Artykuły w czasopismach: „Spotted gum”

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Leggate, William, Robert L. McGavin, Chuang Miao, Andrew Outhwaite, Kerri Chandra, Jack Dorries, Chandan Kumar i Mark Knackstedt. "The influence of mechanical surface preparation methods on southern pine and spotted gum wood properties: Wettability and permeability". BioResources 15, nr 4 (23.09.2020): 8554–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.8554-8576.

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The demand for engineered wood products (EWPs) continues to rise internationally. However, for some important Australian commercial timbers such as plantation grown southern pine and native forest sourced spotted gum, a major impediment to achieving commercially viable EWP production is difficulties experienced in gluing – particularly for sawn laminate based EWPs such as glulam. Wettability and permeability have a major influence on wood adhesion. This study investigated the efficacy of different surface machining preparations on the wettability and permeability of southern pine and spotted gum. For both species, planing resulted in poor wettability, whereas face milling and sanding treatments post-planing improved wettability. Wettability increased in southern pine earlywood compared to latewood; and wettability decreased for both species with increased time post-surface machining. Planing resulted in the highest permeability for southern pine but the lowest permeability for spotted gum. Face milling resulted in higher permeability compared to sanding treatments.

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Magalhães, Washington Luiz Esteves, Bruno Dufau Mattos i André Luiz Missio. "Field testing of CCA-treated Brazilian spotted gum". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 74 (październik 2012): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.05.024.

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Ochieng, Joel W., Mervyn Shepherd, Peter R. Baverstock, Garth Nikles, David J. Lee i Robert J. Henry. "Two sympatric spotted gum species are molecularly homogeneous". Conservation Genetics 11, nr 1 (17.10.2009): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-009-0001-3.

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Makut, Makwin Danladi, Kenneth Kit Madaiki i Obumneme Smart Obiekezie. "Molecular characterization of xanthan gum producing Xanthomonas Campestris isolated from dark rot spotted leaves in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria". AROC in Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology 2, nr 1 (8.01.2022): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/arocpb02010108.

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Background: Despite the wide application of Xanthan gum, its commercial production remains a global challenge. In recent years, considerable research has been carried out using agro-industrial wastes, which are renewable and abundantly available to produce value-added products. The present study was set out for molecular identification of Xanthomonas campestris from leaves of four different plants with indications of dark rot spots and evaluation of their xanthan gum production capacity. Methods: Twenty-five (25) samples of leaves from four different plants with indications of dark rot spots were collected from the study area and isolated for Xanthomonas campestris following standard microbiological methods. Cultural, morphological and biochemical tests were conducted to confirm the organism. Results: The results revealed that of the total 100 samples taken, 6 leaves (24%) were infected with Xanthomonas species in mint, 3(12%) were infected in mango, 1(4%) were infected in rice and 2(8%) were infected in pepper. Further molecular identification of the isolates was carried out to reveal Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria strain 85-10 and Xanthomonas perforans strain 91-118. These were further used for the production of xanthan gum using sugar cane molasses substrates extracted from sugar cane, which was used as fermentation medium for the production. Isolates from plants varying ability in Xanthan gum production, with the mint plant having the highest Xanthan gum production (0.10 ± 0.02 to 0.9 ± 0.00 g/l). Conclusion: The present study confirmed the high xanthan gum production capacity of Xanthomonas campestris from dark rot spots containing mint leaves and should be considered during local and industrial production of the xanthan gum

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Self, N. M., E. A. B. Aitken i M. D. Dale. "Susceptibility of provenances of spotted gums to Ramularia shoot blight". New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (1.08.2002): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3921.

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Shoot blight of spotted gums (Eucalyptus maculata Hook E citriodora Hook and E henryi ST Blake) caused by Ramularia pitereka Unger has recently emerged as the major disease problem of spotted gum plantations in Queensland and Northern New South Wales A difference in disease susceptibility was demonstrated between provenances of spotted gums inoculated with Ramularia spores under field conditions A number of other Eucalyptus species inoculated with Ramularia showed no susceptibility The potential for breeding from resistant provenances and for creating resistant hybrids using crosses with resistant species such as Eucalyptus torelliana FMuell is discussed

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Smith, Karen, Peter May i Gregory Moore. "The Influence of Waterlogging on the Establishment of Four Australian Landscape Trees". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 27, nr 2 (1.03.2001): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.007.

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An experiment was conducted to test the ability of recently planted trees to grow new roots under waterlogged conditions and to recover from waterlogging. Corymbia maculata (spotted gum, syn. Eucalyptus maculata), Lophostemon conjertus (brush box), Platanus orientalis (oriental plane), and Platanus x acerifolia (London plane) were subjected to a period of waterlogging and then to a recovery phase after waterlogging had ceased. Root length was measured at the end of both the waterlogging and recovery phases. The species were found to vary considerably in their ability to tolerate and recover from a period of waterlogging. Waterlogging suppressed root and shoot growth in all experimental species. Young spotted gum and oriental plane were able to initiate new roots under waterlogged conditions but London plane and brush box were not.

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Shepherd, Mervyn, Shabana Kasem, Gary Ablett, Joel Ochieng i Allison Crawford. "Genetic structuring in the spotted gum complex (genus Corymbia, section Politaria)". Australian Systematic Botany 21, nr 1 (2008): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb07028.

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Spotted gums (genus Corymbia, section Politaria) occur as a species replacement series along the eastern seaboard of Australia, their distributions marked by regions of disjunction and sympatry. Their taxonomy remains controversial, with species assignment often challenging and reliant on knowledge of geographic origin as well as subtle morphological or leaf-oil variation. In the present paper, we explore a classification for spotted gums, without assuming predefined geographic or taxonomic groups but instead using genetic structure at microsatellite marker loci (n = 9) and a Bayesian model-based clustering approach implemented in Structure software. The C. torelliana outgroup (n = 21; section Cadagaria) formed a well resolved cluster (minimum pairwise Fst = 0.19). Four populations were evident within the spotted gums (n = 93) but structure was weak (pairwise Fst range 0.13–0.05). Geographic distance, topography and distribution disjunction were major determinants of structure, with migration among populations approximating a linear stepping-stone model. Corymbia maculata was resolved as a taxon and had the greatest genetic distance from any other population (minimum pairwise Fst 0.08). Three clusters were evident within the northern taxa but alignment with taxonomic groupings was poor. C. citriodora material from north of a major disjunction in central Queensland formed a Northern population. C. citriodora, C. variegata and C. henryi material south of this disjunction but north of the Border Range, formed a Central population, whereas a Southern population comprised C. variegata and C. henryi from predominately south of the Border Range.

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Leggate, William, Andrew Outhwaite, Robert L. McGavin, Benoit P. Gilbert i Shanmuganathan Gunalan. "The effects of the addition of surfactants and the machining method on the adhesive bond quality of spotted gum glue-laminated beams". BioResources 17, nr 2 (2.05.2022): 3413–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.2.3413-3434.

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The effects of adding surfactants to polyurethane and resorcinol formaldehyde adhesives were tested relative to the gluability of spotted gum timber for structural glue-laminated beams (Glulam). While previous attempts to improve the bond performance of this very difficult to glue timber have focused primarily on timber surface preparations, this study concentrated on lowering the adhesive surface tension through added surfactants to improve the adhesive-timber surface wetting. Accordingly, 44 glulam samples were manufactured using polyurethane and resorcinol formaldehyde adhesives, with eight surfactant formulations and two different pre-gluing surface machining methods, i.e., face milling and planing. Although the surfactants were successful in drastically lowering the adhesive surface tension and improving adhesive spreading, none of the surfactant formulations tested were successful in improving the glulam adhesive bond qualities. Overall, the surfactant formulations produced considerably higher delamination, lower shear strength, and lower wood fibre failure compared to the control samples; therefore, they are not a viable solution to improve the gluing of spotted gum. The resorcinol formaldehyde adhesive and face milling produced considerably better results compared to the polyurethane adhesives and conventional planing.

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Pegg, G. S., H. Nahrung, A. J. Carnegie, M. J. Wingfield i A. Drenth. "Spread and development of quambalaria shoot blight in spotted gum plantations". Plant Pathology 60, nr 6 (4.05.2011): 1096–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02468.x.

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McGavin, Robert L., i William Leggate. "Comparison of processing methods for small-diameter logs: Sawing versus rotary peeling". BioResources 14, nr 1 (10.01.2019): 1545–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.1545-1563.

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Currently there are limited markets in Australia for small-diameter native forest logs. This has resulted in much of this resource being underutilized and regarded as sub-optimal in quality and of low value. This is despite the fact that the wood properties are favorable for a wide range of high-value products. Traditional processing approaches either have not been able to accommodate small-diameter logs or the resulting product recovery is too low for profitable production. Alternative processing approaches are necessary to enable the efficient recovery of wood from this resource in a form that is usable for high-value product manufacturing. Processing small-diameter spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora) and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) logs into rotary veneer using new spindleless veneering technology has been demonstrated to yield more acceptable recoveries compared with more traditional sawing approaches. The veneer processing approach was also found to be less impacted by the diameter than sawing, with more consistent recovery rates across the three small-diameter log groups included in this study. The resulting veneer, especially the spotted gum veneer, had visual qualities and mechanical properties well suited to the manufacturing of veneer-based engineered wood products.

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Leggate, William, Maryam Shirmohammadi, Robert L. McGavin, Andrew Outhwaite, Mark Knackstedt i Matthew Brookhouse. "Examination of wood adhesive bonds via MicroCT: The influence of pre-gluing surface machining treatments for southern pine, spotted gum, and Darwin stringybark timbers". BioResources 16, nr 3 (27.05.2021): 5058–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5058-5082.

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The successful manufacturing of glulam from several important Australian commercial timbers is quite challenging due to difficulties in gluing. Improvements in adhesive bond performance of spotted gum, Darwin stringybark, and southern pine timber have been achieved using alternative pre-gluing surface machining methods, e.g., face milling and sanding-post planing, when compared to conventional planing methods. In order to improve the understanding of the effects that different surface machining methods have on adhesive bond performance, this study used micro X-ray computed tomography and microscopy to assess key adhesive bond criteria. There was a considerable loss in the amount of adhesive after the wet and dry test cycles for all species. There was also an extremely high frequency of voids in the glue lines for all species, which would negatively impact bond strength and durability. Face mill prepared timber boards resulted in thicker glue lines and greater resistance to adhesion loss, compared to boards prepared via planing. For the two hardwood species, face milling also resulted in greater adhesive penetration; however, for southern pine, there were no significant differences in adhesive penetration between the three surface machining treatments. Adhesive penetration was much deeper in southern pine compared to spotted gum and Darwin stringybark.

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Ochieng, J. W., M. Shepherd, P. R. Baverstock, G. Nikles, D. J. Lee i R. J. Henry. "Genetic Variation Within Two Sympatric Spotted Gum Eucalypts Exceeds Between Taxa Variation". Silvae Genetica 57, nr 1-6 (1.12.2008): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2008-0038.

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AbstractPopulation substructure and hybridization, among other factors, have the potential to cause erroneous associations in linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping. Two closely related spotted gum eucalypts, Corymbia variegata and C. henryi (Myrtaceae) occur in sympatry in the east coast of Australia and potentially interbreed. They are morphologically similar but are distinguished as separate species based on capsule and foliage size. To determine whether they hybridize in nature and its implications for LD mapping, we investigated the level of molecular divergence between the two species at two sympatric locations separated by 300 kilometres. Very few individuals of intermediate morphology were identified, despite the two species occurring only metres apart. Analysis of genetic structure using 12 microsatellite loci showed that genetic differentiation between populations of the same species at different locations (FST= 0.07 for both species; p = 0.0001) was significantly higher than that observed between species at each location (mean FST= 0.02 and 0.04 for Cherry tree and Bunyaville respectively; p = 0.0001; all Mann-Whitney U-test p ≤ 0.01). No species-specific alleles or significant allele frequency differences were detected within a site, suggesting recurr#ent local gene flow between the two species. The lack of significant allele frequency differences implies no population stratification along taxonomic lines. This suggested that there is little concern for cryptic hybridization when sampling from sites of sympatry for LD mapping.

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Pegg, G. S., L. S. Shuey, A. J. Carnegie, M. J. Wingfield i A. Drenth. "Potential gains through selecting for resistance in spotted gum to Quambalaria pitereka". Australasian Plant Pathology 40, nr 2 (27.01.2011): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-011-0030-5.

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Evans, P. D., S. Dimitriades, R. B. Cunningham i C. F. Donnelly. "Medium Density Fibreboard Manufactured from Blends of White Cypress Pine and Non-Durable Wood Species Shows Increased Resistance to Attack by the Subterranean Termite C. lacteus". Holzforschung 54, nr 6 (25.10.2000): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.099.

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Summary Medium density fibreboards consisting of blends of the naturally durable wood species white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and non-durable wood species were manufactured in a commercial plant and subjected to a bioassay using the subterranean termite species, Coptotermes lacteus. A board composed of 30% cypress pine, 30% slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and 40% of the naturally durable hardwood species spotted gum (Corymbia maculata) was also manufactured and bioassayed against C. lacteus. The aims were to determine (i) whether boards containing cypress pine possessed increased resistance to termite attack compared to a control manufactured entirely from non-durable wood species; (ii) the relationship between the cypress pine content of boards and their resistance (if any) to termite attack; (iii) whether the termite resistance of boards containing cypress pine could be further enhanced by the addition of spotted gum fibre. There was an inverse relationship between the cypress pine content of MDF specimens and mass losses of the specimens during the bioassay; the percentage mass losses of specimens containing 11.4, 16.2 and 34.2% cypress pine being 20.3, 13.4 and 8.8%, respectively, compared to 32.8% for the control, which consisted of non-durable slash pine (80%) and hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) (20%) fibre. There was strong evidence that the inverse relationship between the cypress pine content of boards and mass losses during the bioassay was linear, although a statistically significant quadratic (curvilinear) effect was also apparent. The addition of spotted gum fibre to boards did not increase their resistance to termite attack. Cypress pine heartwood contains a variety of extractives that are either toxic or repellent to termites, and the increased termite resistance of MDF containing cypress pine compared to the control is probably due to the insecticidal effect of such chemicals on C. lacteus. The incorporation of cypress pine fibre into MDF shows promise as an alternative to chemical biocides for increasing the resistance of MDF to termites. However, the response of termites to heartwood extractives varies between species, and therefore further experimentation is needed to test the resistance of MDF containing cypress pine fibre to attack by greater range of wood destroying termites under test conditions that more closely simulate field conditions.

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Salcedo, Precila G., Tek Narayan Maraseni i Kevin McDougall. "Carbon sequestration potential of spotted gum (Corymbia citriodorasubspeciesVariegata) in South East Queensland, Australia". International Journal of Environmental Studies 69, nr 5 (październik 2012): 770–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2012.715833.

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Pegg, G. S., A. J. Carnegie, M. J. Wingfield i A. Drenth. "Variable resistance to Quambalaria pitereka in spotted gum reveal opportunities for disease screening". Australasian Plant Pathology 40, nr 1 (2.11.2010): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-010-0016-8.

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Elsener, Roman, Ulrike Dackermann, Jian Chun Li, Bijan Samali i Keith Crews. "Experimental Investigations of Material Properties of Timber Utility Poles Using Various Material Testing Approaches". Advanced Materials Research 778 (wrzesień 2013): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.265.

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This paper presents an investigation of using different material testing approaches to determine material properties of timber utility poles from two hardwood tree species, i.e. Spotted Gum and Tallowwood. The material properties investigated are the Modulus of Electricity (MOE), the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and the compression strength (CS) in longitudinal direction as well as radial and tangential directions of the cross section of the poles. These material properties are needed for the accurate modelling of timber poles using Finite Element Method (FEM) for the study of stress wave propagation and damage detection in timber utility poles. In open literatures, for most timber species such comprehensive material property data are scarce to find. Typically, material properties available are only in the longitudinal direction. Furthermore, most international standards cover only details on material testing in longitudinal direction and no coherent nor comprehensive guidelines are given for the testing of the full orthotropic material properties of timber. Hence, an extensive study is deemed necessary to investigate a suitable approach to determine full material properties of timber. Two hardwood timber species, namely Spotted Gum and Tallowwood are selected for this investigation. Beside full material properties, the investigation is extended to examine different material testing approaches (bending, compression and tension testing) for the determination of the same material properties. The presented material testing is conducted on numerous small clear specimens as well as on four full scale 5 m long timber pole specimens of the two mentioned hardwood tree species.

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Huynh, Trinh, Grahame Applegate, Tom Lewis, Anibal Nahuel A. Pachas, Mark A. Hunt, Mila Bristow i David J. Lee. "Species-Specific Allometric Equations for Predicting Belowground Root Biomass in Plantations: Case Study of Spotted Gums (Corymbia citriodora subspecies variegata) in Queensland". Forests 12, nr 9 (6.09.2021): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091210.

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Spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora spp. variegata; CCV) has been widely planted, has a wide natural distribution, and is the most important commercially harvested hardwood species in Queensland, Australia. It has a great capacity to sequester carbon, thus reducing the impact of CO2 emissions on climate. Belowground root biomass (BGB) plays an important role as a carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems. To explore the potential of biomass and carbon accumulation belowground, we developed and validated models for CCV plantations in Queensland. The roots of twenty-three individual trees (size range 11.8–42.0 cm diameter at breast height) from three sites were excavated to a 1-m depth and were weighed to obtain BGB. Weighted nonlinear regression models were most reliable for estimating BGB. To evaluate the candidate models, the data set was cross-validated with 70% of the data used for training and 30% of the data used for testing. The cross-validation process was repeated 23 times and the validation of the models were averaged over 23 iterations. The best model for predicting spotted gum BGB was based on a single parameter, with the diameter at breast height (D) as an independent variable. The best equation BGB = 0.02933 × D2.5805 had an adjusted R2 of 0.854 and a mean absolute percentage error of 0.090%. This equation was tested against published BGB equations; the findings from this are discussed. Our equation is recommended to allow improved estimates of BGB for this species.

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Shirmohammadi, Maryam. "Investigating Antimicrobial Characteristics/Advantages of Australian Wood Species for Use in Food Packaging—A Feasibility Study". Forests 13, nr 2 (18.02.2022): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020334.

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The antimicrobial characteristics of Australian commercial timber species were studied using a direct screening method and two different microorganisms. The effectiveness of timber samples was compared with plastic and paper samples during an incubation period of 24 h at 37 °C. The initial data with E. coli and S. aureus showed no difference in performance between the plastic and paper samples and the softwood samples tested. Hardwood samples, however, showed an inhibition zone when tested with S. Aureus. The data showed similar trends of inhibition zones developed for sterilised and non-sterilised samples of spotted gum and shining gum species. The observed data showed promising antimicrobial characteristics for both veneer and solid samples of hardwood species. Further studies investigating the type of extractives, their role in antimicrobial characteristics and differences in the type of surface exposed to the microbial contamination from the point of view of timber’s anatomical properties are proposed.

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Huynh, Trinh, Tom Lewis, Grahame Applegate, Anibal Nahuel A. Pachas i David J. Lee. "Allometric Equations to Estimate Aboveground Biomass in Spotted Gum (Corymbia citriodora Subspecies variegata) Plantations in Queensland". Forests 13, nr 3 (21.03.2022): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13030486.

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Accurate equations are critical for estimating biomass and carbon accumulation for forest carbon projects, bioenergy, and other inventories. Allometric equations can provide a reliable and accurate method for estimating and predicting biomass and carbon sequestration. Cross-validatory assessments are also essential to evaluate the prediction ability of the selected model with satisfactory accuracy. We destructively sampled and weighed 52 sample trees, ranging from 11.8 to 42.0 cm in diameter at breast height from three plantations in Queensland to determine biomass. Weighted nonlinear models were used to explore the influence of different variables using two datasets: the first dataset (52 trees) included diameter at breast height (D), height (H) and wood density (ρ); and the second dataset (40 trees) also included crown diameter (CD) and crown volume (CV). Cross validation of independent data showed that using D alone proved to be the best performing model, with the lowest values of AIC = 434.4, bias = −2.2% and MAPE = 7.2%. Adding H and ρ improved the adjusted. R2 (Δ adj. R2 from 0.099 to 0.135) but did not improve AIC, bias and MAPE. Using the single variable of CV to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) was better than CD, with smaller AIC and MAPE less than 2.3%. We demonstrated that the allometric equations developed and validated during this study provide reasonable estimates of Corymbia citriodora subspecies variegata (spotted gum) biomass. This equation could be used to estimate AGB and carbon in similar spotted gum plantations. In the context of global forest AGB estimations and monitoring, the CV variable could allow prediction of aboveground biomass using remote sensing datasets.

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Abasolo, Myralyn, David J. Lee, Lyndon Brooks, Carolyn Raymond i Mervyn Shepherd. "Genetic control of flowering in spotted gum, Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata and C. maculata". Australian Journal of Botany 62, nr 1 (2014): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13223.

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Genetically controlled asynchrony in anthesis is an effective barrier to gene flow between planted and native forests. We investigated the degree of genetically controlled variation in the timing of key floral developmental stages in a major plantation species in subtropical Australia, Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata K.D. Hill and L.A.S Johnson, and its relative C. maculata K.D. Hill and L.A.S. Johnson. Flowering observations were made in a common garden planting at Bonalbo in northern New South Wales in spring on 1855 trees from eight regions over three consecutive years, and monthly on a subset of 208 trees for 12 months. Peak anthesis time was stable over years and observations from translocated trees tended to be congruent with the observations in native stands, suggesting strong genetic control of anthesis time. A cluster of early flowering provenances was identified from the north-east of the Great Dividing Range. The recognition of a distinct flowering race from this region accorded well with earlier evidence of adaptive differentiation of populations from this region and geographically-structured genetic groupings in C. citriodora subsp. variegata. The early flowering northern race was more fecund, probably associated with its disease tolerance and greater vigour. Bud abundance fluctuated extensively at the regional level across 3 years suggesting bud abundance was more environmentally labile than timing of anthesis. Overall the level of flowering in the planted stand (age 12 years) was low (8–12% of assessed trees with open flowers), and was far lower than in nearby native stands. Low levels of flowering and asynchrony in peak anthesis between flowering races of C. citriodora subsp. variegata may partially mitigate a high likelihood of gene flow where the northern race is planted in the south of the species range neighbouring native stands.

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Akeroyd, Michele D., Fred W. Leaney, Michael Mathieson, Damien Moloney i Geoffrey C. Smith. "Dating spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora) tree rings in south-eastern Queensland using14C measurements of cellulose". Australian Forestry 65, nr 4 (styczeń 2002): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2002.10674878.

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Mazanec, R. A., M. L. Mason i C. Vellios. "Performance of spotted gum provenances for timber production on former bauxite mines in Western Australia". Australian Forestry 66, nr 2 (styczeń 2003): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2003.10674902.

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Mazanec, R. A. "Thirteen year results from a Spotted Gum provenance trial in the Wellington catchment of Western Australia". Australian Forestry 62, nr 4 (styczeń 1999): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1999.10674798.

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Maraseni, Tek N., Geoff Cockfield i Armando Apan. "Analysis of Spacing for Spotted Gum Plantations for Maximizing Merchantable Logs' Volume in Southeast Queensland, Australia". Journal of Sustainable Forestry 30, nr 7 (listopad 2011): 619–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2010.550548.

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McDonald, M. W., P. A. Butcher, J. C. Bell i J. S. Larmour. "Intra- and interspecific allozyme variation in eucalypts from the spotted gum group, Corymbia, section 'Politaria' (Myrtaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 13, nr 4 (2000): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb00005.

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The distribution of genetic variation within and among species inCorymbia section‘Politaria’ was examined using allozymes.This section consists of four species,Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, C. maculata (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, C. henryi (Blake) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson and C. variegata (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, which are of commercial interest for plantation and farmforestry. Thirty populations representing the species’ range-widedistributions were studied, extending from upland tropical regions of northQueensland, south to eastern Victoria. Despite relatively low allozymedivergence between species, there was a relationship between geographicdistribution patterns of populations and allozyme variation. The section wasshown to comprise very closely related species with only 15% of thetotal genetic diversity attributed to differences between species. Twodistinct genetic alliances were evident:C. maculata–C. henryi andC. citriodora–C. variegata.Corymbia citriodora andC. variegata, however, could not be distinguished bytheir allozyme profiles. The lack of genetic differentiation between thesetaxa suggests that they represent one species composed of two chemical races.Corymbia maculata and C. henryiwere shown to be closely allied but genetically distinct.Corymbia henryi had the highest genetic diversity in thegroup and lowest differentiation among populations, whileC. maculata had the lowest diversity but the highestgenetic differentiation among populations. There was evidence ofisolation-by-distance among populations ofC. citriodora, C. maculata andC. variegata but not in C. henryi,which has a smaller geographic range. The inclusion in the study ofC. torelliana (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson asan outgroup accentuated the small genetic differences between species in thegroup. The patterns of genetic diversity are discussed in relation to thespecies’ taxonomic relationships, breeding systems and utilisation.

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Hayes, R. Andrew, Helen F. Nahrung i David J. Lee. "Consequences of Corymbia (Myrtaceae) hybridisation on leaf-oil profiles". Australian Journal of Botany 61, nr 1 (2013): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12224.

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The present study examines patterns of heritability of plant secondary metabolites following hybridisation among three genetically homogeneous taxa of spotted gum (Corymbia henryi (S.T.Blake) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, C. citriodora subsp. variegata (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson and C. citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson subsp. citriodora (section Maculatae), and their congener C. torelliana (F.Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S.Johnson (section Torellianae)). Hexane extracts of leaves of all four parent taxa were statistically distinguishable (ANOSIM: global R = 0.976, P = 0.008). Hybridisation patterns varied among the taxa studied, with the hybrid formed with C. citriodora subsp. variegata showing an intermediate extractive profile between its parents, whereas the profiles of the other two hybrids were dominated by that of C. torelliana. These different patterns in plant secondary-metabolite inheritance may have implications for a range of plant–insect interactions.

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Bauhus, J. "Stand structure and tree growth in uneven-aged spotted gum (Corymbia maculata) forests: some implications for management". Forestry 75, nr 4 (1.04.2002): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/75.4.451.

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Johnson, I. G., A. J. Carnegie i M. Henson. "Growth, Form and Quambalaria Shoot Blight Tolerance of Spotted Gum in North-eastern New South Wales, Australia". Silvae Genetica 58, nr 1-6 (1.12.2009): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2009-0024.

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AbstractA young provenance/progeny trial of spotted gums, which are major hardwood plantation species in subtropical eastern Australia, was studied for growth, form, and damage from Quambalaria shoot blight. The trial contained a wide range of genotypes, mainly of Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata, with between one and 21 families per provenance. Genetic parameters were calculated from 23 provenances with four or more families. Provenances superior for growth included four well-represented C. citriodora subsp. variegata provenances, all from south-east Queensland, which also had a high proportion of superior families. Overall, Queensland provenances had significantly higher mean diameter and height than those from New South Wales (NSW), although there were several superior NSW families. Provenances superior for growth also displayed good straightness and relatively fine branching. Relatively low Quambalaria shoot blight damage was recorded for four Queensland provenances and one coastal NSW provenance, which all had high proportions of families with low damage. Provenances that were putative intergrades between C. citriodora subsp. variegata and C. maculata tended to have high damage levels. However, some mediocre provenances contained superior families potentially useful for breeding. Regressions of Quambalaria damage index (QDI) on latitude, and mean height growth on QDI, were highly significant and moderately strong (0.51 and 0.58, respectively), indicating increasing damage in more southern material, and a retarding effect (although not striking) of damage on growth. Individual heritability estimates were low (zero to 0.14) for growth and form, and moderate for QDI (0.31). The genetic correlations for QDI with growth traits were strong and negative (-0.77 and -0.88), supporting a strategy of selecting vigorous trees for breeding programs from provenances and families superior for these traits.

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Jones, M. E., R. L. Stokoe, M. J. Cross, L. J. Scott, T. L. Maguire i M. Shepherd. "Isolation of microsatellite loci from spotted gum (Corymbia variegata ), and cross-species amplification in Corymbia and Eucalyptus". Molecular Ecology Notes 1, nr 4 (grudzień 2001): 276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8278.2001.00105.x.

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Smith, Karen, Peter May i Gregory Moore. "The Influence of Compaction and Soil Strength on the Establishment of Four Australian Landscape Trees". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 27, nr 1 (1.01.2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.001.

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Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that trees able to establish in urban soils will have a higher-than-average tolerance to the higher mechanical impedance and soil strength of compacted soils. Experiment 1 tested the ability of the roots of Corymbia metadata (spotted gum, syn. Eucalyptus maculata), Lophostetnon confertus (brush box), Corymbia ficijolia (red flowering gum, syn. Eucalyptus ficifolia), and Agonis flexuosa (willow myrtle) seedlings to penetrate a sandy loam soil compacted to bulk densities of 1.4 and 1.8 mg • m~3 at 13% gravimetric moisture content. While roots of all species were able to penetrate the soil at the higher bulk density, total root penetration depth was reduced by 60% in all four species. Experiment 2 tested the ability of Corymbia maculata and C. ficijolia to penetrate soil compacted at bulk densities 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 mg • m~3 at two moisture levels, 7% and 10% gravimetric moisture. At 7% moisture, both species were able to penetrate soil compacted to 1.4 and 1.6 mg • rrr3, but neither species was able to successfully penetrate soil compacted to 1.8 mg • m"3. At 10% moisture, both species were able to penetrate soil compacted to 1.4 and 1.6 mg • m~3. They also were able to successfully penetrate soil compacted to 1.8 mg • nr3, although with significantly less depth of penetration than at the two lower bulk densities.

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McDonald, M. W., P. A. Butcher, J. S. Larmour i J. C. Bell. "Corrigendum to: Intra- and interspecific allozyme variation in eucalypts from the spotted gum group, Corymbia, section 'Politaria' (Myrtaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 16, nr 5 (2003): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb00005_co.

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The distribution of genetic variation within and among species inCorymbia section‘Politaria’ was examined using allozymes.This section consists of four species,Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, C. maculata (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, C. henryi (Blake) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson and C. variegata (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, which are of commercial interest for plantation and farmforestry. Thirty populations representing the species’ range-widedistributions were studied, extending from upland tropical regions of northQueensland, south to eastern Victoria. Despite relatively low allozymedivergence between species, there was a relationship between geographicdistribution patterns of populations and allozyme variation. The section wasshown to comprise very closely related species with only 15% of thetotal genetic diversity attributed to differences between species. Twodistinct genetic alliances were evident:C. maculata–C. henryi andC. citriodora–C. variegata.Corymbia citriodora andC. variegata, however, could not be distinguished bytheir allozyme profiles. The lack of genetic differentiation between thesetaxa suggests that they represent one species composed of two chemical races.Corymbia maculata and C. henryiwere shown to be closely allied but genetically distinct.Corymbia henryi had the highest genetic diversity in thegroup and lowest differentiation among populations, whileC. maculata had the lowest diversity but the highestgenetic differentiation among populations. There was evidence ofisolation-by-distance among populations ofC. citriodora, C. maculata andC. variegata but not in C. henryi,which has a smaller geographic range. The inclusion in the study ofC. torelliana (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson asan outgroup accentuated the small genetic differences between species in thegroup. The patterns of genetic diversity are discussed in relation to thespecies’ taxonomic relationships, breeding systems and utilisation.

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LAW, B. S., i M. CHIDEL. "Quantifying the canopy nectar resource and the impact of logging and climate in spotted gum Corymbia maculata forests". Austral Ecology 33, nr 8 (30.10.2008): 999–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01870.x.

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Vanderwoude, C., A. N. Andersen i A. P. N. House. "Ant communities as bio–indicators in relation to fire management of spotted gum (Eucalyptus maculata Hook.) forests in southeast Queensland". Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56, nr 2 (1997): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1997.56.69.

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Maraseni, TN, G. Cockfield i A. Apan. "Estimation of taper rates and volume of smaller-sized logs in spotted gum saw timber plantations in Southeast Queensland, Australia". Southern Hemisphere Forestry Journal 69, nr 3 (grudzień 2007): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/shfj.2007.69.3.6.356.

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Huynh, Trinh, David J. Lee, Tom Lewis i Grahame Applegate. "Effects of site characteristics and stand management on biomass and carbon sequestration in spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata) plantations". Forest Ecology and Management 529 (luty 2023): 120725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120725.

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Leggate, William, Robert L. McGavin, Andrew Outhwaite, Chandan Kumar, Adam Faircloth i Mark Knackstedt. "Influence of mechanical surface preparation methods on the bonding of southern pine and spotted gum: Tensile shear strength of lap joints". BioResources 16, nr 1 (6.11.2020): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.46-61.

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Southern pine and spotted gum are two of Australia’s most important locally produced commercial timbers. However, internationally, they are amongst the most problematic species to glue cost-effectively, especially for sawn-laminate-based structural engineered wood products, such as glulam and cross-laminated timber. This study investigated the efficacy of different pre-gluing wood surface machining preparations on the tensile shear strength of lap shear samples prepared from both species. Surface machining methods tested included planing, face milling, and sanding post-planing with 40 and 80 grit sandpaper. Wood face milling is not currently used commercially in Australia and has not previously been adequately tested on Australian commercial timbers to improve wood adhesion. Planing is currently the most common method used internationally for preparing wood surfaces for gluing. For both species, face milling with fast feed speed (45 m/min), slow cutter speed (57 m/s), and sanding treatments post-planing resulted in significantly higher tensile shear strength compared to planing for lap shear samples that had been subjected to an accelerated weathering process. Performance differences in tensile shear strength between surface machining methods are likely to be related to the effects of these machining methods on surface roughness, fibrillation, and sub-surface cell damage.

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Ximenes, Fabiano A., W. David Gardner i Gary P. Richards. "Total above-ground biomass and biomass in commercial logs following the harvest of spotted gum (Corymbia maculata)forests of SE NSW". Australian Forestry 69, nr 3 (styczeń 2006): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2006.10675001.

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Vanderwoude, Cas, Lisa A. Lobry De Bruyn i Alan P. N. House. "Long-term ant community responses to selective harvesting of timber from Spotted Gum (Corymbia variegata)-dominated forests in south-east Queensland". Ecological Management and Restoration 1, nr 3 (grudzień 2000): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-8903.2000.00054.x.

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Smith, Karen, Peter May i Robert White. "Above and Belowground Growth of Corymbia maculata in a Constructed Soil: The Effect of Profile Design and Organic Amendment". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36, nr 1 (1.01.2010): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.002.

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Spotted gum (Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson), a common street tree in southern Australian cities, was used to assess growth responses to variations in profile design and organic amendment of constructed soils. Aboveground growth responses were total stem dry weight and foliar nutrient content. The belowground response was root length density. Soil profiles were constructed of sand, amended with either coir fiber, composted biosolids or composted green waste, at rates of 0, 5, 10 or 20% by volume. The profiles were either layered, with a 150 mm (6 in) organic-amended surface layer, or uniform, with amendment of the entire profile. A single fertilizer treatment was applied to all profiles. Shoot dry weight was only affected by organic matter type with the greatest growth in sand amended with composted biosolids. Foliage P and K content were affected by amendment but foliage N was not. Profile design affected root length density and distribution. Trees in uniform profiles had greater root length density, and a more uniform distribution of roots, especially with compost amendments. Above- and belowground growth increases are thought to be due to increased nutrient status resulting from organic matter mineralization.

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41

Paludeto, João Gabriel Zanon, David Bush, Regiane Abjaud Estopa i Evandro Vagner Tambarussi. "Genetic control of diameter and bark percentage in spotted gum (Corymbia spp.): can we breed eucalypts with more wood and less bark?" Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science 82, nr 1 (2.01.2020): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2020.1733771.

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Dickinson, G. R., D. J. Lee i J. R. Huth. "Early plantation growth and tolerance to ramularia shoot blight of provenances of three spotted gum taxa on a range of sites in Queensland". Australian Forestry 67, nr 2 (styczeń 2004): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2004.10676215.

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Subhan, Mishal, Rani Faryal i Ian Macreadie. "Utilization of an Industry Byproduct, Corymbia maculata Leaves, by Aspergillus terreus to Produce Lovastatin". Bioengineering 7, nr 3 (30.08.2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7030101.

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Due to its ability to lower cholesterol levels, simvastatin is a leading drug for the prevention of strokes and heart disease: it also lowers the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. Simvastatin is made from lovastatin, a precursor produced by the industrial fungus, Aspergillus terreus. In this study, Corymbia maculata leaves were tested as a novel substrate for the growth of a new isolate of A. terreus and a lovastatin-resistant strain of A. terreus to produce lovastatin. Corymbia maculata (spotted gum) is well utilized by forest industries as a source of timber because of its high strength, durability and smooth texture. However, the leaves are a major waste product. Growth of A. terreus on Corymbia maculata leaves, in solid-state fermentation resulted in the production of lovastatin. Fermentation of media using fresh leaves of Corymbia maculata produced more lovastatin (4.9 mg g−1), than the sun-dried leaves (3.2 mg g−1). Levels of lovastatin were further increased by the lovastatin-resistant strain of A. terreus (Lvs-r), which produced twice the amount of the parental strain. The production of lovastatin was confirmed by HPLC and LC–MS/MS studies. The study suggests that the utilization of a cheap substrate for the production of lovastatin can have a potential economic benefit.

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French, K., B. Callaghan i S. Hill. "Classifying endangered vegetation communities: a case study of Cumberland Plain Woodlands". Pacific Conservation Biology 6, nr 2 (2000): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000120.

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Remnants of an endangered community, Cumberland Plain Woodlands on shale, were studied in order to 1) investigate the conflict between the needs of legislation to define parameters of protected communities in a precise manner and the spatial variation in communities, and 2) to define floristic groupings in the Cumberland Plain Woodlands based on all plant species. Sites previously classified as Grey Box Woodland, Grey Box Ironbark Woodland and Spotted Gum Woodland map units were surveyed and compared to the same classification applied by one of the authors. Differences were evident, but both classifications showed statistically significant differences between map units, suggesting that although each classification is valid, the differences between these map units cannot be consistently applied. Canopy species were not useful descriptors of the community as they grouped differently to both the full species list and the understorey species. A significantly different community occurring at the transition between shale and sandstone in Holsworthy Military Area was identified, suggesting the importance of this area to the conservation of variability in communities in this area. The use of multivariate techniques to describe levels of variation in communities is discussed and a potential method for using a standard level of similarity to classify vegetation communities is introduced as a mechanism for defining communities using some consistent technique.

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Leggate, William, Robert L. McGavin, Andrew Outhwaite, Benoit P. Gilbert i Shanmuganathan Gunalan. "Barriers to the Effective Adhesion of High-Density Hardwood Timbers for Glue-Laminated Beams in Australia". Forests 13, nr 7 (1.07.2022): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071038.

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A number of international timbers of high commercial importance are extremely difficult to glue, which is significantly hindering access to global market opportunities for engineered wood products, especially for heavily demanded structural products. Some particularly problematic timbers in Australia are the dominant commercial hardwood species, including spotted gum (Corymbia spp.) and Darwin stringybark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta). These species are renowned for their very high mechanical properties, natural durability and attractive aesthetic appeal. However, they are notoriously difficult to glue, especially for sawn laminate-based engineered wood products, such as structural glue-laminated beams. Despite considerable effort and testing of diverse internationally established best-practice approaches to improve adhesion, glue-laminated beam samples of these timbers still frequently fail to meet the requirements of the relevant standard, mainly due to excessive glue line delamination. This paper discusses the key barriers to effective adhesion of these high-density timbers and particularly emphasises the necessity of achieving greater adhesive penetration. Greater adhesive penetration is required to enhance mechanical interlocking, entanglement and molecular interactions between the adhesive and the wood to achieve stronger and more durable bonds. Potential solutions to enhance adhesive penetration, as well as to improve gluability in general, are discussed in terms of their likelihood to satisfactorily prevent delamination and the potential to be applied at an industrial scale. This new fundamental understanding will assist the development of solutions, allowing industry to commercialise newly engineered wood products made from high-density timbers.

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Lee, David J., J. R. Huth, J. T. Brawner i G. R. Dickinson. "Comparative Performance of Corymbia Hybrids and Parental Species in Subtropical Queensland and Implications for Breeding and Deployment". Silvae Genetica 58, nr 1-6 (1.12.2009): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2009-0026.

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AbstractEighty six full-sib Corymbia F1 hybrid families (crosses between C. torelliana and four spotted gum taxa: C. citriodora subsp. variegata, C. citriodora subsp. citriodora, C. henryi and C. maculata), were planted in six trials across six disparate sites in south-eastern Queensland to evaluate their productivity and determine their potential utility for plantation forestry. In each trial, the best-growing 20% of hybrid families grew significantly faster (P = 0.05) than open-pollinated seedlots of the parent species Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata, ranging from 107% to 181% and 127% to 287% of the height and diameter respectively. Relative performance of hybrid families growing on more than one site displayed consistency in ranking for growth across sites and analysis showed low genotype-by-environment interaction. Heritability estimates based on female and male parents across two sites at age six years for height and diameter at breast height, were high (0.62 ± 0.28 to 0.64 ± 0.35 and 0.31 ± 0.21 to 0.69 ± 0.37 respectively), and low to moderate (0.03 ± 0.04 to 0.33 ± 0.22) for stem straightness, branch size, incidence of ramicorns, and frost and disease resistance traits at ages one to three years. The proportion of dominance variance for height and diameter had reduced to zero by age six years. Based on these promising results, further breeding and pilot-scale family forestry and clonal forestry deployment is being undertaken. These results have also provided insights regarding the choice of a future hybrid breeding strategy.

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Huang, Z., Z. Xu, T. J. Blumfield i K. Bubb. "Foliar 13C and 18O reveal differential physiological responses of canopy foliage to pre-planting weed control in a young spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora subsp. Variegata) plantation". Tree Physiology 28, nr 10 (1.08.2008): 1535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/28.10.1535.

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Boland, DJ, i M. Sedgley. "Stigma and Style Morphology in Relation to Taxonomy and Breeding Systems in Eucalyptus and Angophora (Myrtaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany 34, nr 5 (1986): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860569.

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The stigma and style of 94 species of Eucalyptus and two species of Angophora were studied by scanning electron microscopy and/or light microscopy. All species had papillate stigmas and a stylar canal of varying length. Angophora species had mop-like stigmas with long papillae that were very similar in appearance to those of the red bloodwood group of the Corymbia, e.g. E. gummifera. The spotted gum group of the Corymbia had mop-like stigmas with short papillae and the yellow bloodwoods had tapered stigmas. The latter group was also charaderised by an extremely thick cuticle on the outer surface of the style, over 100 �m in thickness in E. watsoniana. All species in Blakella had tapered stigmas with a lobed surface and relatively few short papillae. The stylar canal had no cuticle in E. papuana. Eudesmia is a variable subgenus with E. erythrocorys unusual in having long multicellular papillae. Most Symphyomyrtus species had blunt or pinhead-shaped lobed stigmas with a heavily cutinised stylar canal. E. deglupta and E. microcorys did not conform to this pattern and had mop-shaped stigmas with long papillae. Monocalyptus species had blunt stigmas with few papillae and hollow styles and appeared to form a cohesive group. On the basis of stigma and style morphology Angophora is more similar to Corymbia than to Blakella. E. deglupta and E. microcorys are distinct from other Symphyomyrtus species studied. E. trachyphloia and E. jacobsiana are more similar to E. gummifera than to E. watsoniana or other yellow bloodwoods.

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Singh, Tripti, i Dave Page. "Evaluation of Selected Accelerated Above-Ground Durability Testing Methods for Wood after Ten Years Exposure". Forests 11, nr 5 (15.05.2020): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050559.

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Traditional benchmark wood durability testing methods such as stake tests take many years to give conclusive results, and in-ground tests do not always indicate the efficacy of preservatives in above-ground situations. To find test methods that would shorten the time required for wood evaluation for above-ground end uses, a series of different types of accelerated durability tests were set up. Five types of test: ground proximity, two types of decking, flat panels and double layer, were reassessed after ten years to determine whether the decay rankings given to the various types of preservative had changed over the extended exposure period. Exposure conditions varied between tests, with ground proximity being close to ground, and the double layer test carried out in very wet conditions, while raised decking and flat panel tests were relatively dry. In all of these tests, the preservative retention was 25% of the normal H3 retention. The results indicated that the ground proximity tests gave the fastest and most reliable results. Flat panels contained the next highest decay rates, followed by ground-level decking, double layer and raised decking. The evaluation and comparison of these five test methods after ten years’ field exposure confirmed the trend and relative decay rate that was observed at four-year exposure. The use of a regression model for prediction showed a statistically significant overall relationship between decay scores in 2011 and 2017 (coefficient = 0.14 ± 0.07, d.f. = 345.7, t = 2.038, p = 0.042). When resistance to decay was compared between preservatives, copper-chrome arsenate (CCA)-treated pine and naturally durable spotted gum samples were in better conditions than pine treated with any of the other preservatives.

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Wang, Pengfei, Chengquan Zhang, Fei Qi, Shanshan Liu, Xiaoqiang Zhang, Pengyuan Lyu, Junyu Han, Jingtuo Liu, Errui Ding i Guangming Shi. "PGNet: Real-time Arbitrarily-Shaped Text Spotting with Point Gathering Network". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, nr 4 (18.05.2021): 2782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i4.16383.

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The reading of arbitrarily-shaped text has received increasing research attention. However, existing text spotters are mostly built on two-stage frameworks or character-based methods, which suffer from either Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS), Region-of-Interest (RoI) operations, or character-level annotations. In this paper, to address the above problems, we propose a novel fully convolutional Point Gathering Network (PGNet) for reading arbitrarily-shaped text in real-time. The PGNet is a single-shot text spotter, where the pixel-level character classification map is learned with proposed PG-CTC loss avoiding the usage of character-level annotations. With a PG-CTC decoder, we gather high-level character classification vectors from two-dimensional space and decode them into text symbols without NMS and RoI operations involved, which guarantees high efficiency. Additionally, reasoning the relations between each character and its neighbors, a graph refinement module (GRM) is proposed to optimize the coarse recognition and improve the end-to-end performance. Experiments prove that the proposed method achieves competitive accuracy, meanwhile significantly improving the running speed. In particular, in Total-Text, it runs at 46.7 FPS, surpassing the previous spotters with a large margin.

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