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Dissanayake, Kasun. "Privatization in Sri Lanka". Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14958.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Economics
Yang-Ming Chang
This report examines the role of the privatization in Sri Lanka and assesses its effectiveness. The focus was given for the evolution of privatization and how socio-political factors such as rent-seeking, inconsistency policy making, market competition, political uncertainty and role of supporting institutions have affected the privatization process. After the independence in 1948, several reforms have been taken place in Sri Lanka. In 1977, a market oriented policy package which brought huge amount of foreign aids into the country was introduced. Further the privatization in Sri Lanka can be addressed as: Sporadic attempt, Systematic approach and Structured approach. The appointment of short-term governments and changing of the leadership has always been a hurdle for a successful privatization in Sri Lanka. In order to establish a successful privatization, it requires having the changing of ownership from public sector to private sector, creating a competitive market environment and forming a proper institutional framework. Unfortunately, due to less emphasis was given to the latter two factors: the privatization has always given undesirable outcomes. In the whole history of privatization in Sri Lanka, the highest value for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was recorded in 2008. It is clear that the reason for the FDI value escalation in 2008 is the improved confidence of foreign investors by addressing security concerns. In conclusion, it is time to investigate whether the current regulatory model is the most appropriate arrangement for the prevailing economic, social and cultural circumstances in Sri Lanka.
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Faller, Stefan. "Taprobane im Wandel der Zeit : das Śrî-Laṅkâ-Bild in griechischen und lateinischen Quellen zwischen Alexanderzug und Spätantike /". Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37630814w.
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Jansson, Sofie, i Lovisa Persson. "A Case Study in Sri Lanka : Problems and Possibilities for Sri Lankas Textile Industry". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-840.
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The competitive advantages of Sri Lanka's garment industry, and how these can lead to increased trade with Swedish companies, were examined through a study divided in two main parts. The research was carried out with a focus on the labour force and the social aspects of CSR. It was initiated in Sweden, where the goal was to investigate how Swedish companies select suppliers and what their requirements are in terms of code of conduct and social responsibility. In the following part of the study we examined the corresponding parts of Sri Lanka's garment industry. To identify the competitive advantages and potential problems, we conducted a study on three different factories in the country, where the owners, managers and workers were interviewed. To further expand the survey results we also interviewed additional stakeholders to the industry. In this case a trade union and an organization working in the garment industry. The collected data were analysed using selected parts of Porter's diamond and Carroll's CSR pyramid, as well as the Swedish companies' demands on the social aspects of CSR. In order to identify these requirements, interviews were conducted with four different people at the Swedish companies. We were also given access to documents with their code of conduct. Through our analysis we are able to identify the competitive advantages that exist within the industry. In addition to that we are able to identify the areas of the industry where problems exist today, but where Sri Lanka has the opportunity to strengthen its competitive advantages in order to become a more attractive partner for Swedish companies.
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De, Silva Nirekha. "Healing and Wellbeing: Practices, Culture and the Role of Government of Sri Lanka". Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367504.
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This thesis argues that the recognition, support and regulation by the Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (hereafter known as Sri Lanka) of healing and wellbeing practices play an important role in determining, promoting, protecting or destroying the traditional cultural aspects of healing. To make this argument this thesis looks into four aspects of healing and wellbeing in Sri Lanka. The first aspect the thesis examines is the diversity of healing and wellbeing practices in Sri Lanka. The second aspect is to consider how structured, formal healing systems, such as Western allopathic healing, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Acupuncture and Homeopathy are more likely to be recognised, supported and regulated by the Government of Sri Lanka, while the informal healing systems such as inter-generational healing and cosmic healing practices are less likely to be recognised, supported and regulated. The third aspect this thesis focuses on is questioning the definitions of traditional knowledge in practical application in the Sri Lankan context, and, more broadly, the use of traditional knowledge as legal, social and cultural categories. The fourth aspect that is explored are the issues related to protecting the traditional cultural aspects of healing in the process of systematic regulation by discussing inter-generational and cosmic healing practices.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
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De, Silva Giyani Venya. "The malevolent benefactor? : urban youth in Sri Lanka and their experience of the Sri Lankan state". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:48189ea8-02bf-4fc1-b721-56e0c28bc9e2.
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Becker, Catherine. "Le pèlerinage de Siripada (Sri Lanka)". Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100022.
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Masinghe, Egodage Kusumawathie. "Female labour underutilization in Sri Lanka /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm3972.pdf.
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Eriksson, Gabriella, i Sofia Rudell. "Branding Sri Lanka : A case study". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-28605.
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This bachelor thesis is conducted as a Minor Field Study (MFS) in Sri Lanka, funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). The tourism industry have become a key factor for economic growth in several developing countries. A section of branding which refers to branding of a whole country is place branding. Place branding is seen as a complex process which involves multiple parts of the country. In order to ease for brand managers and to develop the theory of place branding, Hanna and Rowley (2011) have developed a new model of place branding. The model is named the Strategic place brand management model (SPBM- model) and consists of components which are argued to be essential parts in the process of branding a place. Developing countries have a need for place branding practices in order to create economic growth. The SPBM-model could therefore be a useful contribution to the research field of place branding in developing countries. The research questions of this research was therefore firstly to see how Sri Lanka work with the components in the SPBM-model, and second to find out which components in the SPBM-model that can be seen as important based on Sri Lankan conditions. This to answer the purpose of this thesis: explore how the SPBM-model can be applied on the process of branding Sri Lanka. The study was made through a case study of the developing country of Sri Lanka. In order to gain data, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials working with branding Sri Lanka as a tourism destination. By putting the SPBM-model on the Sri Lankan place branding process it can be interpreted that all components are tightly connected to each other, and some parts seems to be more important for Sri Lanka then others. If Sri Lanka put more time and effort in the three components of infrastructure, stakeholders and evaluation, also the other six components of the SPBM-model (identity, brand experience, WOM, architecture, communication andarticulation) indirect will be affected in a positive way.
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De, Silva Maduwage. "Dental workforce planning in Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/354407/.
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Sri Lanka is a developing South Asian country which provides free education and healthcare for all its citizens. This thesis presents a policy-oriented study, partly empirical and partly modelling, whose aim was to understand dental care provision and workforce planning, at a time where Sri Lanka‟s dental health policies appear to have failed to achieve their intended results, leading to a mismatch between supply and demand, i.e. “underemployment and unemployment” of trained dental surgeons, despite an increasing need for dental care within the population. The first section of this thesis describes a novel method of collecting primary data on Sri Lanka‟s dental health professionals, in a challenging setting where there was no existing database. The thesis also presents a methodology to convert need for dental care to demand for care, adapting an existing model developed by the World Health Organization and the Federation Dentaire Internationale to suit the Sri Lankan setting. Finally, this section of the thesis describes a survey to identify the “timings” taken for various dental treatment modalities in Sri Lanka. The second section of the thesis presents a System Dynamics model, which uses the data obtained from these empirical surveys, to address dental workforce planning issues in Sri Lanka. The model is then used to simulate various different scenarios, generating realistic, practical and insightful lessons for policy making. Based on the results of this model, in 2011 the Government of Sri Lanka took steps to deal with the “employment mismatch” issue by restricting the annual intake of dental students and by creating 400 new Government-funded posts over the following two years.
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Watson, Elliott L. "America and Sri Lanka : terrorism ignored?" Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43109.
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The central investigation of the thesis is an exploration of why the US has, historically, done very little in terms of assisting the various Sri Lankan governments in their fight against, what the US Department of State determined as, one of the most deadly terrorist organisations on the planet. The thesis traces the development of the US-Sri Lanka relationship from independence (1948) to present day, identifying trends and motifs in the bi-lateral connection. Once identified, these trends and motifs are used to place the American response to the emerging conflict in a clear historical context. The work makes it clear that there are unambiguous historical indicators in the US-Sri Lanka relationship that help determine the nature of it, and that these indicators become ever more apparent, even dominant, as the war between the Tamil insurgents and the Sri Lankan state intensifies. These historical indicators are then used to frame the impact of the War on Terror on America's orientation towards the conflict. The investigation draws together the historical dynamics that have shaped, and continue to impact upon, the US-Sri Lanka relationship, giving a very definite set of parameters within which the US is prepared to accommodate the Sri Lankan state. Ultimately, the question of whether the War on Terror, prosecuted by the administration of President George W. Bush, marked a 'turning point' in the relationship between America and Sri Lanka is answered. The judgment, clearly supported by a broad range of original and, at times peerless, primary sources, is that the US operates a very restrictive foreign policy with Sri Lanka, and that this policy has done very little in material terms, to assist against the LTTE - despite the Bush administration's War on Terror.
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Madavan, Delon. "Jaffna et le conflit intercommunautaire à Sri Lanka /". Paris : Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41103857p.
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Murray, Francis J. "Potential for aquaculture in community-managed irrigation systems of the dry-zone, Sri Lanka : impacts on livelihoods of the poor". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/62.
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Rainfed areas in the Dry-Zone of Sri Lanka are characteristic of extensive marginal agro-ecosystems known as the semi-arid tropics (SAT) populated by poor farming communities. In the Dry-Zone and elsewhere, the traditional response to seasonal water scarcity was to construct rainfall-harvesting devices known as ‘tanks’; created by building earthen dykes across ephemeral streams in undulating terrain. Most are held in common ownership by adjacent communities, who use them for multiple functions including irrigation, bathing and fishing. Storage efficiency is enhanced by arranging tanks in cascading sequence within watersheds so that drainage waters can be re-used. The aim of this study was to evolve improved collective strategies for the management of seasonal water bodies (focussing on aquatic production) in order to reduce the vulnerability of the poorest groups. Understanding of these complex systems requires a holistic approach which integrates hydrological, biological and socio-economic factors on a suitable (watershed) scale. Work commenced with a comprehensive situation analysis, culminating with the formulation of a participatory research agenda for action research based on low-input stocking enhancements. Village livelihoods have traditionally revolved around paddy cultivation as the primary tank function; however, in recent times, water-use strategies have responded to a range of demographic, economic and environmental pressures with implications for the sustainable management of natural resources, especially living aquatic organisms. Natural fish production in the most seasonal tanks relies on intermittent spill-events which link successive tanks; these provide migration routes which permit recruitment of stocks from lower perennial tanks. Rehabilitation initiatives that increase the storage / irrigation capacity of tanks or poorly designed surplus weirs that impede migration have negative impacts on fisheries, though they are rarely considered by planners. The fundamental concept of the purana complex (PC) as the smallest logical sub-component of the watershed for intervention is introduced. Within PC boundaries discrete community groups bound by ties of kinship and caste, control access to private and commonly held natural resources. PCs in the uppermost reaches of watersheds are distinguishable by the highly seasonal nature of their tanks and poor physical infrastructure relative to lower watershed communities. Such areas are also often buffer zones between as yet uninhabited hinterlands and settled areas where cultivation potentials are further restricted due to wild animal incursions. Consequently, these groups exhibit the greatest dependence on exploitation of the natural resource base. This often includes less seasonal tanks in lower PCs where fisheries are of less significance to local livelihoods. Such low-level ‘poaching’ is generally well tolerated, but potential for conflict exists where development efforts restrict hitherto free access to these resources. These findings were the basis for two phases of action research which involved the stocking of ten tanks belonging to seven communities in North West Province (2000-2001). Phase 1 trials encompassed a range of social and physical and settings from lower to upper watershed. Results indicated that the use of costly hatchery-produced seed was unlikely to be sustainable given (1) a background of highly erratic natural production (2) uncertain returns to individual effort and (3) a low priority accorded to fish production from village tanks given the availability of low-cost commercial production from perennial reservoirs. The second phase was restricted to low-caste communities in upper watershed areas and relied entirely on wild-fish stocks captured from perennial reservoirs lower in the watershed. Also emphasis was on intermittent ‘staggered’ harvesting using hook and line gears rather than the single intensive ‘collective harvests’ adopted in phase 1 trials. High yield potentials were demonstrated in the smallest tanks (<4ha) which were devoid of fish stocks during two pervious drought years. Results also indicate that sustainable adoption will be likely only where there is strong social cohesion and representative village leadership. An adaptive learning process which can demonstrate the net benefits of staggered harvesting in seasonal tanks is described. These stocking strategies combined with tank rehabilitation sympathetic to preservation of upstream hydrological linkages, are highly complementary enhancement steps. Results clearly show that together they have potential to maintain the wider aquatic ecosystem on which the poorest groups depend.
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Gunasekera, Arosha Indika. "Achieving rural development in Sri Lanka through a systematic model : microfinance and women's empowerment". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708366.
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Talagala, Chamila Susirendra. "Copyright, Translation and Access to Scientific and Technical Knowledge: A Developing Country Perspective". Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366334.
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This thesis examines the relationship between copyright law and translation, and the impact that this has on promoting access to scientific and technical knowledge in developing countries. For this purpose, Sri Lanka is taken as a case study. The thesis argues that the translation of scientific and technical books and learning materials (which are often copyright protected), and the publication of these translations in large quantities in a timely and affordable manner, is crucially important in promoting access to scientific and technical knowledge in Sri Lanka. However, the copyright law of Sri Lanka is an impediment to the timely and affordable translation of copyright protected scientific and technical books and learning materials and the publication of translations in large quantities. This is because copyright owners’ translation rights, as protected by the copyright law of Sri Lanka, can prevent the translation of these works – or, at least, increase the expenses involved in translation and the time that must be expended in its pursuit. This thesis identifies four main interrelated factors that have contributed to the inimical relationship between copyright law and the timely and affordable translation of scientific and technical books and learning materials in Sri Lanka. They are: colonisation; international copyright law; the trade interests of Sri Lanka; and the lack of expertise and general lack of awareness surrounding copyright law in Sri Lanka.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
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Warnapala, Kanchanakesi Channa Prajapati. "A contested sight British constructions of Ceylon in visual and literary texts, 1850-1910 /". Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Salih, Nizam. "Renewable for Rural Electrification in Sri Lanka". Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-117714.
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At the beginning of the 1970s, the industrial countries accounted for about 80%of world oil consumption. Today, they are down tolittle more than 50%. Already, China uses more totalprimary energy than United States. Developing countries are in the process ofconsuming a substantial amount of energydue to alarming growth, industrialization, urbanization etc. With a tight and volatile oil market, combined with sharply risingconsumption in emerging countries there is renownedconcerns about energy security. Various models are beingimplemented in these countries with the help ofdonors and local governments toenhance the use of renewable energy fora sustainable development. Use of renewable energy for rural electrificationhas not progressed as anticipated regardless of provisions of subsidies &other measurers by governments. InSri Lanka, the primary energy contributions in 2009 to nationalenergy supply were 51% from biomass, 44.8% from crude oil and petroleumproducts, and 3.6% from hydroelectricity and other renewable sources. The useof non-conventional energy resources, NCRE, (small-scale hydropower, biomass,biogas and waste, solar power and wind power) in Sri Lanka is of a relativelysmaller scale (<1%) and therefore its contribution is presently of lowsignificance in the macro energy picture. Regardless, the energy policydocument of the government of Sri Lanka has set a target to reach a minimumlevel of 10% of electrical energy supplied to the grid to be from non-conventionalrenewable energy in 2015. Inthis context, this study attempts to analyse the strengths and weaknesses ofthe existing financial and institutional models for renewable energydissemination for rural electrification in Sri Lanka and to recommend possiblemeasures needed for better financial and institutional models. In addition to aliterature survey, a questionnaire survey was carried out with power producers,financial institutions and government and non-government organizations in therenewable energy business to obtain their perception for better analysis.
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Wickramasinghe, Anusha. "Bilateral air services agreements of Sri Lanka". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99158.
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The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the bilateral air services agreements of Sri Lanka under the existing legal, regulatory and the infrastructural framework of civil aviation in Sri Lanka. In order to achieve this objective, this thesis is divided into following chapters, Chapter One - Deals with the history and evolution of bilateral air services agreements in the history of world civil aviation.Chapter Two - This Chapter has two sections. Section one addresses briefly the history and evolution of the air transport industry of Sri Lanka. Section two looks into the legal and regulatory framework within which the air transport industry works in Sri Lanka. Negotiation and Conclusion of bilateral air services agreements is also explained in this section.
Chapter Three - Contains a detailed analysis of the main provisions of the bilateral air services agreements concluded by Sri Lanka.
Chapter Four - The existing infrastructure and the prospects for the future is discussed in this chapter along with the challenges faced and to be faced in the future.
Finally, the findings of this research are presented with recommendations for the betterment of air transport industry of Sri Lanka.
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Cheng, Wei-Yi. "Buddhist nuns in Sri Lanka and Taiwan". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411794.
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Coomaraswamy, Tara. "Parliamentary representation in Sri Lanka 1931-1986". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292662.
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Manoharan, Argumugam Kandiah. "Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka 1948-1998". Thesis, London South Bank University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434571.
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Fernando, Dodampahalange Justin Gamini. "Financial reforms in Sri Lanka, 1977-1987". Thesis, University of Bradford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290298.
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Bellows, Eric Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Effective rural credit delivery in Sri Lanka". Ottawa, 1987.
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Withers, Matthew Anthony. "Remittance Economy: Migration-Underdevelopment in Sri Lanka". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16469.
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Sri Lanka's integration at the lower tiers of a (re)globalising world economy has entailed the mass migration of low-skilled and domestic workers employed as temporary contract labour throughout the oil-economies of West Asia. Foreign employment of this kind began after neoliberal economic restructuring in 1977 and, by facilitating remittance transfers, has since become a dominant livelihood strategy for households and the largest source of export earnings for the economy. Dominant policy-level assumptions of a mutually-beneficial ‘triple win’ between migrants and their countries of origin and destination posit temporary labour migration will produce positive economic outcomes for all involved. Yet while labour-receiving economies clearly benefit from exploiting reserve armies of labour and care, the developmental implications of remittance transfers for migrant households and sending economies remain empirically ambiguous and relatively under-theorised. Employing a multiscalar analysis of migration outcomes – spanning individual households, local communities, the macro-economy and global patterns of capital accumulation – this thesis demonstrates how cumulatively causative processes at structural, institutional and agency levels have left Sri Lanka a precariously uneven and remittance-dependent economy. Sri Lanka’s dilemma hinges on a central contradiction: uneven development has forced marginalised populations into foreign employment, only for their remittances to maintain the model of development they themselves are excluded from. The dualistic nature of remittance capital, as both an individual income transfer and an aggregate foreign exchange inflow, is fundamental to this dynamic. Fieldwork findings from over 100 interviews with migrant returnees suggest that a combination of rigid economic geography, exploitative recruitment networks and the social importance of status consumption have resulted in few lasting benefits from foreign employment. Most migrants achieved subsistence rather than ‘success’, while those from more disadvantaged communities often return indebted. Whilst remittance transfers have generally produced one-off or transient benefits for migrant households, their aggregated inflows have cushioned Sri Lanka’s trade deficit and buoyed the rupee to underwrite international loans that sustain uneven development by financing large infrastructural projects orientated explicitly to capital and the urban economy. Although evoking the pretence of stability, Sri Lanka’s remittance-driven development has complex implications for trade and production, to the effect of undermining domestic industry and limiting local spillovers from remittance consumption. With increasing remittance inflows needed to buffer a widening current account deficit and maintain macroeconomic stability, Sri Lanka has become entwined in an unsustainable and seemingly intractable path dependence on temporary labour migration as a substitute for substantive economic development.
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Jayathilaka, Ruwan. "Alcohol and the Poor in Sri Lanka". Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367785.
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Concerns surrounding alcohol consumption and poverty have a long history, with both recognised to be important phenomena in current socio-economic policy analysis. The main aim of this thesis was to comprehensively investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and poverty in Sri Lanka, using country-wideHousehold Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data sets with separate unit record data for poor and non-poor households and a number of other socio-demographic characteristics, including alcohol consuming status, education and family size. Further, this study undertook a comprehensive survey to address a number of knowledge gaps identified in the literature. The first of these gaps is that no serious attempt has been made to capture the relationship between alcohol consumption and poverty by using an integrated approach. Secondly, no attempt has been made to examine the link between the consumption of various types of alcohol and the level of poverty, although there are some empirical studies on the link between aggregate alcohol consumption and poverty. Thirdly, no proper investigation has been undertaken on the link between poverty and alcohol consumption among different household groups with different characteristics. Finally, there is no detailed country study on the relationship between alcohol consumption and poverty covering households with a wide variety of characteristics in different geographical areas.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Perera, Ashira Elanee. "Essays on collective coping in Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42433/.
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The aim of the thesis is to contribute to our understanding of how individuals in developing countries cope when faced with environmental risks. These themes are explored while focusing on small-scale farming communities in Wellawaya, south-east Sri Lanka, that are heterogeneously exposed to a particular environmental risk, namely the Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC). First, we examine the strategies which households within farming communities use to cope with exposure to the HEC. We conduct an individual-level household survey of 468 randomly-sampled households across sixteen farming communities which are highly exposed to the HEC. Our unique, cross-sectional data provides a snapshot of the coping strategies which they employ. We find that households which experience greater HEC-related damage are more likely to: rely to a greater extent on non-farm income; cultivate less land in each of the two cropping seasons; and have children who engage in non-farm employment. Next, we investigate the effect of interdependent risk exposure on individuals’ ex-post sharing behaviour. By interdependence, we refer to when an individual’s choice over their own risk exposure directly impacts the risk exposure of another individual. The results from our lab-type risk-and-sharing game suggest that individuals positively reciprocate when another individual’s decision causes them to face lower risk exposure, but do not negatively reciprocate when another individual’s decision causes them to face higher risk exposure. A risk-averse individual who has agency over another’s risk exposure is more likely to share ex-post payoffs, while a relatively risk-tolerant individual does not. Our results suggest that risk attitudes and the balance of power within communities need to be considered by policymakers involved in the design of community-driven development initiatives. Finally, we adopt a mixed methods approach to investigating how heterogeneity in individual returns to a public good and beneficiaries’/contributors’ risk attitudes affect public good contributions. We examine this in the context of Sri Lanka’s HEC and conduct a one-shot, framed, lab-in-the-field, public goods experiment (PGG) which reveals subjects’ contribution preferences when returns from the public good are asymmetric. Subjects also answer a hypothetical contribution question (HCQ) stating their time contributions to the construction of the public good. We find that heterogeneity in individual returns does not have a negative effect on contribution behaviour. Risk-aversion in the PGG, in this context, motivates people to engage in collective risk mitigation. The mixed method approach provides an encouraging and balanced account of communities’ potential engagement in HEC-mitigating public goods provision.
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Ravinthirakumaran, Kalaichelvi. "Essays on the Impact of FDI on the Sri Lankan Economy". Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367061.
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Sri Lanka is a developing country that is currently on the recovery path from 30 years of civil war. With the conclusion of hostilities in 2009, one of the main priorities of the Sri Lankan government has been to focus on major infrastructure improvements to boost its economic development. It has huge external debt stocks and low gross domestic savings. Sri Lanka considers attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows as one of the strategies for sourcing funding for its major infrastructure projects, as it has been an important source of external financing for Sri Lanka since the introduction of the open economic policy in 1977. Therefore, understanding the role of FDI in the Sri Lankan economy is crucial for academic researchers and policy makers in the government and private sectors.
A review of previous research studies on FDI in Sri Lanka clearly shows that there is a lack of knowledge relating to FDI and its effects on the Sri Lankan economy. Therefore, the main focus of the thesis is to examine the impact of FDI on the Sri Lankan economy as a whole, as well as on the individual sectors of the Sri Lankan economy.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Shortt, Rebecca L. "Water quality and health : implications for irrigation management in southern Sri Lanka". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31538.
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This study was conducted to understand the interactions between irrigation water management and water quality (agro-ecological interactions). The Uda Walawe basin, in Southern Sri Lanka was chosen as the study area. Fluctuations in water quality, especially microbiological water quality, affect human health. Since the source of domestic water (drinking and washing) in this region is from the irrigation system, there is a concern for the human health effects. All the potential water sources and the water use habits of the community were identified. The water quality of these sources was then monitored for a period of 5 months (August--December 2000). Second, the water management of the Uda Walawe irrigation system was linked to the differences in water quality. The best quality water was found to come from the shallow wells (seepage water from the irrigation system). Both quantity and quality of the water were shown to fluctuate with canal construction (earthen or concrete) and irrigation water management.
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Ratnayake, R. M. C. S. "Phenology, pollination ecology and breeding systems of Polyalthia coffeoides, P. korinti and Xylopia championii (Annonaceae) in SriLanka". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31547308.
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De, Silva D. A. Premakumara. "Sri Pāda : diversity and exclusion in a sacred site in Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26437.
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The thesis is an ethnohistorical study of one major pilgrimage site in Sri Lanka, known as Sri Pada (Adam’s Peak), where hundreds of thousands of pilgrims annually visit to worship the sacred footprint where is looted in the mountain top temple. This sacred footprint has different sacred connotations for Sri Lanka’s major religious groups (Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims and Catholic). However, this pilgrimage site, which was considered a multi-religious site until the turn of the twentieth century, has now been constructed or ordered into an ethnic majoritarian Buddhist space. My thesis, therefore, concentrates in part on the historical process which has led to the construction of the pilgrimage site as a Buddhist space, and then locates this process within the wider context of the rise of Sinhala Buddhist nationalism in Sri Lankan. My work highlights the powerful role pilgrimage can play in particular religious discourses and the manner it legitimates certain ways of envisaging power and relationships of domination at particular conjunctures, which is clearly apparent in the contemporary Sinhala Buddhist cultural nationalism in Sri Lanka. This thesis is divided into three interconnected parts. The first part considers ‘knowledge production’ about Sri Pada while the second part explores the major competing discourses that have been arisen during its political and religious history. The final part is mainly focused on the style of religiosity and the social composition of pilgrims, and explores social factors in the practices of worship. One chapter deals with the style of “official” Buddhist religiosity found at this centre and two further chapters look at devotional and expressive forms of religiosity of pilgrims, which is oriented to the Buddha rather than the gods and as such is markedly different from that documented by anthropologists working in other parts of the island. The final chapter investigates links between devotional styles and the shifting socio-political contexts. The documentation of the prevailing styles of religiosity at Sri Pada enable me to show on one hand how such religiosity further undermines the broadly Weberian antinomies that have dominated the anthropology of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, and on the other hand the intensity or scale of Buddhicization of the historically viewed ‘sacred site’.
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DeVotta, Neil. "From linguistic nationalism to ethnic conflict Sri Lanka in comparative perspective /". Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3031040.
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Tampoe-Hautin, Vilasnee. "Cinéma, colonialisme et identité : naissance et développement du cinéma au Sri Lanka (1896-1966)". La Réunion, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LARE0012.
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Cette thèse porte sur la naissance du cinéma au Sri Lanka et son développement de 1896 à 1966. Elle s'interroge sur les conflits dans lesquels cette industrie a été impliquée, opposant la communauté majoritaire cinghalaise à la minorité tamoule. Notre étude examine également la participation d'inventeurs, de producteurs et de metteurs en scène européens et indiens à la mise en place de l'infrastructure du cinéma au Sri Lanka au cours du 20e siècle. La revendication en faveur d'un cinéma "indigène" cinghalais exprimée dès les années 1950 par des nationalistes cinghalais nous permet de saisir comment le septième art a traduit les affrontements ethniques qui ont sévi au sein de la société sri lankaise de la fin du 19e siècle à nos jours, mettant en exergue les décalages économiques entre les diverses communautés. Enfin, les rôles joués par le théâtre parsi et par le documentaire anglais dans la structuration de ce cinéma cinghalais "indigène" révèlent la manière dont différentes sources artistiques ont convergé pour donner naissance aux cinématographies de l'Asie du sud au 20e siècleThe main focus of this thesis is the evolution of the cinema industry in Sri Lanka during the colonial and post-independent period (1896-1966). This analysis establishes a parallel between the contribution by British, Indian, Tamil and Muslim minorities to the development of the film industry in the course of the 20th century and the emergence of an "indigenous" Sinhala cinema in the 1960s. Our study will reveal the extent to which Sri Lankan cinema has been a reflection of the ethnic struggles that have marked the island's history. It also examines how Parsi theatre and the British Documentary Movement influenced early Sinhala cinema, this being facilitated by geographical proximity and cultural affinities between Sri Lanka and Indian, but also by British colonial presence in the Indian Ocean
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Bordewick, Matthew James. "Is the Sri Lankan option a recipe for counterinsurgency? Lessons in legitimacy for Sri Lanka, Thailand and the Philippines". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33602.
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Conventional wisdom has posited that it is difficult, if not highly unlikely, for a state to defeat an insurgency using conventional military strategy. However, the May 2009 victory of the Government of Sri Lanka over the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam demonstrates that such victories are possible. This victory is attributed to a political strategy rather than the purely military one emphasized in the literature. This political component comes down to a contest for legitimacy between the GOSL and the LTTE’s leadership at the local level for the loyalty of two audiences: the rank-and-file of the insurgency, and the aggrieved minority population from which the insurgency was born. Among the former audience, if the state's legitimacy position gains in relative terms, the state can co-opt members of the rank-and-file through defection. Among the latter audience, the effectiveness of counterinsurgency operations will depend on a competition between the two actors for the support of the local aggrieved minority population. The logic behind these hypotheses on cooption and local support is born out in the Sri Lankan case, and, furthermore, is argued to have more general applicability by comparison to insurgent conflicts in Thailand and the Philippines. The Sri Lankan case demonstrates that when both actors have low support among locals (Sri Lankan Tamils) it is the insurgency, and not the state, that becomes more vulnerable on the battlefield. The Patani insurgency in Thailand is found to be closed to cooption, while the local population (Thai Malay Muslims) is argued to support neither side outright. This has led to conditions of stalemate on the battlefield. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front in the Philippines is found to be highly open to cooption since the 2003 ceasefire, with high levels of support among locals (Muslim Moros). This gives the insurgency a significant military advantage over the state if the peace process were to break down.
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Nallainayagam, Vettivelu. "Economic development and income distribution : the experience of Sri Lanka, 1953-1978". Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72820.
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Somasunderam, Ramesh. "British infiltration of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the nineteenth century : a study of the D'Oyly papers between 1805 and 1818". University of Western Australia. History Discipline Group, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0229.
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The proposed study is to examine the contribution made by John D'Oyly, a British Civil Servant, to the British acquisition and control of the whole of Ceylon. It is also aimed to examine the history of this period (between 1805-1818) in Ceylon as a part of British colonial expansion in South Asia focusing on the policy of infiltration which was used by the British as a method of expanding and consolidating their power and influence. In The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, published in 1996, P.J. Marshall submitted that the British had become a major political force on the south east coast of the Indian subcontinent, and had become the real rulers of the wealthy province of Bengal by the end of the eighteenth century. He further submits that the success of the British was mainly due to their ability to infiltrate into the internal politics of local states and kingdoms, and thereby dominate some of these political entities rather than overcome and destroy them by the use of military force. This process of infiltration will be examined in detail in the study of British relations with the Kandyan Kingdom, which was situated in the centre of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and was the only local kingdom then in existence as an independent political entity. The primary documents to be studied are those that relate to the British relations with the Kandyan Kingdom between 1805 and 1818, which covers the career of John D'Oyly as a civil servant working in Ceylon. He was the principal figure used by the British in their dealings with the Kandyan Kingdom, due mainly to his proficiency in the Sinhalese language and his knowledge of the customs and manners of the local people. His official diary, covering between the periods of 1810 and 1815, is one of the major sources of this study, examining the methods of infiltration. What is attempted in this Thesis is to examine this new theoretical approach of infiltration (submitted by P.J. Marshall) to the history of British relations with the Kandyan Kingdom between the periods of 1805 to 1818. This study is associated therefore with giving a new dimension to D'Oyly's work as a civil servant, and also to give a deeper reason for British expansion in Ceylon (as much as in Asia) in the context of the broader British strategic objectives. It strives to give a new meaning to the primary documents available in studying British Kandyan relations, as a part of the successful political expansion of the British in India and Asia.
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Senaka-Arachchi, Ranbandara. "The problems of second generation settlers in land settlement schemes : the case of Sri Lanka /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs4746.pdf.
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Mahawattage, Sita. "Ursachen und Lösungsansätze ethnischer Konflikte in Sri Lanka". St. Gallen, 2004. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/99630287001/$FILE/99630287001.pdf.
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Naveendra, p. DE ZOYSA. "Community Mediation：Law and Its Implementation in Sri Lanka". Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7316.
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Hasselgren, Tomas. "Göteborgs-Posten och Sydasien – konflikten på Sri Lanka". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-21270.
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Syfte: Det generella syftet med denna studie har varit att nå en kvalitativ reflektion angående skillnader i framställning av en konflikt i två mycket skilda publikationer med mycket olika ekonomiska förutsättningar under två tidsperioder. Material från dagstidningen Göteborgs-Posten och tidskriften Sydasien är analyserade för att undersöka dessa skrifters behandling av konflikten på Sri Lanka under 1983 och 1998/1999. Teori: Diskursteori utifrån Norman Fairclough och Teun van Dijk. Sociologisk teori utifrån Pierre Bourdieu, genom begreppen angående produktionen av tro, kapital och fält som han arbetat fram. Metod: Kvalitativ kritisk diskursanalys (CDA) utifrån Faircloughs tredimensionella modell: text-diskursiv praktik-social praktik. Resultat: Genom den kritiska diskursanalysen nåddes en djupare bild av olika dimensioner i den problematik som framställning av ett komplicerat skeende som konflikten på Sri Lanka tillhör. Det korta svaret är att - ja – tidskriften Sydasien ger totalt sett en djupare, mer mångfacetterad och bredare bild av konflikten än Göteborgs-Posten. Detta kan man se under båda tidsperioderna som analyserats. Men – detta resultat kan man problematisera: för att få denna mångdimensionella bild så krävs det att man läser alla texter som Sydasien publicerar angående konflikten, om endast en artikel här och en där väljs ut, så riskerar man att få en begränsad bild likt den i Göteborgs-Posten. Stora krav ställs med andra ord på publiken.
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Singhakumara, B. M. P. "The biology of Vitex (Verbenaceae) in Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292648.
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Perera, Shalini. "Corporate Ownership and Corporate Governance in Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517315.
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Herath, Ihalagedera Herath Mudiyanselage Nishantha Nandaji. "Role of Military in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6812.
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Sri Lanka has suffered a violent conflict between the government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) for nearly three decades. By the time LTTE was crushed in 2009, over 80,000 had been killed, 11,656 Tamil Tigers were either arrested or surrendered, and 294,000 people had been internally displaced during the final phase of the conflict. Furthermore, almost all the infrastructure in formerly terrorist-held areas was damaged or destroyed. The GoSL recognized its obligation to provide humanitarian relief; essential services, rehabilitation, and development support to people in LTTE-controlled areas and began post-conflict reconstruction. The GoSL decision to house internally displaced persons (IDPs) prevented much-needed, international-community support during the initial stage of reconstruction. The drain of GoSL resources due to the prolonged conflict and reconstruction in the Eastern Province forced GoSL to use the military to fill gaps in the post-conflict reconstruction process. By doing so, the GOSL was able to resettle 97% of the total IDPs, providing them infrastructure facilities and livelihood opportunities, while reintegrating more than 90% of ex-combatants after their rehabilitation by the end of 2011. This study will examine the way in which the military used its capabilities to shape the reconstruction process.
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Abeyaratne, Harsha. "Folk music of Sri Lanka : ten piano pieces". Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1213149.
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The purpose of the present research was to provide ideas for positive stress management in the orchestra world to help achieve high-level performances. The author developed the Orchestral Performance and Stress Survey and distributed it to 230 musicians of three orchestras that comprised full-time and part-time professional as well as community orchestra musicians. The survey sought to identify stress-causing and performance-enhancing factors in the orchestra environment. Questions on the musicians' background allowed for comparisons to identify groups with particular needs. Results show that musical training often does not include stress management training. Playing-related injuries are common. Two-thirds of full-time musicians who responded have suffered injuries that forced them to stop playing for more than one week. On average, musicians reported that stress neither detracts from, nor enhances performances. The most stressful concert types were classical concerts. Highly critical audiences are the most stressful.School of Music
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Abeysekera, Walimuni V. K. M. "A strategy for managing brickwork in Sri Lanka". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6991.
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Building with burnt clay bricks is part of Sri Lanka's engineering culture. To date, bricks produced by the island's cottage industry have remained the principal building element in the construction of walls. These walls, plastered on both sides, are used mainly as infills or partitions in reinforced concrete buildings except for walls in single storey and two storey buildings carrying light loads. . Neither bricks nor walls in Sri Lanka confirm with standard sizes and vary widely. Brickwork joints too vary also, with significant departures from the norms of other organised construction industries. These variations result in many problems in the industry in what can be described as a disordered or chaotic environment. With material costs far in excess of labour, the status-quo continues without regard to impact on time and costs. The objective of this research is to develop strategies for coping with this 'chaos' and focuses on single brick thick walls. This disorderly environment is profiled with indicators of reasons for departures. Procedures and practices adopted for coping with it are presented as case studies. Methods for computing mortar volumes are developed and validated. The impact of the brick size, joint size, the degree to which the joints are filled, wall thickness, and mortar mix is assessed with respect to mortar consumption, brickwork output, and costs. The study advocates a paradigm shift from the conventional focus of -the 'brick' and the 'joint' to the 'wall' and its 'width. A wall of a given width may be constructed not necessarily with a few discrete sizes of bricks and a standard joint size, but with a variety of brick and joint sizes. This research concludes that the generally perceived 'single best solution' of standardisation is not necessarily the only approach for coping with the existing and emerging future. There are better approaches. It recommends the 'nonstandardisation' route through chaos using its inherent flexibility to advantage in a complex environment. This route is depicted in the form of a map with features of 'universality' of costs, the 'chapparuflexibility' in the wall width, 'geometry of order' in the bed joint, and a 'general specification' for output. The end result is an 'orderly chaos'. The chaos described in Sri Lankan brickwork is different to the 'chaos' as outlined in chaos theory although exhibiting some similarities. This study shows how concepts embodied in chaos theory can be used conceptually and symbolically in furthering understanding on issues related to construction management. The benefits of this research are not limited to Sri Lanka, but are applicable both regionally and internationally. This study whilst laying the foundation for a 'theory on brickwork' suggests that rules for plastered brickwork would not necessarily be the same for exposed brickwork thereby exploring the advantages of such brickwork. It also shows the value of 'decision rules' in coping with chaotic phenomena in an emerging future. It is argued that 'chaos'presents opportunities for a new 'order'.
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Fisher, Christopher A. "The molecular basis of thalassaemia in Sri Lanka". Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271295.
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Puvanarajan, Ponnuswamy. "Social change and fertility transition in Sri Lanka". Thesis, Durham University, 1994. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5372/.
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The study investigates and interprets the factors that contributed to the recent decline in fertility in Sri Lanka, despite its low economic standing. It seeks to elucidate the social transformation that has taken place and looks at the socio-cultural determinants that have brought about the process of fertility transition. In this regard, the significant effects of the welfare measures in force in the country in respect of health, education, nutrition and housing have been brought to light. Hence the study tends to fall outside the scope of the conventional wisdom laid down in the demographic transition theory outlined by Notestein, which emphasised the contribution that economic development plays in lowering fertility. The approach to the study hinges on selected variables like education, age at marriage, gender roles per se and female employment. The cardinal role played by free education in contributing to the transition is given particular coverage. Education is treated more as a cultural asset which determines and shapes values, preferences and aspirations in respect of marriage, fertility, family formation and other aspects such as career development which enables women to play roles away from home. Unfortunately, inferences about women's position do not always gain statistical support, as they are intricately woven into the fabric of societal gender settings and traditions. In respect of age at marriage, the socio-cultural factors of society like the caste system, a dowry and horoscope matching with details of Karmic determinants have been examined in some detail. The study also uncovers the social deprivation aspects which for long led women in the plantation sector to experience fertility performance lower than the national level. Going by normal demographic rationale, their high degree of labour force participation should account for it. But it was social deprivation and the resultant low nutritional levels that reduced their reproductive ability to low levels. With a better life ushered in by a programme of social uplift during the early 'eighties, this ethnic group showed signs of first a rise in fertility, and on having reached the threshold it has now begun showing signs of a decline attributable to healthier lives. Similarly, a relatively invisible agent, the prevalent “urban outlook," is shown to contribute to the transition process, and has recently become even more significant due to the intensive rural amelioration efforts of the government. This outlook is all pervasive and permeates the society in general in effecting the transition under review.
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Amarasinghe, Mala Damayanthi. "Environmental assessment for wetland management in Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386393.
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Weerasinghe, Sumedha Madawala. "Hedgerow intercropping for soil improvement in Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401387.
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Derges, Jane. "Eloquent bodies : communicating violence in northern Sri Lanka". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444266/.
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Following twenty-five years of civil war between the Sri Lankan government troops and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LITE), a ceasefire was called in February 2002. This truce is now on the point of collapse, due to a break down in talks over the post-war administration of the northern and eastern provinces. These instabilities have lead to conflicts within the insurgent ranks as well as political and religious factions in the south. This thesis centres on how the anguish of war and its unresolved aftermath is being communicated among Tamils living in the northern reaches of Sri Lanka. There is an atmosphere of intense mistrust where notions of loyalty and betrayal are demonstrated through speech. Articulating grief, anger and powerlessness is therefore complex within a milieu where there are high levels of both internalised and externalised despair - none more so than among the 'war generation'. The underlying brutalisation created by the war is implicitly recognised as the root cause of much current social unrest. It is also feared that exposure to depictions of violence through access to recently imported modern cultural artefacts, such as videos, have exacerbated the problem. Within this mood of silent tension, communication seems to be taking place through existing, but adapted cultural forms. For the younger generation whose experiences included combat, arrest and torture, it has taken shape through a propitiatory ritual involving inscriptions of pain on the body - thuukkukkaavadi, which has increased exponentially in the last ten years. For others, it is through adherence to gang traditions, which have raised considerable anxieties within the local population. Both 'performances' can be seen as efforts to communicate and articulate the brutalising effects of war through the utilisation of bodies to convey meaning: "(Rituals)... use objects and substances as well as the bodies of the performers to transmit...meta-messages, difficult or even impossible to convey" (Rappaport 1999:252). In this case the message seems to be one of entrapment, anger and disillusionment within a conflict that remains unresolved.
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Kelegama, Saman. "The consequences of economic liberalization in Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306729.
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Siefert, Justin. "Chatting Sri Lanka : powerful communications in colonial times". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2016. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/618398/.
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The thesis argues that the telephone had a significant impact upon colonial society in Sri Lanka. In the emergence and expansion of a telephone network two phases can be distinguished: in the first phase (1880-1914), the government began to construct telephone networks in Colombo and other major towns, and built trunk lines between them. Simultaneously, planters began to establish and run local telephone networks in the planting districts. In this initial period, Sri Lanka’s emerging telephone network owed its construction, financing and running mostly to the planting community. The telephone was a ‘tool of the Empire’ only in the sense that the government eventually joined forces with the influential planting and commercial communities, including many members of the indigenous elite, who had demanded telephone services for their own purposes. However, during the second phase (1919-1939), as more and more telephone networks emerged in the planting districts, government became more proactive in the construction of an island-wide telephone network, which then reflected colonial hierarchies and power structures. Finally in 1935, Sri Lanka was connected to the Empire’s international telephone network. One of the core challenges for this pioneer work is of methodological nature: a telephone call leaves no written or oral source behind. Thus the work will have to use a broader body of sources, advertisements and films and ‘read between the lines’ about the nature and content of telephone conversation. The telephone was more than a crucial part of the island’s colonial business structure or a useful tool to call for help in situations of distress, but beyond this primary purpose, it offered the opportunity to communicate and chat with other members of your peer group, which was particular important for women. The telephone was also an expensive commodity and consumption was the first step for the indigenous elite to challenge the colonial power. The thesis argues that the telephone played a role in the processes of political and identity building during colonial times.