Artykuły w czasopismach: „Spouses of cancer patients”

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ONISHI, HIDEKI, MASANARI ONOSE, SHIGEKO OKUNO, SUZU YAE, YASUHIRO MIZUNO, MIZUHO ITO, HIDEYUKI SAITO i CHIAKI KAWANISHI. "Spouse caregivers of terminally-ill cancer patients as cancer patients: A pilot study in a palliative care unit". Palliative and Supportive Care 3, nr 2 (czerwiec 2005): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951505050157.

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Objective: It is known that families of terminally-ill cancer patients show levels of emotional and functional disruption and are called “second order patients,” however, little is actually known about the health problems of family members, especially in terms of cancer.Methods: This study reviewed the family histories of terminally-ill cancer patients in a palliative care unit and investigated cancer related health problems of the spouses of terminally-ill cancer patients.Results: We investigated the past medical history of 125 spouses of terminally-ill cancer patients and found that five spouses had a past medical history of cancer. In these five spouses, the duration of illness, present status of treatment and physical condition were reviewed from the database. Of these five spouses, three patients continued to attend an outpatient clinic regularly for checkup and one patient was hospitalized for nephrectomy. Two spouses did not have physical symptoms that made them unable to provide direct care for the terminally-ill spouses, while three could not provide care because of their own physical symptoms derived from cancer.Significance of results: Our findings indicated that some of the spouses of terminally-ill cancer patients are not only “second order patients” but also “cancer patients.” Our findings also suggest that some spouses of terminally-ill cancer patients might experience distress both as a cancer patient and as a spouse and may need care both as a cancer patient and as a spouse.

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Ikezawa, Kenji, Sachiko Tanaka, Junko Fukuda, Miho Nakao, Yoko Nakano, Mayumi Chagi, Hiromi Yamanaka i Kazuyoshi Ohkawa. "Main pancreatic duct dilatation and pancreatic cysts in relatives and spouses of patients with pancreatic cancer". PLOS ONE 18, nr 1 (11.01.2023): e0280403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280403.

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Although main pancreatic duct dilatation and pancreatic cysts are risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer, limited data exist regarding these findings in relatives and spouses of pancreatic cancer patients. The frequency of these findings was examined using long-term follow-up data and transabdominal ultrasonography focusing on the pancreas. We prospectively enrolled 184 relatives and spouses of pancreatic cancer patients and performed special pancreatic ultrasonography to detect main pancreatic duct dilatation and pancreatic cysts. First-degree relatives (148 participants) of patients with pancreatic cancer were significantly younger than the spouses (36 participants; 41 vs. 65 years old). The frequency of ultrasonographic findings was significantly different between the relative (8.8%) and spouse (33.3%) groups. Main pancreatic duct dilatation and pancreatic cysts were observed in seven (4.7%) and seven (4.7%) participants in the relative group, and in nine (25.0%) and five (13.9%) participants in the spouse group, respectively. On multivariate analysis, age was an independent risk factor for the ultrasonographic findings. The frequency of ultrasonographic findings was significantly higher in spouses than in first-degree relatives of patients with pancreatic cancer and was strongly influenced by the age gap between the groups. Main pancreatic duct dilatation was frequently observed, especially in the spouse group.

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Salminen, E. K., R. Portin i M. J. Nurmi. "Distress among Prostate Cancer Patients and Spouses is Associated with Hormone Treatment and Participation in Decision-Making". Clinical medicine. Oncology 1 (styczeń 2007): 117955490700100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/117955490700100005.

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Background The aim of this study was to chart cancer experience and distress shared between prostate cancer (PC) patients and their spouses, focusing on effects of hormone treatment and treatment decision-making. Patients and methods This observational prospective study involved 203 PC patients and 194 spouses surveyed within 5 years from being diagnosed with PC. Fifty percent of the patients had received hormone treatment. Results Younger (<65 years) patients and spouses were significantly more distressed than the older. Patients receiving hormone treatment tended to be more distressed than those not treated (sum of scores, 5.6 vs 4.3, p = 0.017), and the same trend was seen in their spouses (p = 0.08). The spouse experienced difficulties in concentration and decision-making (Chi-squared test, p = 0.012) and somatic symptoms (p = 0.049) more often if the patient suffered the same problems. Use of alcohol/drugs was significantly more common among younger (<65 years) spouses (27.8% vs 7.2%, p < 0.001) and in those with higher level of education (26.1% vs 12.2%, p = 0.015). Conclusions Significant associations were observed in distress variables between prostate cancer patients and spouses, especially among younger patients and when hormone treatment was used. Distress among patients was associated with participation in treatment-decision making, and among spouses with age and educational level.

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PASSIK, STEVEN D., i KENNETH L. KIRSH. "A pilot examination of the impact of cancer patients' fatigue on their spousal caregivers". Palliative and Supportive Care 3, nr 4 (grudzień 2005): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951505050431.

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Objective: In this pilot project we examined the quality of life of spouses of cancer patients who had significant fatigue.Methods: We assessed both the spouses of cancer patients and the patients who presented with chemotherapy-induced fatigue and anemia. Study endpoints included the impact that cancer patients' fatigue had on their spouses' quality of life, including their own levels of fatigue, depressive symptoms, activity levels, work absenteeism, and marital adjustment. We examined the extent to which changes in patients' fatigue from baseline to one month follow-up were associated with changes in spouses' quality of life indices.Results: 25 couples completed the study. Seven (28%) spousal caregivers reported handling fewer responsibilities at work, 8 (32%) had reduced their work hours, and 8 (32%) felt that they were less effective overall at work. Spousal caregivers also missed a significant amount of time at work during the month long study, missing an average of 2.7 (SD = 2.95) days, with an additional 1.29 (SD = 2.97) sick days and 1.76 (SD = 2.63) vacation days during that time. Spouses reporting greater levels of caregiver strain were more likely to have increased fatigue at baseline (F1,23 = 8.11, p < .01), and worse dyadic adjustment at both time points (baseline: F1,23 = 7.80, p < .01; follow-up: F1,21 = 9.24, p < .01). Also, those with more caregiver strain were less likely to engage in social activity at baseline (F1,23 = 6.11, p < .05) and more likely to engage in less work by the one month follow-up (F1,20 = 8.36, p < .01).Significance of results: Spouses who were identified as having elevated burden experienced more personal fatigue, had worse dyadic adjustment, reported poor energy levels, and tended to engage in fewer work and social activities; the impact of patient's fatigue level on these parameters was highly variable in this small pilot study.

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Northouse, Laurel L., Darlene W. Mood, James E. Montie, Howard M. Sandler, Jeffrey D. Forman, Maha Hussain, Kenneth J. Pienta, David C. Smith, Martin G. Sanda i Trace Kershaw. "Living With Prostate Cancer: Patients' and Spouses' Psychosocial Status and Quality of Life". Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, nr 27 (20.09.2007): 4171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.09.6503.

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Purpose Despite the high prevalence of prostate cancer, little information is available on the quality of life of men and their spouses during the phases of illness. This study assessed patients' and spouses' quality of life, appraisal of illness, resources, symptoms, and risk for distress across three phases of prostate cancer: newly diagnosed, biochemical recurrence, and advanced. Patients and Methods The sample consisted of 263 patient/spouse dyads. A stress-appraisal conceptual model guided the selection of variables which were then assessed with established instruments. Study variables were examined for phase effects (differences in dyads across three phases), role effects (patients v spouses), and phase-by-role interactions (differences within dyads across phases) using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results More phase effects than role effects were found, indicating that the psychosocial experiences of patients and their spouses were similar, but differed from dyads in other phases. Dyads in the advanced phase were at highest risk for distress. These patients had the lowest physical quality of life, and their spouses had the lowest emotional quality of life of all participants. Dyads in the biochemical recurrence and advanced phases had more negative appraisals of illness and caregiving, greater uncertainty, and more hopelessness compared with dyads in the newly diagnosed phase. Spouses, in contrast to patients, had less confidence in their ability to manage the illness and perceived less support across all phases of illness. Conclusion Phase-specific programs of care are needed to assist both men with prostate cancer and their spouses to manage the effects of illness.

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Hu, Kejia, Qianwei Liu, Krisztina D. László, Dang Wei, Fen Yang, Katja Fall, Hans-Olov Adami i in. "Risk of Psychiatric Disorders Among Spouses of Patients With Cancer in Denmark and Sweden". JAMA Network Open 6, nr 1 (5.01.2023): e2249560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49560.

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ImportanceThere is emerging evidence that spouses of patients with cancer may have a higher prevalence of mental illness, but these studies have been limited by pre-post designs, focus on a single mental illness, and short follow-up periods.ObjectivesTo assess the overall burden of psychiatric disorders among spouses of patients with cancer vs spouses of individuals without cancer and to describe possible changes in this burden over time.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population based cohort study included spouses of patients with cancer (diagnosed 1986-2016 in Denmark and 1973-2014 in Sweden; exposed group) and spouses of individuals without cancer (unexposed group). Members of the unexposed group were individually matched to individuals in the exposed group on the year of birth, sex, and country. Spouses with and without preexisting psychiatric morbidity were analyzed separately. Data analysis was performed between May 2021 and January 2022.ExposuresBeing spouse to a patient with cancer.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was a clinical diagnosis of psychiatric disorders through hospital-based inpatient or outpatient care. Flexible parametric models and Cox models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs, adjusted for sex, age and year at cohort entry, country, household income, and cancer history.ResultsAmong 546 321 spouses in the exposed group and 2 731 574 in the unexposed group who had no preexisting psychiatry morbidity, 46.0% were male participants, with a median (IQR) age at cohort entry of 60 (51-68) years. During follow-up (median, 8.4 vs 7.6 years), the incidence rate of first-onset psychiatric disorders was 6.8 and 5.9 per 1000 person-years for the exposed and unexposed groups, respectively (37 830 spouses of patients with cancer [6.9%]; 153 607 of spouses of individuals without cancer [5.6%]). Risk of first-onset psychiatric disorders increased by 30% (adjusted HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.25-1.34) during the first year after cancer diagnosis, especially for depression (adjusted HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.30-1.47) and stress-related disorders (adjusted HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.88-2.22). Risk of first-onset psychiatric disorders increased by 14% (adjusted HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.13-1.16) during the entire follow-up, which was similar for substance abuse, depression, and stress-related disorders. The risk increase was more prominent among spouses of patients diagnosed with a cancer with poor prognosis (eg, pancreatic cancer: adjusted HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.32-1.51) or at an advanced stage (adjusted HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.26-1.36) and when the patient died during follow-up (adjusted HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.27-1.31). Among spouses with preexisting psychiatric morbidity, the risk of psychiatric disorders (first-onset or recurrent) increased by 23% during the entire follow-up (adjusted HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.20-1.25).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of 2 populations in Denmark and Sweden, spouses of patients with cancer experienced increased risk of several psychiatric disorders that required hospital-based specialist care. Our results support the need for clinical awareness to prevent potential mental illness among the spouses of patients with cancer.

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D'Souza, Gypsyamber, Neil D. Gross, Sara I. Pai, Robert I. Haddad, Maura L. Gillison i Marshall R. Posner. "Oral HPV infection in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer cases and their spouses." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, nr 18_suppl (20.06.2013): CRA6031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.18_suppl.cra6031.

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CRA6031 Background: Incidence of human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-OPC) is increasing, and spouses of these patients have high anxiety about their own HPV-related cancer risk. Methods: Partner study of 149 HPV-OPC and 81 of their spouse/long-term partners. Data collection included a 30-second rinse and gargle (at diagnosis and again 1 year later for 103 cases and 46 partners), computer-assisted risk factor survey, tumor collection (cases), and visual oral examination (spouses). Oral rinse samples were tested for 36 types of HPV DNA using PGMY09/11 primers and line-blot amplification, and HPV16 copy-number using real-time PCR. Results: Cases were primarily male (89%), white non-Hispanic (92%), had performed oral sex (94%), and never-smokers (51%) with a median age of 56 years. Twelve-month survival was high among never- and ever-smoking HPV-OPC (100% vs 93%, p=0.18). The 81 spouses of HPV-OPC were primarily female (81%), white non-Hispanic (92%), never-smokers (54%), with a median age of 53 years. Spouses were significantly less likely than cases to have >10 lifetime oral sex partners (11% vs 39%, p<0.001). Prevalence of any oral HPV (65%) and oral HPV16 (52%) was high among HPV-OPC at diagnosis. Four (7.7%) of 52 HPV-OPC with HPV16 DNA detectable before therapy, had HPV16 persistently detected one year after diagnosis/therapy. Prevalence of any oral HPV DNA among partners was significantly lower than among HPV-OPC (7.3% vs 65%, p<0.001). Oral HPV prevalence was significantly higher among the 7 male partners than the 74 female partners (29% vs 5%, p=0.025). Oral HPV infections among partners included HPV16 (n=2), HPV62 (n=2), HPV 83 and 51 (1 each). Both partners with oral HPV16 infections were female and no longer had oral HPV16 detected at the one year follow-up. 64% of spouses had a visual oral exam, and no pre-cancers or cancers were identified. However, two (2.5%) enrolled spouses reported a personal history of cervical cancer, and 6 HPV-HNC cases (4.0%) reported a previous spouse who developed cervical or vaginal cancer. Conclusions: Oral HPV16 DNA is common among HPV-OPC, but not among their spouses. Spouses of HPV-OPC may have an elevated risk or history of cervical cancer.

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Noveiri, Marzieh Jahani Sayad, Farshid Shamsaei, Masoud Khodaveisi, Zohreh Vanaki i Lily Tapak. "The concept of coping in male spouses of Iranian women with breast cancer: A qualitative study using a phenomenological approach". Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal 31, nr 3 (22.07.2021): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5737/23688076313314321.

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Introduction: Breast cancer is a multidimensional crisis that affects not just the patient, but the spouse and other family members. Coping with this phenomenon, as one of the important challenges for the families and spouses, requires investigation. Understanding more about how spouses of women with breast cancer cope with this crisis could lead to better performance of spouses in front of their wives and raise their wives’ quality of life. Purpose: The study was conducted to explore the concept of coping based on the lived experiences of spouses of women with breast cancer. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted with a phenomenological approach in Hamedan and Rasht cities in Iran in 2019. Participants included 20 spouses of women with breast cancer selected by a purposive sampling method. Data were collected through unstructured face-to-face interviews and analyzed using van Manen’s six-stage phenomenological method. Results: The lived experiences of participants showed that the phenomenon of coping in spouses of women with breast cancer included five themes: Emotional pain, Shouldering the burden of care, Striving for family life cohesion, Future in ambiguity, and Sense of loss of self concept. Understanding the concept of coping in the spouses of women with breast cancer in health strategies can help wives achieve effective adaptation and also help professionals take effective measures in the field of medical care for patients and their spouses.

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Mehta, Anita, i Hélène Ezer. "My Love is Hurting: The Meaning Spouses Attribute to Their Loved Ones’ Pain during Palliative Care". Journal of Palliative Care 19, nr 2 (czerwiec 2003): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082585970301900203.

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The purpose of this qualitative study was to develop our knowledge of the pain experiences of family members by addressing the meaning of cancer pain to the spouse of a patient receiving palliative care. In particular, this study explored factors associated with the meanings the spouses ascribe to the experience of pain during palliative care and whether the meanings the patients attributed to pain were similar to the meanings held by the spouse. Two different states emerged, the “in-pain state” and the “out of pain state”. The spouses described feelings of helplessness, fear, and unfairness when witnessing their loved one in pain. Once the pain had been controlled, spouses described feelings of peace and relaxation, and felt this meant that the couple could return to their old routines because their spouse was still alive. It was discovered that the meanings placed on the cancer pain differed for the spouse and the patient, with the spouse focusing on future consequences. Implications and suggestions for nursing practice and future research are proposed.

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Reblin, Maija, Brian Gonzalez, Richard E. Heyman, Lee Ellington i Susan Thomas Vadaparampil. "Relationships between distress and sleep in advanced cancer patients and spouse caregivers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, nr 34_suppl (1.12.2018): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.34_suppl.195.

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195 Background: Sleep disturbance is a common problem among individuals with advanced cancer. Distress and sleep disturbance are highly interdependent in spouses. Little research has examined dyadic effects of psychological distress on sleep in patient-caregiver spouses, most of whom sleep together. The goal of this study was to determine how anxiety and depression impact one’s own sleep and partner’s sleep in advanced cancer patients and their spouse caregivers. Methods: As part of a larger study, 86 advanced cancer patients and their spouse caregivers completed surveys on demographics and self-reported health, including sleep duration, and the HADS measure of anxiety and depression. A path analysis was conducted to determine the impact of patient and caregiver anxiety and depression on their own and their partner’s sleep. Results: The majority of dyads were white (n = 79) and all were heterosexual. The patient was female in 25 couples. The average age for patients was 67 and 65 for caregivers; couples had been together an average of 35 years. Patients reported sleeping 7.2 hours/night (SD = 1.7) and caregivers reported sleeping 6.72 hours/night (SD = 1.3). Patient and caregiver sleep was significantly correlated (r = .42, p < .01). Controlling for age, sex, and general health, one’s own anxiety was negatively associated with one’s own sleep duration (patient B = -.12, p = .04; caregiver B = -.13, p < .01), but patients’ anxiety was not associated with caregivers’ sleep duration or vice versa. Individuals’ depression was not associated with their own sleep duration, but patient depression was positively associated with caregiver sleep duration (B = .10, p = .05). Conclusions: This is one of the first dyadic explorations of psychological distress and sleep duration in advanced cancer patients and spouse caregivers. The increase in the caregivers’ reported sleep duration associated with patient depression may be an early indicator of caregiver depression. These findings strongly support further research of the dyadic effects of distress on sleep to identify longitudinal effects on holistic sleep outcomes for spouses coping with cancer.

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Dorval, Michel, Stéphane Guay, Myrto Mondor, Benoît Mâsse, Maurice Falardeau, André Robidoux, Luc Deschênes i Elizabeth Maunsell. "Couples Who Get Closer After Breast Cancer: Frequency and Predictors in a Prospective Investigation". Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, nr 15 (20.05.2005): 3588–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.01.628.

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Purpose Although some couples report an improved relationship since coping with breast cancer together, little quantitative information exists about this phenomenon. We assessed extent to which both couple members report that breast cancer brought them closer and characteristics that predicted this. Patients and Methods This prospective study was based on all women with newly diagnosed nonmetastatic disease first treated during recruitment in four Quebec hospitals, in addition to their spouses. Participation was 87% among eligible patients and 91% among spouses of participating patients. Both couple partners were interviewed individually about quality of life at 2 weeks and 3 and 12 months after treatment start. At 12 months, each was asked whether the disease had brought them closer, distanced them, or had no effect. Results Overall, 42% of the 282 couples said breast cancer brought them closer, 6% had one or other partner reporting feeling distanced, and less than 1% of couples had both partners reporting feeling distanced. Characteristics assessed explained 31% of variance in the proportion of couples getting closer (P < .0001). After taking into account partners' prediagnosis characteristics and the woman's treatment, the spouse reporting the patient as confidant (P = .003), getting advice from her in the first 2 weeks about coping with breast cancer (P = .03), accompanying her to surgery (P = .057), the patient's reporting more affection from her spouse at 3 months since diagnosis (P = .003) predicted both partners saying the disease brought them closer. Conclusion Breast cancer can be a growth experience for couples under certain conditions. This information may help reassure patients and their spouses confronting this disease.

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Milbury, Kathrin, Gabriel Lopez, Anne S. Tsao i Eduardo Bruera. "Cancer-related communications and symptom burden in couples coping with advanced lung cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, nr 29_suppl (10.10.2015): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.29_suppl.231.

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231 Background: Although effective communications regarding symptoms may decrease distress and patients and their spouses, families tend to experience barriers to open communication. The purpose of this cross-sectional survey study is to examine the role of cancer-related communications in symptom burden in families coping with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: Couples were approached while waiting for their routine visit at the thoracic center. 25 patients (58% female; 78% white; mean age: 62.7 years; 72% stage III; 2.3 months post diagnosis) and their spouses completed measures of cancer symptoms (ESAS), psychological distress (BSI), and illness communication (CCAT_PF). Results: Dyadic analyses using multi-level modeling revealed that patients generally rated their own symptom burden significantly lower compared to spouses rating patient symptoms (P < .0001). However, this discrepancy in perceptions of symptoms was a function of cancer communication (P < .001) so that the more couples communicate about cancer-related issues (e.g., treatment decision making) the more they agreed regarding symptom burden. Importantly, a discrepancy in symptoms ratings was significantly related to spouses’ depressive symptoms (P < . 01) so that the greater the discrepancy, the greater spouses depression. Lastly, more effective cancer communication was related to lower cancer symptoms in patients (P < .05) as well as depression (P < .01) and anxiety (P < .05) in both patients and spouses. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of effective cancer communication in reducing symptom burden in couples coping with advanced lung cancer. Behavioral interventions that target communication skills taining may improve symptom management in patients and reduce psychological distress in spouses.

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Howell, Doris. "The Impact of Terminal Illness on the Spouse". Journal of Palliative Care 2, nr 1 (marzec 1987): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082585978700200105.

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This descriptive study explores the responses, concerns and problems of the hospitalized, terminally ill, cancer patient's spouse. The findings of the study suggest that spouses experience a deterioration in their health, disturbed thought processes, and a variety of emotional responses when confronted with the impending death of a husband / wife from cancer. Spouses are concerned about the physical symptoms, such as pain, experienced by the patient and their inability to communicate with him or her. The spouses’ problems centre on changes or anticipated changes in their lifestyle. An important finding of the study was the identification of a group of spouses who appear to be at risk. These spouses reported a high incidence of physical symptoms in relation to their own health, a high incidence of emotional responses, and numerous concerns.

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Karikawa, Mari, i Hisae Nakatani. "Development of a home-visit nursing scale for helping spousal caregivers of terminal cancer patients develop positive perspectives of their caregiving experiences: a cross-sectional study". BMJ Open 9, nr 12 (grudzień 2019): e031057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031057.

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ObjectiveHome-visit nurses play a key role in supporting the spouses of terminal cancer patients and encouraging positive perspectives of the caregiving experience. This study aimed to develop a scale to support nurses in self-assessing their practice around this important role.DesignCross-sectional questionnaire study.SettingThe Home Nursing Scale to Help Spousal Caregivers (HNS-HSC) questionnaire for self-assessment of home-visit nursing to spouses was developed based on interviews with spouses and literature reviews.ParticipantsOverall, 1500 home-visit nurses nationwide who had experience in supporting spousal caregivers and their patients in the predeath and postdeath periods were approached for participation.Main outcome measurePlanned exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the underlying dimensions of the HNS-HSC; Cronbach’s α was used to determine the reliability. The Japanese version of Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B (FAT-COD-B-J) and Grief Care scale were administered to assess convergent and discriminant validity.ResultsExploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified 26 items on five factors: ‘helping spouses plan their futures’ ‘helping caregivers alleviate any regrets regarding their care’, ‘understanding the bond between a couple’, ‘providing support for anticipatory grief’, and ‘addressing spousal caregivers’ emotions after their spouses’ deaths’. The final model showed acceptable goodness-of-fit indices. The Cronbach’s α for the entire scale was 0.949 and exceeded 0.822 for each factor. The correlation coefficient with the FAT-COD-B-J, which served as an external validation, was 0.35. The correlation coefficients for the three grief care scales were 0.64, 0.45 and 0.72, respectively.ConclusionsThis scale is a reliable and valid tool for visiting nurses to self-assess their knowledge, skills and practice around helping spousal caregivers. By using this scale, it is expected to change nursing practice in pursuit of improving quality of life of spouses.

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OBEKST, M. T., i D. W. SCOTT. "Postdischarge Crisis in Cancer Patients and Spouses". Nursing Research 34, nr 6 (listopad 1985): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198511000-00025.

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Glasdam, Stinne, Anders Bonde Jensen, Ebbe Lindegaard Madsen i Carsten Rose. "Anxiety and depression in cancer patients’ spouses". Psycho-Oncology 5, nr 1 (marzec 1996): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1611(199603)5:1<23::aid-pon206>3.0.co;2-h.

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Mellemgaard, Anders, Ole Møller Jensen i Elsebeth Lynge. "Cancer incidence among spouses of patients with colorectal cancer". International Journal of Cancer 44, nr 2 (15.08.1989): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910440206.

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Chaitchik, Samario, Shulamith Kreitler, Yoram Rapoport i Rahel Algor. "What do cancer patients?? spouses know about the patients?" Cancer Nursing 15, nr 5 (październik 1992): 353???362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002820-199210000-00005.

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Wertheim, Reut, Ilanit Hasson-Ohayon, Michal Mashiach-Eizenberg, Noam Pizem, Einat Shacham-Shmueli i Gil Goldzweig. "Hide and “sick”: Self-concealment, shame and distress in the setting of psycho-oncology". Palliative and Supportive Care 16, nr 4 (21.06.2017): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951517000499.

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ABSTRACTObjective:Both trait and contextual self-concealment, as well as shame- and guilt-proneness, have previously been found to be associated with psychological distress. However, findings regarding the associations between these variables among patients with cancer and among the spouses of patients with cancer are limited. The aim of the current study was therefore to investigate the relationship between shame-proneness and psychological distress (anxiety and depression) by examining the mediating role of both trait and contextual self-concealment among patients with cancer and among the spouses of patients with cancer.Method:The current study was part of a large-scale cross-sectional study on self-concealment among patients with cancer and spouses of patients with cancer. It was based on two independent subsamples: patients with cancer and spouses of patients with cancer,who were not dyads. A total of 80 patients with cancer and 80 spouses of (other) patients with cancer completed questionnaires assessing shame- and guilt-proneness, trait and contextual self-concealment, anxiety, and depression.Results:Results indicate that spouses reported both greater shame-proneness and anxiety than did patients (main effect of role). Female participants reported greater shame-proneness, higher levels of contextual self-concealment, and greater depression and anxiety than did male participants (main effect of gender). No group differences (role/gender) were found for guilt-proneness and trait self-concealment. Trait and contextual self-concealment partially mediated the relationship between shame-proneness and distress, pointing out the need to further examine additional mediators.Significance of results:Findings suggest that contextual self-concealment and shame-proneness are important variables to consider when assessing distress in the setting of psycho-oncology. Study results may have significant clinical implications regarding the need to identify patients and spouses who are more prone to shame and self-concealment behavior in order to better tailor interventions for them.

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Wright, Alexi A., Nancy Lynn Keating i Lauren Hersch Nicholas. "Associations between cancer patients' advance care and financial planning and surviving spouses' financial well-being." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2017): 6567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.6567.

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6567 Background: The “financial toxicity” associated with cancer treatment, including high out-of-pocket expenses and lost earnings, may have lasting financial effects for surviving spouses. Although advance care planning (ACP) is used as a cancer quality metric, the value of financial planning is unknown. Methods: We examined associations between cancer patients’ written ACP and financial planning (will) and surviving spouses’ financial well-being using prospective, nationally representative data from the 2004-2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. We assessed change in household, non-housing (financial) wealth, including debt, among 962 surviving spouses of cancer decedents. Because wealth varies widely in the US, we fit multivariable quantile regression models at the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles to examine associations between cancer decedents’ ACP, financial planning, and wealth, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Among cancer decedents, 33% completed both ACP and a will, 27% only a will, 10% only ACP, and 30% neither. The median wealth of surviving spouses was $22,309 (25th percentile = $0, 75th percentile = $134,238). Among spouses of cancer decedents in the 25th percentile of wealth before death, completion of ACP and a will was associated with $5,348 (95% CI = $1,172-$9,523) more financial wealth after death compared with no planning. Use of ACP and a will was also associated with $46,851 (95% CI = $2,810-$90,891) more financial wealth at the 75th percentile. There were no differences in the wealth of surviving spouses after death between patients who completed only a will, only ACP, or no planning (Ps > .09). Conclusions: Completion of ACP and financial planning was associated with greater wealth among both affluent and non-affluent surviving spouses compared with no planning. Efforts to sensitively incorporate financial planning into cancer patients’ care have the potential to improve surviving family members’ financial well-being.

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Kozhanov, L. G., А. L. Kozhanov, Yu Yu Vyaltseva, А. V. Egorova i S. V. Chulkova. "Laryngeal cancer in two non-consanguineous people (spouses): a case report". Head and Neck Tumors (HNT) 10, nr 2 (24.07.2020): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/2222-1468-2020-10-2-85-89.

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The objective is to report a rare case of laryngeal cancer in spouses. Case report. A 59-year-old female patient was admitted to the Department of Head and Neck Tumors in December 2019 with complaints of hoarseness. In 1997, she had radiotherapy for T1N0M0 laryngeal cancer. After comprehensive examination, she was diagnosed with recurrent laryngeal cancer. The patient has undergone frontolateral laryngeal resection. A 67-year-old male patient was admitted to the Department of Head and Neck Tumors in November 2019 with T3N0M0 laryngeal cancer (diagnosed 2 months before). He has undergone extended frontolateral laryngeal resection followed by radiotherapy in the postoperative period. Discussion. Both patients had no risk factors, such as occupational hazards or smoking. However, both spouses had close relatives with cancer, what indicates their genetic predisposition to malignant tumors. The female patient was found to have human papilloma virus (HPV) in the tumor cells, whereas her spouse was HPV-negative, although rapid histology showed indirect signs of HPV, which does not exclude the elimination of HPV. Conclusion. In this rare case of laryngeal cancer diagnosed in two non-consanguineous spouses, the disease is likely to be caused by their hereditary predisposition, HPV infection, and the fact that they lived in the same socioeconomic conditions.

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Kune, GabrielA, Susan Kune i LyndseyF Watson. "COLORECTAL CANCER IN SPOUSES OF COLORECTAL CANCER PATIENTS AND CONTROLS". Lancet 329, nr 8537 (kwiecień 1987): 870–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91659-x.

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Kaye, Janet, i Edward Gracely. "Psychological distress in cancer patients and their spouses". Journal of Cancer Education 8, nr 1 (1993): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08858199309528207.

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Kim, Minkyung, i Sukhee Ahn. "Do spouse burden of care, family resilience, and coping affect family function in gynecologic cancer in Korea?: a cross-sectional study". Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing 28, nr 3 (30.09.2022): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2022.08.03.

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Purpose: This study aimed to investigate family functioning among spouses of gynecologic cancer patients in Korea. McCubbin and McCubbin’s Family Resilience Model (1993) guided the study focus on burden of care, family resilience, coping, and family functioning.Methods: An online survey collected data from 123 spouses of gynecologic cancer patients through convenience sampling from online communities for gynecologic cancer patients in Korea. Burden of care, family resilience (social support, family hardiness, and family problem-solving communication), coping, and family functioning were measured by self-report.Results: The patients (44.7%) and their spouses (47.2%) were mostly in the 41 to 50-year age group. Stage 1 cancer was 44.7%, and cervical cancer was the most common (37.4%) followed by ovarian cancer (30.9%) and uterine cancer (27.6%) regarding the cancer characteristics of the wife. Family function, burden of care, family resilience, and coping were all at greater than midpoint levels. Family functioning was positively related with social support (r=.44, p<.001), family hardiness (r=.49, p<.001), problem-solving communication (r=.73, p<.001), and coping (r=.56, p<.001). Multiple regression identified significant factors for family functioning (F=25.58, p<.001), with an overall explanatory power of 61.7%. Problem-solving communication (β=.56, p<.001) had the greatest influence on family function of gynecologic cancer families, followed by coping (β=.24, p<. 001) and total treatment period of the wife (β=.17, p=.006).Conclusion: Nurses need to assess levels of family communication and spousal coping to help improve gynecologic cancer patients’ family function, especially for patients in longer treatment.

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Fenton, Anny, Alexi A. Wright, Julia H. Rowland, Erin E. Kent, Kristin Litzelman i Nancy Lynn Keating. "Comparing adult child and spousal caregiver burden and potential causes." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2021): 12127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.12127.

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12127 Background: Adult children caring for a parent with cancer comprise a significant segment of caregivers. Demographic trends indicate this caregiving population will grow as the baby boomer generation ages. Yet little is known about adult child caregivers’ needs and experiences and how they differ from the well-studied spousal caregiver. This knowledge gap may hinder efforts to ameliorate adult children’s caregiver burden and its impact on patients. Methods: We analyzed adult child and spousal/partner caregivers’ surveys from the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance consortium, a multi-regional population-based study of approximately 10,000 persons with newly diagnosed colorectal and lung cancer. We used t-tests and a series of multivariate regression models to assess whether adult child and spousal caregivers’ caregiving responsibilities, social/emotional burden, and financial burden (scaled 0-10) differed and examined patient and caregiver characteristics’ mediation of variation in burden. Results: Compared to spouses/partners (N=1029), adult children (N=230) completed similar levels of caregiving tasks but spent less time (14 vs. 24 hours/week; p<0.001). However, adult children experienced higher social/emotional burden (2.9 vs. 2.4; p<0.01). In baseline models controlling for patient clinical factors, caregiving characteristics, and caregiver demographics, adult children’s average social/emotional and financial burdens were statistically higher than spouses/partners. Additional adjustment for caregivers’ childcare responsibilities and employment eliminated social/emotional and financial burden disparities. Additional adjustment to the baseline model for caregiver-patient gender concordance eliminated the social/emotional burden gap. Communication quality was a large and statistically significant predictor of both burdens (p<0.001). Conclusions: Adult children spend less time caregiving than spouses/partners but experience higher caregiving burden. Adult children’s childcare and career responsibilities help explain this increased burden. Gender concordance between caregiver and patient may also contribute to social/emotional burden, adding important context to prior research indicating female caregivers experience the greatest burden. Interventions to improve communication between caregivers and patients have the potential to reduce both adult child and spouses/partners caregiver burden.[Table: see text]

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Rees, Charlotte E., Peter A. Bath i Michael Lloyd‐Williams. "The information concerns of spouses of women with breast cancer: patients’ and spouses’ perspectives". Journal of Advanced Nursing 28, nr 6 (grudzień 1998): 1249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00833.x.

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Braun, Michal, Mario Mikulincer, Anne Rydall, Andrew Walsh i Gary Rodin. "Hidden Morbidity in Cancer: Spouse Caregivers". Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, nr 30 (20.10.2007): 4829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.10.0909.

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Purpose This study assesses psychological distress among advanced cancer patients and their spouse caregivers, while examining the relative contribution of caregiving burden and relational variables (attachment orientation and marital satisfaction) to depressive symptoms in the spouse caregivers. Methods A total of 101 patients with advanced GI or lung cancer and their spouse caregivers were recruited for the study. Measures included Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II), Caregiving Burden scale, Experiences in Close Relationships scale, and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction scale. Results A total of 38.9% of the caregivers reported significant symptoms of depression (BDI-II ≥ 15) compared with 23.0% of their ill spouses (P < .0001). In a hierarchical regression predicting caregiver's depression, spouse caregiver's age and patient's cancer site were entered in the first step, objective caregiving burden was entered in the second step, subjective caregiving burden was entered in the third step, caregiver's attachment scores were entered in the fourth step, and caregiver's marital satisfaction score was entered in the fifth step. The final model accounted for 37% of the variance of caregiver depression, with subjective caregiving burden (β = .38; P < .01), caregiver's anxious attachment (β = .21; P < .05), caregiver's avoidant attachment (β = .20; P < .05), and caregiver's marital satisfaction (β = −.18; P < .05) making significant contributions to the model. Conclusion Spouse caregivers of patients with advanced cancer are a high-risk population for depression. Subjective caregiving burden and relational variables, such as caregivers' attachment orientations and marital dissatisfaction, are important predictors of caregiver depression.

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Shin, Kyeonga. "Influence of Marital Communication on Cancer Coping, Health Promoting Behavior, and Subjective Happiness in Elderly Cancer Patients". Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing 23, nr 4 (30.11.2021): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17079/jkgn.2021.23.4.333.

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Purpose: This study examined the effect of marital communication on cancer coping, health promoting behavior, and subjective happiness in elderly cancer patients.Methods: The participants were 88 older patients with cancer living with a spouse for at least one year. Data collected through a questionnaire covering general characteristics, marital communications, cancer coping, health promoting behavior, and subjective happiness were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and a simple linear regression test using the SPSS 26.0.Results: Marital communications showed a positive correlation with cancer coping (r=.54, p<.001), health promoting behavior (r=.47, p<.001), and subjective happiness (r=.46, p<.001). Positive marital communications had the greatest influence on cancer coping (β=.54, p<.001).Conclusion: The findings suggest that developing nursing interventions that can enhance marital communications between older patients with cancer and their spouses could improve their quality of living.

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Mushtaq, Nudrat, i Rabia Ali. "Marital satisfaction of breast cancer patients and their spouses: A qualitative study". Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies: Alam-e-Niswan 26, nr 2 (19.12.2019): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46521/pjws.026.02.0008.

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This study is part of a larger PhD research project on marital satisfaction of Breast Cancer Patients and their spouses in the Discipline of Sociology. The study was conducted by using a mixed method design. An interpretative research approach was used to collect data from 12 couples confronting breast cancer to unveil their experiences of marital satisfaction, while data from 279 couples were taken through a survey. In this paper the qualitative finding will be presented to highlight the couples’ nuanced experience as a consequence of their diagnosis. The findings reveal that the majority of participants experienced distress in their marital relationship. Breast cancer-confronting couples stated that breast cancer affected their intimate and /sexual relationship, besides acquainting them with individual psychological and mutual spousal issues. Difficulties in dealing with physical deformity and psychological effects resulting from breast cancer, and the ways these changes influenced their marital satisfaction, were observed by a majority of the participants. The findings suggest that couples with strong emotional bonding and understanding dealt with these consequences in a better way.

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Houts, Peter S., Allan Lipton, Harold A. Harvey, Mary A. Simmonds i Mary J. Bartholomew. "Predictors of Grief Among Spouses of Deceased Cancer Patients". Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 7, nr 3 (7.11.1989): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j077v07n03_08.

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Lavery, J. F., i V. A. Clarke. "Prostate cancer: Patients' and spouses' coping and marital adjustment". Psychology, Health & Medicine 4, nr 3 (sierpień 1999): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135485099106225.

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Gray, Ross E., Margaret I. Fitch, Catherine Phillips, Manon Labrecque i Laurence Klotz. "Presurgery Experiences of Prostate Cancer Patients and Their Spouses". Cancer Practice 7, nr 3 (maj 1999): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-5394.1999.07308.x.

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Phillips, Catherine, Ross E. Gray, Margaret I. Fitch, Manon Labrecque, Karen Fergus i Laurence Klotz. "Early Postsurgery Experience of Prostate Cancer Patients and Spouses". Cancer Practice 8, nr 4 (lipiec 2000): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-5394.2000.84009.x.

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KEITEL, MERLE A., STANLEY H. CRAMER i MICHAEL A. ZEVON. "Spouses of Cancer Patients: A Review of the Literature". Journal of Counseling & Development 69, nr 2 (12.11.1990): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1990.tb01479.x.

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Porter, Laura S., Francis J. Keefe, Herbert Hurwitz i Michelle Faber. "Disclosure between patients with gastrointestinal cancer and their spouses". Psycho-Oncology 14, nr 12 (2005): 1030–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.915.

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Porter, Laura S., Laura FIsh, Hope Elizabeth Uronis, Yousuf Zafar i Karen E. Steinhauser. "The elephant in the room: Facilitating conversations about advanced cancer between patients and their spouses." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, nr 26_suppl (9.10.2016): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.26_suppl.233.

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233 Background: Interventions to enhance couples’ communication about cancer-related issues can lead to benefits for patients, spouses, and their relationships. We recently conducted a pilot study testing a couples communication skills training (CCST) intervention targeted to couples in which one partner had advanced GI cancer, a population who may need particular help addressing difficult and emotionally-laden topics related to life-limiting illness. Results of quantitative analyses suggested that the intervention was effective in improving relationship satisfaction for these couples. The objective of the current study was to analyze intervention session conversation content to identify themes that couples addressed spontaneously, with the ultimate goal of determining whether an intervention that more specifically guides couples to discuss issues related to end of life and the life-limiting nature of the patient’s illness would be acceptable. Methods: 12 couples (10 male and 2 female patients and their spouses) completed the 6 session CCST intervention which provided training in communication skills for sharing thoughts and feelings and making decisions, and gave couples the opportunity to use these skills to discuss cancer-related issues of their choosing. We conducted qualitative content analysis of the 72 audio-recorded sessions, and coded common and recurrent topics raised by patients and spouses. In addition to identifying breadth of topics, we used theme frequency as an initial gauge of theme importance and acceptability. Results: The most common themes identified were prognosis, treatment, emotional intimacy, completion, spouse’s life after the death of the patient, roles, communication, sublimating needs, emotional support, and family. These represent themes previously identified as important to patients at end of life, as well as themes unique to dyads in intimate relationships. Conclusions: These findings support the feasibility of conducting an intervention that combines training in communication skills with guidance for using these skills to discuss topics that are potentially most meaningful to couples facing advanced illness.

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Eng, Lawson, Dan Pringle, Xin Qiu, Xiaowei Shen, Chongya Niu, Mary Mahler, Oleksandr Halytskyy i in. "The role of social exposure to smoking on smoking cessation in adult cancer survivors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2013): 9536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.9536.

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9536 Background: We previously described a strong inverse relationship between social smoking exposures (at home, spousal and with peers) and smoking cessation in lung cancer, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 3-8 (Eng et al, ASCO 2012, abst 9032). In the current analysis, we evaluated whether these associations hold true in adult cancers in general, particularly cancers not traditionally known to have smoking as a risk factor. Methods: 616 cancer survivors across multiple cancer sites were surveyed on their smoking, alcohol, and physical activity habits before and at various times after cancer diagnosis. Social smoking exposures were documented. Multivariate logistic regression models evaluated the association of each variable with change in each habit after diagnosis adjusted for significant socio-demographic and clinico-pathological covariates. Results: Median follow-up after diagnosis was 26 months. 15% had breast cancers; 15% gastrointestinal; 20% genitourinary-gynecological; 24% haematological; 36% other. Among current smokers at diagnosis, 56% quit after diagnosis; no ex- or never-smoker restarted. Patients without secondary home smoking exposure were significantly more likely to quit smoking than those with home exposures (aOR=9.5, 95% CI [2.4-37.8]). Similar results were seen in patients with non-smoking spouses versus smoking spouses (aOR=3.7 [1.0-13.4]), and with lack of peer smoke exposure (aOR=3.7 [1.3-10.7]). 63% patients who quit did so in the 1 year period surrounding the diagnosis date (6-months pre or post diagnosis). In comparison, first and second-hand smoking exposures did not affect other modifiable behaviours such as alcohol or physical activity. Patient awareness of quality of life and survival benefits of smoking cessation and receiving smoking cessation counselling were not associated with improved smoking cessation. Conclusions: Secondary smoking exposures are associated with lack of smoking cessation in adult cancer survivors, even in cancers not traditionally linked to smoking. Being diagnosed with cancer may be an important `teachable moment` to help patients quit, but results are strongly influenced by the surrounding social exposure to smoking. PS and GL contributed equally.

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Krok, Dariusz, i Rafał Gerymski. "Affect and psychological well-being in spouses of cancer patients: the mediating role of meaning in life and self-efficacy". Family Forum 11 (9.01.2022): 267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/ff/3806.

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The examination of the psychological functioning of cancer patients’ spouses implies that affect and personal resources play an important role in their psychological well-being. This is a consequence of the severe stress caused by the medical conditions of a spouse and of responsibilities related to caregiving. This study aimed to examine the role of affect and purpose-oriented personal resources (meaning in life and self-efficacy) in shaping psychological well-being in the spouses of cancer patients. The participants were 214 spouses of gastrointestinal patients who were either undergoing medical treatment in hospital units or attending scheduled clinic appointments at outpatient medical clinics. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X), Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) were used. The results indicated that positive affect was positively correlated with meaning in life, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being. In contrast, negative affect was negatively correlated with positive affect, meaning in life, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being. The mediation analyses demonstrated that meaning in life and self-efficacy were mediators between positive and negative affect and psychological well-being. The mediating function of meaning in life and self-efficacy revealed the significant role of personal resources based on purpose and self-motivation in the relationship between affect and psychological well-being. Positive and negative affect can influence motivational processes that enable patients and their families to constructively deal with challenging and illness-related situations. Caregivers and medical staff could take into account the important role of purpose-oriented resources as they affect the functioning of both patients and their families.

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Swensen, Clifford H., Steffen Fuller i Richard Clements. "Stage of Religious Faith and Reactions to Terminal Cancer". Journal of Psychology and Theology 21, nr 3 (wrzesień 1993): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164719302100307.

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This study focused on the impact of terminal cancer on the lives of patients and their spouses as a function of the stage of religious faith of the subjects. Patients at more complex stages of faith reported higher overall quality of life; higher quality of socioeconomic life, family life, and psychological and spiritual life; and greater marital intimacy than patients at simpler stages of faith. Patients, regardless of stage of faith, reported the most important factor in their quality of life was their personal relationships, and this importance increased after the diagnosis of cancer. The spouses’ quality of life seemed mostly related to the state of the patients’ health.

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Kavanaugh, Melinda, Betty J. Kramer, Matthew Cunningham Walsh i Amy Trentham-Dietz. "Factors contributing to economic burden in lung cancer spousal caregivers". Palliative and Supportive Care 13, nr 3 (14.05.2014): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951514000443.

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AbstractObjective:The determinates of economic burden in lung cancer caregivers are poorly understood. Of particular interest is the role patient symptoms play in caregiver economic burden. Guided by a stress process conceptual framework, this study examined the predictors of economic burden reported by lung cancer spousal caregivers. Our study focused on the pathway of contextual and stressor variables leading to economic burden in lung cancer caregivers.Method:Relying on survey data from 138 spouses, structural equation modeling was employed to examine the determinants of economic burden measured using the Family Impact Survey. Contextual variables included age, gender, education, and income; and stressor variables included patient physical and mental symptoms, as well as number of children in the home.Results:A significant indirect path between age and economic distress through patient symptoms (p = 0.05) indicates younger spouses providing care for patients with more symptoms and reporting greater economic burden. Direct effects between contextual variables and economic burden revealed that caregivers with less education (p = 0.02) and those with more children at home (p = 0.01) reported more adverse economic outcomes.Significance of Results:Numerous factors impact spousal caregivers' economic burden, including the presence of children at home, being a younger caregiver, and lower educational attainment by caregivers. Moreover, the direct effects between age and economic burden were not significant, supporting the clear role patient symptoms play in the path to economic burden in spousal caregivers. These results underscore the need for healthcare providers to address psychosocial factors when dealing with patients and families with lung cancer. Specifically, the results highlight the importance of addressing patient symptoms early before they threaten the family's economic well-being.

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Carter, Ross E., Charlene A. Carter i Harry A. Prosen. "Emotional and personality types of breast cancer patients and spouses". American Journal of Family Therapy 20, nr 4 (grudzień 1992): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926189208250900.

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Baron, Robert S., Carolyn E. Cutrona, Daniel Hicklin, Daniel W. Russell i David M. Lubaroff. "Social support and immune function among spouses of cancer patients." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59, nr 2 (1990): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.344.

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Salminen, E., S. Knifsund, T. Poussa i J. Vire. "935 Neglected information needs of breast cancer patients and spouses". European Journal of Cancer Supplements 1, nr 5 (wrzesień 2003): S281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6349(03)90962-1.

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Li, Q. P., Y. W. Mak i A. Y. Loke. "Spouses' experience of caregiving for cancer patients: a literature review". International Nursing Review 60, nr 2 (21.11.2012): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/inr.12000.

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BrintzenhofeSzoc, Karlynn M., Elizabeth D. Smith i James R. Zabora. "Screening to Predict Complicated Grief in Spouses of Cancer Patients". Cancer Practice 7, nr 5 (wrzesień 1999): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-5394.1999.75006.x.

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Oberst, Marilyn T., i Diane W. Scott. "Postdischarge distress in surgically treated cancer patients and their spouses". Research in Nursing & Health 11, nr 4 (sierpień 1988): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770110404.

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Tan, Ker-Kan, Tian-Zhi Lim, Emily Chew, Wen-Min Chow, Nan Luo, Mee-Lian Wong i Gerald Choon-Huat Koh. "Screening in spouses of colorectal cancer patients: a missed opportunity". International Journal of Colorectal Disease 33, nr 4 (15.02.2018): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00384-018-2975-0.

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Asai, Mariko, Nobuya Akizuki, Maiko Fujimori, Ken Shimizu, Asao Ogawa, Yutaka Matsui, Tatsuo Akechi i in. "Impaired mental health among the bereaved spouses of cancer patients". Psycho-Oncology 22, nr 5 (2.05.2012): 995–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.3090.

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Nanni, Oriana, Giovanna Zoffoli, Emanuela Scarpi, Lauro Bucchi, Paolo Lauriola, Cesare Cislaghi i Dino Amadori. "Gastric cancer mortality in the spouses of patients who died from gastric cancer". International Journal of Epidemiology 31, nr 2 (kwiecień 2002): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intjepid/31.2.468.

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Nanni, O. "Gastric cancer mortality in the spouses of patients who died from gastric cancer". International Journal of Epidemiology 31, nr 2 (1.04.2002): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.2.468.

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