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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Stack gases"
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Bartoš, Ondřej, Jan Havlík i František Hrdlička. "Wet stack – Analysis of condensation". EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002005.
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The aim of the paper is to introduce the study of condensation processes in the wet stack. Because of the high cost of reheating (due to the loss of useful heat of flue gases), wet stacks are being considered for new or retrofit applications of wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems around the word. Wet stacks, in contrast to classical chimneys where flue gases are heated up to avoid any condensation, works with wet flue gases and condensation is welcome. The study provides a quantitative analysis of the condensation.
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Frank, N., K. Kawamura i G. Miller. "Electron beam treatment of stack gases". Radiation Physics and Chemistry (1977) 25, nr 1-3 (styczeń 1985): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-5724(85)90247-x.
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Miller, FC, BJ Macauley i ER Harper. "Investigation of various gases, pH and redox potential in mushroom composting Phase I stacks". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, nr 3 (1991): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910415.
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Investigations of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia concentrations, pH and redox potential were carried out within Phase I mushroom composting stacks in conjunction with measurements of temperature and oxygen concentrations. Gypsum-derived sulfate supported significant microbial activity by sulfate-reducing bacteria in anaerobic core areas. Ammonia concentrations up to 800 ppm were strongly associated with pH values up to 8.8 in aerobic stack areas. Anaerobic areas had pH values of 5-7, with little or no ammonia. Redox potential generally agreed with oxygenation history, with stacks exhibiting reducing conditions overall and with potential rising with compost maturity. Anomalously negative redox potentials in aerobic, outer stack areas were associated with actinomycete colonisation. Physical factors such as temperature, oxygen availability and water potential, which determine microbial and chemical activity in stacks, are distributed very unevenly, both spatially and temporally.
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Tran, Quan Anh, Ngoc Hong Thi Nguyen, Phi Quoc Nguyen i Anh Mai Nguyen. "Simulation of thermal power plant source contribution to ambient air concentration in Cam Pha City, Quang Ninh province using AERMOD dispersion model". Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 63, nr 3 (30.06.2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2022.63(3).05.
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Cam Pha, the home of three major thermal power plants including Cam Pha, Mong Duong I and Mong Duong II, is one of the most important industrial cities in the North of Vietnam. Air pollution due to stacks emission is the biggest problem threatening Cam Pha City's sustainable development. In this study, the AERMOD modeling system was used to evaluate the impact of the stack emission by the thermal power plants on the ambient atmospheric environment. The maximum 1-HR, 24-HR, 99th percentile and annual average concentrations of TSP, SO2 and NO2 were simulated within the 40x40 km domain of 100x100 m grid spacing with the hourly meteorological data taken from 2018 to 2020. Air dispersion simulation is performed on the observed background gas concentration of the everyday environment. Hourly emission data of 10 primary stack sources of 3 factory groups were used as input data. The simulated spatial distribution of gases indicates the strong fluence of the mountainous topography on the dispersion of stack emission. Results also revealed that the maximum short-term stack emission at ground-level concentrations of SO2 and NO2 are much higher than the national standard, thus raising the risk of severe pollution. TSP pollution is less severe than SO2 and NO2 but still at a dangerous level. Since Cam Pha locates by the East Sea with the prevailing wind is heading northeast and east directions. The annual average concentrations of these pollutants indicate that the high terrain areas at the south and northwest of Cam Pha City, which block the flow of the stack emission, are the most affected regions by exhausted gases from industrial stacks.
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Karr, C., R. V. Rahfuse i P. F. Langdon. "Reactions of iron sulphides in simulated stack gases". Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 22, nr 5 (25.04.2007): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2720220508.
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Jordan, S. "Progress in the electron beam treatment of stack gases". International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part C. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 31, nr 1-3 (styczeń 1988): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0197(88)90106-3.
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Yur’ev, B. P., i V. A. Dudko. "Analysis of the Work of Flue Gas Stack of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy". Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, nr 2 (26.02.2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-2-52-56.
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The features of the work of flue gas stack in non-ferrous metallurgy serving thermal installations for copper production are considered. On the example of the operation of two flue gas stacks of the copper smelting shop of OJSC SUMZ (Revda), with the help of which converter gases (pipe height 150 m) and suction gases from Vanyukov furnaces (pipe height 120 m) are removed, environmental studies were carried out and their operation was analyzed before and after changing the technology for producing matte at the factory. Recommendations are given on improving the environmental situation at the plant, some of which have been implemented. The results obtained in the work are of certain interest and can be used at other similar enterprises of non-ferrous metallurgy associated with the production of copper and using similar thermal units.
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Bromley, J. "Monitoring of Emissions from Hazardous Waste Incineration". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 201, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_083_02.
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Incinerator stack emissions can be followed either by monitoring gases and particulates leaving the stack or by monitoring deposition in the environment. Monitoring techniques for both are discussed and the particular problems in planning a monitoring programme are highlighted. Factors affecting the possible routes to humans must be considered and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin measurements are briefly mentioned.
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Li, Yanju, Dongxu Li, Zheshu Ma, Meng Zheng i Zhanghao Lu. "Thermodynamic Modeling and Performance Analysis of Vehicular High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System". Membranes 12, nr 1 (5.01.2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010072.
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Since the high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC) stack require a range of auxiliary equipments to maintain operating conditions, it is necessary to consider operation of related components in the design of HT-PEMFC systems. In this paper, a thermodynamic model of a vehicular HT-PEMFC system using phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole membrane is developed. The power distribution and exergy loss of each component are derived according to thermodynamic analysis, where the stack and heat exchanger are the two components with the greatest exergy loss. In addition, ecological functions and improvement potentials are proposed to evaluate the system performance better. On this basis, the effects of stack inlet temperature, pressure, and stoichiometric on system performance are analyzed. The results showed that the energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and net output power of the system achieved the maximum when the inlet gases temperature is 406.1 K. The system performance is better when the cathode inlet pressure is relatively low and the anode inlet pressure is relatively high. Moreover, the stoichiometry should be reduced to improve the system output performance on the basis of ensuring sufficient gases reaction in the stack.
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Kruusenberg, Ivar, Kush Chadha i Taarini Atal. "High Power Density Fuel Cell Systems for Portable Electric Generators". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 26 (7.07.2022): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261234mtgabs.
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It is of utmost importance to develop light weight fuel cell stacks and find the ways to integrate these to light weight and low temperature fuel cell systems. In order to meet the future energy demands non-polluting, compact, transportation and portable applications are required. Current energy systems have lower power density (kW/kg) resulting in optimized power only at higher overall weight. Systems with higher power density demands higher initial setup costs. Low temperature PEMFC, on other hand offers various advantages but fails to provide the required output without exceeding the weight of the fuel cell stack and thereby fuel cell systems. A fuel cell system consists of a fuel cell stack, compressed gas in cylinder, pressure relief valves, regulators, water pump, sensors and cvm. A fuel cell stack is the main component consisting of one of the devices with maximum weight and cost contribution. In such case, developing a system with stack having higher power density reduces overall weight and increases power density (kW/kg). PowerUP Energy Technologies has developed light weight fuel cell stack to achieve higher power density. Experiments considering flow field designs, recirculation strategy, different anode configuration has been a subject of study. Dead-end anode, closed cathode configuration of fuel cell stack further improves fuel utilization. Recirculation line of hydrogen if further added can improve in overall fuel utilization. Counter flow arrangement for reactant distribution further removes the necessity of humidifying the gases. This result in removal of humidifiers and thereby reducing the weight of the fuel cell system in total. Portable fuel cell systems have flexibility for ease in transportation and stationery solutions. Furthermore, lighter fuel cell stacks add advantage for higher output power at lower overall weights. This stack developed is further optimized with improved flow field designs and design of manifold. These fuel cell stacks are used in PowerUP’s portable fuel cell electric generators that are more efficient and sustainable than the currently used fossil fuel based solutions.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Stack gases"
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Fabris, Ian. "Effects of closely-spaced buildings on dispersion of stack exhaust gases". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0001/MQ34360.pdf.
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Whitcombe, Joshua Matthew, i n/a. "Study of Catalyst Particle Emissions From a Fluidized Catalytic Cracker Unit". Griffith University. School of Environmental Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20031003.152200.
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The control of particle emissions from an oil refinery is often difficult, due to changing operational conditions and the limited range of available treatment options. Excessive particle emissions have often been attributed start up problems with Fluidized Catalytic Cracker Units (FCCU) and little information is available regarding the exact composition and nature of these excessive emissions. Due to the complex nature of a FCCU, it has in the past been difficult to identify and control emissions, without the use of expensive end of pipe technologies. An Australian Oil Refinery, concerned with their catalyst emissions, sponsored this study of FCCU particle emissions. Due to the industrial nature of the project, a holistic approach to the management of emissions was taken, instead of a detailed investigation of a single issue. By looking at the broader range of issues, practical and useful outcomes can be achieved for the refinery. Initially, detailed emissions samplings were conducted to investigate the degree of particle emissions under start up conditions. Stack emissions were collected during a standard start up, and analysed to determine the particle size distribution and metal concentration of the emitted material. Three distinct stages of emissions were discovered, initially a high concentration of larger particles, followed by a peak in the very fine particles and finally a reduction of particle emissions to a more steady or normal operational state. The variation in particle emissions was caused by operational conditions, hardware design and catalyst characteristics. Fluctuations in the gas velocity through the system altered the ability of the cyclones to collect catalyst material. Also, the low bed level allowed air bypass to occur more readily, contributing to the increased emissions levels seen during the initial stage of the start up. Reduced fluidity characteristics of the circulating catalyst also affected the diplegs operations, altering the collection efficiency of the cyclone. During the loading of catalyst into the system, abraded material was quickly lost due to its particle size, contributing to fine particle emissions levels. More importantly, thermal fracturing of catalyst particles occurred when the cold catalyst was fed into the hot regenerator. Catalyst particles split causing the generation of large amounts of fine particle material, which is easily lost from the system. This loading of catalyst directly linked to the period of high concentration of fine particles in the emissions stream. It was found that metals, and in particular iron, calcium and silicon form a thick layer on the outside of the catalyst, with large irregular shaped metal ridges, forming along the surface of the particle. These ridges reduce the fluidity of the catalyst, leading to potential disruptions in the regenerator. In addition to this, the metal rich ridges are preferentially removed via attrition, causing metal rich material to be emitted into the atmosphere. To overcome these high particle emissions rates from the FCCU the refinery should only use calcinated catalyst to reduce the influence of thermal process and particle fracture and generation. Although the calcinated catalyst can fracture when added to the system, it is far less than that obtained with uncalicinated catalyst. To further reduce the risk of particle fracture due to thermal stresses the refinery should consider reducing the temperature gradients between the hot and cold catalyst. Due to the economics involved with the regenerator, possible pre-warming of catalyst before addition into system is the preferred option. This pre-heating of catalyst should also incorporate a controlled attrition stage to help remove the build up of metals on the surface of the particles whilst allowing this material to be collected before it can be released into the atmosphere. The remove of the metal crust will also improve the fluidity of the system and reduce the chance of catalyst blockages occurring. Finally, modelling of the system has shown that control of key parameters such as particle size and gas velocity are essential to the management of air emissions. The refinery should look at adjusting start up procedures to remove fluctuations in these key parameters. Also the refinery should be careful in using correlation found in the literature to predicted operational conditions in the system as these correlations are misleading when used under industrial situations.
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Whitcombe, Joshua Matthew. "Study of Catalyst Particle Emissions From a Fluidized Catalytic Cracker Unit". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367301.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The control of particle emissions from an oil refinery is often difficult, due to changing operational conditions and the limited range of available treatment options. Excessive particle emissions have often been attributed start up problems with Fluidized Catalytic Cracker Units (FCCU) and little information is available regarding the exact composition and nature of these excessive emissions. Due to the complex nature of a FCCU, it has in the past been difficult to identify and control emissions, without the use of expensive end of pipe technologies. An Australian Oil Refinery, concerned with their catalyst emissions, sponsored this study of FCCU particle emissions. Due to the industrial nature of the project, a holistic approach to the management of emissions was taken, instead of a detailed investigation of a single issue. By looking at the broader range of issues, practical and useful outcomes can be achieved for the refinery. Initially, detailed emissions samplings were conducted to investigate the degree of particle emissions under start up conditions. Stack emissions were collected during a standard start up, and analysed to determine the particle size distribution and metal concentration of the emitted material. Three distinct stages of emissions were discovered, initially a high concentration of larger particles, followed by a peak in the very fine particles and finally a reduction of particle emissions to a more steady or normal operational state. The variation in particle emissions was caused by operational conditions, hardware design and catalyst characteristics. Fluctuations in the gas velocity through the system altered the ability of the cyclones to collect catalyst material. Also, the low bed level allowed air bypass to occur more readily, contributing to the increased emissions levels seen during the initial stage of the start up. Reduced fluidity characteristics of the circulating catalyst also affected the diplegs operations, altering the collection efficiency of the cyclone. During the loading of catalyst into the system, abraded material was quickly lost due to its particle size, contributing to fine particle emissions levels. More importantly, thermal fracturing of catalyst particles occurred when the cold catalyst was fed into the hot regenerator. Catalyst particles split causing the generation of large amounts of fine particle material, which is easily lost from the system. This loading of catalyst directly linked to the period of high concentration of fine particles in the emissions stream. It was found that metals, and in particular iron, calcium and silicon form a thick layer on the outside of the catalyst, with large irregular shaped metal ridges, forming along the surface of the particle. These ridges reduce the fluidity of the catalyst, leading to potential disruptions in the regenerator. In addition to this, the metal rich ridges are preferentially removed via attrition, causing metal rich material to be emitted into the atmosphere. To overcome these high particle emissions rates from the FCCU the refinery should only use calcinated catalyst to reduce the influence of thermal process and particle fracture and generation. Although the calcinated catalyst can fracture when added to the system, it is far less than that obtained with uncalicinated catalyst. To further reduce the risk of particle fracture due to thermal stresses the refinery should consider reducing the temperature gradients between the hot and cold catalyst. Due to the economics involved with the regenerator, possible pre-warming of catalyst before addition into system is the preferred option. This pre-heating of catalyst should also incorporate a controlled attrition stage to help remove the build up of metals on the surface of the particles whilst allowing this material to be collected before it can be released into the atmosphere. The remove of the metal crust will also improve the fluidity of the system and reduce the chance of catalyst blockages occurring. Finally, modelling of the system has shown that control of key parameters such as particle size and gas velocity are essential to the management of air emissions. The refinery should look at adjusting start up procedures to remove fluctuations in these key parameters. Also the refinery should be careful in using correlation found in the literature to predicted operational conditions in the system as these correlations are misleading when used under industrial situations.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental Engineering
Faculty of Environmental Sciences
Full Text
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Todi, Ravi. "Gate Stack and Channel Engineering: Study of Metal Gates and Ge Channel Devices". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3149.
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The continued scaling of device dimensions in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology within the sub-100 nm region requires an alternative high dielectric constant (high-k) oxide layer to counter high tunneling leakage currents, a metallic gate electrode to address polysilicon depletion, boron penetration and high polysilicon sheet resistance, and high mobility channel materials to boost the CMOS performance. Metal gates can also offer improved thermal and chemical stability, but their use requires that we improve our understanding of how the metal alloy phase, crystallographic orientation, and composition affect the electronic properties of the metal alloy-oxide interface. To replace n++ and p++ polysilicon gate electrodes and maintain scaled device performance requires metal gate electrodes with work functions within 0.2 eV of the silicon conduction and valence band edges, i.e., 5.0-5.2 and 4.1-4.3 eV, for PMOS and NMOS devices, respectively. In addition to work function and thermal/chemical stability, metal gates must be integrated into the CMOS process flow. It is the aim of this work to significantly expand our knowledge base in alloys for dual metal gates by carrying out detailed electrical and materials studies of the binary alloy systems of Ru with p-type metal Pt. Three n-type metals systems, Ru-Ta, Ru-Hf and Ru-Nb have also been partially investigated. This work also focuses on high mobility Ge p-MOSFETs for improved CMOS performance. DC magnetron sputtering has been used to deposit binary alloy films on thermally grown SiO2. The composition of the alloy films have been determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and the identification of phases present have been made using x-ray and electron diffraction of samples. The microstructure of the phases of interest has been examined in the transmission electron microscope and film texture was characterized via x-ray diffraction. The electrical characterization includes basic resistivity measurements, and work function extraction. The work function has been determined from MOS capacitor and Schottky diodes. The need for electron and hole mobility enhancement and the progress in the development of high-k gate stacks, has lead to renewed interest in Ge MOSFETs. The p-MOS mobility data for Ge channel devices have been reported. The results indicate greater than 2 x improvements in device mobility as compared to standard Si device. A low frequency noise assessment of silicon passivated Ge p-MOSFETs with a TiN/TaN/HfO2 gate stack has been made. For the first time we also report results on low frequency noise characterisation for a Ge P+- n junctions with and without Ni germanidation.Ph.D.
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
5
Täljsten, David. "Exploring procedural generation of buildings". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20639.
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This thesis explores the procedural generation of 3D buildings from the floor plan all the way to the fa¸cade and building’s details such as doors, windows, and roof. Through this, the study explores several techniques and approaches to create different layers of the building generation pipeline. The focus is on implementing a set of algorithms that, when running sequentially, are able to create complete 3D buildings in a short time (so they can be used in online generation), could be used in any open-world game, and with a limited count of triangles per building. Furthermore, the tool provides a clear and easy-to-use interface for designers in Unity, where they can interact with the multiple parameters of each building layer, giving designers a high degree of controllability. The tool is evaluated using the resulting buildings based on different metrics and how individual changes to different parameter starting from a template affect the output of the generator in terms of the metrics and the resulting building. The result from the analysis show that the polygon mathematics is well suited for generating 3D buildings for games.
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Wang, Peng-cheng, i 王鵬程. "Characteristics of PBDD/Fs in the stack flue gases of waste incinerators and ambient". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18862617843863432632.
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碩士正修科技大學
化工與材料工程研究所
94
A new and suitable method for sampling and measuring polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) have been established in this study by modifying the standard method of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Six large scale municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) and four industrial waste incinerators (IWIs) are investigated the characteristics of PBDD/Fs in the stack flue gases, respectively. In addition, for PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs of the ambient air of Rural sites, Urban sites, industrial areas, and Science Parks. We will proceed sampling and analysis to establish the characteristics of ambient air. The mean PBDD/F concentration in the stack flue gases of these MSWIs was 0.319 pg TEQ/Nm3 (Ranged: 0.127～0.515 pg TEQ/Nm3; RSD：49%) and the mean ratio of the PBDD/F TEQ concentration to the PCDD/F TEQ concentration was 0.58% (Ranged: 0.265%～0.876%; RSD：37.9%). Meanwhile, the mean PBDD/F concentration in the stack flue gases of these IWIs was 4.51 pg TEQ/Nm3 (Ranged: 2.57～7.02 pg TEQ/Nm3; RSD：44.65%) and the mean ratio of the PBDD/F TEQ concentration to the PCDD/F TEQ concentration was 3.66% (Ranged: 0.713%～6.13%; RSD：60.6%). The ratio of the PBDD/F TEQ concentration to the PCDD/F TEQ concentration in the stack flue gases of IWIs is 28.6 times higher that that of MSWIs. It may be result from that the bromine content in the industrial waste is higher than that in municipal solid waste. The low bromine substituted PBDD/Fs were predominant in both the PBDD/F congener profiles in the stack flue gases of MSWIs and IWIs, not like PCDD/Fs, which were predominant by high chlorine substituted PCDD/Fs. The reason is that the bromine atom is bigger so the formation of high bromine substituted PBDD/Fs is more difficult. Furthermore, the original generated high bromine substituted PBDD/Fs could have more bromine substituted position to be replaced by chlorine so that the following PXDD/Fs can not be detected by HRGC/HRMS. The average value of PBDD/F concentration in Ambient air of Rural sites, Urban sites, and industrial sites, were 0.00162 pg TEQ/Nm3 (Ranged: 0.000102～0.00315 pg TEQ/Nm3; RSD：79.7%), and 0.0045 pg TEQ/Nm3, 0.011 pg TEQ/Nm3 (Ranged: 0.0039～0.0158 pg TEQ/Nm3; RSD：44%) respectively.
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Shun-ShiangChang i 張舜翔. "Emissions of Persistent Organic Pollutants from the Stack Flue Gases and Their Atmospheric Transport". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83432322748163273704.
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博士國立成功大學
環境工程學系
102
The aim of this research is to investigate the emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from two types of biomass burnings. An industrial boiler study of woodchip combustion and co-combustion of woodchip and industrial wastewater sludge (IWTS) was conducted and followed by a open field study for various biomass open burnings (or few waste burnings) in the region of Southeast Asia in 2010 and 2013. For the industrial boiler study, the emissions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from trial combustion of 10 wt% dried industrial-wastewater-treatment sludge (IWTS) and 90 wt% woodchip in an industrial boiler were investigated and compared to that from woodchip combustion. The PBDD/F toxic equivalent (TEQ) and PBDE emissions increased from 0.121 pg TEQ/Nm3 and 2,260 pg/Nm3, respectively, of the woodchip combustion to 0.211 pg TEQ/Nm3 and 4,200 pg/Nm3, respectively, of the trial combustion. PBDD/F and PBDE congener profiles of inputs and outputs of the same type of combustion were similar; they also show similarity between woodchip and trial combustions, revealing that the destruction pathway was little affected by the introduction of the IWTS. The fates of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs show that the indigenous pollutants in the feed were effectively depleted (〉93.5%). The dominant releasing route of PBDD/F and PBDE shifted from the stack flue gas of woodchip combustion to the ashes of trial combustion. The industrial boiler study demonstrates that co-combustion not only handles the fast growing sludge stream, but also yields a saving of 26.3% in the fuel cost and treatment fees of sludge and ashes. The Southeast Asian biomass burning is the first that comprehensively discusses the long-range atmospheric transport behavior of combustion originated POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), PBDD/Fs, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and PBDEs. The POP emissions at the biomass burning sites in Vietnam (Da Nang in 2010 and Son La in 2013) and Thailand (Chiang Mai in 2010 and Doi Ang Khang (DAK) in 2013) were characterized, as well as the influence of the Southeast Asian biomass burnings on the Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS) in Taiwan. The ambient air in Vietnam seems to be more seriously affected by the local biomass burnings than that in Thailand for the Southeast Asian biomass burning study in 2010 and 2013. For the study in 2010, the elevated atmospheric brominated POP (PBDD/Fs, PBBs and PBDEs) concentrations in Da Nang were attributed to the biomass burning and viewed as mostly unrelated to the local use of brominated flame retardants. In the spring of 2010, the mean atmospheric concentrations in LABS during the first and second Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) were 0.00428 and 0.00232 pg I-TEQ/Nm3 for PCDD/Fs, 0.000311 and 0.000282 pg WHO-TEQ/m3 for PCBs, 0.000379 and 0.000449 pg TEQ/Nm3 for total PBDD/Fs, 0.0208 and 0.0163 pg/Nm3 for total PBBs, and 109 and 18.2 pg/Nm3 for total PBDEs, respectively. These values represent the effects by the Southeast Asian biomass burnings. For the study in 2013, results of statistical analyses on the POP concentrations are individually consistent with the characteristics of POP congener profiles in Son La and DAK, revealing they were influenced by the local burnings. The PM2.5 samples were collected in the 2013 study. Well correlations were found between PM2.5 and each of the biomass burning originated-POPs in the three sites. Based on the backward trajectories, the correlations can be used to predict the (site specific) future biomass burning affected POPs from PM2.5.
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Chen, Hung-Chieh, i 陳鴻杰. "Effect of Stack Flue Gases from Waste Incinerators on PCDD/Fs in Ambient Air". Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74222326911317341428.
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碩士國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
91
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are semi-volatile toxic compounds. The US EPA has identified PCDD/Fs as potential human carcinogens. 2,3,7,8-TeCDD is the most toxic PCDD/Fs. Notably, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified 2,3,7,8-TCDD as “carcinogenic to humans”. The US EPA reported that combustion is the major source of PCDD/Fs, and moreover that municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are the significant contributor to the PCDD/Fs inventory. MSWIs contributed 65.8% of total PCDD/Fs emissions in 1987; moreover, the combined PCDD/Fs emissions of MSWIs and medical waste incinerators (MWIs) reached 86.4%. Consequently, the effect of stack flue gases from waste incinerators on PCDD/Fs in ambient air cannot be ignored. This study investigates how PCDD/Fs from stack flue gases of MSWIs affect the atmosphere, soil and plants. Two MSWIs (TC and CY) are examined. The stack flue gases of MSWIs, ambient air, soil and plants of maximum ground concentration are sampled and measured for PCDD/Fs to determine the influence of MSWIs and establish a native PCDD/Fs database. Mean PCDD/Fs concentration in the stack flue gases of TC and CY were 0.0213 and 0.0065 ng-I-TEQ/Nm3, respectively; mean PCDD/Fs concentration in the atmosphere of TC and CY was 0.0436 and 0.173 pg-I-TEQ/Nm3, respectively; mean PCDD/Fs content in the plants of TC and CY was 3.72 and 2.24 pg-I-TEQ/g, respectively, and mean PCDD/Fs content in the soils of TC and CY was 1.85 and 15.7 pg-I-TEQ/g, respectively. By comparing maximum ground concentration for upwind and downwind sampling sites, and using PCA and cluster analyses, the effect of PCDD/Fs from the stack flue gases of TC and CY on the atmosphere, soil and plants is unclear. The PCDD/Fs concentrations in the atmosphere in this study are lower than in Tokyo and Yokohama. According to various studies, soil PCDD/Fs content around MSWIs ranges between 0.11 and 356 pg-I-TEQ/g, and the PCDD/Fs content of Taiwanese soil falls at the low-end of this range. By linear regression, the connections among atmosphere, plants and soils are not apparent. The reason for this phenomenon may be that the atmospheric PCDD/Fs concentrations are based on the mean over three days, while the PCDD/Fs contents in plants or soil are based on a longer exposure time and the decomposition rates of PCDD/Fs differ among these media. Suggested future research directions include investigating the PCDD/Fs gas/particulate partition in the atmosphere and the PCDD/Fs content in different particulate size to better understand the fate of PCDD/Fs in the environment.
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Chen, Chun-Chi, i 陳俊吉. "Effect of Stack Flue Gases from Emission Sources on PCDD/Fs in Ambient Air". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64969625782779624430.
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碩士國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
93
This study examined the characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in emissions, ambient air‚ leaves and soil at the Y industrial zone. The following PCDD/Fs emmision sources were investigated: one large-scale municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI1); one small-scale municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI2); one medical waste incinerator (MWI); one coke oven plane (COKE); three sinter planes (SNs); five electric furnaces (EAFs); and, one secondary aluminum smelter (ALS). The emission factors of PCDD/Fs in the stack flue gases were determined‚ and the overall emission quantity of PCDD/Fs from the Y industrial zone was estimated. Finally, the influence of these emission sources on the surrounding environment was assessed. The concentration means from the stack flue gases were as follows: large-scale MSWI, 0.0917ng I-TEQ/Nm3; small-scale MSWI, 10.8ng I-TEQ/Nm3; MWI, 0.557ng I-TEQ/Nm3; COKE, 0.0369ng I-TEQ/Nm3; SNs, 1.41ng I-TEQ/Nm3; EAFs, 0.196ng I-TEQ/Nm3; and, ALS 0.245ng I-TEQ/Nm3. The emission factors of PCDD/Fs from the stack flue gases were as follows: large-scale MSWI, 0.696 μg I-TEQ/ton-waste; small-scale MSWI, 26.0 μg I-TEQ/ton-waste; and, MWI, 6.95 μg I-TEQ/ton-waste. The emission factors of PCDD/Fs from the stack flue gases were as follows: COKE, 0.155 μg I-TEQ/ton-feedstock; SNs, 2.21 μg I-TEQ/ton-feedstock; EAFs, 1.49 μg I-TEQ/ton-feedstock; and, ALS, 4.29 μg I-TEQ/ton-feedstock. The estimated total annual emission of PCDD/Fs from these emission sources in the Y industrial zone was 37.98 g I-TEQ/yr (large-scale MSWIs, 0.848%; small-scale MSWIs, 0.445%; medical waste incinerators, 0.0219%; industrial waste incinerator, 0.0226%; coke oven planes, 2.60%; sinter planes, 86.1%; electric furnaces, 6.48%; secondary aluminum smelters, 1.78%; secondary copper smelters, 1.71%). The analytical results revealed that the annual emission of PCDD/Fs from metallurgical processes reached a maximum value in the Y industrial zone. The sum of annual emission from SNs and EAFs was 92.6%. The PCDD/Fs concentrations of ambient air around the Y industrial zone ranged from 0.0576~0.260 pg I-TEQ/Nm3 (mean, 0.116 pg I-TEQ/Nm3). The average amount of PCDD/Fs in leaves and soil around the Y industrial zone were, respectively, 9.49 and 10.6 ng I-TEQ/kg. The distribution curve of PCDD/Fs concentrations indicates that the area downwind of the SNs and EAFs had higher PCDD/Fs levels in ambient air, leaves and soil. Furthermore‚ the congener profiles of the stack fule gases of the SNs and EAFs had a strong resemblance to the congener profiles of ambient air. Therefore, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in ambient air, leaves and soil around the Y industrial zone were significantly influenced by emissions from the SNs and EAFs.
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Bin-YuHuang i 黃秉裕. "Environmental Impact Assessment of PCDD/Fs from the Stack Flue Gases of an Industrial Zone". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14728237508698590224.
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碩士國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
98
This study examined the characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in emissions, ambient air? leaves and soil at the Y city. The following PCDD/Fs emmision sources were investigated: two small-scale industrial waste incinerator (IWIs); one medical waste incinerator (MWI); four sinter planes (SINTERs); five electric furnaces (EAFs); one secondary aluminum smelter (ALS); one secondary zinc smelter (ZN); one cement kiln (CEM); and, one crematorium (CRE). The emission factors of PCDD/Fs in the stack flue gases were determined? and the overall emission quantity of PCDD/Fs from the Y city was estimated. Finally, the influence of these emission sources on the surrounding environment was assessed. The mean PCDD/F concentrations in the stack flue gases were as follows: IWIs, 0.0299ng I-TEQ/Nm3; MWI, 0.202ng I-TEQ/Nm3; EAFs, 0.238ng I-TEQ/Nm3; SINTERs, 0.311ng I-TEQ/Nm3; CEM, 0.0207ng I-TEQ/Nm3; ALSs, 0.0868ng I-TEQ/Nm3; CRE 0.251ng I-TEQ/Nm3; and, ZN 0.0118ng I-TEQ/Nm3. The estimated total annual emission of PCDD/Fs from these emission sources in the industrial zone was 13.4 g I-TEQ/yr (large-scale MSWIs, 0.86%; small-scale MSWIs, 0.0026%; industrial waste incinerators, 0.077%; medical waste incinerators, 0.017%; electric furnaces, 60.8%; sinter planes, 37.0%; coke oven planes, 0.35%; cement kilns, 0.048%; secondary aluminum smelters, 0.62%; secondary zinc smelters, 0.019%; secondary copper smelters, 0.090%; Crematorium,0.28%). The PCDD/F emissions from metallurgical processes were dominant, and comprised 98.9% of the total PCDD/F annual emissions.
Książki na temat "Stack gases"
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Seigneur, Christian. Temporal and spatial variability of the visual effects of stack plumes. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, 1985.
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Fundamentals of stack gas dispersion. Wyd. 3. Irvine, Calif: Milton R. Beychok, 1994.
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Allan, R. E. FGD waste disposal at Lambton GS, Nanticoke GS: Results of gypsum stack modelling. [Toronto]: Ontario Hydro, Design and Development Division--Generation, 1987.
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1966-, Marsili Matteo, i Zhang Yi-Cheng 1956-, red. Minority games. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
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Project, Infant Mathematics. Unit 3 games pack: Grow a bean-stalk. Cambridge: CUP, 1985.
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The spirit in the stick. Virginia Beach, VA: Duffy Publishing, 2010.
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Pikounis, M. Many player rendezvous search: Stick together or split and meet? Edinburgh: Management School, University of Edinburgh, 1998.
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Pikounis, M. Many player rendezvous search: Stick together or split and meet? Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, Management School, 1998.
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Charlesworth, Liza. Rick's magic stick: -ick. New York, NY: Scholastic, 2009.
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Fiona, Danks, red. The stick book: Loads of things you can make or do with a stick. London [England]: Frances Lincoln, 2012.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Stack gases"
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Livshits, Simeon, Natalia Yudina, Ruslan Lebedev, Tatiana Mantserova i Alsu Galiakhmetova. "The Method of Calculating the Dew-Point Temperature of Stack Gases in the Compound Firing of Gases and Fuel Oil in the Boiler Furnace". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 111–19. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9376-2_11.
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Watanabe, Tomohide, Motohito Hayashi, Akira Takahashi, Hitoki Matsuda i Masanobu Hasatani. "SO2 Removal from Stack Gases by High Temperature Dry Process with High Reactive Ca-Mg Based Sorbents". W Gas Cleaning at High Temperatures, 510–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2172-9_32.
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Aida, Shin, Marcel Crasmaru, Kenneth Regan i Osamu Watanabe. "Games with a Uniqueness Property". W STACS 2002, 396–407. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45841-7_32.
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Cai, Jin-yi, Anne Condon i Richard J. Lipton. "Playing games of incomplete information". W STACS 90, 58–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-52282-4_32.
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Berwanger, Dietmar, Anuj Dawar, Paul Hunter i Stephan Kreutzer. "DAG-Width and Parity Games". W STACS 2006, 524–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11672142_43.
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Berenbrink, Petra, Tom Friedetzky, Zengjian Hu i Russell Martin. "On Weighted Balls-into-Bins Games". W STACS 2005, 231–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31856-9_19.
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Christodoulou, George, Vahab S. Mirrokni i Anastasios Sidiropoulos. "Convergence and Approximation in Potential Games". W STACS 2006, 349–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11672142_28.
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Jurdziński, Marcin. "Small Progress Measures for Solving Parity Games". W STACS 2000, 290–301. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46541-3_24.
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Aland, Sebastian, Dominic Dumrauf, Martin Gairing, Burkhard Monien i Florian Schoppmann. "Exact Price of Anarchy for Polynomial Congestion Games". W STACS 2006, 218–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11672142_17.
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Thomas, Wolfgang. "On the synthesis of strategies in infinite games". W STACS 95, 1–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-59042-0_57.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Stack gases"
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Stuart, Derek D. "In-situ infrared detection of stack gases". W Environmental Sensing '92, redaktor Joseph J. Santoleri. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.140301.
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Anyenya, Gladys A., Neal P. Sullivan, Robert J. Braun, Buddy Haun i Mark Daubenspeck. "Electrochemical- and Thermal-Performance Model of a High-Temperature SOFC System for Geothermic Fuel Cell Application". W ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2014-6489.
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A one-dimensional model of a high-temperature solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack contained in a geothermic fuel cell (GFC) assembly is presented. The GFC concept, developed by IEP Technology Inc., involves the harnessing of heat generated during SOFC stack operation for the liberation of oil and gas from oil shale. The first GFC prototype, designed and built by Delphi Automotive, LLC., is comprised of three 1.5-kW SOFC stacks housed in a stainless-steel casing. Hot exhaust gases exiting the stacks are directed out of the stack-containment vessel, rejecting heat to the surroundings before being exhausted above ground. The primary aims of this work are to develop modeling tools to (1) predict the stack electrochemical performance and (2) elucidate the thermal characteristics of the stack assembly during operation through modeling and simulation. Aspen Plus process-simulation software and an embedded electrochemical model are utilized to predict the temperature dynamics and the electrical output of the GFC stack. The stack performance is decomposed with a temperature-dependent Area Specific Resistance (ASR) obtained from analysis of experimental data from a single stack that was operated over a wide temperature range. Independent full-scale stack testing has enabled performance validation of the electrochemical model. Experimental data from the three-stack GFC assembly has been used to calibrate the thermal-modeling approaches and the external heat-rejection predictions. Simulation results for steady-state conditions under hydrogen fuel are presented and compared to experimental data from thermocouples on the GFC prototype. The model will be used to explore the interaction of the geothermic fuel cell with the oil-shale formation in which it is installed.
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O’Brien, J. E., R. C. O’Brien, X. Zhang, G. G. Tao i B. J. Butler. "Long-Term Performance of Solid Oxide Stacks With Electrode-Supported Cells Operating in the Steam Electrolysis Mode". W ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62581.
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Performance characterization and durability testing have been completed on two five-cell high-temperature electrolysis stacks constructed with advanced cell and stack technologies. The solid oxide cells incorporate a negative-electrode-supported multi-layer design with nickel-zirconia cermet negative electrodes, thin-film yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolytes, and multi-layer lanthanum ferrite-based positive electrodes. The per-cell active area is 100 cm2. The stack is internally manifolded with compliant seals. Treated metallic interconnects with integral flow channels separate the cells and electrode gases. Stack compression is accomplished by means of a custom spring-loaded test fixture. Initial stack performance characterization was determined through a series of DC potential sweeps in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes of operation. Results of these sweeps indicated very good initial performance, with area-specific resistance values less than 0.5 Ω.cm2. Long-term durability testing was performed with a test duration of 1000 hours. Overall performance degradation was less than 10% over the 1000-hour period. Final stack performance characterization was again determined by a series of DC potential sweeps at the same flow conditions as the initial sweeps in both electrolysis and fuel cell modes of operation. A final sweep in the fuel cell mode indicated a power density of 0.356 W/cm2, with average per-cell voltage of 0.71 V at a current of 50 A.
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Rajaram, Gukan, Manoj Kumar Panthalingal i Parthasarathy Valivittan. "Water Management in Fuel Cell Stack by Using Microcontroller". W ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37901.
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Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is very good at producing energy without the emission of any harmful gases. In this work, emphasis has been given towards controlling the water accumulation inside the cell stack. The effective cooling of the fuel cell during operation can significantly improve the efficiency. Also, flooding and dehydration conditions are most common reasons for the efficiency reduction and performance degradation of the fuel cells. In the current work, the problem is addressed by controlling the number of cells in operation through a specifically designed microcontroller. The controller would switch the cells on/off when the need arises which can be diagnosed by thermocouple by virtue of cell temperature. Automatic switching with the microcontroller is performed without disturbing the stack operation. This could improve the cell performance with reduced flooding/dehydration of the stack. So the same stack life may be improved substantially.
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Miller, Samantha M., i Marc Secanell. "Enclosure/Open Cathode Fuel Cell Mathematical Model for Analyzing System Performance Under Arctic Conditions". W ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2012-91320.
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Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) provide the option of a remote power source with high efficiency and minimal green-house gases, NOx, SOx and particulate matter. To protect the PEFC stack from the environment in which remote power sources are required, an actively controlled enclosure to provide optimal temperature and relative humidity to the open-air cathode PEFC stack is studied. A mathematical model of a transient, non-isothermal, lumped parameter, open-cathode fuel cell stack is developed and coupled with an enclosure model. The open-cathode fuel cell stack mathematical model includes characterization of the cathode channel, the anode channel and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The transient mass and energy transport equations for the coupled system are solved to determine the optimal operating conditions for the PEFC stack within the enclosure.
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Ma, Z., S. M. Jeter i S. I. Abdel-Khalik. "Modeling of Transport Processes Within a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Stack". W ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/htd-24268.
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Abstract Concern over global warming due to emission of green house gases has generated considerable interests and intensive development of fuel cells. In order to reduce the fuel cell manufacturing costs and to improve its performance and reliability, a better understanding of the fuel and oxidant species transport processes within fuel cell stack is important for fuel cell design. Fuel and oxidant stream flow distributions within a stack have significant impact on fuel cell performance and efficiency. To this end, this investigation presents the effects of the fuel and oxidant flow distributions on fuel cell stack performance with a model of fluid flow, heat and mass transfer including the electrochemical reaction, within a molten carbonate fuel cell under different gas supply conditions.
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SIMÕES, GUSTAVO JOSÉ, i ANDRÉ FELIPE SIMÕES. "ANÁLISE DE DISPERSÃO DE GASES ORIUNDOS DO EQUIPAMENTO VENT STACK NO TERMINAL MADRE DE DEUS". W II Congresso Brasileiro de Fluidodinâmica Computacional. Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil: Galoa, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/cbcfd-84329.
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Herman, Cila. "Quantitative Visualization of the Thermoacoustic Effect". W 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23286.
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Thermoacoustic energy conversion was introduced into engineering systems during the past three decades as a new, alternative, environmentally safe energy conversion technology. It uses noble gases and mixtures of noble gases as working fluids rather than hazardous refrigerants required for the vapor compression cycle. A thermoacoustic system can operate both as a prime mover/engine (a temperature gradient and heat flow imposed across the stack lead to the generation of acoustic work/sound in the resonator) and, when reversing the thermodynamic cycle, as a refrigerator (acoustic work is used to pump heat from the low temperature reservoir and release it into a higher temperature ambient). Energy transport in thermoacoustic systems is based on the thermoacoustic effect. Using an acoustic driver, the working fluid in the resonance tube is excited to generate an acoustic standing wave. When introducing a stack of parallel plates of length Δx into the acoustic field at a suitable location, a temperature difference ΔT develops along the stack plates. This temperature difference is caused by the thermoacoustic effect. In this paper the thermoacoustic effect is visualized using real-time holographic interferometry combined with high-speed cinematography. In holographic interferometry both temperature and pressure variations impact the refractive index and both of these variations are present in our thermoacoustic system. In our analysis temperature variations are uncoupled from pressure variations to quantitatively visualize the oscillating temperature fields around the stack plate.
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Gurijala, Phani R., i Emmanuel C. Nsofor. "Experimental Studies on the Gas-Stack Heat Transfer in a Thermoacoustic Refrigeration System". W ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42375.
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Thermoacoustic refrigeration employs inert gases as the working fluid and uses high intensity sound waves to pump heat energy. The major components of the system are the resonator, the acoustic driver, the heat exchangers and the stack. The useful thermoacoustic process for cooling in the system takes place between the gas particles and the stack. The system was designed and constructed. Experimental studies on the gas-stack heat transport and the Streaming Reynolds Number, which play crucial roles in the heat transport behavior, were studied. Input signals for the experiments, for the data acquisition system was from thermocouples and pressure transducers. Results from the study were used to make recommendations for the system. It was observed that for a given frequency, the heat transfer increases with drive ratio. Results from the comparison of the heat losses for a stainless steel stack and a stack built of thermoplastic material show that the plate heat losses can be significantly reduced if the stack with thermoplastic material is used for the system.
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Pinelli, M., i G. Bucci. "Numerical Investigation of Different Stack Design Solutions in a Cogeneration Power Plant". W ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53426.
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In cogeneration and combined cycle plants, the presence of a by-pass stack has a great importance since it allows the modulation of heat-to-power generation to follow variable daily demand and thus the optimal management of the heat and power production. Hence, among the various aspects that have to be analysed in a plant design, the exhaust gas stack design can represent a critical aspect, in particular when a by-pass stack is present, since it may influence the entire system working condition. To properly take into account the large number of the different requirements (economic, structural, geometrical, acoustic, etc.) which enter in a stack design, a multidisciplinary analysis involving CAD/CFD/FEM integrated approaches can be adopted in order to obtain an optimally designed stack system. In this paper, the design of the exhaust gas stack in a cogeneration plant is performed numerically. In the considered plant, a single stack, in which the gases coming from both the utility heat exchangers and the by-pass at the gas turbine exit are mixed, is used. Different design solutions of the by-pass system are simulated through a three-dimensional integrated numerical code and the results discussed in detail.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Stack gases"
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Church, P., i C. Gosline. Characteristics of mixing and the dilution of waste stack gases in the atmosphere. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7267339.
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Guidati, Gianfranco, i Domenico Giardini. Joint synthesis “Geothermal Energy” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), luty 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.4.en.
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Near-to-surface geothermal energy with heat pumps is state of the art and is already widespread in Switzerland. In the future energy system, medium-deep to deep geothermal energy (1 to 6 kilometres) will, in addition, play an important role. To the forefront is the supply of heat for buildings and industrial processes. This form of geothermal energy utilisation requires a highly permeable underground area that allows a fluid – usually water – to absorb the naturally existing rock heat and then transport it to the surface. Sedimentary rocks are usually permeable by nature, whereas for granites and gneisses permeability must be artificially induced by injecting water. The heat gained in this way increases in line with the drilling depth: at a depth of 1 kilometre, the underground temperature is approximately 40°C, while at a depth of 3 kilometres it is around 100°C. To drive a steam turbine for the production of electricity, temperatures of over 100°C are required. As this requires greater depths of 3 to 6 kilometres, the risk of seismicity induced by the drilling also increases. Underground zones are also suitable for storing heat and gases, such as hydrogen or methane, and for the definitive storage of CO2. For this purpose, such zones need to fulfil similar requirements to those applicable to heat generation. In addition, however, a dense top layer is required above the reservoir so that the gas cannot escape. The joint project “Hydropower and geo-energy” of the NRP “Energy” focused on the question of where suitable ground layers can be found in Switzerland that optimally meet the requirements for the various uses. A second research priority concerned measures to reduce seismicity induced by deep drilling and the resulting damage to buildings. Models and simulations were also developed which contribute to a better understanding of the underground processes involved in the development and use of geothermal resources. In summary, the research results show that there are good conditions in Switzerland for the use of medium-deep geothermal energy (1 to 3 kilometres) – both for the building stock and for industrial processes. There are also grounds for optimism concerning the seasonal storage of heat and gases. In contrast, the potential for the definitive storage of CO2 in relevant quantities is rather limited. With respect to electricity production using deep geothermal energy (> 3 kilometres), the extent to which there is potential to exploit the underground economically is still not absolutely certain. In this regard, industrially operated demonstration plants are urgently needed in order to boost acceptance among the population and investors.
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Guidati, Gianfranco, i Domenico Giardini. Verbundsynthese «Geothermie» des NFP «Energie». Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), styczeń 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publikation_nfp70_nfp71.2020.4.de.
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Die oberflächennahe Geothermie mit Wärmepumpen ist Stand der Technik und in der Schweiz bereits stark verbreitet. Im künftigen Energiesystem soll zusätzlich die mitteltiefe bis tiefe Geothermie (1–6 km) eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Im Vordergrund steht die Lieferung von Wärme für Gebäude und industrielle Prozesse. Diese Form der Erdwärmenutzung setzt einen gut durchlässigen Untergrund voraus, damit ein Fluid – in der Regel Wasser – die natürlich vorhandene Gesteinswärme übernehmen und an die Oberfläche transportieren kann. Bei Sedimentgesteinen ist dies meist von Natur aus gegeben, wogegen bei Graniten und Gneisen die Durchlässigkeit mittels Einpressen von Wasser künstlich herbeigeführt werden muss. Die so gewonnene Wärme nimmt mit zunehmender Bohrtiefe zu: In 1 km Tiefe liegt die Untergrundtemperatur bei ca. 40 °C und in 3 km Tiefe bei ca. 100 °C. Um eine Dampfturbine für die Stromproduktion anzutreiben, sind Temperaturen von über 100 °C notwendig. Da dafür grössere Tiefen von 3 bis 6 km erforderlich sind, steigt auch das Risiko der durch die Bohrungen induzierten Seismizität. Der Untergrund eignet sich ausserdem auch zur Speicherung von Wärme und Gasen, zum Beispiel Wasserstoff oder Methan, sowie zur definitiven Einlagerung von CO2. Dazu muss er ähnliche Voraussetzungen erfüllen wie bei der Wärmegewinnung, zusätzlich ist jedoch eine über dem Reservoir liegende dichte Deckschicht erforderlich, damit das Gas nicht entweichen kann. Im Verbundprojekt «Wasserkraft und Geothermie» des NFP «Energie» wurde vor allem der Frage nachgegangen, wo sich in der Schweiz geeignete Bodenschichten finden, die die Anforderungen der verschiedenen Nutzungen optimal erfüllen. Ein zweiter Forschungsschwerpunkt betraf Massnahmen zur Reduktion der durch Tiefenbohrungen induzierten Seismizität und der daraus folgenden Schäden an Bauten. Im Weiteren wurden Modelle und Simulationen entwickelt, die zu einem besseren Verständnis der Vorgänge im Untergrund bei der Erschliessung und Nutzung der geothermischen Ressourcen beitragen. Zusammengefasst zeigen die Forschungsergebnisse, dass in der Schweiz gute Voraussetzungen vorhanden sind für die Nutzung der mitteltiefen Erdwärme (1–3 km), sowohl für den Gebäudepark als auch für industrielle Prozesse. Auch in Bezug auf die saisonale Speicherung von Wärme und Gasen ist Optimismus angebracht. Die Potenziale für die definitive Einlagerung von CO2 in relevanten Mengen sind demgegenüber als eher limitiert zu bezeichnen. Hinsichtlich der Stromproduktion aus Erdwärme mittels der tiefen Geothermie (> 3 km) besteht noch keine abschliessende Gewissheit, wie gross das wirtschaftlich nutzbare Potenzial im Untergrund wirklich ist. Diesbezüglich sind dringend industriell betriebene Demonstrationsanlagen notwendig, um die Akzeptanz bei der Bevölkerung und bei Investoren zu stärken.