace Safety". Aerospace 9, nr 8 (26.07.2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9080402.

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The extent of the impact of mega constellations on the low−orbiting geospace environment, which has not yet been assessed in more concrete quantitative terms, is an extremely important issue to consider as mega constellations are built. Satellite safety and lifetime can clearly represent the situation of space targets, and thus can reflect the impact of mega constellations on geospace security. Three target satellites with different characteristics were selected and the Accepted Collision Probability Level (ACPL) was calculated to obtain the impact of Starlink on satellite mission lifetime. Upon considering Starlink without early avoidance control, the lifetimes of the three target satellites were shortened by 56.21%, 99.09%, and 99.82%, respectively. After 10 revolutions of early avoidance control, two were shortened to 92.166% and 91.99%, while the lifetime of JILIN−01 was extended by 155.44%. After joining Starlink, the total risk became larger; even if the target satellite avoided control far more frequently than before joining Starlink, it will face a worse geospace environment. Adopting the most aggressive orbit avoidance control cannot avoid the deterioration of the geospace environment from the perspective of satellite lifetime, which is an irreversible and deteriorating process.

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7

Diaz, Carmen, Cecilia Fernandez, Regina McDonald i Jupiter M. Yeung. "Determination of Cry9C Protein in Processed Foods Made with StarLink™ Corn". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 85, nr 5 (1.09.2002): 1070–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.5.1070.

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Abstract StarLink™ (Aventis CropScience US) hybrid corn has been genetically modified to contain a pesticidal protein, Cry9C, which makes it more resistant than traditional varieties to certain types of corn insect pests. Unlike other varieties of genetically engineered corn, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency authorized the use of StarLink corn for animal feed and industrial use only, not for human consumption. However, some Cry9C-containing corn was mistakenly or inadvertently comingled with yellow corn intended for human food use. Because corn containing the Cry9C construct was not approved for human use, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers food containing it to be adulterated. Consequently, this regulatory violation resulted in hundreds of recalls of corn-based products, such as taco shells, containing cry9C DNA. Detecting the novel protein in StarLink corn is an emerging issue; therefore, there is no standardized or established analytical method for detecting Cry9C protein in processed foods. We developed a procedure for quantitation of Cry9C protein, with validation data, in processed food matrixes with a limit of quantitation at 1.7 ng/g (ppb), using a commercial polyclonal antibody-based Cry9C kit that was intended for corn grain samples. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 2.8 and 11.8%, respectively. Mean recoveries were 73 and 85% at 2 and 5 ng/g Cry9C fortifications, respectively, for 19 control non-StarLink corn-based matrixes. Our data demonstrate only 0–0.5% of Cry9C protein survived the processing of tortilla chips and soft tortillas made from 100% StarLink corn, resulting in levels from below the detection limit to 45 ppb.

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8

Sivokon, V. P. "GEOPHYSICAL ASPECT OF A CATASTROPHIC LAUNCH OF STARLINK SATELLITES". Bulletin оf Kamchatka State Technical University, nr 59 (2022): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17217/2079-0333-2022-59-6-14.

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On February 3, 2022, as part of the SpaceX program, the next Falcon 9 carrier with Starlink satellites was launched. The launch was unsuccessful, which led to the loss of 40 out of 49 satellites. According to SpaceX experts, the cause of this event was an increase in the density of the atmosphere in the intermediate orbit, due to a magnetic storm, followed by deceleration and loss of satellites. Based on the analysis of the geomagnetic situation, the article shows that it is not enough to limit ourselves to consider only a possible change in the density of the atmosphere as the cause of the catastrophe. Most likely, the reason is complex and involves, among other issues, a failure in the operation of the radio-electronic equipment of the satellites due to induced currents and their electrification.

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9

Fox, Jeffrey L. "EPA re-evaluates StarLink license". Nature Biotechnology 19, nr 1 (styczeń 2001): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/83435.

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Bucchini, Luca, i Lynn R. Goldman. "Starlink corn: a risk analysis." Environmental Health Perspectives 110, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.021105.

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11

THAYER, ANN. "STARLINK CORN DERAILS AG CHAIN". Chemical & Engineering News 79, nr 4 (22.01.2001): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n004.p023.

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12

HILEMÀN, BETTE. "StarLink Residues Are Potentially Allergenic". Chemical & Engineering News Archive 79, nr 32 (6.08.2001): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n032.p009a.

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13

O'Callaghan, Jonathan. "Astronomers want to halt Starlink". New Scientist 245, nr 3268 (luty 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)30240-2.

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14

Cárdenas Reyes, Sara Fernanda, Karla Victoria Mero Franco, Alexander David Chancay Sancan, María Isabel Chancay Tumbaco i Mario Javier Marcillo Merino. "El IMPACTO DEL INTERNET GLOBAL "STARLINK"". UNESUM-Ciencias. Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria. ISSN 2602-8166 6, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47230/unesum-ciencias.v5.n4.2021.461.

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En resumen, el articulo tuvo como propósito dar a conocer el impacto global que logro Starlink, el servicio se instaló para pocos territorios privilegiados, según la compañía se logró buenos resultados en la latencia como en la velocidad de descarga. Los métodos usados se refieren a una investigación basada en la experimentación u observación, conducida generalmente a responder una pregunta específica o hipótesis. Como resultados este servicio no pretende competir con las conexiones 5G o la fibra que son las redes disponibles en los actuales momentos, si no complementar ambas, Starlink no se basa en la velocidad si no en el abastecimiento del internet. Finalmente sabemos que el internet satelital tiene un enfoque diferente a lo tradicional, ya que busca la disponibilidad en sectores donde nunca antes existía dicha posibilidad de acceder al internet. Como usuarios obsesionados con la tecnología y en especial del internet, esperamos que Starlink tenga muchos éxitos.

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15

Mróz, Przemek, Angel Otarola, Thomas A. Prince, Richard Dekany, Dmitry A. Duev, Matthew J. Graham, Steven L. Groom, Frank J. Masci i Michael S. Medford. "Impact of the SpaceX Starlink Satellites on the Zwicky Transient Facility Survey Observations". Astrophysical Journal Letters 924, nr 2 (1.01.2022): L30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac470a.

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Abstract There is a growing concern about an impact of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite constellations on ground-based astronomical observations, in particular, on wide-field surveys in the optical and infrared. The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), thanks to the large field of view of its camera, provides an ideal setup to study the effects of LEO megaconstellations—such as SpaceX’s Starlink—on astronomical surveys. Here, we analyze the archival ZTF observations collected between 2019 November and 2021 September and find 5301 satellite streaks that can be attributed to Starlink satellites. We find that the number of affected images is increasing with time as SpaceX deploys more satellites. Twilight observations are particularly affected—a fraction of streaked images taken during twilight has increased from less than 0.5% in late 2019 to 18% in 2021 August. We estimate that once the size of the Starlink constellation reaches 10,000, essentially all ZTF images taken during twilight may be affected. However, despite the increase in satellite streaks observed during the analyzed period, the current science operations of ZTF are not yet strongly affected. We also find that redesigning Starlink satellites (by installing visors intended to block sunlight from reaching the satellite antennas to prevent reflection) reduces their brightness by a factor of 4.6 ± 0.1 with respect to the original design in g, r, and i bands.

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ORLANDI, PALMER A., KEITH A. LAMPEL, PAUL K. SOUTH, SAMIR K. ASSAR, LAURENDA CARTER i DAN D. LEVY. "Analysis of Flour and Food Samples for cry9C from Bioengineered Corn". Journal of Food Protection 65, nr 2 (1.02.2002): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.426.

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StarLink corn is a variety of yellow corn that has been genetically modified by the insertion of an altered cry9C gene into the plant genome, resulting in expression of the insecticidal Cry9C protein. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has approved StarLink corn for use in animal feed but not in food intended for human consumption. Therefore, under the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, any food intended for human consumption in which the presence of StarLink corn is indicated by the presence of either the Cry9C protein or the cry9C gene would be considered adulterated. Extraction and PCR-based methods were used to detect the presence of the cry9C DNA initially in corn flour and corn meal, and then these methods were extended to the analysis of processed corn products, including taco shells, cereals, baby foods, party snacks, and chips, for the presence of this modified genetic material. In a survey of 63 products, the cry9C transgene was detected in 4 taco shells.

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Quirasco, Maricarmen, Bernd Schoel, Javier Plasencia, John Fagan i Amanda Galvez. "Suitability of Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for cry9C Detection in Mexican Corn Tortillas: Fate of DNA and Protein After Alkaline Cooking". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 87, nr 3 (1.01.2004): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/87.3.639.

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Abstract Alkaline-cooked corn, called nixtamal, is the basis for many traditional corn products such as tortillas, chips, and taco shells that are used widely in Mexico and Central America and in the preparation of snack foods that are consumed globally. To assess the effects of alkaline and thermal treatments on the detectability of DNA and protein for the presence of genetically modified sequences, various nixtamalized products were prepared from blends of conventional white corn containing 0.1, 1.0, and 10% transgenic corn (event CBH 351, StarLink™). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (RTQ–PCR) and immunoassays were used to determine the cry9C gene and protein, respectively, in unprocessed corn kernels, freshly prepared alkaline-cooked and ground corn (masa), masa flour, tortillas prepared from masa by heat treatment, chips prepared from damp masa dough by deep frying, and from tortillas processed at high (200°C) and low temperatures (70°C). In spite of progressive degradation of genomic DNA during processing, RTQ–PCR genetic analysis allowed detection and quantification of the cry9C gene in all products prepared from 10, 1, and 0.1% StarLink corn, except deep-fried chips containing 0.1% StarLink. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays readily detected <1ppm cry9C protein in all blends of unprocessed corn (10, 1, and 0.1% StarLink) as well as in nonfried tortilla and masa products. This technique was not suitable for thermally treated nixtamalized products containing <1% transgenic corn.

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Boley, Aaron C., Ewan Wright, Samantha Lawler, Paul Hickson i Dave Balam. "Plaskett 1.8 m Observations of Starlink Satellites". Astronomical Journal 163, nr 5 (7.04.2022): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac5599.

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Abstract We present observations of 23 Starlink satellites in the g′ bandpass, obtained from the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory’s Plaskett 1.8 m telescope. The targets include a mixture of satellites with and without brightness mitigation measures (i.e., visors). At the time of the observations (2021 July 16), Starlink satellites were sunlit throughout the night, and, even with strict elevation and azimuth limits, there were over 800 candidate Starlink arcs. The satellites altogether have a median range corrected brightness (550 km) of H ¯ g 550 = 5.3 mag. Dividing the targets into those without and with visors, their median range corrected magnitudes are H ¯ g 550 ( no visor ) = 5.1 and H ¯ g 550 ( visor ) = 5.7 mag, respectively. While the visor sample is dimmer in aggregate, the range corrected brightness distribution ranged from H g 550 = 4.3 mag to 9.4 mag. The two brightest satellites have similar H g 550 to within the uncertainty, but one is visored and the other nonvisored. The dimmest satellite we observed is one without mitigations. The intrinsic brightness dispersion among the full sample is σ g = 0.5 mag.

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Mottez, Fabrice, i Lucas Gierczak. "Starlink, un cauchemar pour les astronomes". Pour la Science N° 509 - mars, nr 3 (3.01.2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pls.509.0007.

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Cooper, Keith. "Astronomers raise concerns over SpaceX's Starlink". Physics World 33, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/33/1/11.

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THAYER, ANN. "Farmers Sue Aventis Over StarLink Corn". Chemical & Engineering News 78, nr 50 (11.12.2000): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v078n050.p010.

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Lu, Donna. "Starlink obscures images of the sky". New Scientist 244, nr 3257 (listopad 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(19)32181-5.

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Schmitz, Troy G., Andrew Schmitz i Charles B. Moss. "The economic impact of StarLink corn". Agribusiness 21, nr 3 (2005): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agr.20054.

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Trucksess, Mary W., T. Artis, C. Diaz, C. Fernandez, K. Harkin, D. Layton, R. Shillito, F. Thomas, K. Williams i J. Yeung. "Determination of Cry9C Protein in Corn-Based Foods by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: Interlaboratory Study". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, nr 6 (1.11.2001): 1891–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.6.1891.

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Abstract The performance of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Enviro-Logix) was assessed for the determination of Cry9C protein, which is produced by the genetically modified corn StarLink, in 8 types of corn-based foods (starch, refined oil, soft tortillas, tortilla chips, corn flakes, corn puffs, corn muffins, and corn bread) in an interlaboratory study involving 7 laboratories in the United States. The assay kit is a double antibody sandwich and is based on the specific interaction between antibody and antigen. The Cry9C protein analyte is sandwiched between 2 antibodies, one to capture the analyte and the other is conjugated to the enzyme, horseradish peroxidase. The enzyme uses tetramethylbenzidine/peroxide for color development. A strong acid stopping reagent is then used to change the color from blue to a stable yellow. The intensity of the color is proportional to the concentration of the Cry9C protein. In this study blind duplicates of control samples (blank material prepared from non- StarLink corn), spiked samples (blank material with the addition of Cry9C protein), and samples containing incurred analyte (products prepared with StarLink corn) were analyzed. Cry9C protein from 2 different sources was used to spike the food products. Cry9C protein produced and purified from a bacterial host was used to prepare spiked test samples at 2.72 and 6.8 ng/g. Cry9C protein from StarLink corn flour was used to prepare spiked samples at 1.97 ng/g. Average recoveries for samples spiked with corn flour Cry9C protein at 1.97 ng/g ranged from 73 to 122%, within-laboratory relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 6 to 22%, and between-laboratories relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 16 to 56%. Average recoveries for samples spiked with bacterial Cry9C protein at 2.72 and 6.8 ng/g ranged from 27 to 96% and from 32 to 113%, respectively; RSDr values ranged from 10 to 35%and from 7 to 38%, respectively; and the RSDR ranged from 28 to 84%and 15 to 75%, respectively. The incurred test samples were found to contain Cry9C protein at levels ranging from 0.8 to 3187 ng/g depending on the product, RSDr values ranged from 5 to 16% and RSDR values ranged from 11 to 71%. Results of the statistical analysis indicate that this method is applicable to the determination of Cry9C protein in the 8 types of collaboratively studied corn-based products containing Cry9C protein (from StarLink ) at levels of ≥2 ng/g.

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Fox, Jeffrey L. "USDA, EPA remove StarLink corn from feed". Nature Biotechnology 19, nr 4 (kwiecień 2001): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/86648.

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Стельник, Антон, Костянтин Лісовський, Іван Сайченко i Роман Камаралі. "ОГЛЯД ТА РЕВЕРС-ІНЖЕНІРІНГ РОУТЕРУ STARLINK II ПОКОЛІННЯ". Grail of Science, nr 17 (3.08.2022): 218–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.22.07.2022.040.

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В даній статті буде представлено огляд роутеру другого покоління компанії Starlink від SpaceX. Зважаючи на стрімкий розвиток технологій, розглядається саме цей тип, оскільки друге покоління термінального обладнання починає своє поширення у світі.

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Lehoucq, Roland, i François Graner. "Starlink : dommages collatéraux de la flotte de satellites d’Elon Musk". Reflets de la physique, nr 70 (październik 2021): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/refdp/202170044.

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Derrière le clinquant des annonces médiatiques, la flotte de satellites Starlink soulève de multiples interrogations. Petit tour d’horizon d’aspects liés à l’astronomie, la navigation dans l’espace, les télécommunications, l’environnement, mais aussi l’économie et les traités internationaux.

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Duan, Tong, i Venkata Dinavahi. "Starlink Space Network-Enhanced Cyber–Physical Power System". IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 12, nr 4 (lipiec 2021): 3673–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3068046.

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O'Callaghan, Jonathan. "Starlink satellites will have ‘negative impact’, says report". New Scientist 245, nr 3270 (luty 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)30388-2.

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Сайченко, Іван, Роман Камаралі i Костянтин Лісовський. "ОГЛЯД ТА РЕВЕРС-ІНЖЕНІРІНГ РОУТЕРУ ТА ETHERNET-АДАПТЕРУ DISHY STARLINK". Grail of Science, nr 12-13 (28.05.2022): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.29.04.2022.046.

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В даній статті буде представлено огляд роутеру першого покоління, а також фірмового Ethernet-адаптеру Dishy компанії Starlink від SpaceX. Зважаючи на стрімкий розвиток технологій, розглядається саме цей тип, оскільки друге покоління термінального обладнання було представлено місяць тому і не має широкого поширення у світі [1].

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Deshevykh, M. S., i V. V. Yudaev. "SpaceX As the Challenge to National Security". Contemporary problems of social work 6, nr 2 (29.06.2020): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2412-5466-2020-6-2-51-57.

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today, the traditional nature of the activities of the national states and business structures in the space sector has been modified. Favorable legal conditions laid the foundation for increasing the role of private space agencies on the world stage. New business structures related to space issues. The American company SpaceX, in particular, the design of this company under the name “Starlink” provides access to high-performance Internet technologies in all territories through the use of satellite technology of 1200 satellites, which are of interest in the analysis of existing space programs. This Starlink program is a political research methodology that allows you to investigate the possible threat of state space programs. The results of this work can be taken as a basis for future developers. In the end, the author came to the conclusion that there is a threat of monopolization of the space sphere, which requires additional study and discussion at the level of government states.

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32

Han, Ju. "Recent Progress and Future Development in Satellite Communication". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (27.12.2022): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3719.

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In the era of high-speed communication, large-capacity broadband and multimedia personalization, satellite communication has become one of the most special ways of wireless communication. With the rapid development of satellite communication during recent years, many projects, like Oneweb, Starlink, and Telesat have been attempted. Based on higher and higher transmission speed demand, Satellite communication becomes a newly effective supplementation of traditional terrestrial station gradually. After nearly half a century of exploration, started from a live broadcast, broadband satellite constellation represented by Starlink had become mainstream application. The future communication system should be land, sea, and space integration. In this article, the phylogeny of SC, basic construct and some application will be discussed. Consider the specific applications, some challenges and future trend are also the focus. At the same time, the comparison between Satellite communication and terrestrial provision offers a thinking way of communication industry ecology. Nevertheless, the satellite communication system based on radio microwave communication still has some technical development problems and application difficulties, and it is necessary to seek breakthroughs in communication technology and hardware facilities.

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Cole, Richard E. "A Sky Brightness Model for the Starlink “Visorsat” Spacecraft". Research Notes of the AAS 4, nr 10 (15.10.2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/abc0e9.

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Nelkin, Dorothy, i Emily Marden. "The StarLink controversy: the competing frames of risk disputes". International Journal of Biotechnology 6, nr 1 (2004): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbt.2004.004610.

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35

Siruguri, Vasanthi, B. Sesikeran i Ramesh V. Bhat. "Starlink genetically modified corn and allergenicity in an individual". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 113, nr 5 (maj 2004): 1003–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.01.571.

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Lawler, Samantha M., Aaron C. Boley i Hanno Rein. "Visibility Predictions for Near-future Satellite Megaconstellations: Latitudes near 50° Will Experience the Worst Light Pollution". Astronomical Journal 163, nr 1 (17.12.2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac341b.

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Abstract Megaconstellations of thousands to tens of thousands of artificial satellites (satcons) are rapidly being developed and launched. These satcons will have negative consequences for observational astronomy research, and are poised to drastically interfere with naked-eye stargazing worldwide should mitigation efforts be unsuccessful. Here we provide predictions for the optical brightnesses and on-sky distributions of several satcons, including Starlink, OneWeb, Kuiper, and StarNet/GW, for a total of 65,000 satellites on their filed or predicted orbits. We develop a simple model of satellite reflectivity, which is calibrated using published Starlink observations. We use this model to estimate the visible magnitudes and on-sky distributions for these satellites as seen from different places on Earth, in different seasons, and different times of night. For latitudes near 50° north and south, satcon satellites make up a few percent of all visible point sources all night long near the summer solstice, as well as near sunrise and sunset on the equinoxes. Altering the satellites’ altitudes only changes the specific impacts of the problem. Without drastic reduction of the reflectivities, or significantly fewer total satellites in orbit, satcons will greatly change the night sky worldwide.

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Ren, Shuyi, Xiaohua Yang, Ronglan Wang, Siqing Liu i Xiaojing Sun. "The Interaction between the LEO Satellite Constellation and the Space Debris Environment". Applied Sciences 11, nr 20 (13.10.2021): 9490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209490.

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The wide application of satellite constellations in the field of space-based global communications and remote sensing has led to a substantial increase in small-satellite launch plans, a sharp increase in the density of space objects in low-Earth orbit (LEO), and a reduction in available orbit and frequency resources. This will further aggravate the trend of deterioration of the space debris environment. Taking the Starlink constellation as an example, this paper describes the influence of the constellation from the environmental debris flux of the satellite, the evaluation of the number of evasion maneuvers, the change of risk level, the success rate of post mission disposal (PMD) and the growth rate of space objects. The simulation results show that the collision risk of the Starlink constellation is related to the orbital parameters, and the higher success rate of post-mission disposal (PMD) can reduce the collision risk of the constellation. The large constellations increases the growth rate of space objects, and even if all the satellites are disposed of after the mission, the impact of constellations on the space environment can not be offset.

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James, Chaneil. "Dark-coated Starlink satellites better but not perfect, say astronomers". Physics World 34, nr 2 (1.05.2021): 6ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/34/02/07.

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Cole, Richard E. "Measurement Of The Brightness Of The Starlink Spacecraft Named “DARKSAT”". Research Notes of the AAS 4, nr 3 (24.03.2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ab8234.

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YONEMOCHI, Chisato, Keisei SUGA, Chisato HARADA i Michito HANAZUMI. "Tevaluation of transgenic event CBH 351 (StarLink) corn in pig". Animal Science Journal 81, nr 1 (luty 2010): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00718.x.

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Lin, William, Gregory K. Price i Edward W. Allen. "StarLink: Impacts on the U.S. corn market and world trade". Agribusiness 19, nr 4 (2003): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agr.10075.

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Osborn, James, Laurence Blacketer, Matthew J. Townson i Ollie J. D. Farley. "Astrosat: forecasting satellite transits for optical astronomical observations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 509, nr 2 (20.10.2021): 1848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3003.

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ABSTRACT The impact of large-scale constellations of satellites, is a concern for ground-based astronomers. In recent years there has been a significant increase in the number of satellites in low-Earth orbit and this trend is set to continue. The large number of satellites increases the probability that one will enter the field of view of a ground-based telescope at the right solar angle to appear bright enough that it can corrupt delicate measurements. We present a new tool ‘Astrosat’ that will project satellite orbits onto the RA/Dec. coordinate system for a given observer location and time and field of view. This enables observers to mitigate the effects of satellite trails through their images by either avoiding the intersection, post-processing using the information as a prior or shuttering the observation for the duration of the transit. We also provide some analysis on the apparent brightness of the largest of the constellations, Starlink, as seen by a typical observatory and as seen with the naked eye. We show that a naked eye observer can typically expect to see a maximum of 5 Starlink satellites at astronomical twilight, when the sky is dark. With the intended 40 000 satellites in the constellation that number would increase to 30.

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ГОРОДИСЬКИЙ, Роман, i Руслан ДАНИЛІВ. "ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СУПУТНИКОВОГО ЗВ’ЯЗКУ В УМОВАХ ЗБРОЙНОЇ АГРЕСІЇ". Збірник наукових праць Національної академії Державної прикордонної служби України. Серія: військові та технічні науки 87, nr 1-2 (23.08.2022): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32453/3.v87i1-2.1080.

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Стаття присвячена з’ясуванню особливостей застосування супутникового зв’язку в умовах збройної агресії та його ефективності. Розкрито значення космічних знімків. З’ясовано, що дистанційне зондування Землі – це отримання інформації про поверхню Землі з космосу чи повітря із застосуванням властивостей електромагнітних хвиль, що випромінюються, відбиваються, поглинаються чи розсіюються об’єктами зондування, і різнобічне використання цієї інформації в різних галузях. Розглянуто типи дистанційного зондування Землі. З’ясовано роль глобальних навігаційних супутникових систем. Встановлено, що вивчення характерних особливостей сучасних засобів радіоелектронної протидії і зразків обладнання глобальних навігаційних супутникових систем у найрозвиненіших світових державах продемонструвало, що ступінь характеристик військових глобальних навігаційних супутникових систем приймачів має гарантувати коректний розрахунок навігаційних параметрів у разі співвідношення перешкода/сигнал на вході антенного приладу приблизно 80-100 дБ. Розглянуто систему глобального позиціювання. Визначено методи підвищення перешкод до захищеності апаратури глобальних навігаційних супутникових систем.На ведено види, переваги та недоліки систем автономних систем навігації. Розглянуто систему супутників Starlink. Встановлено, що застосування Starlink на тлі гібридної війни й ускладненого та проблематичного доступу до інтернет-з’єднання – виправдане, тому що якість послуги, стійкість інтернет-з’єднання в Україні й швидкість інтернету є відмінною. Так, розгляд стану питань щодо застосування інструментів радіоелектронної протидії й методики захисту навігаційного обладнання від перешкод дає змогу говорити про можливість і доречність формування захищеного від перешкод противника модуля систем супутникової навігації з метою навігаційного забезпечення підрозділів Збройних Сил України із застосуванням пропозицій, які надані в статті.

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Chaudhry, Aizaz U., i Halim Yanikomeroglu. "Laser Intersatellite Links in a Starlink Constellation: A Classification and Analysis". IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 16, nr 2 (czerwiec 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2021.3063706.

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YONEMOCHI, Chisato, Hirokazu FUJISAKI, Chisato HARADA, Toyoko KUSAMA i Michito HANAZUMI. "Evaluation of transgenic event CBH 351 (StarLink) corn in broiler chicks". Animal Science Journal 73, nr 3 (czerwiec 2002): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1344-3941.2002.00031.x.

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Pfeiffer, Morgan B., Thomas W. Seamans, Bruce N. Buckingham i Bradley F. Blackwell. "Landscape Factors that Influence European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Nest Box Occupancy at NASA Plum Brook Station (PBS), Erie County, Ohio, USA". Ohio Journal of Science 119, nr 2 (26.09.2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v119i2.6694.

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During the last decade at NASA Plum Brook Station (PBS), Erie County, Ohio, United States, there has been a nearly 50% decrease in European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) occupancy (nests with ≥1 egg) of nest boxes designed to be used by starlings. Increased availability of natural cavities, from invertebrate pests, might have altered nest box occupation rates. It was hypothesized that starling nest box occupation rates would be a function of an index of potentially suitable tree cavities for nesting starlings, the semi-colonial nature of breeding starlings, and access to foraging areas (e.g., mowed lawns near buildings). Specifically, it was predicted that starling occupancy of nest boxes would correlate positively with a low density of potentially suitable tree cavities (calculated from a constructed index based on characteristics preferred by nesting starlings), and proximity of other starling occupied nest boxes and anthropogenic structures or mowed lawns. The objective was to quantify landscape factors around nest boxes with known starling occupation rates. Potentially suitable tree cavities were readily available near nest boxes. However, starling nest box occupation was instead a function of proximity to buildings, a factor associated with additional nesting sites and preferred foraging areas (mowed lawns). Nesting starlings in this study were influenced by anthropogenic structures and associated resources.

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47

Windels, Pieter, Sophie Bertrand, Ann Depicker, William Moens, Erik Van Bockstaele i Marc De Loose. "Qualitative and event-specific PCR real-time detection methods for StarLink maize". European Food Research and Technology 216, nr 3 (29.01.2003): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-002-0652-5.

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Whitaker, Thomas B., Mary W. Trucksess, Francis G. Giesbrecht, Andrew B. Slate i Francis S. Thomas. "Evaluation of Sampling Plans to Detect Cry9C Protein in Corn Flour and Meal". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 87, nr 4 (1.09.2004): 950–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/87.4.950.

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Abstract StarLink is a genetically modified corn that produces an insecticidal protein, Cry9C. Studies were conducted to determine the variability and Cry9C distribution among sample test results when Cry9C protein was estimated in a bulk lot of corn flour and meal. Emphasis was placed on measuring sampling and analytical variances associated with each step of the test procedure used to measure Cry9C in corn flour and meal. Two commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used: one for the determination of Cry9C protein concentration and the other for % StarLink seed. The sampling and analytical variances associated with each step of the Cry9C test procedures were determined for flour and meal. Variances were found to be functions of Cry9C concentration, and regression equations were developed to describe the relationships. Because of the larger particle size, sampling variability associated with cornmeal was about double that for corn flour. For cornmeal, the sampling variance accounted for 92.6% of the total testing variability. The observed sampling and analytical distributions were compared with the Normal distribution. In almost all comparisons, the null hypothesis that the Cry9C protein values were sampled from a Normal distribution could not be rejected at 95% confidence limits. The Normal distribution and the variance estimates were used to evaluate the performance of several Cry9C protein sampling plans for corn flour and meal. Operating characteristic curves were developed and used to demonstrate the effect of increasing sample size on reducing false positives (seller's risk) and false negatives (buyer's risk).

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Sykuta, Michael. "Agricultural Organization in an Era of Traceability". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, nr 2 (sierpień 2005): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800006842.

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From production to retail, information systems have become increasingly important in the agrifood system. Retailers use information systems to improve inventory management and increase efficiency in production and logistics. Innovations in agribiotechnology and food safety issues highlighted by incidences related to Starlink corn and “mad cow disease” have raised consumer concerns about their food products. In addition to food safety concerns, consumers are increasingly willing to pay premiums for nonobservable quality characteristics in their food products. This paper outlines a framework for evaluating the implications of traceability for the organization of the agricultural system and highlights potential organizational responses to traceability issues.

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McDowell, Jonathan C. "The Low Earth Orbit Satellite Population and Impacts of the SpaceX Starlink Constellation". Astrophysical Journal 892, nr 2 (6.04.2020): L36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab8016.

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