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Lapras, Benjamine. "Rationalisation de la purification, de la formulation et du conditionnement de suspensions thérapeutiques de bactériophages anti-Staphylococcus à usage humain". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10324.
Pełny tekst źródłaDownstream processing of various phage lysates, containing bacteriophages (phages; specific and selective bacterial viruses) and impurities, requires a universal purification process and formulation to facilitate access to phage therapy. This work aims to rationalise the purification, formulation and packaging of various therapeutic phages while preserving or increasing their stability. First, the theory of the structure and physicochemical properties of phages and phage lysate impurities is reviewed, along with the thermodynamics of suspensions’ stability. Subsequently, the purification process is rationalised according to a selection guide of process unit operations. The resulting process - comprising frontal filtration, tangential filtration and centrifuged ultrafiltration - monitored for particle size and concentration by interferometric light microscopy, swiftly provides highly concentrated (>10^8 PFU/mL) pharmaceutical-grade suspensions of phages (myovirus and podovirus) targeting Staphylococcus aureus, without toxic adjuvants. These suspensions are formulated in a phosphate-buffered saline solution containing a surfactant above its critical micellar concentration, thereby minimising aggregation and adsorption, and preserving phage stability in type I glass vials (>14 days when shaken; >1 year at 5 °C, predicted >7 years). This manuscript offers a theory-based methodology addressing phage therapy pharmaco-technical challenges related to the purification and stabilisation of various phages. Moreover, it introduces two innovative technologies (interferometric light microscopy and PREDISTAB semi-predictive method) that enhance the speed and security of phage development
Pelat, Thibaut. "Obtention et ingénierie d'anticorps recombinants thérapeutiques et/ou prophylactiques dirigés contre les agents du risque biologique provoqué". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20093.
Pełny tekst źródłaRecombinant antibodies isolated from non-human primates represent very promising medical countermeasures against bioweapons. The advantages and methodological aspects of this approach have been described. An scFv, neutralizing the lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis (2LF: KD= 1. 02 nM) and directed against the “lethal factor” subunit was isolated from a phage-displayed immune library, and characterised. Another scFv, 43RCA, neutralizing ricin, was obtained with the same methodology and tested (in particular: KD= 40 pM). This approach may also be used beyond bioweapons, as an scFv directed toward Aspergillus fumigatus was also isolated (MS130i-IIIC3: KD= 0,96 nM). On-line sequence analysis with IMGT tools allowed to show the high degree of similarity between these scFvs and their human counterparts. Antibody fragments were engineered, including an in vitro affinity maturation (KD initial = 3. 4 nM; KD final = 0. 18 nM). Utilizing IMGT standardisation and on-line tools, a “germline humanization” - utilizing FR derived from IgM, encountered by every Human, as opposed to IgG FR - was realized in order to ensure an optimal tolerance for one of our scFvs. A primatized IgG was tested in vivo and showed therapeutic and prophylactic capacities
Bourgouin, Catherine. "Les Toxines de Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis et de Bacillus sphaericus leur utilisation en lutte biologique contre les vecteurs de maladies tropicales /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376121877.
Pełny tekst źródłaGbedjissi, Louis Ghélus. "Relations mollusques - diptères sciomyzidae, implications dans la lutte contre les distomatoses au Bénin". Avignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AVIG0312.
Pełny tekst źródłaSeven Sepedon and 1 Sepedonella are found in Benin. Population levels fluctuate following permanent or temporary states of aquatic habitats, rainfall and human activities. Complete life cycles are gave for 6 species. Larval predation is tested with various snails, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Lymnaea natalensis, Bulinus forskalii, known to their implication as intermediate-host of animal or human distosomiasis. Sepedon knutsoni and Sepedonella nana attack and consume only on aquatic oligochaeta Aulophorus furcatus. This annelidophagous behavior is probably derived from the habitual malacophagous known for all Sciomyzidae larvae. Sepedon ruficeps larvae are both malacophagous and annelidophagous. S. Umbrosa larvae are parasitoid of the terrestrial gastropoda Subulina octona which is attacking by forcing its mouth. S. Trichrooscelis larval are parasitoi͏̈d of Succinea campestris, occasionnaly eat Lymnaea natalensis. With a higth predation by their instar larvae, S. Ruficeps is a very good species in a tentative to reduce the snails levels implicated in the distosomiasis. But, the larval predation to depend on size and snail behavior
Mille, Bruno. "La rhynchosporiose de l'orge à Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud. ) DAVIS : élaboration de nouvelles stratégies de lutte, importance relative des différentes sources d'inoculum". Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112110.
Pełny tekst źródłaNew cultural practices against barley scald disease were proposed and some epidemiological characteristics of the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud. ) Davis, especially importance of seeds, assessed both directly showing its presence and indirectly by field trials. The first analysis method, a "classical" one, associated barley seeds disinfection with ethanol, sodium hypochlorite and bactericidal and fungicidal solution, before placing them on the elective ("barley") and selective medium (terramycine + iprodione + procymidone + 2,4 D). But the experiments were not adequatly successful. The second method, immunofluorescence, allowed routine analysis of seeds samples. Moreover, a higher specificity of immunsera was obtained by complex immunization procedures including different antigenic forms. The chemical treatments of seeds and sprayings of fungicides on the soil that were tested allowed estimation of the comparative importance of "seeds" and "soil" inoculum. They also demonstrated that such applications can be useful as cultural techniques. Lastly, varietal mixtures can be used as a strategy to limit disease spreading in the crop
Sierocki, Pierre. "Synthèse de nouveaux analogues C-nucléoside quaternarisés en position anomérique comme agents antiviraux potentiels". Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4075.
Pełny tekst źródłaAs witnessed by recent Ebola, Chikungunya or Influenza (H1N1) breakthroughs, emerging an re-emerging viruses are still responsible for major health crisis. Efficient and safe antiviral therapies are thus highly needed. Over the past decades, nucleoside analogs have lead the fight against manyof those pathogens, including: HIV, HCV or HSV. Recently, C-nucleoside analogs bearing a quaternary anomericposition have emerged as promising antiviral drugs against these «new» viruses.There are still very few ways to access to such motif in the literature. In the course of this PhD thesis, collaborating with Janssen laboratories, we have developped new strategies to reach these originals scaffolds, relying on C-nucleosides chemistry. Notably, we have synthesized a familly ofanalogs, having a 1,2,3-triazole and a cyano group attheanomeric position, exploiting “Click” chemistry and metallo-catalyzed C-Ccouplings
PONCET, SANDRINE. "Etude et amelioration des proprietes biopesticides de bacteries entomopathogenes, utilisees comme moyen de lutte contre les dipteres vecteurs de maladies tropicales". Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA077284.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuillet, Pierre. "La lutte contre les vecteurs de l'onchocercose en Afrique de l'Ouest : étude de la résistance et recherche de nouveaux larvicides". Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112383.
Pełny tekst źródłaRomaña, Christine. "Recherches sur les potentialités des hyphomycètes entomopathogènes (fungi imperfecti) dans la lutte microbiologique contre les triatominae (heteroptera)". Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON1T014.
Pełny tekst źródłaDe, Garine-Wichatitsky Michel de. "Ecologie des interactions hôtes/vecteurs : analyse du système tiques/ongulés sauvages et domestiques en zone tropicale". Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20114.
Pełny tekst źródłaNoir, Sandra. "Diversité des gènes de résistance au sein du génome des caféiers (Coffea L. ). Analyse génétique de la résistance au nématode à galles, Meloidogyne exigua, chez C. Arabica". Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20184.
Pełny tekst źródłaDecante, Damien. "Répartition spatio-temporelle et migration de la cicadelle verte (Empoasca vitis Goethe) dans un agro-écosystème viticole". Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21405.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe eco-ethology of Empoasca vitis was studied in vineyards at different temporal (week, generation, year) and spatial (plot, production site, small region) scales. This leafhopper hibernates near the plot on evergreen plants and, in spring, migrates towards different early-budding plants before ilmmigrating into the plots (complementation). Summer population levels (sometimes harmful) depend strongly on summer migrations taking place over longer distances. The intra-plot distribution of both adults and nymphs was mapped and compared to agronomical parameters. This revealed strong aggregations in areas of high plant vigour. The presence of potential alternative host plants of E. Vitis along the plot border (supplementation) did not seem to increase population levels. No impact of natural enemies from plot borders was detected. High and dense plot borders were shown to induce accumulation of migrating adults
Garjito, Triwibowo Ambar. "Dynamique des principales maladies transmises par les moustiques en Indonésie". Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT037.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis summarized the study of the dynamic of the main mosquito-borne diseases in Indonesia. A large number and diversity of samples were analyzed with an emphasis on operational and implementation research. This study provide an overview of the current dynamics and risk of transmission of the main mosquito-borne diseases in Indonesia, particularly japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue. Study of Anopheles species diversity is also conducted for identifying and implementing targeted and more effective malaria vector-control strategies. This Anopheles study has revealed that a better knowledge on this new species is necessary to better define its geographic distribution and role as malaria vector. The assessment of mosquito collection methods and stegomyia indices for dengue vector surveillance were also studied to support the implementation of dengue surveillance and control program in Indonesia
Piver, Eric. "Mobilisation hétérologue de vecteurs dérivés du virus de la forêt de Semliki". Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR3314.
Pełny tekst źródłaZogo, Mahugnon Barnabas. "Impact entomologique de stratégies complémentaires de lutte intégrée contre le paludisme dans un contexte de résistance des vecteurs aux insecticides au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT056.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe spread of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and the stalling of recent progress in malaria control in Africa highlight the urgent need to deploy complementary strategies to long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) to accelerate the reduction in the disease burden. Strategies such as strengthened Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and larviciding with Bacillus thuringiensis isralensis (Bti) are available but the actual benefit of their use in combination with LLINs remains to be demonstrated. The main objective of this work was to measure the additional impact of these three strategies on malaria transmission through a randomized controlled trial run in 28 villages in the health district of Korhogo, northern Côte d’Ivoire, an area of vector resistance to pyrethroids. Prior to the deployment of these strategies, my work allowed us to 1) assess the efficacy of a new larvicide formulation under semi-field conditions; 2) study vector bionomics, insecticide resistance mechanisms and malaria transmission; 3) identify and characterize Anopheles spp. breeding habitats in the study area. Data from post-intervention surveys showed 1) a reduction of vector density (69%) five months after the beginning of the IEC strategy, of sporozoïte rate (84%) and of IER (86%) in the LLIN+IEC arm relative to the LLIN alone arm; 2) a reduction of vector density at months two (72%) and four post-IRS (69%) and of EIR (62%) in the LLIN+IRS arm relative to the LLIN alone arm; 3) a reduction of vector density (95%) three months after the beginning of larviciding intervention and of IER (88%) in the LLIN + larviciding arm relative to the LLIN alone arm. These results provide evidence that IEC, IRS and larviciding are effective complementary strategies to reduce transmission intensity in Korhogo. Analysis of epidemiological data collected during the trial will allow a better understanding of the additional benefit of these strategies on the malaria burden
Berrada, Sai͏̈d. "Etude de la sensibilité de Psylla pyri L. (Homoptera : Psyllidae) aux produits phytosanitaires et mécanismes biochimiques de résistance aux organophosphorés". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30021.
Pełny tekst źródłaVassal, Jean-Michel. "Biologie, écologie et pathologie d'Hylesia metabus (Cramer 1775) (Lépidoptères:Saturniidae), agent de la "papillonite" en Guyane française : mise en place d'une structure de lutte intégrée". Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20046.
Pełny tekst źródłaRabarijaona, Léon Paul. "Epidémie de paludisme sur les Hautes Terres Centrales de Madagascar". Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21092.
Pełny tekst źródłaOn the Central Highlands of Madagascar, malaria is unstable and due in majority to Plasmodium falciparum. The main vector responsible for transmission and malaria epidemic is Anopheles funestus. We report herein the results of our studies, that are particularly oriented on the vector control programme and the surveillance system. First we report the results of microepidemiology aproach for studying malaria infection in Saharevo. Then, we have studied the ability of a statistical method for an intervention epidemiology : Lot Quality Assurance Sampling method to rapidly classify zones according to predefined parasite prevalence thresholds. This method is an usefull tool for improving the speed and quality of confirmation enquiries. Dipstick tests are usefull for ameliorate the specificity of the system and therefore the reaction. We concluded with a proposal for new strategies for detecting and warning malaria epidemics in the Central Highlands, following Roll Back Malaria program
Berthold, François. "Grapevine fanleaf virus replication : viral proteins and host factors". Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ086.
Pełny tekst źródłaBaranes, Nadine. "Contrôle de la bilharziose ou schistosomose par les plantes à activité molluscide : exemple de Swartzia madagascariensis DESV". Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P148.
Pełny tekst źródłaFintz, Matthieu Raphaël. "Moustiques et gouvernement du paludisme en Afrique : de la conservation de la nature à l'organisation du marché des biens de lutte". Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR30001.
Pełny tekst źródłaMalaria collective prevention in Africa has gradually shifted from engineering of the infected person's natural environment into the management of her economic environment. Bednets, spraying and insecticide treated bednets are the working object of malaria control from which we narrow this shift. By following the inscription of these three prevention technologies into large-scale experiments, this thesis tries to stress upon how to issue of their generalization to a population brings about social differenciation between " savages " and " civilized " people on one hand and between " poor " and " developed " people on other hand. Deliberations about the comparative cost of mosquito control (loss of immunity ) and coverage practices (in the course of action) then emerge as two types of situations during which this differentiation is revealed
Pocquet, Nicolas. "Résistances aux insecticides chez les Culicidae vecteurs en territoires insulaires". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20006/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaInsecticide resistance is a natural adaptation phenomenon of insects. When it occurs in a vector population, it compromises vector control interventions, and therefore limits the ability to control the diseases they transmit. Insecticide resistance in Culicidae is widespread throughout the world, and is also found in islands. However, their geographic isolation influences the presence and distribution of resistance alleles. We have worked on four mosquito species in several islands, and we tried to (i) assess the resistance levels and characterize the mechanisms involved, (ii) identify contextual and/or evolutionary factors explaining the presence and distribution of resistance genes in some of these species, and (iii) evaluate new control tools that can be implemented in the specific context of Mayotte island. Our results showed a strong resistance of Culex p. quinquefasciatus to all insecticide families used so far in the Indian Ocean. However, the distribution of resistance mechanisms showed a strong spatial heterogeneity. Indeed, some resistance alleles were not present on all islands and/or not at the same frequencies. In addition, at a more local scale in Mayotte, there were strong differences of resistance status between species. These differences between species and islands are discussed in relation to the influence of local selection pressures and their origins, and to the fitness cost of different alleles. Proposals for modification in vector control practices are set to Mayotte, integrating new tools we have evaluated on the field
Corbel, Vincent. "Interactions entre insecticides sur "Anopheles gambiae" giles et "Culex quinquefasciatus" say et impact sur l'évolution de la résistance". Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20076.
Pełny tekst źródłaNguyen, Thi Quynh Nga. "Modélisation spatiale de la dynamique des invasions : applications à la lutte biologique contre les Aedes spp. (Diptera culicidae)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 13, 2024. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/intranet/edgalilee_th_2024_nguyenthiquynhnga.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis, we focus on mathematical modeling and analysis of invasion dynamics, with application to the biological control of Aedes mosquitoes, vectors of various diseases such as dengue, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. We focus on the study of spatial effects on population persistence and extinction, which remains a fundamental challenge in the study of population dynamics. Biological controls based on the rear and release technique are sustainable and environmentally friendly. These techniques involve releasing large numbers of insects reared in the laboratory that are either sterile or incapable of transmitting disease, in order to reduce or replace the wild population. Reaction-diffusion models have been applied and updated in this work to describe the spatial phenomena that influence the effectiveness of these techniques. In an isolated area, we provide a critical domain size to ensure the efficacy of the control in the presence of migration of individuals on the boundary. In wide regions, we design moving release strategies to block and reverse the propagation of the population. A metapopulation model with discrete diffusion is also used to model the population in the presence of inaccessible zones. The monotonicity is the key tool to analyze the models to help design better release strategies. We also use empirical data to calibrate the models using an approach that combines the mechanistic view of differential equations and the statistical view of data to make simulations and predictions about mosquito population behavior while applying these techniques in the field
Czeher, Cyrille. "Distribution nationale de moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide au Niger : effets sur les anophèles vecteurs". Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00581836.
Pełny tekst źródłaSimard, Frédéric. "Variabilité génétique et flux de gènes chez les moustiques anophèles arabiensis et anophèles gambiae, vecteurs du paludisme en Afrique. Apport des loci microsatellites". Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10147.
Pełny tekst źródłaTchuem, Tchuenté Louis-Albert. "Interactions hôte-parasite et compétition interspécifique dans le modèle Schistosoma intercalatum : implications épidémiologiques". Perpignan, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PERP0149.
Pełny tekst źródłaMoiroux, Nicolas. "Modélisation du risque d'exposition aux moustiques vecteurs de Plasmodium spp. dans un contexte de lutte anti-vectorielle". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812118.
Pełny tekst źródłaMarcombe, Sébastien. "Résistance de Aedes aegypti aux insecticides à la Martinique et implications dans la lutte contre la dengue". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20001/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis was conducted in the context of the resurgence and expansion of dengue fever throughout the world, particularly concerning France. Current strategies of control of the virus and its vector Ae. aegypti encounter many limitations. These involve economic, sociological, legal, environmental and biological dimensions. This study aimed to take into account some of these limitations in the setting of Martinique, which on a micro-geographical level presents all the necessary parameters to study the causes and consequences of the expansion of insecticide resistance on the effectiveness of vector control. Initial work aimed to increase our knowledge of the metabolic and molecular mechanisms implied in resistance. We then evaluated the distribution and mechanisms of resistance occurring in various populations of mosquitoes on a macro-geographical level. This allowed us to study the environmental factors contributing to selection of resistance mechanisms in the field. Finally a population genetic study enabled us to measure genetic variability and the structure of these vector populations. The second part of the study aimed at understanding the impact of resistance on vector control operations. The phenotypic expression of resistance was investigated in the laboratory and field by measuring the survival rates of mosquitoes exposed to various types of insecticide treatment (larvicide/adulticide). In the last part of this thesis we investigated alternative or innovative strategies of vector control with the objective of contributing towards improved management of resistance within vector populations. The evolution and future of research concerning the fight against Ae. aegypti and dengue is discussed in this study
Mieulet, Elise. "La prolifération de moustiques vecteurs sur le littoral méditerranéen et dans les départements français d’Amérique : enjeux environnementaux et sanitaires". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3095.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn France,the human-mosquito relationship and the mosquito control policies show differentiated stories and features from one territory to another.Thus,if in FDA mosquitoes never ceased being epidemic factors,however,on the Mediterranean coast until recently they no longer represented a Health risk.Indeed,in the FDA,since their implementation,mosquito control campaigns have always been conducted for a sanitary purpose through vector control campaigns.Meanwhile,in metropolitan France,aiming to reduce the nuisance,these policies were initially implemented to ensure the inhabitants comfort.But,starting from 2004,following the durable installation of the Asian tiger mosquito on the French Mediterranean coastline and the progressive widening of its distribution area,the context evolves and,from now on,the metropolitan France is potentially exposed to health risks hitherto circumscribed to tropical areas.Mobilising the theoretical frameworks of environmental,health and risks sociologies,and based on a corpus gathering qualitative (311 interviews and direct observations) and quantitative data (1415 questionnaires),this PhD analyses the recombining of the relationship between environmental and health challenges in light of the vector mosquitoes proliferation.It initially focuses on the place and status of the insect within the different populations.Then, the socio-economic factors influencing the individual vulnerability of exposure to the insect are studied.The third part is devoted to the expectations and requests of the inhabitants regarding the public management of the mosquitoes’ proliferation.Finally, a diachronic analysis centered on the Alps-Maritimes region is developed
Goulu, Mathilde. "Développement d’une nouvelle stratégie de protection chimique contre les moustiques vecteurs de maladies : utilisation d’une association répulsif/insecticide afin d’optimiser l’efficacité du traitement tout en réduisant les doses utilisées". Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0031/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaToday, most of the textiles used to limit contact with mosquitoes are impregnated with pyrethroid insecticides having both insecticidal and repellent activities. However, the development of resistance in mosquito populations reduces their efficacy. The new strategy proposed against mosquito-transmitted diseases is based on the potential synergy observed with the combination of two different compounds with insecticidal and repellent effects. In this context, the effects of two repellents DEET and IR3535 have been studied on neurosecretory cells isolated from the central nervous system of the cockroach Periplaneta Americana. Using calcium imaging, both DEET and IR3535 induce a dose-dependent complex elevation of intracellular calcium concentration. Specific pharmacological tools have allowed to characterize the different targets together with the molecular events involved in the repellent-induced calcium rise. From these results, it has been possible to identify IR3535 as the most suitable compound to be used in association with the insecticide neonicotinoid, thiacloprid. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique adapted on isolated insect neurons, the synergistic effect of the IR3535/thiacloprid mixture has been observed on the thiacloprid-induced current and the most efficient ratio between repellent and insecticide has also been determined. In addition, cone tests performed on in vivo mosquitoes confirm this synergistic effect, demonstrating that IR3535/thiacloprid mixture could bean alternative strategy in the management of chemical use against resistant mosquitoes
Pennetier, Cédric. "Interactions entre insecticides non-pyréthrinoïdes et répulsifs pour la lutte contre Anopheles gambiae : mécanismes, efficacité et impact sur la sélection de la résistance". Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T004.
Pełny tekst źródłaGirod, Romain. "La lutte contre la réintroduction du paludisme à la Réunion : étude entomo-épidémiologique des facteurs de risque de reprise de la transmission autochtone : apport des systèmes d'information géographique". Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575039.
Pełny tekst źródłaBuduca, Cécile. "Etude du comportement alimentaire de "Peregrinus Mai͏̈dis (Ashmead, 1890)" par électropénétrographie, en relation avec la résistance à la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s". Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20053.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuenda, Wendengoudi. "Etude faunistique, écologique et de la distribution des insectes d'un réseau hydrographique de l'ouest africain : le Mouhoun (Burkina Faso) : rapport avec Simulium damnosum Théobald, vecteur de l'onchocercose". Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30053.
Pełny tekst źródłaMulteau, Cecilia. "Contribution à l'étude du potentiel d’utilisation des Densovirus en lutte microbiologique". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20081/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMicrobial control has a renewed interest due to issues raised by chemical pesticides inagriculture. The aim of this work is to propose a new viral resource, Densoviruses pathogenicfor Lepidoptera belonging to Densovirinae sub‐family restricted to arthropods. We focus onthree axes, (i) we described the host range of two Densovirus candidates, and identified hostspecificity determinants to understand host range evolution; (ii) we characterized themechanisms driving the horizontal transmission of Densovirus to model the dynamic of theinfection; and (iii) we validated tools to detect Densovirinae to study the viral geneticdiversity in natura. The first point lead us to identify (i) a Densovirus potentially pathogeniconly for lepidopteran pests, and (ii) few determinants of specificity localized at the surface ofthe capsid that are essential for the midgut recognition, although this barrier of specificity isnot the only one. Concerning horizontal transmission, our results show that a Densovirus canspread rapidly within a host population, inducing a cannibalistic behavior probablydeveloped by non infected individuals. We also characterize two mechanisms involved intransmission, by biting and by an endoparasitoïd vector. To study the densoviral prevalence,we develop a nested PCR and test it on insect sampling. This allowed us to describe theinsect diversity. No Densovirinae have been detected so far. These results are the first steptoward building an epidemiology model that may allow to evaluate the impact of using aDensovirus as a biological control tool
Elissa, Nohal. "Nouvelle approche de la lutte contre les maladies transmissibles : etude de l'effet de certains pyrethrinoides et d'un inhibiteur de croisance sur le cycle sporogonique de plasmodium yoelii yoelii et sur le developpement de dipetalonema dessetae dans leurs vecteurs". Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112112.
Pełny tekst źródłaDusfour, Isabelle. "Anopheles sundaicus s. L. , vecteur majeur du paludisme du littoral sud-est asiatique : De la caractérisation du complexe d'espèces à sa surveillance dans le sud Vietnam". Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20184.
Pełny tekst źródłaBorel, Gae͏̈tan. "Le foyer de bilharziose à Schistosoma Mansoni de l'arrière mangrove de Guadeloupe : essai de lutte biologique contre le mollusque vecteur, Biomphalaria glabrata, à l'aide du mollusque compétiteur, Melanoides tuberculata : dynamique des populations du parasite chez l'hôte réservoir, Rattus rattus". Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20208.
Pełny tekst źródłaPin, Diop Raphaëlle. "Spatialisation du risque de transmission de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift en milieu agropastoral sahélien du Sénégal septentrional". Orléans, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00090785.
Pełny tekst źródłaRift valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonotic arbovirose, mainly affecting man and ruminants. Predicting high risk areas is an important stake of this disease's control, as neither specific treatments nor efficient prevention programs exist. In the agropastoral sahelian area of Senegal, the rainy season is the high-risk period, when hosts and vectors gather around temporary flooded ponds. Virus transmission mechanisms are complex, since they imply at least two different vector species with particular ecologies (Aedes vexans and Culex poicilipes), and sedentary or transhumant hosts. The Barkedji district is an enzootic area. In order to assess the risk level, defined as host-vector contact intensity during the rainy season, we set up a model predicting livestock herds spatial distribution, from satellite and field data. Then temporary ponds, the vectors' biotope, were detected on a series of SPOT5 images and used to assess relative vector abundance. Those data were then assembled in a model, allotting to each pixel of the study zone a relative risk level, accounting to herds density, vector abundance and vegetation cover. Our results are encouraging, although the model has to be improved and validated. The main interest of our study is to present a specific methodological approach, applied to health-environnement matters and based on the study of the interactions between the epidemiological cycle elements and the environment. We also hope that, in a close future, it will become helpful to the senegalese RVF monitoring network
Armand, Eric. "Dynamique des populations de Psylla pyri (L. ) (Homoptera-Psyllidae) en verger de poiriers dans la région d'Avignon : étude du cortège de ses parasitoi͏̈des et relations avec l'environnement". Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20040.
Pełny tekst źródłaOliva, Clélia. "Études biologiques et comportementales de deux espèces de moustiques (Aedes albopictus et Anopheles arabiensis) vectrices de maladies en vue du développement de la Technique de l’Insecte Stérile (TIS) contre ces vecteurs à l’île de la Réunion". Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0008/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMosquito females are potential vectors of numerous pathogens (viruses, protozoa, helminths), which can cause serious diseases such as malaria and dengue in humans. These two infectious diseases are threatening 50 and 40% of the world population respectively. Malaria is responsible for nearly one million deaths per year, and is considered by many experts as the most important insect-transmitted disease. Antivectorial control methods, intended to limit the vector populations and to stop the disease transmission have to face many challenges such as the development of mosquitoes' and pathogens' resistance to the treatments employed to control them. Although various regions of the world have succeeded in efficiently stopping the transmission of some diseases, most of the tropical regions remain under threat. In addition, the rapid expansion of some vector species, such as Aedes albopictus, increases the risks in previously safe areas of the world. The sterile insect technique (SIT) has allowed the eradication or suppression of various insect pest populations threatening crops, animal, and human health, and could offer a promising control tool against mosquitoes. The classical SIT relies on the mass releases of males sterilized by ionizing radiation;they transfer sterile sperm to wild females, which results in a progressive reduction of the target population.Following the chikungunya outbreak in Reunion Island in 2005 and considering the constant threat of arecrudescence of dengue and malaria, the anti-vectorial services in Reunion Island are deploying important means to control the relevant mosquito populations. However, these measures do not confer a permanent, or long-lasting reduction of vector densities. A feasibility study is ongoing, evaluating the use of the SIT to diminish and control the populations of Ae. albopictus, a vector of dengue and chikungunya, and Anopheles arabiensis, a vector of malaria. This PhD work was developed in the context of the SIT Reunion project, with the aim of studying the biology and the behaviour of some strains intended for the sterile male releases. Firstly, this study endeavours to compare colonized and wild strains of An. arabiensis, and to determine the sterilisation procedures of the genetic sexing strain males. The second part of this work studies the effect of irradiation on male Ae. albopictus, and most notably their reproductive strategy, the insemination capacity in laboratory, and finally their sexual competitiveness and longevity against wild males under semi-field conditions
Njan, Nloga Alexandre Michel. "Bioécologie et rôle vecteur du paludisme d'"Anopheles moucheti" à Ebogo au Caméroun". Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20226.
Pełny tekst źródłaDjogbenou, Luc Salako. "Dynamique des mécanismes de résistance aux insecticides liés à la modification de cibles dans les populations naturelles d’Anopheles gambiae s. L. D’Afrique de l’Ouest". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20085.
Pełny tekst źródłaVector control is one of the most effective methods of malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides (kdr mutation) has appeared in vectors of malaria, especially in An. Gambiae s. L. The effectiveness of pyrethroid-treated nets seems to be threatened by this resistance and the search for alternative insecticides is a priority. In the laboratory, as in field studies, the presence of an acetylcholinesterase mutation (ace-1R), which confers resistance to carbamates and organophosphates (insecticides proposed as alternatives to pyrethroids), provides an advantage to An. Gambiae s. S. In contact with the insecticide. This advantage is shown in heterozygotes by measuring the partial dominance of the gene. In the absence of insecticides, a genetic cost affects some life history traits of resistant mosquitoes, reducing their chances of reproduction. This genetic cost is probably due to the important reduction of enzymes activity coded by ace-1R. The ace-1R mutation is already present in high frequencies in natural populations of West Africa. This distribution results from a single mutation event that has been spread across our study sites by migration. Its presence in M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae s. S. Is due to a introgression phenomenon. The mutation is present in the two alleles : one ace-1R resistant allele made of a copy of the ace-1 gene carrying the G119S mutation, and one duplicated allele, Ag-ace-1D, that carries one susceptible and one resistant G119S copy linked on the same chromosome. This duplication might reduce the cost associated with the resistance and impair vector control strategies based on alternating insecticides. These alleles are in competition in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae, the primary vector of malaria in West Africa. In Benin, two species of the An. Gambiae complex (An. Gambiae s. S. And An. Arabiensis) were found either alone or in sympatry. In An. Gambiae s. S. , the S molecular form is present in almost all localities, whereas the M form was found in high proportions only in the south and the north. The study of resistance mechanisms due to target site modification in Anopheles gambiae s. L. And Culex quinquefasciatus reveal that many populations are resistant to DDT and permethrin. In Anopheles gambiae, the comparison of mortality with DDT and permethrin indicates that the resistance is due in large part to the kdr mutation. However, the distribution of this mutation is variable between sites. Our study showed a strong link between the frequency of the kdr mutation and agricultural use of insecticide against cotton pests. In all cases, very few samples of the two species (An. Gambiae and Cx. Quinquefasciatus) were found to be resistant to the carbamates and organophosphates used. The frequency of the ace-1R mutation was also small. This indicates that the use of carbamates and organophosphates might still be used in a resistance management strategy. These studies offer interesting perspectives on the possibilities of vector control for prevention of malaria. In fact, they allow improving our understanding of the biology and ecology of the vector and on the resistance mechanisms. In the pursuit of a better vector control strategy, it would be interesting for scientists in developed countries studying genomic to work in collaboration with scientists in areas where malaria is present and with local institutions
Delaunay, Pascal. "Cimex lectularius ou punaise de lits : nuisances et vecteur d'agents infectieux?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5050/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince 90's, bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) infestations are increasing all over the world. Upon 2008, in France, very rare informations and researches on bedbugs are investigated. The objectives of this thesis work were to organise and manage a research project (PHRC 09-API-01) with french research laboratories (Nice, Marseille, Toulon, Montpellier, Bobigny, Créteil). About entomological project, we describe 81 infestations and collected 2891 bed bugs. A bed bugs maintenance of laboratory colony has been established without any animals, only on an artificial membrane with human blood. About Infectious research, 339 bedbugs have been studies for their virological and bacteriological pathogens. In virology, with the molecular probes targeted for Flavivirus, Arenavirus, Hantavirus, Phlebovirus no postivity has been observed. In bacteriology, 32 bedbugs have been positive for a bacteria dispatched as follow: 29 bed bugs for Acinetobacter, 3 for Wolbachia, 3 for Ehrlichia and 2 for Coxiella. Resistance to insecticide has been evaluated for 192 apartments in Saint Ouen City (France-93). 534 bed bugs have been collected. A total of 564 bed bugs were collected in the infested units. Bioassays and DNA sequencing showed a high frequency of resistance to pyrethroids; all bed bugs tested (n= 124) had homozygous L925I kdr-like gene mutation. The high levels of pyrethroid resistance indicate that this phenomenon is already established and prompt the need to reevaluate the wide use of pyrethroids to control bed bugs in France. Genetic analysis of french bed bug populations are still ongoing. First steps for biomolecular markers validations are finish
Reynaud, Bernard. "Transmission des virus de la striure, du stripe et de la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s par leurs vecteurs Cicadulina Mbila (Naude, 1924) et Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead, 1890) (Homoptera) : approches biologique, génétique et épidémiologique de la relation vecteur-virus-plante". Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20223.
Pełny tekst źródłaNgo, Chung Thuy. "Capacité vectorielle des populations d’Anopheles dans la co-transmission de Plasmodium et Wuchereria bancrofti et biodiversité bactérienne de l’estomac des moustiques du centre-sud Vietnam". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13501/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn Vietnam, despite the success of the Government in controlling malaria, the disease persists in forest areas along the international borders, especially with Cambodia, and few data are available on the Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis (BLF). No vaccine is currently available to protect from these two diseases, then vector control of Anopheles mosquitoes, that may transmit both malarial and BLF agents, remains one of the key element to control these two diseases. As there is a real lack of information on the transmission of these two diseases in south-central region of Vietnam, it was necessary to apprehend the vectors occurring in endemic areas and to study their vectorial capacity. As bacterial flora in Anopheles midgut may have a strong influence on the vectorial capacity of the mosquito, its biodiversity was estimated in order to better understand bacterial families present in mosquitoes from the field, in particular the presence of Enterobacteriaceae that can have an influence on the development of Plasmodium, agent of malaria. This field of investigation of bacteria has never studied in malaria vectors of Vietnam.This thesis focuses on two main objectives: (1) to evaluate the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species in the co-transmission of Plasmodium spp. and Wuchereria bancrofti (BLF agent) in the Provinces of Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc in south-central Vietnam (near the border with Cambodia), and (2) to estimate the biodiversity of the bacterial flora in the midgut of Anopheles populations of south-central Vietnam and evaluate the influence of certain bacteria on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species.Morphological and molecular identification of Anopheles specimens collected in the study sites allowed us to apprehend and better understand the Anopheles fauna in south-central Vietnam composed of 24 taxa, including primary and secondary vectors. The dominant species were Anopheles dirus (48.2%), An. maculatus (19.1%) and An. minimus (9.8%), three major vectors of malaria and the BLF. For the first time, An. scanloni, one of the 8 species of Dirus Complex and malaria vector in Thailand, was collected in Vietnam and confirmed by molecular and sequencing techniques. The relationship between An. crawfordi and An. dangi, a species informally named in Vietnam in 1987, was clarified through a phylogenetic study that allows us to establish that An. dangi is a morphological variation of An. crawfordi.The parasites infection rate of Anopheles was investigated using both real-time PCR and conventional PCR to determine the vectorial capacity of the collected species. Of the 765 Anopheles specimens, 2 individuals, such as 1 An. dirus and 1 An. pampanai, were found infected by P. vivax. Then, the infection rates were of 0.26% on the total sample, 0.41% in Binh Phuoc, 0.28% for An. dirus, and 20% for An. pampanai. No mosquito was found infected by either P. falciparum, P. knowlesi or Wuchereria bancrofti.The bacterial flora in Anopheles midguts was analyzed using 2 identification methods based on culture and on 16S PCR-TTGE processed on 200 abdomens of 11 different Anopheles species. The results obtained showed the presence of 116 bacterial genera, including 18 common genera, belonging to 7 phyla such as Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Synergistetes. The dominant genus in Dak Nong was Acinetobacter and Staphyloccocus in Binh Phuoc. Acinetobacter was dominant in the bacterial community of all studied Anopheles. The genus Enterobacter, which can influence the development of the Plasmodium, represented a prevalence of 1.7% of the microbiome of our specimens compared to 39.2% for the predominant genus Acinetobacter. This latter genus was significantly associated to Anopheles infected with Plasmodium vivax
Machault, Vanessa. "Utilisation de données d'observation de la terre par satellite pour l'évaluation des densités vectorielles et de la transmission du paludisme". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20722/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDespite national an international efforts, malaria remains a major public health in manycountries and sanitary systems are hindered by the lack of information on the actual burden ofmalaria, on the plasmodium transmission risk and on their geographical distribution.Nevertheless, spatial heterogeneity can be important and in this context, malaria control couldbe improved if could be focused in place and time. On one hand, the environment is a majordeterminant of malaria biodiversity, because of the vectorial transmission and the vectorsbioecological preferences. On another hand, orbiting satellites can provide environmental,climatic and meteorological data that already have been used for the study of infectiousdiseases. “Tele-epidemiology” has been defined as an integrated approach aiming atassociating medical, epidemiological or entomological ground data, with remotely-sensedenvironmental data, based on the in depth comprehension and measurement of the involvedphysical and biological mechanisms. In cities, it has already been possible to highlightassociations between mapped urban settings and malariometric indices, using satellite data atappropriate scales. Among travellers, in the objective to evaluate malaria risk or efficacy ofprophylactic devices, it would be useful to evaluate and predict transmission levels in thevisited places. The objective of the present thesis was to identify environmental factors thatcould be remotely-sensed and that could be used in the evaluation of malaria risk amongtravellers on one hand and in urban settings on the other hand.First, remotely-sensed data have been used to evaluate levels of exposure to malaria risk ofmilitaries, in the scope of a study on their risk factors for clinical malaria. Results haveshowed that, even when taking into account age and compliance to chemoprophylaxis asconfusion factors, the environment was the factor the most strongly associated to clinicalmalaria risk.In parallel, an extensive entomological study has been conducted during five years in Dakarand allowed demonstrating a strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity of malariatransmission in the city. Collected information were centralized in a georeferenced database(GIS - Geographic Information System) containing all entomological, environmental,meteorological, biological and physical data collected on the field or by remote sensing.Finally, modelling of entomological risk in the capital city of Senegal was undertaken, basedon data collected on the ground and environmental data issued from satellites. A first stepshowed the evolution of malaria transmission risk areas and allowed declaring that thefraction of human population that was at high risk for transmission decreased between 1996and 2007. A second step led to the development of 1) a map of the breeding sites with aproductivity indicator in Dakar city, 2) a map of aggressive adult Anopheles densities, and 3)a dynamic aspect was added to those maps, taking into account the variations of theirmeteorological determinants.The results of the work undertaken in this thesis demonstrated that remotely-sensedinformation, associated with a large amount of ground data, allow to adjust predictive models and to draw entomological risk maps, in urban settings or for moving populations
Manoharan, Malini. "Genomic, structural and functional characterization of odorant binding proteins in olfaction of mosquitoes involved in infectious disease transmission". Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979587.
Pełny tekst źródłaBelval, Lorène. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de la protéine de capside et de la protéine de mouvement du Grapevine fanleaf virus". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ012.
Pełny tekst źródłaGrapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is the main agent of grapevine fanleaf degeneration disease. Its coat protein (CP) self-assembles in virions necessary for viral genome protection, for cell-to-cell movement using tubules formed by the movement protein (MP) of the virus, and for the transmission of GFLV by its nematode vector Xiphinema index.Main results: 1. An outer surface-exposed CP motif has been identified as critical for GFLV transmission by X. index and could be a determinant of transmission specificity. 2. Fluorescent tubules have been produced by constitutive expression in planta. They allow the complementation in trans of a GFLV deleted of its MP coding sequence. 3. Transient expression of the GFLV CP leads to the production of virus-like particles. They can be easily modified and show that GFLV capsid is a unique biotechnology platform. In addition, they are a powerful tool to study the biology of the virus