Artykuły w czasopismach: „Staircase Design”

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Ramalingam, Balakrishnan, Rajesh Elara Mohan, Selvasundari Balakrishnan, Karthikeyan Elangovan, Braulio Félix Gómez, Thejus Pathmakumar, Manojkumar Devarassu, Madan Mohan Rayaguru i Chanthini Baskar. "sTetro-Deep Learning Powered Staircase Cleaning and Maintenance Reconfigurable Robot". Sensors 21, nr 18 (18.09.2021): 6279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186279.

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Staircase cleaning is a crucial and time-consuming task for maintenance of multistory apartments and commercial buildings. There are many commercially available autonomous cleaning robots in the market for building maintenance, but few of them are designed for staircase cleaning. A key challenge for automating staircase cleaning robots involves the design of Environmental Perception Systems (EPS), which assist the robot in determining and navigating staircases. This system also recognizes obstacles and debris for safe navigation and efficient cleaning while climbing the staircase. This work proposes an operational framework leveraging the vision based EPS for the modular re-configurable maintenance robot, called sTetro. The proposed system uses an SSD MobileNet real-time object detection model to recognize staircases, obstacles and debris. Furthermore, the model filters out false detection of staircases by fusion of depth information through the use of a MobileNet and SVM. The system uses a contour detection algorithm to localize the first step of the staircase and depth clustering scheme for obstacle and debris localization. The framework has been deployed on the sTetro robot using the Jetson Nano hardware from NVIDIA and tested with multistory staircases. The experimental results show that the entire framework takes an average of 310 ms to run and achieves an accuracy of 94.32% for staircase recognition tasks and 93.81% accuracy for obstacle and debris detection tasks during real operation of the robot.

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Chen, Yan. "Process of Baluster for Stone Spiral Staircase". Advanced Materials Research 823 (październik 2013): 636–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.823.636.

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In modern cities, with the rapid development of economy, various stone spiral staircases were decorated by more and more hotels or guest houses. It was very popular and showed beautiful decoration design style of modern hotel. In this paper, we studied the design process of baluster from stone spiral staircase. A new technical process for baluster of spiral staircase was investigated. We found much flaws of spiral surface in process of stone staircase and calculated a series of formulas by digital control of bead or wire saw. And one-time-molding techniques will be used in pieces processing. By sample analysis, this new method is more convenient than before. We believe that this stone spiral staircase will be used by more construction in the future.

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Wen, Ming, Hongxiang Tian, Weiwei Wang, Baokui Chen i Huayao Fu. "Research on Seismic Performance of Frame Structure with Beam Staircases". Buildings 12, nr 8 (27.07.2022): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081106.

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Beam staircases are widely used in frame structures. In structural design, stair flights are often ignored in the model establishment, and their loads are only added to the stair beams. However, under a seismic load, the flight of stairs will increase the staircase’s stiffness and affect the seismic response characteristics of the stairs and even of the structure. According to the engineering example, the finite element numerical models of the pure frame structure without staircases, the frame structure with fixed connection beam staircases, and the frame structure with sliding connection beam staircases were established. Modal analysis, response spectrum analysis, and elastic time-history analysis were carried out. By comparing the maximum story displacement, story displacement angle, natural period, story shear force, and the internal force of components of each model, the influences of beam staircases and their bearing connection mode on the seismic performance of the building were analyzed. In addition, by examining the frame model with sliding connection beam stairs, the influences of different staircase positions on the seismic performance of the building were studied. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of different design schemes were compared, and the effects of the modeling method, support type, and layout position of the beam staircases on the seismic performance of the frame structure were summarized. The conclusions are that the story drift angle of the sliding connection structure is larger than that of the fixed connection structure, and the internal force of the frame columns of the former is smaller than that of the latter. Moreover, the positions of the staircase will affect the horizontal displacement of the structure.

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Ilyas, Muhammad, Shi Yuyao, Rajesh Elara Mohan, Manojkumar Devarassu i Manivannan Kalimuthu. "Design of sTetro: A Modular, Reconfigurable, and Autonomous Staircase Cleaning Robot". Journal of Sensors 2018 (24.07.2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8190802.

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The mechanical, electrical, and autonomy aspects of designing a novel, modular, and reconfigurable cleaning robot, dubbed as sTetro (stair Tetro), are presented. The developed robotic platform uses a vertical conveyor mechanism to reconfigure itself and is capable of navigating over flat surfaces as well as staircases, thus significantly extending the automated cleaning capabilities as compared to conventional home cleaning robots. The mechanical design and system architecture are introduced first, followed by a detailed description of system modelling and controller design efforts in sTetro. An autonomy algorithm is also proposed for self-reconfiguration, locomotion, and autonomous navigation of sTetro in the controlled environment, for example, in homes/offices with a flat floor and a straight staircase. A staircase recognition algorithm is presented to distinguish between the surrounding environment and the stairs. The misalignment detection technique of the robot with a front staircase riser is also given, and a feedback from the IMU sensor for misalignment corrective measures is provided. The experiments performed with the sTetro robot demonstrated the efficacy and validity of the developed system models, control, and autonomy approaches.

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Karningsih, Putu, i Citra Kusumawardani. "Redesign of Railroad Stairs Using a Multi-Layer Quality Function Deployment Approach". PROZIMA (Productivity, Optimization and Manufacturing System Engineering) 6, nr 1 (2.03.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/prozima.v6i1.1560.

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Railway is one of the popular modes of public transportation in Indonesia, but there are conditions where length of platform does not cover the entire length of the railway coach. This causes access in and out passengers must be added with tools such as staircase. The condition of staircase that is currently available is large and heavy, so to place the staircase right at the door of the railway coach takes a longer time. The initial survey conducted on 106 passengers obtained data 34% of respondents stated that the staircase currently available are less comfortable to use, in addition 32.1% of respondents stated that the available staircases are not adequate in terms of number and physical condition. Based on this background, the study aims to redesign the staircase that according to the needs of two user they are: train passengers and Indonesian Train Service Provider by using the multi-layer Quality Function Deployment. The result of this study shows that both users agree that the design of new stair design should consider anthropometry of passengers, safety features, easy to be move during use (portable and light weight).

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Teng, Wei Wei, i Kia Wai Liew. "Conceptual Design and Analysis of a Hybrid Walking Cane". Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Physics 3, nr 2 (15.12.2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33093/jetap.2021.3.2.5.

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This work is aimed to design and analyze the staircase climbing aid, hybrid with the function of walking cane. The tremendous demand for living space increases the essentiality of staircase, corresponding to the escalation of fall injuries. The handrails complemented along with staircase had provided deficient safeguard for staircase user, particularly senior citizen and people with lower limb disability, who need staircase climbing aid to provide extra support during escalating or declining staircase.

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Webb, Oliver J., i Frank F. Eves. "Effects of Environmental Changes in a Stair Climbing Intervention: Generalization to Stair Descent". American Journal of Health Promotion 22, nr 1 (wrzesień 2007): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-22.1.38.

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Purpose. Visual improvements have been shown to encourage stair use in worksites independently of written prompts. This study examined whether visual modifications alone can influence behavior in a shopping mall. Climbing one flight of stairs, however, will not confer health benefits. Therefore, this study also assessed whether exposure to the intervention encouraged subsequent stair use. Design. Interrupted time-series design. Settings. Escalators flanked by a staircase on either side. Subjects. Ascending and descending pedestrians (N = 81,948). Interventions. Following baseline monitoring, a colorful design was introduced on the stair risers of one staircase (the target staircase). A health promotion message was superimposed later on top. The intervention was visible only to ascending pedestrians. Thus, any rise in descending stair use would indicate increased intention to use stairs, which endured after initial exposure to the intervention. Measures. Observers inconspicuously coded pedestrians' means of ascent/descent and demographic characteristics. Results. The design alone had no meaningful impact. Addition of the message, however, increased stair climbing at the target and nontarget staircases by 190% and 52%, respectively. The message also produced a modest increase in stair descent at the target (25%) and nontarget (9%) staircases. Conclusions. In public venues, a message component is critical to the success of interventions. In addition, it appears that exposure to an intervention can encourage pedestrians to use stairs on a subsequent occasion.

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Lillo, Julio, i Humberto Moreira. "Lightness Compression and Hue Changes". Spanish Journal of Psychology 9, nr 2 (listopad 2006): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s113874160000620x.

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Two experiments were performed to relate the Bezold-Brücke (B-B) and lightness compression effects. The first used a calibrated screen to present an achromatic luminance staircase. In addition, it reproduced, the methodology and the essential aspects the lightness compression effect discovered by Cataliotti and Gilchrist (1995). That is, observers perceived a truncated grey scale (from white to medium grey) when the staircase was the only stimulation in the near background (Gelb condition), but not when presented on a Mondrian background, because of the high articulation level provided by this background. Experiment 1 design also included two other backgrounds that produced a partial compression effect. In Experiment 2, two chromatic staircases were used. Employing a naming task, changes in hue perception were only observed for the susceptible staircase. The observed changes were of two types. First, for the full staircase presentations, a Gelb background produced maximum lightness compression (more similarity in the lightness of the staircase stimuli) and, also, a minimum B-B effect (fewer differences in hue). Second, only for the Gelb condition, there were changes in the hue of the lowest luminance staircase stimuli depending on the staircase extension. Results are discussed in the framework of the anchoring theory of lightness perception.

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Liyana Hanapi, Nurul, Sabarinah Sheikh Ahmad i Azli Abd Razak. "Crowd Dispersal in Staircase Design for Multi-Storey Building". Journal of Engineering & Technological Advances 5, nr 1 (2020): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35934/segi.v5i1.22.

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Staircase evacuation has always been a popular topic as today’s buildings are mostly dependent on the staircase for vertical transportation. This paper discussed the effect of open staircase position and width towards evacuation duration and distance. To simulate a real emergency situation, an experimental study needed to be conducted by using pathfinder software. Results show that increasing escape route width improves evacuation duration but the distance is much influence based on the positioning of the staircase in the building. The different staircase scenario has a significant influence on crowd dispersal. Future study can focus on various speed of the occupant to see how it will influence the crowd dispersal in a multi-storey building.

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Ding, Xiao Fei, Ben Ning Qu i Xin Zhao. "Design and Analysis of the Spiral Staircase in Large Steel Structure". Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (maj 2013): 2718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2718.

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A pillar spiral three floors staircase with no need additional be needed for construction in engineering. Based on this project profiles and steel stairs design standards, the appearance and the form of structure of the stairs be designed. And the spiral staircase’s overall modeling set. Calculated on the strength and deformation be analyzed by finite element analysis software. Provide a reference for other similar projects.

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Zhang, Peng Cheng, i Qin Yuan. "The Seismic Design of Staircase in Frame Structure". Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (październik 2011): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.865.

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As the essential vertical transportation in multistory or high-rise building, stairs is very important. When2008, 5.12Wen-Chuan earthquake occurred, many staircases were seriously damaged especially in the multistory framework structures which were built in recent years. It seems probable that some common fault happened in the design work. In the multistory framework the stairs member may contribute stiffness as a "K"-shaped brace which effecting the deformation of the frame notably, triggering tension or compression to the stairs plate, however, the "K"-shaped brace effecting were neglected in the design courses. This paper analysis the seismic damage of staircase and stairs, puts forward in multistory framework, the design of stairs can choose "rigid" or "flexible" solvent. The suggested methods can be use either to repair the existing stair structure or to design stairs for new frame building in order to improve the structural function of stairs and the overall building.

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Zhou, Jiaxu, Xiaohu Jia i Junhan Jia. "Effects of Different Staircase Design Factors on Evacuation of Children from Kindergarten Buildings Analyzed via Agent-Based Simulation". Healthcare 8, nr 1 (9.03.2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8010056.

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Staircase design is critical to the evacuation of children. Through an agent-based simulation, this study focused on the relationship between staircase design factors and evacuation efficiency in a multi-story kindergarten. A quantitative study was conducted on three critical architectural design factors: stair flight width, positional relationship, and design pattern of the juncture between the staircase and the corridor. The findings were as follows. (1) When the stair flight width ranges from 0.7 to 1.0 m, an increase in this width can improve evacuation efficiency significantly; when the width ranges from 1.1 to 1.4 m, evacuation efficiency is improved continuously, but an increase in this width range has a diminishing effect on evacuation efficiency; when the width is greater than 1.7 m, a further increase has an adverse effect on evacuation efficiency, because such a staircase space allows overtaking behaviors. (2) Under the same stair flight width conditions, evacuation efficiency is higher when the staircase and corridor are perpendicular to each other than when they are parallel, because the natural steering angle of the children was preserved during their evacuation. (3) The cut corner and rounded corner designs between the staircase and corridor improved evacuation efficiency and alleviated the congestion at bottleneck positions; the evacuation efficiency continued to rise with an increase in the cutting angle. These findings are expected to provide a useful reference for the evacuation design of kindergarten buildings and for emergency evacuation management.

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Fiorini, L., A. Conti, A. Meucci, V. Bonora i G. Tucci. "BETWEEN SPATIAL AND ARCHIVAL DATA: DIGITAL HUMANITIES FOR THE HISTORY OF A STAIRCASE OF PITTI PALACE". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-M-2-2023 (24.06.2023): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-m-2-2023-571-2023.

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Abstract. In the last decades, surveys produced with geomatic techniques are increasingly used for the study and conservation of the built heritage because they automatically collect large amounts of data with an accuracy and objectivity that could not be achieved with traditional techniques. As in other fields of digital and spatial humanities, the combination of spatial data with archival and secondary sources provides new tools for reconstructing the history, construction, and transformation of a historic architecture.The new digital survey of Pitti Palace, which was carried out between 2019 and 2021, has revealed aspects neglected by previous surveys and historical studies. Pitti Palace is the largest historical civil building in Florence. In the 16th century, Bartolomeo Ammannati carried out important extensions, including the so-called "spiral staircase", one of the most important staircases in the palace. This staircase, of which there is little documentation, although it is considered a masterpiece, was demolished at the beginning of the 19th century by Pasquale Poccianti to make way for the "New Secondary Staircase", on which previous studies have focused mainly on stylistic and decorative aspects.Using digital spatial data as a primary source, the research aimed to explain the construction history of the new staircase built by Poccianti, allowing a precise comparison between the archive documents and the actual geometry of the building elements.It also highlights previously undocumented features, including the evidence for the Ammannati staircase and the important changes made during the construction of the new staircase. The article shows how the insertion of the new staircase profoundly altered the design, structure and layout of a wing of the Pitti Palace. It also suggests how a more transdisciplinary and holistic approach helps the study of historical architecture.

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Valderas, D., R. Alvarez, J. Melendez, I. Gurutzeaga, J. Legarda i J. I. Sancho. "UWB Staircase-Profile Printed Monopole Design". IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7 (2008): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2008.921364.

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Xie, Kefan, Yu Song, Jia Liu, Benbu Liang i Xiang Liu. "Stampede Prevention Design of Primary School Buildings in China: A Sustainable Built Environment Perspective". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, nr 7 (18.07.2018): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071517.

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In China, crowd stampede accidents usually take place within crowded areas in middle and primary schools. The crowd stampede risk is particularly related to the architectural design such as the staircase design, the layout of crowded places, obstacles, etc. Through the investigation of building design in several primary schools, the relationship between the sustainable layout of crowded places (e.g., toilets, canteens, playgrounds, staircases) and the crowd stampede risk of students are introduced via agent-based simulations. In particular, different experimental scenarios are conducted on stairs in the primary buildings. The evacuation processes are recorded by video camera and spatial stepping characteristics (e.g., foot clearance, step length, mass center, the distance between the mass center and ankle, and etc.) are extracted from the video. Dynamic steady ability is investigated by adopting the margin of stability, quantified by the instantaneous difference between the edge of the base of support and extrapolated vertical projection of the mass center. Based on the sustainable built environment principles and historical data of students, this paper focuses on an in-depth analysis of the staircase design aiming at preventing the crowd stampede risk.

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Bahiram, Milind. "Design and Manufacturing of Staircase Climbing Trolley". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, nr 7 (31.07.2020): 1326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.30487.

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Hallak, H., J. Hillal, F. Hilal i R. Rahhal. "The staircase solar dryer: Design and characteristics". Renewable Energy 7, nr 2 (luty 1996): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(95)00127-1.

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许, 婕. "Design and Research of Staircase Cleaning Robot". Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Research 12, nr 03 (2023): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/airr.2023.123019.

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Ogawa, Ami, Hirotaka Iijima i Masaki Takahashi. "Staircase design for health monitoring in elderly people". Journal of Building Engineering 37 (maj 2021): 102152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102152.

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Gonzalez RodriÂguez, Antonio, Rafael Morales Herrera, Vicente Feliu Batlle i Publio Pintado Sanjuan. "Improving the mechanical design of new staircase wheelchair". Industrial Robot: An International Journal 34, nr 2 (13.03.2007): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01439910710727441.

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Ghindea, Cristian Lucian, Dan Cretu, Radu Cruciat i Ovidiu Bogdan. "Mechanical and Dynamic Characteristics of Laminated Glass Sheets Used for Staircases". Key Engineering Materials 601 (marzec 2014): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.601.227.

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In case of laminated glass strips, the mechanical characteristics of the composite element are different from the values that are obtained for the same element from a homogeneous and isotropic material. The experimental tests presented in the paper aims to determine the mechanical characteristics of laminated glass strips used to make a staircase. For the experiment, quasi-static and dynamic tests were conducted on different glass stair steps, made from normal and tempered glass, with different number and thicknesses glass sheets. The paper presents the carrying out conditions for the experiments, the synthesis of data processing and comments on the experimental results. Experimental test results led to the constructive solution of the glass staircase steps. For staircase building up, tempered glass was chosen and the values obtained for the mechanical properties, strength and deformation capacity of the system were used in its design. Whole set of experimental tests led to a successful design and build-up of the glass staircase.

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Xia, Guang Lan, Yan Ma, Yong Cheng Jiang, Feng Yu i Hai Juan Ding. "Mathematic Description of the Spiral Wooden Staircase Handrail Elbow". Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (wrzesień 2013): 2567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.2567.

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By analyzing the spiral wooden staircase handrail elbow, a design scheme of its CNC machining equipment was established. The mathematics description equations for the space outline curve centerline of spiral wooden staircase handrail elbow were set up, and then the UG software was used for simulation verification. Simulation results show that the mathematics description equations has good versatility and practicality, which lay a theoretical foundation for the integrated CAD/CAM CNC machining method research on the spiral wooden staircase handrail elbow.

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Abdulhamid, Mohanad, i Okoth Masimba. "Design of Combinational Logic Circuit Prober". Land Forces Academy Review 24, nr 4 (1.12.2019): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2019-0040.

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Abstract The objective of this paper is to design and implement a logic circuit prober to display truth tables of a three input combinational logic circuit. The truth table is to be as “1” and “0” on an ordinary 60 MHz oscilloscope. This paper meets this objective by using Lissajous Patterns to plot a “0” or a “1” on the oscilloscope screen. To plot a “0” on the oscilloscope screen, two sinusoidal signals in quadrature are supplied to the two inputs of the oscilloscope with the scope set to X-Y mode. To plot a “1” on the oscilloscope, only the signal to the Y input is allowed to reach the oscilloscope screen. To display all the 32 patterns required to obtain a three input truth table, two staircase waveforms are employed. The staircase waveforms, one eight-step and the other four-step, are added to the two sinusoidal signals to shift the patterns along the X and Y directions to produce all the 32 patterns.

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Fang, Tingyong, Jufen Yu i Jing Wang. "Study of Staircase Design Effects on Evacuation in Architectural Plane Design". Journal of Applied Fire Science 22, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/af.22.1.e.

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Boote, Scott. "Stone as a structural material. Part 2: Traditional and reinforced stone stairs". Structural Engineer 98, nr 6 (1.06.2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/igyh5338.

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Since the construction of the first British example of a cantilever stone staircase (Inigo Jones’ ‘tulip’ staircase in Queen’s House in Greenwich, 1629–35), this technique has served as both grand statement and modest utility. The structural principles are now widely understood, but by adopting a creative approach to structural analysis, design and detailing, they can be combined and extrapolated to design and construct more refined structures in myriad applications.

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Eguchi, Kei, Ya Nan Zhang, Kuniaki Fujimoto i Hirofumi Sasaki. "Design and Analysis of a Fibonacci Switched-Capacitor DC-AC Inverter". Applied Mechanics and Materials 666 (październik 2014): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.666.82.

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For small power applications, a Fibonacci switched-capacitor (SC) DC-AC inverter is proposed in this paper. Unlike common DC-AC inverter containing inductors or transformers, the proposed inverter requires no magnetic components. In the proposed inverter, bi-directional switches are controlled so that the voltage ratio of capacitors becomes the ratio of a Fibonacci number. By combining some of these capacitors in series, the proposed inverter generates a staircase AC waveform formed by many steps. Therefore, unlike the conventional SC DC-AC inverters based on a series-parallel type converter, the proposed inverter can provide the staircase AC waveform by a smaller number of capacitors. The theoretical analysis and simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed inverter.

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Kaur, Sukhdeep, i Rajesh Khanna. "Design and analysis of stair-shape UWB antenna with flowery DGS". International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 7, nr 1 (19.03.2014): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078714000336.

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In this paper, staircase-shaped ultra-wideband (UWB) response is proposed. UWB technology being emerging technology of decade needs development of antennas with small size. This paper proposed the design of antennas for UWB technology with small overall size. The feed used in the proposed design is microstrip feed line. The defected ground structure and staircase patch have been used to enhance bandwidth (BW) of antenna, to miniaturize its shape and to reduce the surface wave. The proposed design is carried out with different types of substrate materials and the best results are considered. The proposed antenna performs well in terms of BW and gain while reduction in size is reported. The proposed antenna can be used for Wireless Personal Area Network.

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Attia, Jomana G., i Nariman G. Lotfi. "Design Management Staircase as a Measuring Unit: Understanding Design in Cairo Startups". Design Management Journal 16, nr 1 (październik 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dmj.12065.

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Barman, Kuntal, Dai-Jie Lin, Rohit Gupta, Chih-Kang Chang i Jian-Jang Huang. "GaN Vertical Transistors with Staircase Channels for High-Voltage Applications". Materials 16, nr 2 (6.01.2023): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020582.

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In this study, we propose and simulate the design of a non-regrowth staircase channel GaN vertical trench transistor, demonstrating an exceptional threshold and breakdown characteristic for high power and high frequency applications. The unique staircase design provides a variable capacitance through the gate-dielectric-semiconductor interface, which results in a high breakdown voltage of 1.52 kV and maintains a channel on-resistance of 2.61 mΩ∙cm2. Because of the variable length and doping profile in the channel region, this model offers greater flexibility to meet a wide range of device application requirements.

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Galea, E. R., S. J. Blake, S. Gwynne i P. J. Lawrence. "The use of evacuation modelling techniques in the design of very large transport aircraft and blended wing body aircraft". Aeronautical Journal 107, nr 1070 (kwiecień 2003): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000013270.

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AbstractVery Large Transport Aircraft (VLTA) pose considerable challenges to designers, operators and certification authorities. Questions concerning seating arrangement, nature and design of recreational space, the number, design and location of internal staircases, the number of cabin crew required and the nature of the cabin crew emergency procedures are just some of the issues that need to be addressed. Other more radical concepts such as blended wing body (BWB) design, involving one or two decks with possibly four or more aisles offer even greater challenges. Can the largest exits currently available cope with passenger flow arising from four or five aisles? Do we need to consider new concepts in exit design? Should the main aisles be made wider to accommodate more passengers? In this paper we demonstrate how computer based evacuation models can be used to investigate these issues through examination of staircase evacuation procedures for VLTA and aisle/exit configuration for BWB cabin layouts.

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Li, Man, Lingling Wang, Junya Chen, Zhenrong Mu i Suqi Liu. "Smoke Back-Layering Phenomenon under the Combined External Wind and Stack Effects in a Staircase". Applied Sciences 12, nr 3 (29.01.2022): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031469.

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The external wind can change smoke movement patterns inside the staircase and affect smoke exhaust efficiency. This paper analyzes the smoke back-layering phenomenon in the staircase with open stair doors below the fire floor. The effect of the open stair door location and the heat release rate of fires and external wind velocities on smoke movement patterns are investigated numerically. The external wind ranges from 0–5.5 m/s. At 0 m/s, the smoke back-layering phenomenon driven by pressure difference can be found in the staircase with all stair doors closed. With the increasing wind velocity, four smoke behaviors are identified: upward moving smoke, first downward then upward moving smoke, downward moving smoke, and no smoke. Results show that the back-layering distance is mainly influenced by the external wind and heat release rate of fires. Correlations are modified and used to predict the longest back-layering distance with the first downward then upward moving smoke. This helps with arranging the smoke detectors inside a staircase and the fire safety design of high-rise buildings.

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Li, Huayang, Chenkun Qi, Liheng Mao, Yue Zhao, Xianbao Chen i Feng Gao. "Staircase-climbing capability-based dimension design of a hexapod robot". Mechanism and Machine Theory 164 (październik 2021): 104400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2021.104400.

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Friedman, Alice T. "Do Tread on Me: Disciplined Design and the Sensuous Staircase". Thresholds 37 (styczeń 2010): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00192.

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Afifi, Mona, Belinda Parke i Mohamed Al-Hussein. "Integrated approach for older adult friendly home staircase architectural design". Automation in Construction 39 (kwiecień 2014): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2013.07.001.

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Ekaputra, I. M. W., Rando Tungga Dewa, Gunawan Dwi Haryadi i Seon Jin Kim. "Fatigue Strength Analysis of S34MnV Steel by Accelerated Staircase Test". Open Engineering 10, nr 1 (27.05.2020): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0048.

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AbstractThis paper presents the reliability estimation of fatigue strength of the material used for crank throw components. The material used for crank throw components is forged S34MnV steel and subsequently heat-treated by normalising and tempering. High cycle fatigue testing under fully reversed cycling (R = −1) was performed to determine the fatigue limit of the material. The staircase test method is used to obtain accurate values of the mean fatigue limit stress until a number of cycles up to 1E7 cycles. Subsequently, the fatigue test results depend strongly on the stress step and are evaluated by the Dixon-Mood formula. The values of mean fatigue strength and standard deviation predicted by the staircase method are 282 MPa and 10.6MPa, respectively. Finally, the reliability of the design fatigue strength in some selected probability of failure is calculated. Results indicate that the fatigue strength determined from accelerated staircase test is consistent with conventional fatigue testing. Furthermore, the proposed method can be applied for the determination of fatigue strength and standard deviation for design optimisation of S34MnV steel.

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Chen, Yanqiu, Xiaodong Zhou, Taolin Zhang, Yuqi Hu i Lizhong Yang. "Turbulent smoke flow in evacuation staircases during a high-rise residential building fire". International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 25, nr 3 (7.04.2015): 534–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-11-2013-0329.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the behavior of smoke flow in a typical high-rise residential building fire in six common smoke control systems. Design/methodology/approach – The pressure, temperature and CO2 concentration were used to trace the motion of turbulent smoke flow through CFD. Findings – It is found that the hot smoke could rise up and spread into the indoor space on the upper floors through the staircase. When the pressure in the evacuation staircase is higher, it would be more difficult for the smoke to enter the staircase and transport vertically. On the other hand, the smoke would soon transport to the indoor space on the upper floors horizontally. During this process, the smoke shows a more disorder horizontal transport under the sole effect of thermal buoyancy than the co-existence of thermal buoyancy and the air inlet. Research limitations/implications – Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may need to be tested by further experiments. Practical implications – The paper includes implications for the design of smoke control systems and evacuation in a building fire. Originality/value – This paper fulfils an identified need to study the behavior of smoke in a fire and optimize the design of smoke control systems.

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Kermavnar, Tjasa, Kevin J. O’Sullivan, Adam de Eyto i Leonard W. O’Sullivan. "Discomfort/Pain and Tissue Oxygenation at the Lower Limb During Circumferential Compression: Application to Soft Exoskeleton Design". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, nr 3 (13.01.2020): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819892098.

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Objective To establish the relationship between circumferential compression on the lower limb during simulated ramp and staircase profile loading, and the resultant relationship with discomfort/pain and tissue oxygenation. Background Excessive mechanical loading by exoskeletons on the body can lead to pressure-related soft tissue injury. Potential tissue damage is associated with objective oxygen deprivation and accompanied by subjective perception of pain and discomfort. Method Three widths of pneumatic cuffs were inflated at the dominant thigh and calf of healthy participants using two inflation patterns (ramp and staircase), using a computer-controlled pneumatic rig. Participants rated discomfort on an electronic visual analog scale and deep tissue oxygenation was monitored using near infrared spectroscopy. Results Circumferential compression with pneumatic cuffs triggered discomfort and pain at lower pressures at the thigh, with wider cuffs, and with a ramp inflation pattern. Staircase profile compression caused an increase in deep tissue oxygenation, whereas the ramp profile compression decreased it. Conclusion Discomfort and pain during circumferential compression at the lower limb is related to the width of pneumatic cuffs, the inflation pattern, and the volume of soft tissue at the assessment site. The occurrence of pain is also possibly related to the decrease in deep tissue oxygenation during compression. Application Our findings can be used to inform safe and comfortable design of soft exoskeletons to avoid discomfort and possible soft tissue injury.

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Lian, Haitao, Sijia Zhang, Gaomei Li i Yuchen Zhang. "Pedestrian Simulation on Evacuation Behavior in Teaching Building of Primary School Emergencies and Optimized Design". Buildings 13, nr 7 (10.07.2023): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071747.

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The spatial layout and arrangement of obstacles in the built environment significantly affect its evacuation performance. However, few researchers focus on pedestrian simulation-based design optimization of built environment under emergency evacuation conditions. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the evacuation performance of optimized design solutions for traffic space in the teaching building of a primary school based on a pedestrian simulation approach and to quantify the effect of design parameters on evacuation time. Firstly, the level of traffic space design parameters was determined and optimized design solutions for the traffic space of the school building were generated. Secondly, based on the Anylogic simulation platform, the environment module and pedestrian evacuation behaviour rules of the teaching building were built to realize the evacuation behaviour simulation. Thirdly, the effect of the traffic space design parameters on the evacuation time of the teaching building was evaluated and the most significant design parameters were identified. Finally, the optimal combination of traffic space design parameters was proposed under evacuation performance orientation. The results show that the sensitivity of the traffic space design parameters to evacuation time is 31.85%. The effect of corridor width on evacuation time is 49.06 times greater than the staircase width. The optimal design combination for the traffic space in the teaching building of the primary school is a 3.0 m wide trapezoidal corridor combined with a 3.6 m wide staircase, and a 3.0 m wide fish maw corridor combined with 3.6 m wide staircase, guided by evacuation performance. The framework developed in this paper provides technical support for the development of evacuation performance-oriented design optimization of the built environment, and the results are intended to supplement the building design specifications.

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Hanapi, Nurul Liyana, Sabarinah Sh Ahmad i Azli Abd Razak. "Evaluation of Escape Route Design in Public Multi-Storey Housing in Malaysia for Elderly Occupants". Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, SI2 (27.12.2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5isi2.2521.

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Public multi-storey residential buildings in Malaysia are dependent on the passive design approach to ensure maximum safety during an emergency. Elements of escape route design include corridors, exits and staircases. This paper evaluates the escape route distance and duration for the elderly to evacuate the building to safety using Pathfinder simulations. The results show that the staircase has a significant contribution towards providing fast evacuation. Meanwhile, varying the width of the exit doors and corridors had minimal impact on evacuation. On average, the elderlies took longer to evacuate due to their slow speed of movement and limited physical capability. Keywords: Multi-Storey, Escape Route Design, Evacuation, Simulation eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/110.21834/ebpj.v5iSI2.2521.

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Buritta, Marlina, Mas’ud Badolo i Idha Novianti. "The Effectivity of Direct Learning Models Assisted Number Staircase Media in Mathematics Learning for First Grade Students at Elementary School". EduLine: Journal of Education and Learning Innovation 3, nr 1 (11.01.2023): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.eduline1426.

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This study focuses on knowing the effectivity of direct learning models assisted number staircase media in mathematics learning for first grade students of SD, and describing the learning outcomes before and after being taught using the direct learning model models assisted number staircase media. This study uses a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental design one-group pretest-posttest model. The population in this study amounted to 73 students at SD Negeri 7 Sa'dan. The sampling technique in this study uses probability sampling with a cluster random sampling model. Data collection techniques are counting ability tests, observation of student activities. Based on the data analysis obtained the value of sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 <0.05 it was concluded that the direct learning model assisted by assisted number staircase media had an effect on the learning outcomes of the first graders of SD Negeri 7 Sa'dan. From the N-gain analysis, the N-gain value is 0.64865 and is included in the effective category.

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Dadgarpour, A., G. Dadashzadeh, M. Naser-Moghadasi i F. Jolani. "Design and Optimization of Compact Balanced Antipodal Staircase Bow-Tie Antenna". IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 8 (2009): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2009.2034282.

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Swillam, Mohamed A., Mohamed H. Bakr i Xun Li. "Design Optimization of Compact Wideband Optical Switch Exploiting Staircase Index MMI". Journal of Lightwave Technology 27, nr 2 (styczeń 2009): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2008.928398.

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Al-Zayed, Ayman Sulaiman, Mariam A. Al-Bagli i V. A. Shameena. "DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A BAND-NOTCHED STAIRCASE ULTRA-WIDEBAND ANTENNA". Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 75 (2017): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc17051508.

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BULAEV, BORIS P. "AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC STAIRCASE FRACTAL STRUCTURES WITH CSL-PARALLAX". Fractals 15, nr 04 (grudzień 2007): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x07003666.

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We offer a new approach to the fabrication of remarkable autostereoscopic double-layer computer generated images or autostereoscopic staircase fractal structures (ASFSs) based on staircase fractals and moiré methods. Besides, we have found that the unwanted moiré fringes or moiré noises in the ASFSs will markedly decrease if high frequency fractal noises are employed. These ASFSs were observed to be similar in some sense to Denishuk or reflection holograms. Analyzing the geometry and parallax of the circle of skew lines (CSL-parallax) at the presentation of stereo depth information in ASFSs, we hope to provide design guidelines for autostereoscopic digital printing and so on and so forth. A far more important example is a computer synthesis of three-dimensional graphic symbols, a standard laser printer and this CSL-parallax being employed.

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Hu, Tengfei, Zhengqian Fu, Zhenqing Li, Ziyi Yu, Linlin Zhang, Heliang Yao, Kun Zeng i in. "Electric-induced devil’s staircase in perovskite antiferroelectric". Journal of Applied Physics 131, nr 21 (7.06.2022): 214105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094919.

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Antiferroelectric ceramics can realize ultra-high energy storage, which benefits from transformation between an antiferroelectric phase and a ferroelectric phase. Understanding the mechanism of such phase transition is the key point for building the structure-property correlation. Here, we report the observation of electric-induced devil’s staircase in the course of antiferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transition in PbZrO3-based antiferroelectric ceramics by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The dynamic evolution as-revealed in both reciprocal- and real-space involves stepwise rather than monotonic increase in modulation periods along with simultaneous proliferation of nanodomains. Desynchrony of phase transition is observed for incommensurate domains with different initial modulation periods within a single antiferroelectric domain. Then, the synergistic effect of the devil's staircase and as small as possible the initial modulation period is believed to contribute to the superior energy-storage performance. These findings will be helpful for the development of theories for antiferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transition and the design of high-power antiferroelectric materials.

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Bante, Vaibhav, Vaibhav Nimgade, Ashish Hatile, Ram Walthare i Suhas Wankhede. "Design and Fabrication of Staircase for Power Generation by Using Pneumatic Cylinders". International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Science 6, nr 8 (2.07.2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46335/ijies.2021.6.8.4.

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Pang, Edgar C. L., i Wan-Ki Chow. "Adequacy of Safe Egress Design Codes for Supertall Buildings". Journal of Disaster Research 6, nr 6 (1.12.2011): 568–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0568.

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Emergency evacuation for supertall buildings with heights over 200 m require a very long time for occupants to travel down the buildings. Occupants might jam into protected lobbies and staircases, extending the waiting time. There is not yet any code requirement specifically for emergency evacuation in supertall buildings, which are criticized for using the same codes for buildings with normal heights. Further, the evacuation design for several existing supertall buildings does not even follow prescriptive fire-safety codes. The underlying problems have not yet been addressed by thorough studies. Evacuation in such tall buildings in Hong Kong will be studied in this paper. The assumptions made in the local prescriptive codes for safe egress will be justified. Three buildings with evacuation design complying with the local codes are considered as examples. A commercial building, a hotel, and a residential block in Hong Kong are taken as examples. The key design parameters in the local codes are for 40 people evacuating with a flow rate of 1.1 person/s through the staircase between typical floors. The evacuation time from each floor to the protected lobby is assumed to be within 5 min. The evacuation times in different scenarios with these assumptions are calculated. Such assumptions do not hold under a high occupant load. The total evacuation time would be extended significantly when the travelling flows of occupants are blocked in any of the evacuation routes. Different fire-safety management schemes with staged evacuation, such as assigning higher priorities to evacuate lower or upper floors first, are evaluated. The results observed for safe egress are then discussed.

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Gravit, Marina, Ivan Dmitriev, Kirill Kuzenkov i Mikhail Lunyakov. "Dependence of the human flow density from the staircase and exit width". E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 05017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199105017.

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The article studies the dependence of the human flow density on two main parameters: the width of the staircase and the number of people on the floor. It was established that violation of standards in terms of the entrance door width and the presence of a stair hall have a strong influence on the total time of evacuation due to the formation of clusters. The tabular dependence of the maximum human flow density on the staircase width on the number of people per floor was obtained. On the basis of this dependence, the graph was built, which can be used in the stair width design, taking into account the allowable human flows density in the case of known average number of people on each floor of the building.

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MAJUMDER, SUBHASHIS, SUBHAS C. NANDY i BHARGAB B. BHATTACHARYA. "ON FINDING A STAIRCASE CHANNEL WITH MINIMUM CROSSING NETS IN A VLSI FLOORPLAN". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 13, nr 05 (październik 2004): 1019–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126604001854.

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A VLSI chip is fabricated by integrating several rectangular circuit blocks on a 2D silicon floor. The circuit blocks are assumed to be placed isothetically and the netlist attached to each block is given. For wire routing, the terminals belonging to the same net are to be electrically interconnected using conducting paths. A staircase channel is an empty polygonal region on the silicon floor bounded by two monotonically increasing (or decreasing) staircase paths from one corner of the floor to its diagonally opposite corner. The staircase paths are defined by the boundaries of the blocks. In this paper, the problem of determining a monotone staircase channel on the floorplan is considered such that the number of distinct nets whose terminals lie on both sides of the channel, is minimized. Two polynomial-time algorithms are presented based on the network flow paradigm. First, the simple two-terminal net model is considered, i.e., each net is assumed to connect exactly two blocks, for which an O(n×k) time algorithm is proposed, where n and k are respectively the number of blocks and nets on the floor. Next, the algorithm is extended to the more realistic case of multi-terminal net problem. The time complexity of the latter algorithm is O((n+k)×T), where T is the total number of terminals attached to all nets in the floorplan. Solutions to these problems are useful in modeling the repeater block placement that arises in interconnect-driven floorplanning for deep-submicron VLSI physical design. It is also an important problem in context to the classical global routing, where channels are used as routing space on silicon.

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Perfetti, L., C. Polari i F. Fassi. "FISHEYE PHOTOGRAMMETRY: TESTS AND METHODOLOGIES FOR THE SURVEY OF NARROW SPACES". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W3 (23.02.2017): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-573-2017.

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The research illustrated in this article aimed at identifying a good standard methodology to survey very narrow spaces during 3D investigation of Cultural Heritage. It is an important topic in today’s era of BIM modelling applied to Cultural Heritage. Spaces like staircases, corridors and passages are very common in the architectural or archaeological fields, and obtaining a 3D-oriented survey of those areas can be a very complex task when completeness of the model and high precision are requested. Photogrammetry appears to be the most promising solution in terms of versatility and manoeuvrability also considering the quality of the required data. Fisheye lenses were studied and tested in depth because of their significant advantage in the field of view if compared with rectilinear lenses. This advantage alone can be crucial to reduce the total amount of photos and, as a consequence, to obtain manageable data, to simplify the survey phase and to significantly reduce the elaboration time. In order to overcome the main issue that arise when using fisheye lenses, which is the lack of rules that can be employed to design the survey, a general mathematical formulation to precisely estimate the GSD (Ground Sampling Distance) for every optical projection is presented here. <br><br> A complete survey of a real complex case study was performed in order to test and stress the proposed methodology, and to handle a fisheye-based survey from beginning to end: the photogrammetric survey of the Minguzzi Staircase. It is a complex service spiral-staircase located in the Duomo di Milano with a total height of 25&thinsp;meters and characterized by a narrow walkable space about 70&thinsp;centimetres wide.

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