Artykuły w czasopismach: „Spray research”

1

Janna, William S. "Research Needs: Industrial Spray Processes, Spray Drying, and Heat Transfer". Applied Mechanics Reviews 41, nr 10 (1.10.1988): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3151870.

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A survey of researchers and of manufacturers of spraying, drying, and spray heat transfer equipment was conducted. Those that responded provided descriptions of processes and devices that need developmental attention. Several of these problems are described here (eg, a unifying theory of how atomization takes place; a method of evaluating the performance of a spray used to dissolve air in water to enhance mass transfer processes; a comprehensive model for predicting heat transfer from high pressure sprays; etc). It is concluded that many research topics can be gleaned from industry as needs develop and innovative ways are found for sprays to replace conventional methods.

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Gous, S. F., T. M. Withers i A. J. Hewitt. "A new pest management research facility Scions largescale precision track sprayer". New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (8.01.2014): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5724.

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A new large scale precision track sprayer has been developed and evaluated for spray deposition and pesticide application research under controlled conditions The spray room is fitted with a 4 m wide electrically driven boom suspended 4 m above ground running on a 12 m long Ibeam It is fitted with 9 independently controlled shut off valves and nozzles Sprays can be applied to live plant canopies up to 3 m tall within a 2 m times; 3 m sample area The number location and type of nozzle on the boom can be altered as can spray liquid pressure and boom speed in order to simulate a wide range of spray application scenarios Calibration of the largescale precision track sprayer has been undertaken for a range of droplet spectra from extremely coarse to very fine This paper documents the calibration results and discusses the potential use of this facility for pesticide application research

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Raghu, P., N. Nallusamy i Pitchandi Kasivisvanathan. "Spray Characteristics of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels for Various Injection Timings under Non Evaporating Conditions". Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (sierpień 2015): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.682.

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Fuel spray and atomization characteristics play a vital role in the performance of internal combustion engines. Petroleum fuels are expected to be depleted within a few decades, finding alternative fuels that are economically viable to replace the petroleum fuel has attracted much research attention. In this work spray characteristics such as spray tip penetration, spray cone angle and spray area were investigated for Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME), Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and diesel fuel. The KOME and JOME sprays were characterized and compared with diesel sprays at different injection timings. The macroscopic spray properties were acquired from the images captured by a high speed video camera employing shadowgraphic and image processing techniques in a spray chamber. The experimental results showed that biodiesel fuels had different features compared with diesel fuel after start of injection (ASOI). Longer spray tip penetration, larger spray area and smaller spray cone angle were observed for biodiesel (JOME, KOME) due to its higher density and viscosity than that of diesel fuel.

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Stężycki, P., M. Kowalski, A. Jankowski i Z. Sławinski. "Laser Research of the Fuel Atomization Process of Internal Combustion Engines". Science & Technique 19, nr 1 (5.02.2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-1-34-42.

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The paper presents test methods (mechanical, electrical and optical) for the fuel spray research in combustion engines. Optical methods, imaging and non-imaging can be used in laboratory and engine tests. Imaging methods include flash photography and holography. Their use is limited to testing droplet dimensions larger than 5 µm. Imaging methods have an advantage over non-imaging ones because they allow the droplet to be seen at the point and time where its measurement is required. Non-imaging methods can be divided into two groups: the first, which counts and measures, individual droplets one at a time, and the second, which measures a large number of droplets simultaneously. Exemplary results of research of droplet size distribution in fuel sprays are shown. In tests of atomized fuel spray, in conditions reflecting the conditions of the internal combustion engine, the size of droplets, their distribution in the spray and the velocity of individual droplets are presented. To determine the quality of the fuel spray, two substitute diameters Sauter (D32) and Herdan (D43) were selected, the first of which refers to heat transfer and the second to combustion processes. Laser research equipment including Particle Image Velocimetry laser equipment (PIV), Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) and Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) were applied for testing fuel spray distribution for two kind of fuel. The atomization process from the point of view of combustion and ignition processes, as well as emission levels, is characterized by the best substitute diameter D43, which value is close to the median volume. The most harmful droplets of fuel in the spray are large droplets. Even a few such droplets significantly change the combustion process and emission of toxic exhaust components, mainly NOx.

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Taylor, D. R., A. N. Fisher, A. Smith, M. Watling, A. Knight i N. Y. Gabrail. "Pharmacokinetic and local tolerability profiles of three potential fentanyl nasal spray formulations developed for breakthrough cancer pain compared with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate". Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2009): e20554-e20554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e20554.

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e20554 Background: The nasal route offers the ability to enhance fentanyl delivery and better match the rapid onset and short duration (30–60 min) of breakthrough cancer pain compared with standard oral delivery. However, conventional nasal fentanyl solutions can be associated with variable, and sometimes supratherapeutic maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax). To optimise rapid absorption and delivery, three novel nasal spray formulations have been developed: fentanyl pectin nasal spray (FPNS), fentanyl chitosan nasal spray (FChNS), and fentanyl in chitosan-poloxamer 188 solute (FChP). Methods: This phase I, open-label, crossover study was conducted in 18 healthy adult volunteers to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of the three new nasal fentanyl formulations with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC). Subjects were dosed on four occasions, separated by a >3-day washout period, under naltrexone blockade, with the nasal sprays (each containing fentanyl citrate 100μg in 100μL) and OTFC 200μg according to a randomized sequence. Venous plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured before and up to 24 hours post-dose. Local nasal tolerability was assessed by a clinician and a reactogenicity questionnaire. Results: Compared with OTFC, mean AUCs∞ for all three nasal sprays were significantly higher (P<0.05) and bioavailability significantly greater (FPNS 132%; FChNS 154%, FChP 122%). Median tmax (FPNS 19.8min; FChNS 10.2min, FChP 15.6min) were significantly (P<0.001) reduced (OTFC 90min) and mean Cmax significantly increased with all nasal sprays compared with OTFC. Of the three nasal sprays, FPNS had the lowest nasal reactogenicity symptom incidence. Conclusions: Compared with OTFC, all three fentanyl nasal spray formulations demonstrated enhanced pharmacokinetic profiles appropriate for breakthrough cancer pain as evidenced by significantly increased systemic exposure and reduced times to peak plasma values. FPNS exhibited the most favourable tolerability profile. [Table: see text]

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Liu, Ming. "Analysis and Research of Water Sprays in Civil Aircraft". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2410, nr 1 (1.12.2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2410/1/012001.

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Abstract In the process of designing a new type of civil aircraft, the main manufacturer needs to obtain the type certificate, including the water spray test. Using the method of engineering estimation at the beginning of the design, we can effectively find the potential design problems in the initial stage and reduce the risk of subsequent tests. This paper studies water sprays under different runway water depths, tire parameters and speeds, obtains the basic track of the water sprays and determines the risk of the water sprays in compliance of civil aircrafts. It finds out the causes of the water sprays, analyzes them, and guides the model design.

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Huang, Jian. "Research on Water Sprays Shielding Device for Transport Vehicle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 707 (grudzień 2014): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.707.317.

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Water sprays shielding device for transport vehicle, by use of its own power system and storage devices, make the gases within the air tank filling the water storage tank, and jet out from the small hole of roof-shaped spray tube, by means of cyclone atomizing, to form water sprays wall with shielding effect at the top and around the transport vehicle, In order to eliminate exposure symptoms for transport vehicle in the optical, infrared and radar band, to improve the battlefield viability of transport vehicles.

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Shao, Jun Yi, i Dong Wang. "The Integration of New Technology Research on Composite Inorganic Fiber Acoustic Insulation Spray in Engineering Construction". Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (lipiec 2014): 2239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2239.

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Composite inorganic fiber spray technology was based on high-strength interfacial agent, then sprayed an appropriate mixed proportion of ultrafine diameter (D <4μm) composite inorganic fibers, adhesives, cement and other raw materials through a dedicated spray equipment on the building roof (ceiling) or flank, which formed a homogeneous, porous, durable and eco-friendly cover layer. The key technology is combined composite inorganic fiber sprays’ adhesive, mixing, porous, insulation and acoustic fireproof mechanism with three key technology working principles " high-strength interfacial agent sector coverage ", " composite inorganic fibers + adhesive multiple mixed spray " and " continuous overall seamless fireproof insulating layer ", to achieve integrate engineering effects of insulation, fastness, energy-efficient, sound-absorbing and homogeneous coverage. The new technology solves acoustic insulation problems of public buildings with fireproof requirements as: underground garage ceiling, elevator shafts and fire passage, etc.

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Wang, Chang Yuan, Fu Shui Liu i Xiang Rong Li. "Research on the Characteristic of Diesel Elastic-Plate Impingement Spray". Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (listopad 2011): 1910–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1910.

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A series of experimental research results on the characteristic of diesel elastic-plate impingement spray using High Speed Photography camera are presented in this paper. The experiments were carried out in a constant volume chamber specially designed, which can hold a high ambiance pressure. The special fixed device was designed so that the elastic-plate can be fixed on the spray path, meanwhile the spray incident angle and height can be changed. The free jet spray and elastic-plate impingement spray was compared under the same experimental condition including different injection pressure and different background pressure. Experimental research showed that impingement spray droplets diffuse more quickly than free jet spray.

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Wang, Chang Yuan, Fu Shui Liu i Xiang Rong Li. "Research on the Characteristic of Diesel Elastic-Plate Impingement Spray". Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (styczeń 2012): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.116.

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A series of experimental research results on the characteristic of diesel elastic-plate impingement spray using High Speed Photography camera are presented in this paper. The experiments were carried out in a constant volume chamber specially designed, which can hold a high ambiance pressure. The special fixed device was designed so that the elastic-plate can be fixed on the spray path, meanwhile the spray incident angle and height can be changed. The free jet spray and elastic-plate impingement spray was compared under the same experimental condition including different injection pressure and different background pressure. Experimental research showed that impingement spray droplets diffuse more quickly than free jet spray.

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Wang, Yu Qiang, Ni Liu i Xiao Jiao Xu. "Research Developments on Improvement of Spray Cooling Performance". Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (listopad 2012): 1735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1735.

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Spray cooling is considered to be one of the most promising electronic cooling methods, since it has several unique advantages such as high heat dissipation, small ﬂuid inventory, and uniformity of heat removal. However the spray cooling performance could be further improved, which can be expressed by the combination of a better heat removal capability, a higher cooling efficiency, and the more uniform surface temperature distribution. In this paper, recent research developments on spray cooling characteristics under different working conditions are reviewed, possible approaches to improve the spray cooing performance are also proposed. Especially spray cooling systems with both enhanced surface and lower system pressure would be be full of attraction.

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12

Panão, Miguel O., Ana S. Moita i António L. Moreira. "On the Statistical Characterization of Sprays". Applied Sciences 10, nr 17 (3.09.2020): 6122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176122.

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The statistical characterization of sprays is an essential way of organizing data on drop size and velocity to provide reliable information on the spray dynamics. A clear presentation of data using statistical tools provides evidence of a clear research question underlying the spray characterization. In this article, a review of the best practices to build histograms is presented, as well as three relevant details on spray characterization: (i) the application of information theory to assess if we have enough information (not data); (ii) the link between mathematical probability distributions and the physical interpretation of spray data; (iii) and introducing, for the first time, the concept of drop size diversity, with the quantification of the polydispersion and heterogeneity degrees. Finally, the view presented is applied to the characterization of nanofluid sprays for thermal management.

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Wang, Junfeng. "EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY PROPERTIES AND SPRAY FIELD OF KEROSENE". Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 38, nr 07 (2002): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2002.07.037.

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Langrish, T. A. G. "New Engineered Particles from Spray Dryers: Research Needs in Spray Drying". Drying Technology 25, nr 6 (11.06.2007): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930701396766.

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Toivonen, Peter M. A., i Pascal Delaquis. "Low-volume Sprays to Treat Fresh-sliced Apples with Anti-browning Solution". HortTechnology 16, nr 2 (styczeń 2006): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.2.0257.

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Use of sprays to sanitize and treat apple (Malus ×domestica) slices helps to reduce the potential for cross-contamination that can occur when treatments are done in dip tanks. This research examined several factors that may affect the efficacy of spray treatments: 1) spray volume; 2) efficacy of spray application of anti-browning solution (ABS) compared with dipping; 3) effect of slice density during spraying; and 4) effect of the addition of an antimicrobial compound, vanillin, on microbiologically associated browning. Low-volume sprays (36-50 mL·kg-1 slices) of ABS gave maximal control of browning and this was equivalent to the control afforded by a 2-minute dip in the ABS. Spray application resulted in significant reduction in incidence and severity of microbiologically associated “secondary browning” as compared with dip application. However, if more than one layer of slices were present on the support mesh during the spray treatment, then secondary browning increased. This was attributed to potential cross-contamination between layers of apples in the spray treatment. Addition of vanillin into the ABS resulted in a 50% reduction of the incidence of “secondary browning.” Low-volume spray applications of ABS can be managed such that the microbiologically associated “secondary browning” is much lower than possible with dip application.

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Salyani, M. "SPRAY TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH FOR ORCHARD APPLICATIONS". Acta Horticulturae, nr 372 (sierpień 1994): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.372.8.

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Kuszewski, Hubert, Kazimierz Lejda i Zygmunt Szlachta. "Visualisation Research into Fuel Spray Propagation". Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 7, nr 1 (31.03.2005): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2005.1.31-35.

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Mohd Nawi, Mohd Al Hafiz, Wan Azani Mustafa, Muhammad Nazrin Shah Shahrol Aman, Syahrul Affandi Saidi, Ilham Shafini Mahyudin i Mohd Aminudin Jamlos. "A review of diesel spray research". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 932 (18.12.2020): 012097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/932/1/012097.

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P, KARUPPUCHAMY, BALASUBRAMANIAN G i SUNDARA BABU P.C. "DETERMINATION OF INSECTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATE FRUITS". Madras Agricultural Journal 85, september (1998): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00774.

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The residues of endosulfan and malathion were estimated in/on fruits of pomegranate 1,3, 7 and 15 days after insecticide spray at Horticultural Research Station, Yercaud. The initial deposit of endosulfan and malathion in/on fruits were 4.118, 6.149, 4.302 and 6.103 ppm for sprays of endosulfan at 0.07 and 0.14 per cent, malathion 0.1 and 0.2 per cent respectively. The safe waiting periods for the harvest of fruits after the spray of endosulfan and malathion at recommended doses were 2.58 and 0.94 days respectively. More than 99 per cent of residues dissipated within 15 days after the spray of endosulfan and within 7 days after the spray of malathion.

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Gui, Miao Miao, Yun Hui Fang, Qing Chang Lin, Fei Yu Yu, Tian Xing Lin i Xiu Xing Ma. "The Preparation Research of Powder Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer". Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (lipiec 2011): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.677.

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This paper uses centrifugal spray drying process to prepare powder polycarboxylate superplasticizer. The best spray drying process: speed of centrifugal atomizer is 16000r/min, feed liquid temperature is 30°C, import / export air temperature of drying chamber is 200°C/80°C. It achieves a high concentration of polycarboxylate superplasticizer to prepare powder product. It solves the problem of sticky and low-performance of powder polycarboxylate superplasticizer during traditional preparation. Analyzing the structure of polycarboxylate superplasticizer before and after spray-drying by infrared spectroscopy, and verifying the conclusion through macroeconomic performance experiments.

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Xia, Hua. "Research on the internal flow and macroscopic characteristics of a diesel fuel injection process". PLOS ONE 16, nr 9 (27.09.2021): e0255874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255874.

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The internal flow and macroscopic spray behaviors of a fuel injection process were studied with schlieren spray techniques and simulations. The injection pressures(Pin)and ambient pressures(Pout)were applied in a wide range. The results showed that increasing the Pin is likely to decrease the flow performance of the nozzle. Furthermore, increasing the Pin can increase the spray tip penetration. However, the effect of Pin on the spray cone angle was not evident. The spray cone angle at an injection pressure of 160MPa was 21.7% greater than at a pressure of 100MPa during the initial spraying stage. Additionally, the discharge coefficient increased under high Pout, and the decrease in Pout can promote the formation of cavitation. Finally, increasing the Pout can decrease the penetration, while the spray angle becomes wider, especially at the initial spray stage, and high Pout will enhance the interaction of the spray and the air, which can enhance the spray quality.

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Rosen*, Carl, Peter Bierman, Adriana Telias, Yizhen Shen i Emily Hooverf. "Foliar Applied Strontium as a Tracer for Calcium Transport in Apple Trees". HortScience 39, nr 4 (lipiec 2004): 853C—853. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.853c.

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A field experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Research Center in Chanhassen, Minn. to help refine recommendations for use of calcium (Ca) sprays to reduce the incidence of bitter pit in `Honeycrisp' apple. Specific objectives were to: evaluate the amount of translocation from leaves to fruit using strontium (Sr) as a tracer for potential Ca movement, determine whether there are differences in translocation in early vs. later phases of fruit development, and evaluate the effect of an experimental adjuvant on spray efficacy. Seven treatments tested included the following: 1) Control (no Sr applied), 2) Sr without adjuvant, fruit covered during spray application, full season, 3) Sr without adjuvant, fruit uncovered during spray application, full season, 4) Sr + adjuvant, fruit covered during spray application, full season, 5) Sr + adjuvant, fruit uncovered during spray application, 6) Sr + adjuvant, fruit covered during spray application, late season, 7) Sr + adjuvant, fruit uncovered during spray application, late season. Results from this study strongly suggest that Sr is a suitable tracer for foliar applied Ca. Up to 18% of the Sr applied to leaves was translocated to fruit. Eight full season spray applications more than doubled the concentration and content of fruit Sr compared to four late season sprays. The experimental adjuvant was found to double Sr absorption by and translocation to fruit compared to not using an adjuvant. Implications for foliar application of Ca to apple trees will be discussed.

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Zhou, Si Qing, He Ming Cheng, Jian Yun Li, Liu Chuang Wei, Xue Zhang i Tie Xin Yang. "Developed New Type of Pneumatic Spray Nozzle and Research of Spray Characteristic". Applied Mechanics and Materials 444-445 (październik 2013): 1766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.444-445.1766.

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The Pneumatic atomizing nozzle is quenching test professional nozzle which is designed for new quenching process taking high-pressure nitrogen gas water as quenching medium. It meets the requirements of high pressure nitrogen quenching process and reaches the requirements that particle size can be adjusted, flow spray field coverage angle is large, flow and pressure are adjustable and the amplitude of accommodation is big. The nozzle special for high-pressure gas quenching test is less and it can only be chose from other functional nozzles, having great limitations. The development of nozzle special for high-pressure gas quenching will have a certain role in promoting the popularization of high-pressure gas quenching technology and the development of nozzle technology.

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Williamson, Sian, Laura Dennison, Kate Greenwell, James Denison-Day, Fiona Mowbray, Samantha Richards-Hall, Deb Smith i in. "Using nasal sprays to prevent respiratory tract infections: a qualitative study of online consumer reviews and primary care patient interviews". BMJ Open 12, nr 6 (czerwiec 2022): e059661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059661.

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ObjectivesNasal sprays could be a promising approach to preventing respiratory tract infections (RTIs). This study explored lay people’s perceptions and experiences of using nasal sprays to prevent RTIs to identify barriers and facilitators to their adoption and continued use.DesignQualitative research. Study 1 thematically analysed online consumer reviews of an RTI prevention nasal spray. Study 2 interviewed patients about their reactions to and experiences of a digital intervention that promotes and supports nasal spray use for RTI prevention (reactively: at ‘first signs’ of infection and preventatively: following possible/probable exposure to infection). Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.SettingPrimary care, UK.Participants407 online customer reviews. 13 purposively recruited primary care patients who had experienced recurrent infections and/or had risk factors for severe infections.ResultsBoth studies identified various factors that might influence nasal spray use including: high motivation to avoid RTIs, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic; fatalistic views about RTIs; beliefs about alternative prevention methods; the importance of personal recommendation; perceived complexity and familiarity of nasal sprays; personal experiences of spray success or failure; tolerable and off-putting side effects; concerns about medicines; and the nose as unpleasant and unhygienic.ConclusionsPeople who suffer disruptive, frequent or severe RTIs or who are vulnerable to RTIs are interested in using a nasal spray for prevention. They also have doubts and concerns and may encounter problems. Some of these may be reduced or eliminated by providing nasal spray users with information and advice that addresses these concerns or helps people overcome difficulties.

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Seredyn, Tomasz, i Robert Rowiński. "Experimental Investigations of a Drifting Cloud of Droplets Dispersed from Aircraft". Archive of Mechanical Engineering 61, nr 3 (10.12.2014): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/meceng-2014-0022.

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Abstract With widespread use of pesticides in modern agriculture, the impacts of spray drift have become a topic of considerable interest. The drifting of sprays is a highly complex process influenced by many factors. The paper presents results of experimental research on a drifting cloud of droplets dispersing from aircraft. Experiments were conducted to quantify spray drift from aerial applications of pesticide. Parallel to the blowing wind, the measurement line 800 m long was disposed. The relationships between the relative dose and the distance of drift as well as spray density and its structure on the measuring length have been established.

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Patel, J. K., R. N. Patel, D. M. Zapadiya, S. J. Vaghela i J. Khaniya. "Bio Efficacy and Economics of Systemic Insecticides against Whitefly in Potato". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, nr 7 (8.05.2023): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i71892.

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A field experiment was conducted at Potato Research Station, S. D. Agricultural University, Deesa during 2018-19 and 2019-20 for evaluation of efficacy of insecticides against whitefly in potato. The seven different treatments viz. T1: Control, T2: Seed treatment with imidacloprid (200 SL) @ 0.04% followed by foliar sprays of imidacloprid @60 gm a.i./ha at 85% emergence + second spray with thiamethoxam 25WG @100g a.i./ha, T3: Foliar spray of diafenthiuron 50WP 350 g a.i. at 85% emergence, T4: Foliar spray of diafenthiuron 50WP 350 g a.i. at 85% emergence followed by second spray of diafenthiuron after 10 days, T5: Foliar spray of castor oil @0.05% at 85% emergence, T6: Foliar spray of diafenthiuron 50WP 350 g a.i. at 85% emergence mixed with castor oil @0.05%, T7: Foliar spray of diafenthiuron 50WP 350 g a.i. at 85% emergence mixed with castor oil @0.05% by second spray with diafenthiuron after 10 days. Based on pooled data of two years, the significantly highest per cent reduction (i.e. 68.57 %) after 2nd spray was recorded in T7 i.e. foliar spray of diafenthiuron 50WP 350 g a.i. at 85% emergence mixed with castor oil @0.05% by second spray with diafenthiuron after 10 days which was at par with T4 (Foliar spray of diafenthiuron 50WP 350 g a.i. at 85% emergence followed by second spray of diafenthiuron after 10 days). The tuber highest yield and benefit cost ratio were also recorded with T7.

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Rajotte, E. G., J. W. Travis, J. Rytter i G. Rebarchak. "Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Aphids on Raspberry, 1989". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 15, nr 1 (1.01.1990): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/15.1.60.

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Abstract The experiment was conducted at the Rock Springs Research Farm. The study was laid out as a completely randomized design with 7 treatments each, replicated 4 times. Treatments consisted of 5 plants, spaced 3 feet apart. Data were obtained from samples taken from the center section of plots. The number of aphids were counted on each of 5 canes per crown, 3 crowns for each plot. On 16 Jun, sprays were applied using a CO2 Precision Boom Sprayer that delivered 72 gal/acre at 35 psi as a dilute spray. The spray boom was equipped with twin fan nozzles (T.J. 60-1104 vs). On 18 Jul, sprays were applied using a Meyers Boom Sprayer that was adjusted to deliver 72 gal/acre as a dilute spray. Treatments in parentheses were applied previously on 25 May.

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Mohamad Rasidi Pairan, Sharul Azmir Osman, Ahmad Nabil Md Nasir, Nur Hazirah Noh@Seth, Mohd Hizwan Mohd Hisham, Adjah Naqkiah Mazlan, Hanifah Jambari i Muhamad Afzamiman Aripin. "The Blockage Ratio Effect to The Spray Performances". Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 95, nr 1 (18.06.2022): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.95.1.99109.

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Nozzle sprays are used in wide range of application. The used of nozzle application is depend on the spray characteristics, by which to suit the particular application. This project studies the effect of the air blockage ratio to the spray characteristics. This research conducted into two part which are experimental and simulation section. The experimental was conducted by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) method, and ANSYS software was used as tools for simulation section. There are two nozzles were tested at 1 bar pressure of water and air. Nozzle A (with blockage ratio 0.316) and nozzle B (blockage ratio 1.000). Both of the sprays performances generated by the nozzles was examined at 9 cm vertical line from 8 cm of the nozzle orifice. The validation result provided in the detailed analysis shows that the trend of graph velocity versus distance gives the good agreement within simulation and experiment. From result, nozzle A generated a wider spray angle and higher water droplet velocity which are 31.41 degree and 37.317 m/s compared to nozzle B which has produced 27.13 degree of spray penetration angle and 16.49 m/s water droplet velocity. As a conclusion, blockage ratio has affected the spray system by increasing the velocity of air inside the spray system. This is happened at a condition of 1 bar air pressure.

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Qiao, Xin Yi, i Rui Jun Wang. "Research and Application Status of Atmospheric Plasma Spray Torch in Internal Feedstock Mode". Materials Science Forum 789 (kwiecień 2014): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.507.

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In comparison with typical external feedstock mode, powders internal injecting method can effectively enhance plasma sprayed ceramic coatings performance and improve powder deposition efficiency. In this feedstock mode, spray powders were injected into the hotter regions of a plasma jet, which had enough heat capacity to melt most of the particles instantly. Currently, several plasma spray guns in internal feedstock mode, such as Axial III and SG100, have been developed and commercialized. In this paper, characteristics of plasma spray guns in internal and external feedstock methods were summarized. And the research status of the plasma spray torch in internal feedstock mode was particularly presented. Finally, the development trend of different feedstock modes adopted by plasma spray gun was discussed.

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Li-yan, Feng, Long Wu-qiang, Du Bao-guo, Tian Hua i Obokata Tomio. "Experimental research on spray and combustion characteristics of the third generation conical spray". Journal of Marine Science and Application 4, nr 1 (marzec 2005): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11804-005-0045-9.

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Jiang, Hao, Chengwen Yang i Baolin Liu. "Research on Nozzle Spray Cooling Flow Field". OALib 07, nr 09 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106789.

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Tang, Zhong Hua, Mo You Xiong i De Bao Lei. "The Characteristics Research of Spray Evaporative Condenser". Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (styczeń 2012): 1032–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.1032.

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Through theoretical analysis and experiment, this paper works for studying the heat transfer effect of different types condensers, combined with the advantages and disadvantages of different types of condensers, searching for the condenser which has high heat transfer efficiency and saves energy and water. Based on the experiment, we found that air through the water spray could significantly drop the air enthalpy, and increase the air enthalpy difference when it goes through the condenser. The atomization air could lessen air flow under the condition that the cooling capacity does not change, and that the compressor working pressure and fan power also would be reduced. This evaporative condensers compare with others saves much more water, reduces the coil fouling and equipment corrosion, and can improve the work reliability of the condenser

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Lee, Sang Yong, i Sung Uk Ryu. "Recent progress of spray-wall interaction research". Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 20, nr 8 (sierpień 2006): 1101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02916010.

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He, Aijiang, Lixiu Liu, Huiling Yu i Yong Liu. "Research on Spray Granulation of Delay Explosive". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 514 (3.07.2020): 052003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/514/5/052003.

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Liu, Kai. "Research of the Atomization Characteristics of Low Pollution Air Blast Nozzle". Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (styczeń 2013): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.133.

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Atomization characteristic has great impact about combustion efficiency, ignition performance, and outlet temperature field of combustor. Obtained atomization characteristic about spray particle size and spray cone angle using LDV/PDPA system and the relevant software. The results indicated: particle size decrease rapidly with increasing air and tends to stabilize, Spray cone angle does not change with the air pressure. These experimental data have provided reliable basis for the nozzle group design, development and operation.

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Meheretu, Embabo, Zhong Min Wang i Hai Chuan Han. "Research on Microstructure and Properties of Plasma Powder Spray Welding Layer Based on 3D Printing". Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (lipiec 2014): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.763.

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Plasma powder spray welding method is used for depositing successive layers of metal, which forms a 3-Demensional (3D) solid component. Fe45 alloy powder is chosen to spray welding on Q235 steel. Welding process parameters of plasma powder spray welding are studied, which affected the performance of carbon steel weld layer. Then changes of alloy powder spray welding and influences of weld microstructure after spray welding are analyzed. Experiments results show that in the case of only changing transferred arc current, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld is obviously better, grain size distributes uniformity, and hardness is moderate.

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Li, Yu, i Le Xia Dong. "Research on Mobile Water Spray Device Reducing the Temperature of Metro Fire". Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (maj 2012): 2731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2731.

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Reducing the temperature is one of the key technologies in the metro fire emergency rescue, so it is the basic work to be done. Rapid and effective cooling can reduce the casualties caused by the metro fire. Water spray can quickly absorb a lot of heat for its large surface area. Water spray can quickly cool down the temperature of the metro fire and reduce the casualties caused by high temperature. Mobile water spray device is used in emergency rescue of the metro fire in this paper. Research on the mobile water spray device can do contribution to reduce casualties caused by metro fire.

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Jaat, Norrizam, Amir Khalid, Him Ramsy, Bukhari Manshoor i Siti Mariam Basharie. "An Analysis of the Ambient Condition Effect on Biodiesel Spray Using Constant Volume Chamber". Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (październik 2014): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.3.

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Diesel engines are high compression ignition engine which are now very vastly used for heavy vehicles and machineries. Diesel fuel is compressed under the right condition to ignite inside the constant volume chamber. Researchers have been studying for many years on ways to increase the efficiency of diesel engine as well as reduce the emission. The main idea of this research is to understand the effect of temperature on the spray characteristics, as well as fuel-air mixing characteristics. These are the characteristics responsible for ignition of diesel sprays. This research is first conducted by investigating the influence of biodiesel properties and ambient condition on the mixture formation especially at early stage of fuel-air premixing. This research was continued with injecting diesel fuel into the chamber using a Bosch common rail system. Direct photography technique with a digital camera was used to capture the real images of spray evaporation, spray length, and mixture formation with the time changes. The values of the temperature were recorded at ambient temperature, 55°C, 70°C, 85°C as well as 100°C. Injection pressure of 0.1 MPa up to 0.7 MPa was induced into the chamber with an increment of 0.1 MPa. The condition to which the fuel is affected was estimated by combining information on the block temperature, ambient temperature and photographs of the spray. The increase in block temperature increases the ambient temperature inside the chamber resulting in gain of spray area and wider spray angle. Thus predominantly promotes for a better fuel-air mixing.

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Braekman, Pascal, Dieter Foqué, Marie-Christine Van Labeke, Jan G. Pieters i David Nuyttens. "Influence of Spray Application Technique on Spray Deposition in Greenhouse Ivy Pot Plants Grown on Hanging Shelves". HortScience 44, nr 7 (grudzień 2009): 1921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.7.1921.

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As a result of the decreasing availability of authorized plant protection products, adequate pest control becomes more difficult in many ornamental crops and almost no information is available about the optimization of spray application techniques in ornamental crops. Yet, spray boom systems—instead of the still predominantly used spray guns—might improve crop protection management in greenhouses considerably. Application rate, nozzle type, and configuration will influence the spray deposition and, as such, its efficiency. In this study, spray deposition in ivy pot plants [Hedera algeriensis cv. Montgomery, Hibb.], grown on hanging shelves in greenhouses, was compared with a traditional spray gun with a disc-core nozzle and a manually pulled trolley equipped with two vertical spray booms. The sprayings with the spray gun were performed at an application rate of 8500 L·ha−1. For the vertical spray boom system, two different reduced application rates (2500 and 5000 L·ha−1) with five different combinations of nozzle type, size, and pressure for each application rate were investigated. This research underlined that, besides the application rate, also the spray application equipment used has an important effect on the spray depositions. Nozzle type, size, and pressure on the vertical spray boom system only had a minor effect on the spray deposition. Although the spray gun performed well on the easily accessible crop zone with the runners, its performance in the more dense main crop zone was inferior. With 240% more sprayed liquid (8500 L·ha−1) and chemicals, the realized depositions in this crop zone were not significantly different from the ones obtained with the vertical spray boom system applying only 2500 L·ha−1. Spraying at 5000 L·ha−1, the vertical spray boom system achieved a 82.9% higher overall spray deposition in the main crop canopy zone compared with the spray gun at an application rate of 8500 L·ha−1. For the sprays applied with the vertical spray boom system, doubling the application rate resulted in equally higher spray depositions, except for the inner canopy deposition for which higher application rates were more effective.

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Pozdnyakova, A. E. "Development of a process flow diagram for the manufacturing and testing of a nasal spray for allergic rhinitis treatment". Journal of Siberian Medical Sciences 7, nr 1 (2023): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31549/2542-1174-2023-7-1-110-117.

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Introduction. Nasal administration is the optimal way to administer the drug to achieve maximum bioavailability in the topical treatment of nasal and paranasal sinus diseases. Due to the ease of administration and the possibility of dosing, nasal sprays have become the preferred way of active pharmaceutical substances delivery. In this regard, the composition and technology of a new nasal spray for the allergic rhinitis treatment based on fexofenadine hydrochloride and glycyrrhizic acid derivative was developed. Aim. To conduct the pharmaceutical and technological tests for the previously proposed nasal spray composition for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and to develop a process flow diagram for its manufacturing. Materials and methods. The substances used were fexofenadine hydrochloride and ammonium glycyrrhi¬zinate. The weight uniformity of the nasal spray dose and the number of doses in the package were determined according to the corresponding article of the State Pharmacopoeia; the contact angle, the spray plume, and the spray angle were determined according to the methods from the literature data. Results. During the experimental determination of the characteristics of the contact angle and the spray plume, an actuator manufactured by Coster Tecnologie Speciali S.p.A. (Italy) was selected which provided the best distribution of drops of the preparation and created the maximum area of the spray plume – 392.13 ± 28.075 mm2. As a result of tests to determine the average dose weight and the uniformity of dosing, compliance with the requirements of the current pharmacopoeia monograph was established. Comprehensive research enabled the development of a process flow diagram for the manufacturing of anti-allergic nasal spray. Conclusion. The conducted research made it possible to determine a number of pharmaceutical and technological indicators characterizing nasal spray, and to propose the optimal process flow diagram for its manufacturing.

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Huang, Hong Guang, Guan Wang, Zhong Ning Guo, Qing Song i Yu Deng. "Research on Surface Roughness of Die Steel in Micro-Etching". Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (wrzesień 2013): 896–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.896.

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In this study, the 300 µm width micro-channel was manufactured by spray etching method. The surface roughness was analyzed by Laser scanning con-focal microscope. The relationship of the surface roughness and etching factor such as spray etching pressure, mask gap and time had been studied. The results show that the surface roughness increases initially, and then reduces with the size of mask gap. While the roughness increases as the spraying pressure increases. The etching time plays slightly effect on roughness for it has no impact on the etch uniformity as mask gap and spray pressure do.

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Wood, Joseph P., Matthew Magnuson, Abderrahmane Touati, Jerome Gilberry, Jonathan Sawyer, Timothy Chamberlain, Stella McDonald i David Hook. "Evaluation of electrostatic sprayers and foggers for the application of disinfectants in the era of SARS-CoV-2". PLOS ONE 16, nr 9 (30.09.2021): e0257434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257434.

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Although research has shown that the COVID-19 disease is most likely caused by airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, disinfection of potentially contaminated surfaces is also recommended to limit the spread of the disease. Use of electrostatic sprayers (ESS) and foggers to rapidly apply disinfectants over large areas or to complex surfaces has emerged with the COVID-19 pandemic. ESSs are designed to impart an electrostatic charge to the spray droplets with the goal of increasing deposition of the droplets onto surfaces, thereby promoting more efficient use of the disinfectant. The purpose of this research was to evaluate several spray parameters for different types of sprayers and foggers, as they relate to the application of disinfectants. Some of the parameters evaluated included the spray droplet size distribution, the electrostatic charge, the ability of the spray to wrap around objects, and the loss of disinfectant chemical active ingredient due to the spray process. The results show that most of the devices evaluated for droplet size distribution had an average volume median diameter ≥ 40 microns, and that four out of the six ESS tested for charge/mass produced sprays of at least 0.1 mC/kg. A minimal wrap-around effect of the spray deposition onto a cylindrical object was observed. The loss of disinfectant active ingredient to the air due to spraying was minimal for the two disinfectants tested, and concurrently, the active ingredient concentrations of the liquid disinfectants sprayed and collected 3 feet (1 meter) away from the spray nozzle do not decrease.

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Shi, Sheng-zhe, Ting Jiang, Fan Wang i Xiao-long Zheng. "Research on Direct Measurement to Spray Resistance Test of Prismatic Planing Hull". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2419, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2419/1/012001.

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Abstract To obtain spray resistance directly, a prismatic planing hull test was conducted in a towing tank in static water. The characteristic angles of the standing line and leading edge line of the spray zone were obtained through the fixed flight test of the whole prismatic planing hull. The prismatic planing hull was divided into front and rear parts along the standing line, and then the fixed flight state test of the split planing hull was carried out, and the spray resistance was directly measured by the front planing hull. The results show that the percentage of splash resistance in the total resistance is from 15.83 % to 30.10 % under the condition of high-speed planing; Split planing hull model test is an effective method for direct measurement of spray resistance.

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Ge, Hongyu, Yisong Cai, Sitong Li, Kaimin Wang i Xiaohua Liu. "The Performance Research and Orthogonal Analysis of Humidification-dehumidification Technology (HDH) System". E3S Web of Conferences 299 (2021): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129903005.

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HDH seawater desalination technology has characteristics of flexible scale, small investment, and suitable for decentralized fresh water demand. This paper designs a HDH seawater desalination system, and based on the principles of energy conservation and mass conservation, a theoretical calculation model is established, and the influence of spray liquid flow and temperature, airflow, cooling water temperature and flow on the system water production and Gained output ration (GOR) is studied. And the orthogonal analysis method is used to study the influence of different parameters on water production and GOR. The results show that: water production and GOR are positively related to temperature of the spray liquid, when spray liquid or air flow is large, fresh water output is negatively correlated with air flow, system water production and cooling water flow are positively correlated at first, then system fresh water production tends to be stable, GOR and cooling water flow are first negatively correlated, and then GOR become stable, water production is negatively correlated with cooling water temperature, GOR is positively correlated with cooling water temperature. The spray liquid flow rate has the greatest influence on water production, and spray liquid temperature has the greatest influence on GOR.

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Wang, Yin-An, Xiao-Peng Xie i Xiao-Hui Lu. "Design of a Double-Nozzle Air Spray Gun and Numerical Research in the Interference Spray Flow Field". Coatings 10, nr 5 (14.05.2020): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050475.

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Spray painting robots equipped with air spray guns have been widely used in the painting industry. In view of the low efficiency of single-nozzle air spray guns when spraying large targets, a new double-nozzle air spray gun structure was designed in this paper based on the Coanda effect of double jets. Firstly, a 3-D physical model of the double-nozzle air spray gun was built in Solidworks, in which unstructured grids were generated for the computational domain by ICEM. Secondly, the spray painting process was numerically modeled with the help of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS-Fluent 16.0. The two-phase spray flow was calculated by coupling a discrete phase model (DPM) and the Taylor analogy breakup (TAB) method. The TAB model was applied to predict the secondary break-up. The DPM model was applied to predict the droplet trajectories. The geometry of an air spray gun has a significant influence on the spray flow field characteristics. The influence of the air spray gun geometry on the interference spray flow field characteristics and coating film thickness distribution were investigated by changing the values of the distance between the centers of the two paint holes (L) and the angle between the axes of the two paint holes (θ). Numerical results show that the smaller L and θ are, the stronger the interference effect between the two jets, while the more concentrated the paint is in the central region of the target surface, the easier it is for overspray to occur. With increasing L and θ, the interference effect gradually decreased and the extension distance of the coating film along the x-axis gradually increased. However, if L and θ are too large, the interference effect will become too weak and the shape of the coating film will become a concave, with more paint on both side regions and less paint in the central region, which will cause an uneven coating film. From the simulation results, it can be concluded that a more uniform coating film can be obtained when L = 30 mm and θ = 10°. The effective coating width of the double-nozzle air spray gun was increased by 85.7% compared with the single-nozzle air spray gun, which improved the spraying efficiency.

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Piro, Salar Majeed, i Moyeser Abdulrahman Yaseen. "The effect of intranasal steroid in the treatment of allergic rhinitis with and without oral antihistamine (comparative study)". Advanced medical journal 6, nr 2 (9.06.2022): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.56056/amj.2022.149.

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Backgrounds & objectives: Numerous studies have investigated the efficacies of steroid nasal sprays for adults with allergic rhinitis. However, research on their effectiveness in combination with oral antihistamines is limited. This study compared the efficacies of a steroid nasal spray (mometasone furoate) with an oral antihistamine (desloratadine tablet) in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 120 patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. The patients who attended the outpatient department at Rizgary Teaching Hospital in Erbil city were examined for clinical features of allergic rhinitis. Patients with moderate-severe and/or persistent symptoms were included in this study. In this study, 120 patients with allergic rhinitis were randomly assigned to receive mometasone furoate nasal spray alone (control group) and a combination of mometasone nasal spray and oral desloratadine (experimental group). Results: This study showed a statistically significant effect of combination therapy in comparison with intranasal steroids alone. The effect of the combination therapy was more apparent among patients with moderate-severe persistent symptoms. The score was 11.05 in patients who received the combination therapy compared with 7.85 among patients who received single therapy. Conclusions: This study showed that the efficacy of mometasone nasal spray in combination with antihistamine was higher than single steroid nasal sprays therapy

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Papadopoulos, A. P., U. Saha, X. Hao i S. Khosla. "Response of Rockwool-grown Greenhouse Cucumber, Tomato, and Pepper to Kinetin Foliar Sprays". HortTechnology 16, nr 3 (styczeń 2006): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.3.0493.

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Encouraging results from previous trials on field vegetables led to the expectation that a kinetin foliar spray from the commercial product KIN-Gro (5000 ppm kinetin) on greenhouse vegetables would positively affect their growth and productivity. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the usefulness of this product on rockwool-grown `Bodega' cucumber (Cucumis sativus), `Rapsodie' tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), and `4-Ever' and `444' pepper (Capsicum annuum) at the Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, Ont. Two replicated experiments were conducted to study the effect of kinetin spray on growth and production of all three crops: the first in Spring-Summer 2004 and the second in Fall-Winter 2004. Foliar sprays of kinetin at 2.5, 5, and 10 ppm concentrations were tested against a water spray (control) on each crop. A 2.5-ppm kinetin spray had beneficial effects on the growth of cucumber transplants (taller plants and greater leaf area and fresh weight of leaves and stems). Furthermore, this treatment resulted in higher marketable yield in the Spring-Summer crop and in larger fruit size in the Fall-Winter crop. Regression analysis showed that cucumber marketable yield had an overall quadratic response to kinetin spray concentration in Spring-Summer season maximizing at 5.1 ppm kinetin. Kinetin spray also had beneficial effects on the growth of tomato seedlings, but not on yield. On the other hand, significant beneficial effects were observed on the growth of pepper seedlings and on marketable yield and fruit quality. Regression analysis showed that the response of pepper marketable yield to kinetin spray concentration was positive and linear. It must be noted that, given the rather short-term nature of our experiments, the observed beneficial effects of the kinetin sprays on yield can only be interpreted as beneficial effects on early yield rather than on the total yield. We concluded that under our growing conditions, cucumber production would benefit from a dilute (2.5 ppm) kinetin spray, and pepper production from a high concentration spray (10 ppm); tomato transplant growth will also benefit from a kinetin spray at 2.5 ppm. The results of this study could be of considerable significance to the greenhouse vegetable industry.

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Djamari, Djati Wibowo, Muhammad Idris, Permana Andi Paristiawan, Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas, Olusegun David Samuel, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, Safarudin Gazali Herawan i in. "Diesel Spray: Development of Spray in Diesel Engine". Sustainability 14, nr 23 (29.11.2022): 15902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315902.

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Research and development in the internal combustion engine (ICE) has been growing progressively. Issues such as air pollution, fuel cost, and market competitiveness have driven the automotive industry to develop and manufacture automobiles that meet new regulation and customers’ needs. The diesel engine has some advantages over the gasoline or spark ignition engine, including higher engine efficiency, greater power output, as well as reliability. Since the early stage of the diesel engine’s development phase, the quest to obtain better atomization, proper fuel supply, and accurate timing control, have triggered numerous innovations. In the last two decades, owing to the development of optical technology, the visualization of spray atomization has been made possible using visual diagnostics techniques. This advancement has greatly improved research in spray evolution. Yet, a more comprehensive understanding related to these aspects has not yet been agreed upon. Diesel spray, in particular, is considered a complicated phenomenon to observe because of its high-speed, high pressure, as well as its high temperature working condition. Nevertheless, several mechanisms have been successfully explained using fundamental studies, providing several suggestions in the area, such as liquid atomization and two-phase spray flow. There are still many aspects that have not yet been agreed upon. This paper comprehensively reviews the current status of theoretical diesel spray and modelling, including some important numerical and experimental aspects.

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Fang, Yuwen, Xiao Ma, Yixiao Zhang, Yanfei Li, Kaiqi Zhang, Changzhao Jiang, Zhi Wang i Shijin Shuai. "Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions". Energies 16, nr 6 (18.03.2023): 2843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062843.

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Liquid ammonia is an ideal zero-carbon fuel for internal combustion engines. High-pressure injection is a key technology in organizing ammonia combustion. Characteristics of high-pressure liquid ammonia injection is lack of research. Spray behaviors are likely to change when a high-pressure diesel injector uses liquid ammonia as its fuel. This study uses high-speed imaging with a DBI method to investigate the liquid penetration, width, and spray tip velocity of high-pressure liquid ammonia injection up to 100 MPa. Non-flash and flash boiling conditions were included in the experimental conditions. Simulation was also used to evaluate the results. In non-flash boiling conditions, the Hiroyasu model provided better accuracy than the Siebers model. In flash boiling conditions, a phenomenon was found that liquid penetration and spray tip velocity were strongly suppressed in the initial stage of the injection process, this being the “spray resistance phenomenon”. The “spray resistance phenomenon” was observed when ambient pressure was below 0.7 MPa during 0–0.05 ms ASOI and was highly related to the superheated degree. The shape of near-nozzle sprays abruptly changed at 0.05 ms ASOI, indicating that strong cavitation inside the nozzle caused by needle lift effects is the key reason for the “spray resistance phenomenon”.

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Gawankar, M. S., R. D. Sawale, S. N. Pawar i S. A. Chavan. "Effect of Ethrel® on Flowering, Sex-Expression and Yield in Cashew". Journal of Horticultural Sciences 5, nr 1 (30.06.2010): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v5i1.503.

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A field trial was conducted at Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle, Dist. Sindhudurg, (Maharashtra) to assess the efficacy of Ethrel® in relation to flowering behavior and yield enhancement in cashew on seven year old Cashew trees of Vengurle -7 variety during 2008-09. Three sprays of Ethrel® @ 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 400 ppm along with water spray were given before flushing, after flushing and during fruit-set. Control consisted of no. spray. Among treatments, Ethrel® @ 100 ppm significantly increased number of flowering panicles m-2 (12.0), number of perfect flowers per panicle (52.8), fruit-set m-2 (28.8), number of nuts per panicle (2.9) and yield tree-1 ( 1.51 kg tree-1) than control and water spray. Thus, lower concentration of Ethrel® had a beneficial effect on cashew.

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