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1
Orlovich, D. A., A. N. Drinnan i P. Y. Ladiges. "Floral development in Melaleuca and Callistemon (Myrtaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 11, nr 6 (1998): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97041.
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Floral development of seven species of Melaleuca and four species of Callistemon is compared. The multistaminate fascicles of Melaleuca develop from stamen primordia initiated on antepetalous pre-staminal bulges (PSBs); the resultant bundles of stamens become separated by hypanthial expansion as the flower bud enlarges. In most species of Callistemon examined the stamen primordia are initiated directly on the floral apex, and the stamens are distributed evenly around the hypanthium at anthesis. The possession of large and prominent PSBs, and thus stamen fascicles, is a feature of most species of Melaleuca and their total absence is a feature of most species of Callistemon; however, there is a continuum between these two extremes. Several taxa of both genera exhibit intermediate morphology. In C. glaucus (Bonpl.) Sweet, small but distinct PSBs develop, which influence antepetalous stamen groups that remain contiguous at anthesis. This also occurred in M. leucadendra (L.) L. This variable expression of PSBs is the result of differences in the timing of stamen initiation. Other variable features are determined by the space available for primordium initiation and the patterns of growth and expansion of the developing flower.
2
Yu, Yan, Zheng Song Peng, Ji Peng Qu, Zhen Yong Chen, Shu Hong Wei, Ming Li Liao, Li Zhang i Zai Jun Yang. "Comparative metabolomics and transcriptomics of pistils, stamens and pistilloid stamens widen key knowledge of pistil and stamen development in wheat." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 56, No. 1 (9.12.2019): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/70/2019-cjgpb.
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To examine the role of metabolites in wheat stamen and pistil development, metabolomic analyses of pistilloid stamens (PS), pistils (P), and stamens (S) from a novel wheat mutant homologous transformation sterility-1 (HTS-1) and controls from their sib-line CSTP were conducted using base gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Then, the metabolomic data were integrated with previously published transcriptomic data and analysed. In total, 141 annotated metabolites were determined from P, PS and S tissues by comparison with reference standards. A total of 90, 93 and 18 different metabolites were identified in S vs. PS, S vs. P and P vs. PS, respectively. Among the different metabolites, 80 may be associated with stamen and pistil growth. Using integration evaluations of both the previous transcriptome data and the 80 various metabolites, we found two perturbed pathways that significantly affect flower development in plants, namely, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and cysteine and methionine metabolism. The ethylene synthesis pathway, one key branch of the cysteine and methionine metabolic pathways, could have a pivotal role in pistillody growth involving HTS-1. We found two key enzyme genes in the ethylene synthesis pathway (the SAM synthase gene and the ACC synthase gene) that have higher expression levels in stamens than in pistilloid stamens or pistils. We speculate, that the decrease in ethylene content during stamen development leads to pistillody traits in HTS-1. This study helps elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying stamen and pistil growth in wheat.
3
Pylatuik, Jeffrey D., Peta C. Bonham-Smith i Arthur R. Davis. "The additional stamens of flo10-1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana are compromised in production and viability of pollen". Canadian Journal of Botany 76, nr 10 (1.10.1998): 1733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-132.
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flo10-1 (superman-2) is a floral mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana that normally produces female sterile flowers. This phenotypic aberration results from a combination of increased stamen number and reduced or abnormal carpels that are nonfunctional. The flowers of flo10-1 contain two lateral and four median stamens, as seen in wild-type plants; however, they also contain several additional stamens. All stamen types have been examined with respect to frequency and location within the flower. The amount of pollen produced from each of the three types of stamens of flo10-1 and the viability of this pollen were also examined and compared with wild-type (cv. Columbia) to determine the consequences of this mutation on male fertility. Both the lateral and median stamens of flo10-1 and wild-type plants produced similar amounts of pollen per stamen and demonstrated no significant difference in viability. Per stamen, the additionals of flo10-1 produced significantly less pollen than those of the laterals and medians. Furthermore, the pollen produced from these additional stamens was significantly less viable. Although less abundant and viable, pollen produced by additional stamens can effectively fertilize ovules, producing normal, healthy plants.Key words: pollen (viability, production), stamen, male fertility, flower development, Arabidopsis thaliana, flo10-1.
4
Liu, Xiatong, Tianfeng Liu, Chong Zhang, Xiaorui Guo, Song Guo, Hai Lu, Hui Li i Zailiu Li. "Transcriptome Profile Analysis Reveals the Regulation Mechanism of Stamen Abortion in Handeliodendron bodinieri". Forests 12, nr 8 (11.08.2021): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081071.
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Handeliodendron bodinieri has unisexual flowers with aborted stamens in female trees, which can be used to study unisexual flower development in tree species. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of stamen abortion underlying sex differentiation, the stage of stamen abortion was determined by semi-thin sections; results showed that stamen abortion occurred in stage 6 during anther development. In addition, differentially expressed transcripts regulating stamen abortion were identified by comparing the transcriptome of female flowers and male flowers with RNA-seq technique. The results showed that 14 genes related to anther development and meiosis such as HbGPAT, HbAMS, HbLAP5, HbLAP3, and HbTES were down-regulated, and HbML5 was up-regulated. Therefore, this information will provide a theoretical foundation for the conservation, breeding, scientific research, and application of Handeliodendron bodinieri.
5
Liu, Lin, Yanchao Guo, Zhicheng Wu, Haoran Ren, Yunhe Jiang, Nan Ma, Junping Gao i Xiaoming Sun. "RhAGL24 Regulating Auxin-Related Gene RhARF18 Affects Stamen Petaloidy in Rose". Horticulturae 8, nr 5 (6.05.2022): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8050407.
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AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AGL24) is a key gene regulating floral transition, but its involvement in flower organ identity remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that RhAGL24 is strongly related to petal and stamen development in rose. Its expression increases rapidly at the petal primordium development stage and maintains a high level until the complete differentiation stage. RhAGL24 silencing increases the number of malformed petals and decreases the number of stamens, indicating that this gene affects stamen petaloidy. RhAG (AGAMOUS), a class C gene associated with petal and stamen development, is downregulated in RhAGL24-silenced plants. Moreover, we found that RhAGL24 could directly bind to the promoter region of RhARF18 (AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS 18), a regulator of RhAG. Our results suggested that RhAGL24-RhARF18 module regulates stamen petaloidy in rose and provide new insights into the function of AGL24 for plants.
6
Vanvinckenroye, P. F., L. P. Ronse Decraene i E. F. Smets. "The floral development of Monococcus echinophorus (Phytolaccaceae)". Canadian Journal of Botany 75, nr 11 (1.11.1997): 1941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-906.
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The floral ontogeny of the monotypic genus Monococcus (Phytolaccaceae) is investigated with the scanning electron microscope. Flowers arise on pendent racemes and are preceded by a bract and two bracteoles arising successively. In both staminate and pistillate flowers four sepals are incepted in diagonal position. In the staminate flowers four alternisepalous stamens are initiated successively. Further stamen inception occurs centrifugally and runs concomitant with peripheral growth of the receptacle. This centrifugal stamen initiation is interpreted phylogenetically as a secondary increase and is expressed by the appearance of four triplets. Initiation of a variable number of outermost stamens (0–8) occurs mostly in the latero-abaxial region of the flower. In staminate flowers there is no trace of a gynoecium. In pistillate flowers a gynoecium primordium arises centrally and grows into a monocarpellate structure. Later, hooked bristles arise on the carpel flanks while a short style is produced bearing a distal tangle of long hairs. A close relationship of Monococcus with Petiveria is confirmed; similarities include the median position of the prophylls, the diagonal position of four sepals, the sequential inception of four alternisepalous stamens, and the fruits with adaptations for exozoochory. Key words: androecium, floral ontogeny, Monococcus, Phytolaccaceae, Rivinoideae.
7
Charlton, W. A. "Studies in the Alismataceae. IX. Development of the flower in Ranalisma humile". Canadian Journal of Botany 69, nr 12 (1.12.1991): 2790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-349.
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The solitary flower of Ranalisma humile has three sepals, three petals, 8–12 stamens, and numerous carpels. The first six stamens appear to arise in pairs associated with the petal primordia. With respect to the perianth and the first six stamens, the flower conforms to the basic trimerous pattern detected in other Alismatalean flowers, but it differs in other aspects of development. Organogenesis is unidirectional during the period of sepal and petal initiation, since both sepal and petal initiation occur first on the same side of the flower bud. After the initiation of the first six stamens there is no evidence that subsequent organs are initiated in any semblance of a trimerous pattern. The transition from stamen to carpel initiation occurs at some point after the initiation of the first six stamens, but it does not occur at a fixed point. There are six organogenetic sites above and alternating with the first six stamens, and these may be occupied indifferently by stamen or carpel primorida. The sequence of initiation of further carpel primordia is hard to define, but ultimately carpels appear to be arranged spirally. The features of floral organogenesis are discussed in relation to the position of Ranalisma among the Alismatales. Key words: flower, organogenesis, symmetry, unidirectional development, Ranalisma, Alismataceae, Alismatales.
8
Drinnan, AN, i PY Ladiges. "Floral development in the 'Symphyomyrtus group' of Eucalypts (Eucalyptus: Myrtaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 4, nr 3 (1991): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910553.
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Floral development is described in selected species of informal subgenus Symphyomyrtus (Pryor and Johnson 1971). The corolline operculum in most species is equivalent to those of informal subgenera Eudesmia, Idiogenes (E. cloëziana) and Monocalyptus. It is formed by growth centre continuity, and shows characters consistent with the dorsal components of Angophora and bloodwood corolline parts. Stamen primordia form on a corolline buttress that develops into the stemonophore of the mature flower. This feature is a synapomorphy for Symphyomyrtus sens. strict., Eudesmia, Idiogenes and Monocalyptus. Eucalyptus microcoiys has the plesiomorphic conditions of four free imbricate petals that show no evidence of compound development, and stamens arising directly on the floral apex, not on a stemonophore precursor. The apparent bundling of stamens is a result of differential bud growth, and bears only a superficial resemblance to stamen groups in Eudesmia eucalypts. The corollas of E. brachyandra (informal subgenus Telocalyptus) and E. guilfoylei (Symphyomyrtus) also consist of free, simple petals, but the unavailability of early developmental stages precludes a complete interpretation of these and the remaining three species of Telocalyptus.
9
Charlton, W. A. "Studies in the Alismataceae. X. Floral organogenesis in Luronium natans (L.) Raf." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, nr 11 (30.01.2000): 1560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-105.
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Floral organogenesis of Luronium natans (L.) Raf. occurs at first in an alternating trimerous pattern typical of Alismataceae, with the formation of three sepals, then three bulges, corresponding to the petal-stamen primordia described in some other Alismataceae, alternating with the sepals. A petal is initiated on each bulge and a pair of stamens is initiated either on it or close to it. After this, development no longer follows a trimerous plan. Six carpels are initiated in positions alternating with the six stamens, and further carpels may then arise above and between the first six. The carpels ultimately lie in a whorled arrangement if there are only six; if more, they may appear whorled or irregularly arranged. After the initiation of the stamen pairs, floral organ primordia appear simply to be positioned between pre-existing primordia as in other phyllotactic systems. It is suggested that the number of carpel primordia formed is probably determined by the size of primordia relative to the floral apex, and the extent of continued growth of the floral apex. Luronium reinforces the concept that a form of trimery is fundamental for the Alismataceae up to the formation of three stamen pairs and adds to the possibilities for variation after this point. It is suggested for the Alismataceae in general that, according to taxon, trimerous development may be terminated at any point after the initiation of the stamen pairs, and after this the primordia are positioned individually in relation to pre-existing primordia. The switch from stamen to carpel initiation is not necessarily correlated with these phyllotactic changes.
10
Acosta, Ivan F., i Marine Przybyl. "Jasmonate Signaling during Arabidopsis Stamen Maturation". Plant and Cell Physiology 60, nr 12 (25.10.2019): 2648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz201.
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Abstract The last stages of stamen development, collectively called stamen maturation, encompass pollen viability, filament elongation and anther dehiscence or opening. These processes are essential for male fertility in Arabidopsis and require the function of jasmonate signaling. There is a good understanding of jasmonate synthesis, perception and transcriptional outputs in Arabidopsis stamens. In addition, the spatiotemporal localization of jasmonate signaling components at the tissue and cellular levels has started to emerge in recent years. However, the ultimate cellular functions activated by jasmonate to promote stamen maturation remain unknown. The hormones auxin and gibberellin have been proposed to control the activation of jasmonate synthesis to promote stamen maturation, although we hypothesize that this action is rather indirect. In this review, we examine these different areas, attempt to clarify some confusing aspects found in the literature and raise testable hypothesis that may help to further understand how jasmonate controls male fertility in Arabidopsis.
11
Maclntyre, Judith P., i Christian R. Lacroix. "Comparative development of perianth and androecial primordia of the single flower and the homeotic double-flowered mutant in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae)". Canadian Journal of Botany 74, nr 12 (1.12.1996): 1871–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-224.
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The double-flowered variety of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae) displays a divergent floral morphology that appears to fit the criteria for homeosis. A comprehensive definition defines homeosis as the complete or partial replacement of one part of an organism with another part. The corolla of the single flower is pentamerous. The mature flower has a staminal tube bearing 60 – 70 stamens that surrounds an exserted synstylous gynoecium with five fused stigmas. In double flowers, the outermost whorl of petals is similar in appearance to that of the single flower. The remaining floral appendages have a morphology that is intermediate between petals and stamens, to varying degrees. No two double flowers are exactly the same, even on the same plant. As with other members of the Malvaceae, floral development in both floral types is unusual: once the calyx has been initiated, a ring meristem is formed from which both petal and stamen primordia are initiated. In the single flower, petal primordia are initiated on the flank of the ring, and then stamen primordia arise in five distinct and orderly clusters. In the double flower, petal primordia are also initated on the abaxial flank, but the remainder of the ring initiates primordia that form a mixture of petals, petal – stamen intermediates, and stamens. A common ring meristem that has two different developmental pathways provides a novel opportunity to study homeosis from the perspective of comparative developmental morphology. Keywords: homeosis, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, androecium, intermediates, ring meristem, floral development.
12
Basso-Alves, João Paulo, Carimi Cortez Ribeiro i Simone Pádua Teixeira. "Floral Development of Rhamnaceae and Origin of Its Unique Floral Features". Plants 12, nr 2 (5.01.2023): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020247.
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Rhamnaceae flowers have a peculiar morphology, including keeled sepals, one stamen whorl closely related to the petals, and a broad perigynous hypanthium that supports a voluminous nectary. In the present investigation, we detailed the flower development of five Rhamnaceae species to understand the origin of such specific floral characteristics. Floral buds and flowers were processed for surface and histological analyses. The sepals emerge in sequential order and the other organs in simultaneous order. The development of the perigynous hypanthium renders the floral apex broad and concave. The sepals undergo abaxial thickening early on, forming a keel and strongly influencing the floral merosity. Petals and stamens appear close to each other on the same radius in a very short plastochron. The carpels unite soon after their emergence, forming a syncarpous ovary and free style branches. Differences in intercalary carpel growth promote the formation of inferior (Gouania virgata) and semi-inferior ovaries (Colubrina glandulosa, Hovenia dulcis, and Sarcomphalus joazeiro). Rhamnidium elaeocarpum does not undergo such growth, and the resulting ovary is superior. The keeled sepals promote the isolation of the petal–stamen pair inside the flower bud. The possibility of a common primordium that the originates petal and stamen is refuted. Comparisons with other Rosales families provide insights into the floral origin and diversification of Rhamnaceae.
13
Li, Huie, Yang Hu, Chao Gao, Qiqiang Guo, Quanen Deng, Hong Nan, Lan Yang, Hongli Wei, Jie Qiu i Lu Yang. "Integrated SMRT Technology with UMI RNA-Seq Reveals the Hub Genes in Stamen Petalody in Camellia oleifera". Forests 12, nr 6 (6.06.2021): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060749.
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Male sterility caused by stamen petalody is a key factor for a low fruit set rate and a low yield of Camellia oleifera but can serve as a useful genetic tool because it eliminates the need for artificial emasculation. However, its molecular regulation mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, transcriptome was sequenced and analyzed on two types of bud materials, stamen petalody mutants and normal materials, at six stages of stamen development based on integrated single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technology with unique molecular identifiers (UMI) and RNA-seq technology to identify the hub genes responsible for stamen petalody in C. oleifera. The results show that a large number of alternative splicing events were identified in the transcriptome. A co-expression network analysis of MADSs and all the differentially expressed genes between the mutant stamens and the normal materials showed that four MADS transcription factor genes, CoSEP3.1, CoAGL6, CoSEP3.2, and CoAP3, were predicted to be the hub genes responsible for stamen petalody. Among these four, the expression patterns of CoAGL6 and CoSEP3.2 were consistently high in the mutant samples, but relatively low in the normal samples at six stages, while the patterns of CoSEP3.1 and CoAP3 were initially low in mutants and then were upregulated during development but remained relatively high in the normal materials. Furthermore, the genes with high connectivity to the hub genes showed significantly different expression patterns between the mutant stamens and the normal materials at different stages. qRT-PCR results showed a similar expression pattern of the hub genes in the RNA-seq. These results lay a solid foundation for the directive breeding of C. oleifera varieties and provide references for the genetic breeding of ornamental Camellia varieties.
14
Decraene, L. P. Ronse, i E. F. Smets. "An updated interpretation of the androecium of the Fumariaceae". Canadian Journal of Botany 70, nr 9 (1.09.1992): 1765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-219.
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A study of the floral development of Dicentra formosa, Corydalis lutea, and Hypecoum procumbens was carried out to better understand the nature of the androecium in Fumariaceae. Sepals emerge successively in a median position and are followed by two alternating pairs of petals. Four stamen primordia are formed in a diagonal position. They are promptly followed by two lateral, slightly externally inserted primordia. In Dicentra and Corydalis the stamens arise on two crescent-shaped protuberances. In Hypecoum, four diagonal androecial primordia fuse into two median staminal complexes. The gynoecium emerges as a girdling primordium with four growth centers. Different interpretations of the androecium are discussed. It is demonstrated that the androecium in the Fumariaceae consists basically of two whorls: an outer whorl of four alternipetalous stamens and an inner whorl of two lateral stamens superposed to the outer petals. The monothecal nature of the alternipetalous stamens and the fusion of the stamens in two triplets is probably caused by a spatial median compression of the flower bud. The androecium of Hypecoum is the result of interprimordial growth between the pairs of monothecal stamens, and the androecium of Pteridophyllum arises through the loss of the two lateral stamens superposed to the outer petals. Key words: Fumariaceae, floral development, androecium, stamen whorls.
15
Charlton, W. A. "Studies in the Alismataceae. XII. Floral organogenesis in Damasonium alisma and Baldellia ranunculoides, and comparisons with Butomus umbellatus". Canadian Journal of Botany 82, nr 4 (1.04.2004): 528–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-027.
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Floral organogenesis of Damasonium alisma Mill. occurs at first in an alternating trimerous pattern typical of Alismataceae, with the formation of three sepals, then three bulges, corresponding to the CA (common perianthandroecium) primordia described in some other Alismataceae, alternating with the sepals. A petal is initiated on each bulge, and a pair of stamens is initiated either on or close to it. Three carpels are initiated in positions alternating with the petals and stamen pairs, and three further carpels then arise above and between the first three. At maturity and in fruit the carpels lie in a whorled arrangement. Floral development in Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. is identical up to the initiation of the six stamens. After this, six carpel primordia are formed alternating with the stamens, and further carpel primordia arise alternating with those previously formed. In Butomus, up to the initiation of the first six stamens, the general plan of development resembles that of the two Alismataceae. Three further whorls of organs arise in alternation: a whorl of three stamens arises over the stamen pairs followed by two whorls each of three carpel primordia. It is argued that the trimerous appearance of the whorl of sepals (or outer perianth in Butomus) arises de novo and represents a genuine expression of trimery. However, most of the subsequent features of development in these flowers can be seen as arising from phyllotactic mechanisms that cause new primordia to arise between and above pre-existing ones. Consequently the appearance of trimerous or hexamerous whorls above the first whorl of perianth does not represent a fundamental feature of development. The nature of variations in the positional relationships of inner perianth, stamen, and carpel primordia in various Alismataceae and Butomus strengthen the case that there is a significant developmental association between inner perianth members and associated pairs of stamens, which may be connected with the evolution of the flowers from pseudanthial structures.Key words: Baldellia, Butomus, Damasonium, Alismatidae, flower, organogenesis.
16
Marciniak i Przedniczek. "Comprehensive Insight into Gibberellin- and Jasmonate-Mediated Stamen Development". Genes 10, nr 10 (15.10.2019): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10100811.
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In flowering plants, proper development of male generative organs is required for successful sexual reproduction. Stamen primordia arise in the third whorl of floral organs and subsequently differentiate into filaments and anthers. The early phase of stamen development, in which meiosis occurs, is followed by a late developmental phase, which consists of filament elongation coordinated with pollen maturation, anther dehiscence and finally viable pollen grain release. Stamen development and function are modulated by phytohormones, with a key role of gibberellins (GAs) and jasmonates (JAs). Long-term, extensive investigations, mainly involving GA/JA-deficient and GA/JA-response mutants, have led to a better understanding of the hormone-dependent molecular mechanisms of stamen development. In several species, the principal functions of GAs are to stimulate filament elongation through increased cell elongation and to promote anther locule opening. In the GA-dependent regulation of early stamen development, both the tapetum and developing pollen were identified as major targets. JAs mainly control the late stages of stamen development, such as filament elongation, viable pollen formation and anther dehiscence. A hierarchical relationship between GAs and JAs was recognized mainly in the control of late stamen development. By repressing DELLA proteins, GAs modulate the transcriptional activity of JA biosynthesis genes to promote JA production. A high level of JAs induces a complex of transcription factors crucial for normal stamen development.
17
Liu, Hua, Hongna Shang, Huan Yang, Wenjie Liu, Daisuke Tsugama, Ken-Ichi Nonomura, Aimin Zhou, Wenwu Wu, Tetsuo Takano i Shenkui Liu. "RNA-Binding Protein MAC5A Is Required for Gibberellin-Regulated Stamen Development". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 4 (11.02.2022): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042009.
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The development of floral organs is coordinated by an elaborate network of homeotic genes, and gibberellin (GA) signaling is involved in floral organ development; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we found that MOS4-ASSOCIATED COMPLEX 5A (MAC5A), which is a protein containing an RNA-binding motif, was involved in the development of sepals, petals, and stamens; either the loss or gain of MAC5A function resulted in stamen malformation and a reduced seed set. The exogenous application of GA considerably exacerbated the defects in mac5a null mutants, including fewer stamens and male sterility. MAC5A was predominantly expressed in pollen grains and stamens, and overexpression of MAC5A affected the expression of homeotic genes such as APETALA1 (AP1), AP2, and AGAMOUS (AG). MAC5A may interact with RABBIT EARS (RBE), a repressor of AG expression in Arabidopsis flowers. The petal defect in rbe null mutants was at least partly rescued in mac5a rbe double mutants. These findings suggest that MAC5A is a novel factor that is required for the normal development of stamens and depends on the GA signaling pathway.
18
Norton, Christian H., i Christian R. Lacroix. "Quantitative developmental analysis of two phenotypes of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in the context of homeosis". Botany 96, nr 6 (czerwiec 2018): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0185.
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The flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae) exist in two floral morphologies: a single phenotype, and a double phenotype. This study focused on the early stages of floral development, just before the initiation of petal primordia and up until the bifurcation of the stamen primordia. The two phenotypes were compared using logistic regression and bootstrapping techniques. Four aspects of floral development were considered: (i) organogenesis of petal and stamen primordia, and stamen bifurcation; (ii) allometry of stamen primordia; (iii) morphology of stamen primordia; and (iv) size of stamen primordia. The single and double buds initiated petal primordia at the same bud radii, but double buds initiated stamen primordia and stamen bifurcation at larger bud radii than the single phenotype. Double stamen primordia were shorter, wider, and more spherical than single stamen primordia, although the sizes of the single and double stamen primordia (defined as the sum of their length and width measurements) were not different. Results suggest that the additional space on the floral meristem of the double phenotype is linked to the divergent development of stamen primordia occupying this extra space.
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Shen, Liping, Feng Tian, Zhukuan Cheng, Qiang Zhao, Qi Feng, Yan Zhao, Bin Han i in. "OsMADS58 Stabilizes Gene Regulatory Circuits during Rice Stamen Development". Plants 11, nr 21 (28.10.2022): 2899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212899.
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Rice (Oryza sativa) OsMADS58 is a C-class MADS box protein, and characterization of a transposon insertion mutant osmads58 suggested that OsMADS58 plays a role in stamen development. However, as no null mutation has been obtained, its role has remained unclear. Here, we report that the CRISPR knockout mutant osmads58 exhibits complex altered phenotypes, including anomalous diploid germ cells, aberrant meiosis, and delayed tapetum degeneration. This CRISPR mutant line exhibited stronger changes in expression of OsMADS58 target genes compared with the osmads58 dSpm (transposon insertion) line, along with changes in multiple pathways related to early stamen development. Notably, transcriptional regulatory circuits in young panicles covering the stamen at stages 4–6 were substantially altered in the CRISPR line compared to the dSpm line. These findings strongly suggest that the pleiotropic effects of OsMADS58 on stamen development derive from a potential role in stabilizing gene regulatory circuits during early stamen development. Thus, this work opens new avenues for viewing and deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of early stamen development from a network perspective.
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Ma, Zhiyuan, Qingyu Yang, Lingtian Zeng, Jiayi Li, Xinyu Jiao i Zhixiong Liu. "FaesAP3_1 Regulates the FaesELF3 Gene Involved in Filament-Length Determination of Long-Homostyle Fagopyrum esculentum". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 22 (19.11.2022): 14403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214403.
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The identification downstream genes of floral organ identity regulators are critical to revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying floral morphogenesis. However, a general regulatory pathway between floral organ identity genes and their downstream targets is still unclear because of the lack of studies in nonmodel species. Here, we screened a direct downstream target gene, FaesELF3, of a stamen identity transcription factor, FaesAP3_1, in long-homostyle (LH) Fagopyrum esculentum moench by using yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter (DR) assays. Furthermore, FaesAP3_1-silenced LH plants that produced flowers with part stamens or anthers homeotically converted into a tepaloid structure, and FaesELF3-silenced plants that had flowers with part stamens consisting of a short filament and empty anther (male sterile anther). All these suggested that transcription factor (TF) FaesAP3_1 directly activates FaesELF3 in order to regulate filament elongation and pollen grain development in LH buckwheat. Our data also suggested that other stamen development pathways independent of FaesAP3_1 remain in F. esculentum.
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Chang, Hongli, Weihong Ji, Yule Xie, Shujun He, Zhenfeng Xie i Fengjie Sun. "Morphological Characterization of Metamorphosis in Stamens of Anemone barbulata Turcz. (Ranunculaceae)". Agronomy 13, nr 2 (15.02.2023): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020554.
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The morphological characteristics of metamorphosis in stamens of Anemone barbulata Turcz. were investigated using morphological and histological analyses. The results showed that stamens were transformed into either white sepaloid organs or more frequently green leaflike structures with successive variations. The extreme metamorphic stamen was represented as a three-lobed leaflike structure with a long stalk, highly consistent with the morphological characters of the normal leaves of the plant. It was hypothesized that the connective and two pollen sacs of the anther were transformed into the three lobes of the metamorphosed stamen, respectively. The depression and circinate stages were identified as the important and necessary processes in the transformation of stamens from axial to foliar organs, suggesting probably the alternative evolutionary process of the formation of anthers derived from foliar organs. The morphological traces of leaf, sepal, and carpel observed in the metamorphosed stamens suggested the homeotic transformations among these organs. The foliar stage in the ancestral stamens of angiosperms was reflected ontogenically in the metamorphosed stamens of A. barbulata. Our findings of a series of metamorphic stamens probably represent the morphological evidence to support the hypothesis that the flowers of angiosperms were derived from metamorphic leaves with the progressive development mode in the evolution of floral organs.
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Meaders, Clara, Ya Min, Katherine J. Freedberg i Elena Kramer. "Developmental and molecular characterization of novel staminodes in Aquilegia". Annals of Botany 126, nr 2 (18.02.2020): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa029.
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Abstract Background and Aims The ranunculid model system Aquilegia is notable for the presence of a fifth type of floral organ, the staminode, which appears to be the result of sterilization and modification of the two innermost whorls of stamens. Previous studies have found that the genetic basis for the identity of this new organ is the result of sub- and neofunctionalization of floral organ identity gene paralogues; however, we do not know the extent of developmental and molecular divergence between stamens and staminodes. Methods We used histological techniques to describe the development of the Aquilegia coerulea ‘Origami’ staminode relative to the stamen filament. These results have been compared with four other Aquilegia species and the closely related genera Urophysa and Semiaquilegia. As a complement, RNA sequencing has been conducted at two developmental stages to investigate the molecular divergence of the stamen filaments and staminodes in A. coerulea ‘Origami’. Key Results Our developmental study has revealed novel features of staminode development, most notably a physical interaction along the lateral margin of adjacent organs that appears to mediate their adhesion. In addition, patterns of abaxial/adaxial differentiation are observed in staminodes but not stamen filaments, including asymmetric lignification of the adaxial epidermis in the staminodes. The comparative transcriptomics are consistent with the observed lignification of staminodes and indicate that stamen filaments are radialized due to overexpression of adaxial identity, while the staminodes are expanded due to the balanced presence of abaxial identity. Conclusions These findings suggest a model in which the novel staminode identity programme interacts with the abaxial/adaxial identity pathways to produce two whorls of laterally expanded organs that are highly differentiated along their abaxial/adaxial axis. While the ecological function of Aquilegia staminodes remains to be determined, these data are consistent with a role in protecting the early carpels from herbivory and/or pathogens.
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Wei, Lai, i Louis Ronse De Craene. "What is the nature of petals in Caryophyllaceae? Developmental evidence clarifies their evolutionary origin". Annals of Botany 124, nr 2 (5.06.2019): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz075.
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Abstract Background and Aims Floral development is a powerful tool to infer homologies of floral organs and to understand floral evolution. Caryophyllaceae is a major family of core Caryophyllales that possesses petal-like structures (petaloids) with a great diversity in shape. The main purpose of this study is to determine the nature of the second whorl of floral organs in Caryophyllaceae. Mainstream views consider ancestors of Caryophyllaceae as apetalous and interpret petals as centrifugally derived staminodial appendages. This hypothesis, based on morphological similarities of petals with stamens and previous ancestral state reconstruction, is tested here. Methods A floral developmental investigation of five species was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, combined with character optimization of the presence or absence of second-whorl petaloids. Key Results The calyx is always well developed with a quincuncial aestivation. Petaloids either develop by fractionation of common stamen–petal primordia, as in Spergularia, or petaloid development is independent and precedes alternisepalous stamens in Saponaria and Sagina. In Sagina the petaloid whorl is always fully formed but alternisepalous stamens are often reduced or missing. Petaloids are absent in Gymnocarpos and the investigated Cerastium. Conclusions Developmental evidence and character mapping reject the hypothesis that petaloids represent a staminodial whorl and suggest that they are independent structures equivalent to second-whorl petals of most Pentapetalae and present in the basal Caryophyllaceae. Heterochronic shifts, including a delay in petal development and acceleration of androecial growth, are responsible for the amalgamation of petals with the androecium as common stamen–petal primordia and their appearance as stamen-derived appendages. Selective pollinator pressure in Caryophyllaceae led to variable petal expansion or reduction and loss. This trend corresponds largely with the general tendency in the core Caryophyllales for petal loss and perianth reorganization.
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Mal, Tarun K. "Developmental aspects of tristyly in Lythrum salicaria". Canadian Journal of Botany 76, nr 7 (1.07.1998): 1214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-099.
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The developmental basis of floral polymorphism was investigated in the tristylous invasive species, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae). In tristylous species, the stigmas are positioned above (in the long morph), below (in the short morph), or between (in the mid morph) the outer and inner staminal whorls. Flower samples were collected at three different growth stages (early, pre-anthesis, and post-anthesis) from three genotypes from each of the three morphs to observe morph-specific differences in growth patterns of filaments and styles and their constituent epidermal cells. From each flower, I measured the length of styles and two types of stamens and their epidermal cells at the basal, intermediate, and apical regions of each organ. Differentiation of organ levels begins at a very early stage. Growth rate of the long pistil is higher than in the mid pistil followed by the short pistil. However, the growth rate of epidermal cells is higher in the short style followed by the mid and long styles. The number of cells does not increase during style development in the short morph but does increase in the long and mid morphs. Although the relative growth of the outer stamens is greater than in the inner stamens in all three morphs, the relative cell size is greater in the inner stamens than in the outer stamens. Cell size differs between outer and inner stamens in the long and mid morphs but not in the short morph. The intermediate cells are larger compared with the basal and apical cells of the stamens and styles. The number of epidermal cells increases in the outer stamens during development, whereas it remains constant in the inner stamens of the mid morph and increases only slightly in the inner stamens of long morph.Key words: floral development, growth and division of epidermal cells, heterostyly, purple loosestrife, style and stamen growth, style-stamen polymorphism.
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Chen, Zhenyong, Mingli Liao, Zaijun Yang, Weiying Chen, Shuhong Wei, Jian Zou i Zhengsong Peng. "Co-expression network analysis of genes and networks associated with wheat pistillody". PeerJ 10 (24.08.2022): e13902. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13902.
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Crop male sterility has great value in theoretical research and breeding application. HTS-1, whose stamens transformed into pistils or pistil-like structures, is an important male sterility material selecting from Chinese Spring three-pistil (CSTP) wheat. However the molecular mechanism of pistillody development in HTS-1 remains a mystery. RNA-seq data of 11 wheat tissues were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), including the stamens of CSTP and the pistils and pistillodic stamen of HTS-1. The Salmon program was utilized to quantify the gene expression levels of the 11 wheat tissues; and gene quantification results were normalized by transcripts per million (TPM). In total, 58,576 genes were used to construct block-wise network by co-expression networks analysis (WGCNA) R package. We obtained all of modules significantly associated with the 11 wheat tissues. AgriGO V2.0 was used to do Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis; and genes and transcription factors (TFs) in these significant modules about wheat pistillody development were identified from GO enrichment results. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) was used to align HTS-1 proteins with the published pistillody-related proteins and TFs. Genes about wheat pistillody development were analyzed and validated by qRT-PCR. The MEturquoise, MEsaddlebrown, MEplum, MEcoral1, MElightsteelblue1, and MEdarkslateblue modules were significantly corelated to pistillodic stamen (correlation p < 0.05). Moreover, 206 genes related to carpel development (GO:0048440) or gynoecium development (GO:0048467) were identified only in the MEturquoise module by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and 42 of 206 genes were hub genes in MEturquoise module. qRT-PCR results showed that 38 of the 42 hub genes had highly expressed in pistils and pistillodic stamens than in stamens. A total of 15 pistillody development-related proteins were validated by BLAST. Transcription factors (TFs) were also analyzed in the MEturquoise module, and 618 TFs were identified. In total, 56 TFs from 11 families were considered to regulate the development of pistillodic stamen. The co-expression network showed that six of HB and three of BES1 genes were identified in 42 hub genes. This indicated that TFs played important roles in wheat pistillody development. In addition, there were 11 of ethylene-related genes connected with TFs or hub genes, suggesting the important roles of ethylene-related genes in pistillody development. These results provide important insights into the molecular interactions underlying pistillody development.
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Gerrath, Jean M., i Usher Posluszny. "Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. IV. Floral development in Parthenocissus inserta". Canadian Journal of Botany 67, nr 5 (1.05.1989): 1356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-180.
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The floral ontogeny of Parthenocissus inserta, based on histological and three-dimensional observations, is presented. The inflorescence primordium arises in a leaf-opposed position at two of three nodes. It becomes subtended by a bract, and then bifurcates equally to form a lateral and a main arm. Inflorescence branches are initiated on both arms to form a series of dichasia. The transition from inflorescence branch primordium to floral primordium is marked by the initiation of three sepal primordia. Subsequently a ring primordium forms as the fourth and fifth sepal primordia are initiated, resulting in a calyx which encircles the floral apex. Petals and stamens arise simultaneously as five common petal–stamen primordia, alternating with the sepals. They bifurcate to form separate petal and stamen primordia. The petals are greenish, valvate, hooded, and are separate at maturity. The tetrasporangiate anthers are introrse and pollen is tricolporate. The gynoecium arises as a ring primordium. Two septa arise from the inner gynoecial wall and the floral apex, and will eventually form an essentially two-loculed superior ovary. Two ovules are initiated from the base of each septum. Each of the four ovules is anatropous and bitegmic at maturity. A disc arises from the base of the gynoecium. It appears as five pinkish protuberances of the ovary base at maturity and secretes a nectarlike substance. The fruit is a one- to four-seeded blue-black berry.
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Tucker, Shirley C. "Floral ontogeny of Hardenbergia violacea (Fabaceae: Faboideae: Phaseoleae) and taxa of tribes Bossiaeeae and Mirbelieae, with emphasis on presence of pseudoraceme inflorescences". Australian Systematic Botany 19, nr 3 (2006): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb05004.
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The floral ontogeny of several Australian papilionoid taxa has been studied in Hardenbergia violacea L. (Phaseoleae); Kennedia rubicunda (Phaseoleae; inflorescences only); Bossiaea cordigera (Bossiaeeae); Gastrolobium truncatum, Mirbelia oxylobioides, and Pultenaea daphnoides (Mirbelieae). Species studied of Hardenbergia, Pultenaea, and Brachysema have pseudoracemose inflorescences comprised of triads of flowers, Kennedia rubicunda has paired flowers that resemble reduced pseudoracemes, while Gastrolobium truncatum and Mirbelia oxylobioides have pseudoracemes comprised of 2–10 flowers per ultimate unit. Pseudoracemes are a significant and overlooked feature in many taxa of tribes Bossiaeeae and Mirbelieae. Hardenbergia violacea has ultimate axillary units of three flowers, each with a subtending bract but no bracteoles. Floral ontogeny in H. violacea and P. daphnoides shows acropetal order among whorls, and unidirectional order starting from the abaxial side in sepal, petal, and stamen whorls, as in most papilionoid flowers. The carpel is initiated concurrently with the first antesepalous stamen primordium. Pultenaea daphnoides and Bossiaea cordigera have unidirectional sepal initiation starting abaxially, but simultaneous petal initiation, an unusual feature among papilionoids. In late stages of H. violacea and B. cordigera, a diadelphous stamen tube or sheath is formed, while in taxa of Mirbelieae the stamens remain free. The flowers in all taxa studied become strongly zygomorphic as evidenced by three petal morphs and upturning of the free portions of style and stamens late in development.
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Sreekantan, Lekha, Laurent Torregrosa, Lucie Fernandez i Mark R. Thomas. "VvMADS9, a class B MADS-box gene involved in grapevine flowering, shows different expression patterns in mutants with abnormal petal and stamen structures". Functional Plant Biology 33, nr 9 (2006): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06016.
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VvMADS9, a MADS-box gene, from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon has been isolated and its expression pattern studied in wild type Cabernet Sauvignon, Mourvèdre, and Bouchalès cultivars and mutants of the latter two genotypes showing abnormal petal / stamen structures. Sequence analysis showed that VvMADS9 was highly similar to PISTILLATA (PI), the class B gene that specifies the identity of petals and stamens in Arabidopsis. The temporal expression pattern of VvMADS9 studied through real-time PCR revealed that its expression was specific to flower development. The low levels of expression in the Mourvèdre mutant and the skewed expression pattern in the Bouchalès mutant as compared to their wild type counterparts suggested that VvMADS9 is involved in normal formation of petals and stamens. Through in situ hybridisation, expression of VvMADS9 was detected in stamens and weak expression on the basal regions of the petals. This suggested a possible role for VvMADS9 in specifying stamen and petal organ identity in grapevine similar to Class B genes in other species. All evidence thus pointed to the conclusion that VvMADS9 is an orthologue of PISTILLATA in grapevine.
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Innes, R. L., W. R. Remphrey i L. M. Lenz. "An analysis of the development of single and double flowers in Potentilla fruticosa". Canadian Journal of Botany 67, nr 4 (1.04.1989): 1071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-140.
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Sectioned and intact shoot apices from Potentilla fruticosa L. plants producing singe and double flowers were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. In both flower types the whorls of floral organs were initiated in a helical pattern similar to that of the foliage leaves, although the interval between successive primordia was decreased. The petals and stamens were initiated on a pentagonal ridge surrounding the apex. A primordium was initiated at each vertex of this ridge and about five others along each side. Initially there were no apparent differences among these primordia. The primordia at the vertices always developed into petals. In single flowers all other primordia on the ridge developed into stamens. In double flowers the primordia adjacent to those at the vertices developed petalloid characteristics in the same sequence in which they were initiated. The extra petals are thus found in positions otherwise occupied by stamens, and form at the expense of stamens. Quantitative analysis of petal and stamen numbers support this conclusion.
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Zeng, Lingtian, Jiao Zhang, Xuan Wang i Zhixiong Liu. "Isolation and Characterization of APETALA3 Orthologs and Promoters from the Distylous Fagopyrum esculentum". Plants 10, nr 8 (10.08.2021): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081644.
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Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) produces distylous flowers with undifferentiated petaloid tepals, which makes it obviously different from flowers of model species. In model species Arabidopsis, APETALA3 (AP3) is expressed in petal and stamen and specifies petal and stamen identities during flower development. Combining with our previous studies, we found that small-scale gene duplication (GD) event and alternative splicing (AS) of common buckwheat AP3 orthologs resulted in FaesAP3_1, FaesAP3_2 and FaesAP3_2a. FaesAP3_2 and FaesAP3_2a were mainly expressed in the stamen of thrum and pin flower. Promoters functional analysis suggested that intense GUS staining was observed in the whole stamen in pFaesAP3_2::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis, while intense GUS staining was observed only in the filament of stamen in pFaesAP3_1::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis. These suggested that FaesAP3_1 and FaesAP3_2 had overlapping functions in specifying stamen filament identity and work together to determine normal stamen development. Additionally, FaesAP3_2 and FaesAP3_2a owned the similar ability to rescue stamen development of Arabidopsis ap3-3 mutant, although AS resulted in a frameshift mutation and consequent omission of the complete PI-derived motif and euAP3 motif of FaesAP3_2a. These suggested that the MIK region of AP3-like proteins was crucial for determining stamen identity, while the function of AP3-like proteins in specifying petal identity was gradually obtained after AP3 Orthologs acquiring a novel C-terminal euAP3 motif during the evolution of core eudicots. Our results also provide a clue to understanding the early evolution of the functional specificity of euAP3-type proteins involving in floral organ development in core eudicots, and also suggested that FaesAP3_2 holds the potential application for biotechnical engineering to develop a sterile male line of F. esculentum.
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Yang, Gui-Fang, i Feng-Xia Xu. "Comparison of synandrium structure and development in three species from the Myristicaceae". Botany 95, nr 1 (styczeń 2017): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0136.
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Species of Myristicaceae have diverse morphology and structure of their synandria, making them an interesting group for androecium evolution research. To clarify the morphology, structure, and origin of the synandrium, scanning electron microscopy and histology were performed on staminate flowers of Horsfieldia pandurifolia H.H.Hu, H. tetratepala C.Y.Wu & W.T.Wang, and Myristica fragrans Houtt. at different developmental stages. A whorl of stamen primordia was rapidly initiated around the margin of the floral apex in groups of two in H. pandurifolia and groups of three in M. fragrans. Each stamen primordium grew longitudinally, producing a pair of anther lobes and four microsporangia, accompanying one vascular bundle in H. pandurifolia and M. fragrans. In H. tetratepala, three stamen primordia groups were formed, and each group with several anthers was supported by one vascular bundle, indicating a secondary increase of stamen. Three types of synandrium origin were observed: in M. fragrans, the central sterile column tissues originated from the elongate receptacle; in H. pandurifolia and H. tetratepala they were derived from a combination of floral meristem and fused connectives, and a combination of receptacular tissue and stamen groups. The diverse origins of the central sterile column suggest that the synandrium develops differently and independently in different genera and species of Myristicaceae.
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Eckardt, Nancy A. "Auxin Regulation of Late Stamen Development". Plant Cell 20, nr 7 (lipiec 2008): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.200712.
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Sawhney, V. K. "Floral mutants in tomato: development, physiology, and evolutionary implications". Canadian Journal of Botany 70, nr 4 (1.04.1992): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-090.
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Developmental and experimental studies on two floral mutants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) are presented. These studies have provided insights into the gene-regulated physiological, biochemical, and structural processes that affect flower morphology. In the stamenless-2 (sl-2/sl-2) mutant, plant growth regulators and temperature conditions affect the development of stamens, and these effects are mediated through changes in proteins, including some specific enzymes. Stamen primordia can be induced to form either normal stamens or carpels, which suggests the possibility of another mechanism by which unisexuality may have evolved. In the solanifolia (sf/sf) mutant, the nonfusion of stamens and carpels is associated with an increase in the size of the apex and the number of organs. The fusion of these organs is also affected by plant growth regulators and temperature conditions. It is proposed that during the course of evolution plants with small floral apices that produce few stamens and carpels were selected and that the reduction in apex size was achieved by mutations that affect endogenous plant growth regulators. Key words: floral mutants, Lycopersicon esculentum, plant growth regulators, temperature, tomato, evolution.
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You, Wei, Xiangjian Chen, Lingtian Zeng, Zhiyuan Ma i Zhixiong Liu. "Characterization of PISTILLATA-like Genes and Their Promoters from the Distyly Fagopyrum esculentum". Plants 11, nr 8 (12.04.2022): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11081047.
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Arabidopsis PISTILLATA (PI) encodes B-class MADS-box transcription factor (TF), and works together with APETALA3 (AP3) to specify petal and stamen identity. However, a small-scale gene duplication event of PI ortholog was observed in common buckwheat and resulted in FaesPI_1 and FaesPI_2. FaesPI_1 and FaesPI_2 were expressed only in the stamen of dimorphic flower (thrum and pin) of Fagopyrum esculentum. Moreover, intense beta-glucuronidase (GUS) staining was found in the entire stamen (filament and anther) in pFaesPI_1::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis, while GUS was expressed only in the filament of pFaesPI_2::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis. In addition, phenotype complementation analysis suggested that pFaesPI_1::FaesPI_1/pFaesPI_2::FaesPI_2 transgenic pi-1 Arabidopsis showed similar a flower structure with stamen-like organs or filament-like organs in the third whorl. This suggested that FaesPI_2 only specified filament development, but FaesPI_1 specified stamen development. Meanwhile, FaesPI_1 and FaesPI_2 were shown to function redundantly in regulating filament development, and both genes work together to require a proper stamen identity. The data also provide a clue to understanding the roles of PI-like genes involved in floral organ development during the early evolution of core eudicots and also suggested that FaesPI_1 and FaesPI_2 hold the potential application in bioengineering to develop a common buckwheat male sterile line.
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Sessions, A., J. L. Nemhauser, A. McColl, J. L. Roe, K. A. Feldmann i P. C. Zambryski. "ETTIN patterns the Arabidopsis floral meristem and reproductive organs". Development 124, nr 22 (15.11.1997): 4481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.22.4481.
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ettin (ett) mutations have pleiotropic effects on Arabidopsis flower development, causing increases in perianth organ number, decreases in stamen number and anther formation, and apical-basal patterning defects in the gynoecium. The ETTIN gene was cloned and encodes a protein with homology to DNA binding proteins which bind to auxin response elements. ETT transcript is expressed throughout stage 1 floral meristems and subsequently resolves to a complex pattern within petal, stamen and carpel primordia. The data suggest that ETT functions to impart regional identity in floral meristems that affects perianth organ number spacing, stamen formation, and regional differentiation in stamens and the gynoecium. During stage 5, ETT expression appears in a ring at the top of the floral meristem before morphological appearance of the gynoecium, consistent with the proposal that ETT is involved in prepatterning apical and basal boundaries in the gynoecium primordium. Double mutant analyses and expression studies show that although ETT transcriptional activation occurs independently of the meristem and organ identity genes LEAFY, APETELA1, APETELA2 and AGAMOUS, the functioning of these genes is necessary for ETT activity. Double mutant analyses also demonstrate that ETT functions independently of the ‘b’ class genes APETELA3 and PISTILLATA. Lastly, double mutant analyses suggest that ETT control of floral organ number acts independently of CLAVATA loci and redundantly with PERIANTHIA.
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ÇETİNBAŞ, Aslıhan, i Meral ÜNAL. "Comparative Ontogeny of Hermaphrodite and Pistillate Florets in Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae)". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 4, nr 2 (10.05.2012): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb427576.
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The inflorescence of Helianthus annuus L. has two types of flowers (or florets) on a single capitulum; central hermaphrodite disc florets and peripheral pistillate ray florets. In both florets, reproductive development starts with the conversion of apical meristem into floral meristem that will produce floral organ primordia. The only difference between hermaphrodite and pistillate florets in apical meristem stage is that apical meristem of the pistillate florets is not as apparent and curvaceous as apical meristem of the hermaphrodite florets. The differentiation of apical meristem into floral meristem is in the same progress in both florets. In hermaphrodite florets, flower organs; petals, stamens and carpels develop from floral meristem. Differentiation of five petal primordia takes place in the same way in both florets. Firstly filament and then anther differentiates in a stamen. Two carpel primordia appear below the stamen primordia in hermaphrodite florets. In following stages, carpel primordia are lengthened and formed inferior ovary, style, stigma respectively. In pistillate florets, flower organs; petals and carpels develop from floral meristem. They pass directly from the periant initiation to the start of carpel formation. Stamen primordia don’t appear and the further development of carpel primordia stops in a short time, as a result, stigma and style do not exist in pistillate florets. However, an inferior ovary with no ovule forms. In the capitulum of hermaphrodite florets, the development takes place in a centripetal manner; it starts firstly on the outermost whorl, and it proceeds towards inner whorl. However, this is not the case in pistillate florets.
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Peng, Jinrong. "Gibberellin and Jasmonate Crosstalk during Stamen Development". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 51, nr 12 (grudzień 2009): 1064–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00881.x.
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Classen‐Bockhoff, Regine, Michael Crone i Elena Baikova. "Stamen Development in Salvia L.: Homology Reinvestigated". International Journal of Plant Sciences 165, nr 4 (lipiec 2004): 475–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386565.
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Zhang, DaBing, i Zoe A. Wilson. "Stamen specification and anther development in rice". Chinese Science Bulletin 54, nr 14 (lipiec 2009): 2342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-009-0348-3.
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Ahmad, Nabil M., Peter M. Martin i John M. Vella. "Floral structure and development in the dioecious Australian endemic Lomandra longifolia (Lomandraceae)". Australian Journal of Botany 56, nr 8 (2008): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07223.
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The micromorphology and histology of the development of male and female flowers of the dioecious Australian endemic species Lomandra longifolia Labill. was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy of entire and sectioned material. Although mature flowers are functionally unisexual, in the early stages of development pistillate and staminate flowers are identical and apparently bisexual. In a sequential fashion, six perianth parts are initiated within two alternating whorls, the sepals first and the petals second; six stamens are initiated in two alternating whorls of three stamens each, the first opposite the sepals and the second opposite the petals; and last, a central gynoecium is initiated. Following initiation, the two flower types diverge developmentally when the stamens become bilobed. In male flowers, cytological analysis of the slowly growing abortive pistil shows that megasporogenesis does not occur. Pistil abortion happens before meiosis whereas the stamens continue to develop until maturity and dehiscence. In female flowers, stamen arrest occurs before the onset of meiosis in microspore mother cells, after which the pistil continues its development through megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis. In all, 14 stages of floral development of both male and female flowers have been designated. Stages 1–6 of the two flower types were common to both sexes.
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Xu, Zilong, Yangdong Wang, Yicun Chen, Hengfu Yin, Liwen Wu, Yunxiao Zhao, Minyan Wang i Ming Gao. "A Model of Hormonal Regulation of Stamen Abortion during Pre-Meiosis of Litsea cubeba". Genes 11, nr 1 (31.12.2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11010048.
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Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., a popular essential oil plant, is a dioecious species with degenerative sexual organs in both male and female individuals. Yet, the mechanism of degenerative organs development in male and female flowers is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the morphological characters of degenerative organ development by morphological and histological observations, and determined the critical stage of abortion that occurs at pre-meiosis in male and female flowers. We also conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to understand the genetic basis of stamen abortion in female flowers. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified during the staminode development in female flowers; functional enrichment analysis revealed some important biological pathways involved the regulation of stamen abortion, including plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis and monoterpenoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, 15 DEGs involved in the hormone pathways were found to regulate stamen development. By HPLC-MS/MS analysis, there were a salicylic acid (SA) content peak and the gibberellin (GA) content lowest point in the abortion processes in female flowers, suggesting a vital function of hormonal processes. Co-expression network analysis further identified several hub genes that potentially played significant roles in the stamen abortion of L. cubeba. Taken together, we proposed a model involved in plant hormones pathways underlying stamen abortion during pre-meiosis in female flowers of L. cubeba.
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Berti, Fabio, Marco Fambrini, Maurizio Turi, Daniele Bertini i Claudio Pugliesi. "Mutations of corolla symmetry affect carpel and stamen development in Helianthus annuus". Canadian Journal of Botany 83, nr 8 (1.08.2005): 1065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-047.
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The inflorescence of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is heterogamous with zygomorphic ray flowers located in the outermost whorl of the head and actinomorphic disk flowers arrayed in arcs radiating from the center of the head. Two mutants with altered corolla symmetry have been described. The Chrysanthemoides (Chry) mutant is characterized by a shift from the polysymmetric corolla of disk flowers into a monosymmetric ray-like corolla. The tubular ray flower (turf) mutant is characterized by a shift from the zygomorphic corolla of ray flowers into a nearly actinomorphic tubular-like corolla. We performed a genetic analysis of turf, showing that a single nuclear recessive gene controls the trait. Furthermore, we characterized in detail the morphological floral features of Chry and turf, demonstrating that both mutations also affect the development of stamens and carpels. Most disk flowers found in the peripheral whorls of Chry heads showed drastic reduction in stamen length, as well as absence of ovules, and developed an unbranched style. By contrast, tubular-like ray flowers of turf achieved the ability to differentiate both fertile stamens and ovules. Homeotic transformations were also identified in the tubular-like ray flowers of turf, affecting both filaments and anthers that displayed petaloid-like traits. Our results point to a primary role for TURF and CHRY in the programming of the corolla symmetry and suggest a key interaction of both genes with floral organ identity genes.Key words: Helianthus annuus, floral symmetry, floral mutants, actinomorphic flowers, zygomorphic flowers.
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Lebel-Hardenack, Sabine, Elizabeth Hauser, Teresa F. Law, Jurg Schmid i Sarah R. Grant. "Mapping of Sex Determination Loci on the White Campion (Silene latifolia) Y Chromosome Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism". Genetics 160, nr 2 (1.02.2002): 717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.2.717.
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Abstract S. latifolia is a dioecious plant with morphologically distinct sex chromosomes. To genetically map the sex determination loci on the male-specific Y chromosome, we identified X-ray-induced sex determination mutants that had lost male traits. We used male-specific AFLP markers to characterize the extent of deletions in the Y chromosomes of the mutants. We then compared overlapping deletions to predict the order of the AFLP markers and to locate the mutated sex-determining genes. We found three regions on the Y chromosome where frequent deletions were significantly associated with loss of male traits. One was associated with hermaphroditic mutants. A second was associated with asexual mutants that lack genes needed for early stamen development and a third was associated with asexual mutants that lack genes for late stages of stamen development. Our observations confirmed a classical genetic prediction that S. latifolia has three dispersed male-determining loci on the Y chromosome, one for carpel suppression, one for early stamen development, and another for late stamen development. This AFLP map provides a framework for locating genes on the Y chromosome and for characterizing deletions on the Y chromosomes of potentially interesting mutants.
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Decraene, L. P. Ronse, E. F. Smets i D. Clinckemaillie. "The floral development and floral anatomy of Coris monspeliensis". Canadian Journal of Botany 73, nr 11 (1.11.1995): 1687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-183.
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The floral development of Coris was investigated to clarify its controversial relationship with either Primulaceae (Primulales) or Lythraceae (Myrtales). We demonstrate that Coris is strongly related to the Primulaceae but differs in a few important features, such as the presence of an epicalyx and partial zygomorphy. The saccate calyx and epicalyx with unilateral development encloses an actinomorphic flower. The stamen–petal tube has two sections that arise through three growth processes: a lower common part for stamens and petals and an upper section representing a fused corolla. The central ovule-bearing part of the ovary arises separated from the carpel wall. The formation of ridges with teethlike appendages between the ovules suggests a derivation of the free-central placentation from an axile arrangement. Several characters support the monotypic family Coridaceae near the Primulaceae. Key words: Coridaceae, Primulaceae, Lythraceae, floral development, floral vasculature, epicalyx, free-central placentation, common primordium, zygomorphy.
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Kirchoff, Bruce K. "Inflorescence and flower development in the Hedychieae (Zingiberaceae): Hedychium". Canadian Journal of Botany 75, nr 4 (1.04.1997): 581–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-065.
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Flower organogenesis in Hedychium gardnerianum and Hedychium coronarium begins with the sequential formation of the sepals on a rounded–triangular apex. Growth in three regions of the apex, inside the sepals, produces three common petal – inner androecial primordia. Intercalary growth below and between these primordia produces a floral cup, the site of gynoecial formation. The common primordia separate to form petals and inner androecial members. After separation, the anterior inner androecial members fuse to form the labellum. The posterior member forms the polleniferous stamen. Up to this point in development, the flowers of H. coronarium are slightly ahead of those of H. gardnerianum. However, in H. gardnerianum, initiation of the two thecae of the stamen occurs immediately following the separation of the common primordia, while thecae formation in H. coronarium is slightly delayed. These results show that the relative timing of developmental events can vary even over a short developmental period. Formation of the outer androecium takes place at the apices of a triangle formed by the inner androecial members. The anterior outer androecial member aborts soon after formation, whereas the posterior outer androecial members form the two petaloid staminodes that are found on the lateral sides of the labellum in the mature flower. Key words: flower development, flower structure, inflorescence, stamen, Zingiberaceae, Hedychium.
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Guo, Jialin, Gaisheng Zhang, Yulong Song, Shoucai Ma, Na Niu i Junwei Wang. "The development, penetrance, and seed vigour of multi-ovary wheat and its application in hybrid breeding". Crop and Pasture Science 70, nr 9 (2019): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19140.
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Multi-ovary wheat is a unique variety of wheat that has one to three pistils and three stamens, and can stably set one to three grains in each floret. By observing the developmental process of additional pistils, we found that the additional pistil was derived from a protrusion generated at the base of the main pistil, between the frontal stamen and lateral stamen. The additional pistil’s development was greatly delayed compared with the main pistil at an early stage. However, after the awn exposed stage, it developed very rapidly to a mature pistil within the maturity time of the main pistil. Generally, the grains originating from additional pistils were smaller than the grains from the main pistil. By studying the penetrance and germination conditions of multi-ovary wheat, we found that no matter which ovary the grains originated from, they had the same penetrance. However, the germination ability of grains generated from the main pistil was significantly higher than that of grains from additional pistils. Our results showed that multi-ovary wheat was an excellent variety, not only for studying the mechanisms of the multi-ovary trait and floral development in wheat, but also for improving the propagation coefficient and promoting the progress of wheat breeding. This paper lays a theoretical foundation for the practical application of multi-ovary trait in hybrid wheat; our results could be implemented in fostering future breeding activities focussed on the development of high yield wheat cultivars.
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Yu, Qianxia, Tong Zhao, Haichan Zhao, Chelsea D. Specht, Xueyi Tian i Jingping Liao. "Correlation between Inflorescence Architecture and Floral Asymmetry—Evidence from Aberrant Flowers in Canna L. (Cannaceae)". Plants 11, nr 19 (26.09.2022): 2512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192512.
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Floral symmetry studies often focus on the development of monosymmetric and polysymmetric flowers, whereas asymmetric flowers and their position and function within the inflorescence structure are largely neglected. Cannaceae is one of the few families that possesses truly asymmetric flowers, serving as a model to study the characters and mechanisms involved in the development of floral asymmetry and its context within the developing and mature inflorescence. In this study, inflorescence structure and floral morphology of normal asymmetric flowers and 16 aberrant flower collections from Canna indica L. and C. glauca L. were photographed, analyzed, and compared with attention to stamen petaloidy, floral symmetry, and inflorescence branching patterns anterior and posterior to the aberrant flower. In comparison with normal flowers, the aberrant flowers are arranged into abnormal partial florescences, and vary in floral symmetry, orientation, and degree of androecial petaloidy. The appendage of the fertile stamen is universally located distal from the higher order bract, indicating an underlying influence of inflorescence architecture. A synthetic model is proposed to explain the relationship between floral symmetry and inflorescence structure. Data from the observation of aberrant phenotypes strongly support the hypothesis that irregular petaloidy of the stamens is correlated with an asymmetric morphogenetic field within the inflorescence that contributes to the overall floral asymmetry in Canna flowers.
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Plackett, Andrew R. G., Stephen G. Thomas, Zoe A. Wilson i Peter Hedden. "Gibberellin control of stamen development: a fertile field". Trends in Plant Science 16, nr 10 (październik 2011): 568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.06.007.
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Shen, Xiuping, Ziwei Hu, Xun Xiang, Liai Xu i Jiashu Cao. "Overexpression of a stamen-specific R2R3-MYB gene BcMF28 causes aberrant stamen development in transgenic Arabidopsis". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 518, nr 4 (październik 2019): 726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.119.
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Gerrath, Jean M., i Usher Posluszny. "Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. V. Vegetative and floral development in Ampelopsis brevipedunculata". Canadian Journal of Botany 67, nr 8 (1.08.1989): 2371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-303.
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The vegetative and floral development of Ampelopsis brevipedunculata was studied using both three-dimensional and histological techniques. An uncommitted primordium (which usually develops into a tendril in young seedlings and a cymose inflorescence in mature plants) is initiated opposite every leaf on the flank of the shoot apical meristem. Flowers are hermaphroditic, pentamerous, and protandrous. The sepals are initiated spirally, and form a calyx unit as the result of subsequent activity of a basal ring primordium. The common petal–stamen primordia are initiated simultaneously, but differentiate into petals and stamens unidirectionally. The gynoecium is initiated as a ring primordium, which produces two septa from the inner gynoecium wall. Two bitegmic, anatropus ovules arise from the base of each septum. At maturity the gynoecium is superior and two-loculed. Pollen is tricolporate. A nectar-secreting disc arises from the base of the ovary. The fruit is a turquoise-blue berry, containing one to four seeds. Axillary buds, present at each node, develop sylleptically and normally abscise at the end of the growing season. A vertical series of as many as six serial axillary buds develop basipetally to form the overwintering buds, which are not externally visible.