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Boillet, Alice. "optimization of racing strategies using mechanical, and physiological digital twin models : applications in rowing and cycling". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAX062.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis explores the optimization of (human) racing strategies by integrating mechanical and physiological models, focusing on rowing and endurance cycling. First, an overview of racing sports highlights the importance of optimizing performance based on the power produced during the race. The physiological principles of energy production during physical efforts are presented.An experimental investigation reveals how athletes respond to various pacing strategies over a fixed distance. A muscle energy production model is proposed, using analogies with fluid flows to assess the efficiency of different energy pathways. A model of lactate exchange between muscle and blood is developed (from an existing one) to represent the lactate dynamics during recovery.For rowing, a propulsion model links rowers' power to boat speed, allowing for predictions of finish times and optimization of strategies for Olympic events. In cycling, a mechanical model predicts speed and finish times based on power. Case studies on breakaways in road cycling and recovery in Madison cycling events are also conducted, along with optimization of team pursuit strategies
Calmels, Claire. "Effets de l'entrainement mental sur la performance et sur le développement de l'imagerie chez les gymnastes de haut niveau". Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100137.
Pełny tekst źródłaMental training is very important for high level performance. The aim of this study so to make an inventory of mental techniques used by elite gymnasts, to systematize them and to elaborate a mental training program. Then, this program is testes and we study these effects on the performance, on its regularity, on the imagery development and on imagery use. We also study the temporal parameter: mental movement times were compared with real movement times. Results show that the gymnasts, practicing mental training combined with physical training, improve their performances at two apparatus (bars and floor) and their imagery ability (visual and kinesthetic imagery, control) more than the gymnasts, practicing only physical training. This development depends on the age and individual imagery differences of subjects. We observe no important change in imagery use. We notice that the similarity between mental movement times and real movement times depends on apparatus and on the age the subjects. This similarity has no influence on performance but it's a good indicator of imagery control quality
Marie, Emmanuelle. "Influence de l'exercice sur les paramètres hémorhéologiques chez l'athlète : de la physiologie au dopage". Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON13509.
Pełny tekst źródłaMessonnier, Laurent. "Cinétique d'échange et de disparition du lactate après l'exercice intense : effets de l'entraînement et influence sur la performance". Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10282.
Pełny tekst źródłaUfland, Pierre. "Muscle oxygenation and capacity to repeat high-intensity exercises". Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0018.
Pełny tekst źródłaIl est généralement accepté qu'une plus grande capacité de consommation d'O2 musculaire est associée à une meilleure performance aérobie. A l'inverse, une faible capacité de consommation d'O2 musculaire est également associée à une récupération inter-effort réduite/ralentie. A la fin des années 80, le suivi non invasif de l'oxygénation musculaire (mO2), déduite par la mesure de l'hémoglobine ([Hb]) / myoglobine ([Mb]) saturé en oxygène (O2) et de l'[Hb]/[Mb] dépourvu d'O2, a émergé dans de nombreuses études avec l'inclusion de la spectroscopie du proche infrarouge (NIRS). Le fait que la NIRS soit devenue portable rend libre l'évaluation continue de la balance entre apport d'O2 aux muscles en action et consommation musculaire d'O2 des lits capillaires du muscle considéré. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes attachés à examiner les considérations méthodologiques de l'utilisation de la NIRS pour évaluer mO2 et consommation d’oxygène musculaire (mVO2) (Etudes 1 et 2). Les études 2, 4 et 5 ont étudié les relations éventuelles qui peuvent exister entre la mO2 et la performance lors d'exercices répétés à haute intensité. Initialement nous avons étudié la reproductibilité et la sensibilité de mO2 post-exercice (Etude 1). Un niveau modéré de reproductibilité, ainsi qu'une indépendance des relevés en fonction de l'intensité d'exercice lors de la récupération sans occlusion ont été constatés. Par contre, lorsque la récupération de la mVO2 était observée, il fut relevé que les mesures étaient, certes modérément reproductibles à l’instar de mO2 post-exercice mais à contrario dépendantes de l'intensité d'exercice. Dans une étude subséquente (Etude 2), nous avons inspecté l'influence des changements de direction (COD) sur la mVO2. Nous avons ainsi observé une plus grande mVO2 avec COD : pour des vitesses similaires absolues de course, les courses en navette sur 20 m étaient associées à de plus grandes mVO2 que lors des courses en ligne droite. Ces résultats suggéraient que mVO2 déjà sensible à l’intensité de l’exercice, l’était aussi à la modalité de course (avec ou sans COD). En second lieu, le rôle de la mO2 sur le paramètre de récupération de force musculaire durant des efforts maximaux répétés a été examiné (Etude 3). Les résultats ont confirmé que la récupération de mO2 peut jouer un rôle modéré dans la production de force maximale. Suite à cette étude, nous avons souhaité évaluer l'influence du type d'entraînement sur la récupération de mVO2 (Etude 4). Ainsi, la comparaison entre entraînement en endurance et entraînement au sprint révèle une meilleure récupération de mVO2 dans le groupe endurance. Cette accélération de la récupération de mVO2 était liée à une meilleure capacité à répéter des sprints. L’entraînement agit donc sur le paramètre de récupération de mV2. En dernière partie, nous avons inspecté dans une étude longitudinale (Etude 5) les effets d’une période d'entraînement aérobie sur la mO2 post-sprints. L'amélioration de la capacité à répéter des sprints a été associée à l'accélération de la mO2 post-sprints, ce qui confirme que la fonction musculaire aérobie pourrait jouer un rôle au niveau dans la récupération métabolique entre les sprints
Gindre, Cyrille. "Modélisation des relations entraînements – performances – adaptations physiologiques chez des athlètes spécialistes de demi-fond court et de fond". Reims, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REIMS011.
Pełny tekst źródłaBanister's model has been used to correlate training with performance. The basic assumption is that a dose of training contributes to both fitness and fatigue. Performance is related to the difference between these two first-order transfer functions. In the present study we tested the validity of the Banister model. For this, we followed developments of performance and physical qualities (aerobic, anaerobic, strength, speed, muscle power) with training of two group of runners specialists of long (≥ 10 km) and short (800 m) distances. The consideration of joint performance, physical and biological parameters allowed us 1) to have an integrated view of organism adaptations with training 2) to assess the validity of antagonist functions of the Banister's model. We were thus able to show that physical qualities evolution of short distances specialists on a season is done according to principles that can bring changes to the organization from those of an ecosystem consisting of different "species". Although Banister's model could be used to estimate performances, we have shown that fitness and fatigue functions may not be so valid linked to the physiological parameters of actual performance and fatigue. We conclude that the Banister's model is more a model of data than a model of structure. These results are a preliminary step in developing a new kind of model – which we proposed the foundation-for – linking training, performance and physical adaptation
Rayssac, Philippe Daniel Françis. "Sport et grossesse". Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25015.
Pełny tekst źródłaKerloc'h, Carl. "Sollicitation cardiaque chez des enfants de 10 ans pratiquant la randonnée en moyenne montagne : étude par enregistrement continu de l'activité cardiaque ( méthode de Holter)". Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M079.
Pełny tekst źródłaPerrot, Cyril. "Evaluation par la posturographie statique et dynamique des afférences sensorielles et du contrôle moteur de l'équilibration chez le judoka". Nancy 1, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1999_0132_PERROT.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLibicz, Sébastien. "Réponses énergétiques et immunitaires chez les triathlètes". Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON14006.
Pełny tekst źródłaBoussana, Alain Marc. "Enchaînement cyclisme-course à pied et triathlon : effets sur la performance des muscles respiratoires et la fonction pulmonaire". Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON14002.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoudain-Pineau, Mickaël Bohr Frédéric Joly Philippe. "Statistiques appliquées à la physiologie du sport dans l'exploration des variables influençant la performance chez les cyclistes". Reims : S.C.D. de l'Université, 2008. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000981.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaMarles, Alexandre. "Réponse de VO₂ lors de l'exercice intense chez l'homme : le phénomène d'extra VO₂ et la cinétique de l'oxygénation musculaire". Artois, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ARTO0501.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this work was to determine the effects of prior exercise and training on the VO₂ / Work Rate relationship and on the VO₂ slow component, and the effects of prior heavy exercise on the whole body VO₂ and on the muscle deoxygenation kinetics. The first and second part of the experimental study confirmed the existence of the extra VO₂ phenomenon during incremental exercise. In the first study, this extra VO₂ was not affected by prior exercise whereas the VO₂ slow component was reduced. In the second study, we have observed a decrease in extra VO₂without any change in the VO₂slow component after an intermittent training program. Therefore, prior exercise and training had not the same effect on both phenomenons. It suggests that there is a possible dissociation between these two phenomenons. The third part of this work focused on the whole body VO₂ and on the muscle O₂ utilization kinetics evaluated by the variations of muscle oxygenation at the onset of heavy exercise. Prior heavy exercise induced a faster increase in muscle deoxygenation without any change in the phase II VO₂ kinetic. It indicates the existence of a possible dissociation between the whole body VO₂ and the muscle O₂ utilization kinetics. Prior heavy exercise reduced the time delay before the increase in muscle deoxygenation at the beginning of a heavy exercise. This result suggests that O₂ utilization at the onset of heavy exercise increased faster because of an improvement in the muscle O₂ availability and/or a reduction of the “metabolic inertia”
Haydar, Bachar. "Changement de direction en course à pied : réponses physiologiques et effets sur la performance". Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0019.
Pełny tekst źródłaLe, Panse Bénédicte. "Effets ergogéniques, métaboliques et hormonaux d'une prise chronique et aiguë de salbutamol". Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE2051.
Pełny tekst źródłaMatelot, David. "Limites des adaptations cardiovasculaires des sportifs endurants". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1B028/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis PhD Thesis aimed to answer three limits related to cardiovascular adaptations in endurance athletes. Are bradycardic endurance athletes more at risk of reflex syncope and of ECG abnormalities than their non-bradycardic counterparts? Is 40 years old too late to start endurance training in order to improve cardiovascular health in later life? Cardiac fatigue has been shown after long-term intense running events, but do canoeing or military training induce the same alteration? First, BRADY study showed that endurance-trained bradycardic athletes are not more prone to reflex syncope or ECG abnormalities than their non-bradycardic peers. Our results suggest that cardiac hypertrophy may be, at least in part, responsible for the developement of training-induced bradycardia. Second, COSS study showed that commencing structured endurance training after 40 years of age is powerful enough to induce beneficial alterations in VO2max, resting HR, and autonomic status that match those observed in individuals who commenced training prior to 30 years of age. However, only endurance training commenced before 30 years old provides enhancement of certain vascular adaptations during exercise. Last, preliminary results of FACEFI study showed that a 4-day military selection camp does not lead to cardiac fatigue. The relative short duration of the last exercise (< 2h45), the high level of training of the subjects, and the important strenght- related part of the exercices may explain the lack of cardiac fatigue. Data from 4 weeks of canoeing training and 24h of military training in other groups of athletes are in process
Galvani, Christel. "Effet de l’activité physique et du régime diététique sur une population de grands obèses à court et à long terme". Rennes 2, 2008. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00293704/fr/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study deals with the comparison of different training protocols for healthy severe obese subjects in terms of body weight and body composition, physiological and health related enhancement parameters. All subjects participated in an integrated body mass eduction program (duration: 3 weeks), consisting in: a) energy-restricted diet, b) nutritional education, c) psychological counseling, d) exercise training. All tests were performed the day before the beginning of the integrated program and repeated after 3 weeks (end of the first intervention phase of the program) and once again during a day hospital organized 1 y after the beginning of the treatment. These are the major findings of this research: 1) all behavioral interventions structured in this study provided positive effects at short-term for weight loss and body composition, physiological and health parameters and at the long-term for weight-maintenance; the studied interventions had a positive effect on lifestyle modification because inactive obese subjects had increase their physical activity level (PAL); 2) 30 min of moderate aerobic exercise 5 days/week has been well tolerated during a low caloric diet and it is the PAL we suggest to maintain; 3) strength training has been an important component of the weight loss program at short-term to enhance maximal strength but has not allowed to preserve fat free mass; 4) an increase in intensity has not been necessary at the short-term, since it has not determined any advantages. At the end of this study we can conclude that in our opinion the greatest obesity challenge is to find how to obtain a permanent lifestyle modification for obese subjects
Bessot, Nicolas. "Effet de la fréquence de pédalage sur les variations diurnes de la performance et ses déterminants en cyclisme". Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2065.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuclos, Martine. "Sollicitation de l'axe corticotrope aprés l'exercice musculaire chez le sportif entrainé". Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR23034.
Pełny tekst źródłaMartin, Vincent. "Intérêts et limites de l'électrostimulation pour l'évaluation, le traitement et la prévention des altérations neuromusculaires induites par l'exercice excentrique". Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOS073.
Pełny tekst źródłaPalut, Yannick. "Propriétés d'auto-organisation dans les déplacements des joueurs en sports duels". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30118.
Pełny tekst źródłaBret, Carine. "Qualités neuro-musculaires et métabolisme du lactate : relation avec la performance sur 100 m et dans différentes spécialités athlétiques (400 à 1500 m)". Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10240.
Pełny tekst źródłaBaudot, Christophe. "Aspects physiologiques et médicaux de la pratique de l'heptathlon à haut niveau et résultats d'une enquête auprès de 16 heptathloniennes de haut niveau". Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M192.
Pełny tekst źródłaBourgeois, Pascal. "Relation entre l'activité oculomotrice et nucale automatique et la réalisation d'une tache motrice volontaire : mise en place d'un registre de perturbations techniques "posturales" dans des populations d'enfants et d'étudiants de staps". Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100093.
Pełny tekst źródła1) The automatic system and the voluntary system are closely linked. Tonic neck reflexes appear during maximum effort and influence the voluntary motor activity. 2) lf we correct the postural tonic activity of a group of postural abnormal individuals, their voluntary motor activity is improved when they perform a simple task. Wearing a Minerva, rotating the head and wearing 1° to 4° prismatic lenses have effect from the first seconds. As regards muscular activity, immediate improvement is observed on the same side as the eye with partial oculomotor paralysis. 3) Wearing prismatic lenses causes similar effects in postural normal subjects, which cannot yet be explained. 4) We show that “technical interferences” detectable to the naked eye on students carrying a motor task can he attributed to tonic postural reflexes when these reveal a postural etiology. That is also demonstrated by two simple tests (arm deviation and Fukuda stepping). 5) We find that 17,26% (act of a population of 168 children aged 10 to 14) present these disorders fallowed by secondary effects which jeopardize the normal course of their studies and their performance of P. E. (tiredness, hyper-excitability, drop of school performance, postural scoliosis. . . ). 6) This posturographic disturbance can be observed when the child is carrying out P. E. Activity, whereas a scoliosis below l0° can hardly be detected by visual examination. 7) We have started to draw up a list of these “technical defects” in several disciplines, as an aid for P. E. Teachers whenever they notice them in their pupils. We also provide suggestions concerning the 21,16% of children who had defects and were corrected, in order to restructure the motor tasks which they had learned previously
Slawinski, Jean. "Effets de la fatigue et du niveau d'entraînement : étude des relations entre les coûts énergétique et mécanique en course à pied". Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EVRY0005.
Pełny tekst źródłaVerney, Julien. "Conséquences musculaires d'un entraînement sollicitant endurance et force chez un même sujet âgé : aspects fonctionnels et histomorphologiques". Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STET4014.
Pełny tekst źródłaWe aimed to investigate both specific and unspecific adaptations to combined lower body endurance and upper body resistance training in the same healthy elderly. Ten subjects (73 + - 4 years) were trained during 14 weeks (3 sessions/week). Before and after training, peak oxygen uptake, isokinetic torque and body composition were assessed. Muscle biopsies were also obtained from vastus lateralis (VLat) and deltoid (Del) muscle in order to evaluate enzymatic activities, fibre type composition and area, microvascular network and satellite cell (SC) content. Among specific adaptations, we observed a significant increase in peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), CS and HAD activities as well as an improvement of LC/PF index in VLat after endurance training. We also found a significant increase in maximal isokinetic torque and muscle cross sectional area assessed by MRI after upper body resistance training. However, at the cellular level, this hypertrophy was not observed in Del. Our training program also induced non specific adaptations, such as a significant improvement in leg maximal isokinetic torque or a significant hypertrophy of type IIA fibres in Vlat after endurance training. After resistance training, a significant enhancement of VO2 peak during arm cranking and an increase in CS activity in Del was also observed. In response to training, the number of satellite cells per fibre increased in both muscles, mainly through a significant increase in the number of SC associated to type II fibres. The training program also improved body composition and blood lipid profile, which opens up future investigations using this training design, for example in subjects with metabolic syndrome
Prigent, Jean-Paul. "Evolutions de la fréquence cardiaque du golfeur lors d'un parcours de golf : étude sur 25 cas". Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2M220.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoudain-Pineau, Mickaël. "Statistiques appliquées à la physiologie du sport dans l’exploration des variables influençant la performance chez les cyclistes". Reims, 2008. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000981.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaFirst, we studied a population of 112 cyclists divided into three levels amateurs. These subjects carried out an incremental test by three minute old stage. Anthropometric variables like physiological and physical were studied at two times, at the lactic threshold and at the maximum of the for each individual. We used discriminant analysis to obtain with the lactic threshold a linear discriminant function and in max a quadratic discriminant function made up of the most significant variables. Then, for 213 professional cyclists, we had the values of several hormones before and after an incremental test. We also had physical and physiological parameters for each athlete. We studied the behavior of these hormones and the impact of the physical and physiological parameters on the excepted values. The multiple regression analysis allowed to establish a linear model made up of the most significant parameters explaining the power. Finally, the study of the lactatemy taken at an incremental exercise and for 10 minutes after exercice for a population of professional cyclists allowed, using an existing model, to modeling the blood lactate reaction. This function describing the blood lactate evolution throughout all exercice duration allow to carry out a simulation on the return to a basal level
Morin, Stéphane. "Conception d'un système informatique ergonomique pour modéliser et gérer l'entraînement : application au volley-ball professionnel". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AMIE0004.
Pełny tekst źródłaModelling the training effects on performance allow to better conceptualize athleteadaptations to training to help coaches faced with many uncertainties, as possiblealternatives to high level performance, overreaching, overtraining and injury. The dailytraining load (TL) quantification is then the first step of the training periodization. Ourlitterature review shows that these affects are non final statement of interactions betweenexogenous and endogenous factors (Banister et coll., 1975, Busso et coll., 1990, Morton et coll., 1990). The concept of TL involves an effect level resulting in the body in the form offunctional responses that have a certain intensity and a certain time. It involves followseveral perceptual markers daily.The advances made in the area of computer and communication technologies nowoffer new opportunities for designing an ergonomic computer system to collect, process,and visualize large amounts of data, but also provides an alternative modelling of thetraining effects. Inspired by the general mechanisms regulating homeostasis andchronobiology, we postulated that the performance capacity of each training day can bemodeled by a wave whose amplitude, after reaching a maximum, gradually decrease totend to return to its initial level during the following days (damped harmonic oscillation).Our results allow us to discuss the possibilities of such a system on an analysis ofthe coaches practices in terms of training load management at different times of the plan.Despite the small number of subjects (six players), they show that the use of the concept ofdamped harmonic oscillation model for the cumulative and delayed effects of trainingappears promising. But before applying it to a wide range of subjects and practices(rehabilitation, physical activity of older person), further investagtion is needed
Lemoine, Sophie. "Détection du récepteur musculaire des oestrogènes : influence du sexe, de l'entraînement et de la typologie". Rennes 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN20047.
Pełny tekst źródłaEstrogens exert, in women, significant muscle effects during exercise. Their actions via specific receptors suppose the presence of estrogen receptors in skeletal muscle. The presence of estrogen receptor alpha mRNA (ERα mRNA) was investigated in human skeletal muscle by Nested Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction technique (Nested RT-PCR). ERα mRNA was detected in male and female deltoid muscles as well as in female pectoral muscle. There is no gender difference in ERα mRNA levels in skeletal muscle. In order to observe endurance training effect on ERα expression in skeletal muscle, male and female rats were trained during 7 weeks. ERα mRNA levels were determinated by RT-PCR. These levels increased in the female trained group but not in the male trained group. This adaptation, observed on intermediate muscle, was determined in muscles with different typology. ERα mRNA levels were estimated in intermediate muscle (gastrocnemius), slow twitch muscle (soleus) and fast twitch muscle (Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL). In the control group, ERα mRNA level was significantly higher in soleus muscle compared to gastrocnemius and eXtensor digitorum longus muscles. After training, ERα mRNA level was significantly higher in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles compared to extensor digitorum longus muscle. Indeed, ERα mRNA level significantly increased in gastrocnemius muscle, significantly decreased in EDL and was not significantly modified in soleus
Édouard, Pascal. "Adaptations de la force musculaire des muscles rotateurs médiaux et latéraux dans la stabilisation dynamique de l' articulation scapulo-humérale : applications à des situations pathologiques et sportives". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STET010T/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this work is to determine the possible links between strength and agonist/antagonist balance of the shoulder internal and external rotators muscle, and the glenohumeral stability. The first part of this work is a reminder of functional anatomy, joint physiology and biomechanics of the glenohumeral joint, and pathological aspects related to the problem of its stability and its exploration. The second part propose a critical analysis of technical exploration of muscular strength by isokinetic dynamometer to determine a reliable and reproducible protocol. We choose to use the more reliable and more suitable position for evaluation of pathological subject: the seated position with 45° of shoulder abduction in the scapular plane, with gravity corrected. The third part is aimed to research, from original clinical studies, the relationship between shoulder internal and external rotators muscle strength and balance, and shoulder instability on the one hand, and adaptations of this strength with sports practice on the other hand. Although a deficit in rotators muscle strength is associated with recurrent anterior instability, our work reporte no association between agonist/antagonist imbalance and recurrent anterior instability. In overhead sports and sports seeking the upper limbs, adaptations of strength, with a rotator strength increase on the dominant side, are inconsistent, and most importantly, our results reporte no agonist/antagonist imbalance induced by the sports practice. In conclusion, this work highlights adaptations in strength and balance of the shoulder internal and external rotators muscle associated with the glenohumeral joint instability, or induced by the sports practice. Tacking into account the limits of our experiment, we can hypothesis that any physiological adaptations induced by sport practice would not intervene as a pathophysiological mechanisms of desadaptation, or not be considered a risk factor predisposing, to glenohumeral joint diseases. Thus, our conclusion is that the agonist/antagonist balance would have a protective role of the joint stability; the occurrence of a muscle agonist / antagonist imbalance may be secondary to an anatomical lesion and mark the sign of its long and/or pejorative evolution
Jacob, Christophe. "Influence du type et de l'intensité de l'entraînement sur les réponses en catécholamines à l'exercice de sprint chez l'homme et la femme". Rennes 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN20045.
Pełny tekst źródłaSprint performance is influenced by several factors mainly as morphological, muscular, metabolic and hormonal ones. The studies concerning the hormonal factor are not numerous despite catecholamines are known to play a major role in substrates mobilisation and utilisation during sprint exercise. Thus the aim of this study was to determined the effect of training (type and intensity) and gender on catecholamines reponses to the Wingate-test. Consequently, A and NA responses to the Wingate-test were measured in untrained, endurance trained and sprint trained subjects (men and women). Plasma A and NA and blood lactate concentrations were determined at rest, (A0, NA0 and La0) immediately at the end of the Wingate-test (Amax and NAmax), and after 5 min recovery (A5, NA5 and lamax). The performances during the Wingate test were, in both sexe, significantly higher in sprint trained compared to untrained and endurance trained subjects. Lamax and Amax were also higher in sprint trained subjects compared to the others groups but only in men. Men's results suggest that sprint training can enhance the capacity to secrete adrenaline much more than endurance training. The lack of significant differences in Amax values between untrained, endurance trained and sprint trained women suggest that training has no effect on the capacity to secrete adrenaline in women. Finally, our study suggests that there is some gender differences concerning the adaptation of the sympatho-adrenergic system to sprint training
Mauvieux, Benoit. "Effets d’un entrainement physique et sportif régulier, chronique ou temporaire, sur les rythmes biologiques du travailleur de nuit". Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2063.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchulz, Henry, Peter Wright i Thomas Hauser. "Exercise, Sports and Health : Second Joint Research Conference in Chemnitz, Germany 09. - 11. September 2009". Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2011. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A19562.
Pełny tekst źródłaJaffré, Christelle. "Effets de l'entraînement intensif sur le développement de la jeune fille en période péripubertaire : interactions facteurs de croissance et métabolisme osseux". Rennes 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN20015.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main aim of this study was to evaluate the intensive gymnastic training effects on the somatic and bone developments in a population of peripebertal females. Intensive impact loading exercise is known to improve the skeletal bone mass probably by a mechanical action on the skeleton. It can also act on hormonal and biochemical changes. This longitudinal study has assessed the somatic and bone dvelopments in young female gymnasts compared to a control group in prepuberty. By means of a cross-sectional study we have also compared the two groups and evaluated the training effects on urinary androgens (testosterone, androstenedione, S-DHEA) and cortisol rates. The response of the bone turnover(CTx) has also been studied. The main results were : 1)intensive impact loading exercise improve the bone mass accretion. 2)the chronic gymnastic training has no effect(s) on the somatic growth in prepubertal gymnasts, 3) intensive gymnastics seems to modify only urinary androstenedione concentration, 4) chronic gymnastic training seems to stimulate the bone resorption. Intensive gymnastic training carried out during puberty appears to improve the bone mass and density in our female subjects. The mechanism of the bone remodelling is probably involved in such phenomenom. Furthermore, intensive training does not seem to influence androgens and cortisol excretions that could act on the bone mass accretion
Villaret, Emmanuel. "Signes physiologiques, psychologiques et psychomoteurs liés aux effets de la fatigue par l’exercice physique chez l’enfant". Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100153.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe number of accidents in schools shows that 75% of accidents occur during the Physical Education and Sport class. The departmental objectives stipulate that teachers must ensure the safety of the students and prevent any risk of accident. In this context, our research has been directed towards one of the potential factors of accidents lying in a too large quantity of work compared to the physical abilities of the student. Our hypothesis is that fatigue caused by physical activity is accompanied by concrete signs, observable by the teacher, and develop simultaneously with the biological, psychological and psychomotor changes in response to the maximal aerobic exercise. Eight signs were observed in carrying out 142 run tests with children. The results showed a mixed trend signs depending on the level of performance of the child. Two models are emerging. Children who achieved high performance were out of breath, blushed, perspired and became awkward earlier in the effort. They showed nervousness late. Children with low performance were out of breath, blushed and perspired late. They showed signs of lassitude and awkwardness at the end of the effort and lost focus more easily during exercise. No difference between men and women was observed. The cognitive performance on a test of attention and vigilance in a state of fatigue was also assessed. The improved performance of experimental and witness groups give evidence to the crucial effect of training
Oueslati, Ferid. "Oxygénation globale et périphérique au cours de l'exercice intense : implication des muscles respiratoires et locomoteurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AMIE0026.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this work was to study whole-body and muscle oxygenation during heavy exercise with checking of underpinning mechanisms of excess (Δ) VO2 and VO2 slow component (SC) observed during incremental and constant-load exercises, respectively.The first study has endorsed the link between ΔVO2 and respiratory work. The second study highlighted the higher solicitation of respiratory muscles during the constant-load exercise correlated to the VO2 SC compared to incremental exercise. Additionally, this study confirms by means of recorded vastus lateralis oxygenation responses the existence of VO2 SC and the lack of ΔVO2. Even mechanistic basis induced VO2 SC and ΔVO2 are the same, a lack of correlation was observed between these phenomena. The significant correlation observed between whole-body and local oxygenation during the constant-load exercise has led us to investigate the effect of exercise intensity on this relationship in the third study. The local VO2 SC did not differ between two exercises intensities and its relationship with the whole-body VO2 SC was impacted. Furthermore, the total hemoglobin and ventilatory work have decreased and increased, respectively during severe compared to heavy exercise. In this context, the last study shows that respiratory muscles endurance is correlated to the decrease of vastus lateralis tissue oxygen saturation at the end of exercise and performance. These results contribute to the understanding of global and muscle oxygenation and especially ΔVO2, VO2 SC and their underpinning mechanisms
Vinet, Agnès. "Evaluation de l'aptitude aérobie des sportifs paraplégiques". Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON14001.
Pełny tekst źródłaGauché, Elodie. "Etude des altérations neuromusculaires au cours d'exercices à dominante excentrique : influence du type d'exercice, de la durée et du niveau d'expertise". Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05S022.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe purpose of the present work is to analyse the effect workload on the neuromuscular fatigue and to determine the influence of the nutritional antioxidant contribution on the muscular recovery and the evolution of the markers of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, muscular damage, and ignition during the first two days which follow an eccentric exercise. The first study evaluates the neuromuscular fatigue following high versus low intensity eccentric exercise corresponding to the same amount of work. These results indicate that muscle fatigue appears independent of the intensity of eccentric contractions when total work performed is the same. The two following studies examined the effects of vitamins and minerals complex supplementation on the neuromuscular recovery, oxidative stress, and tissue damage induced by the eccentric exercise. The results of the two last studies indicate that an antioxidants nutritional contribution did not reducethe alterations of the maximal force generating capacity of the knee extensor muscles after exercise. The contractile properties alterations seem to result respectively from a reduction central mechanisms and a dysfunction of the excitation-contraction coupling process. Nevertheless, the dietary supplementation elicits a modest and faster improvement in maximal isometric voluntary contraction recovery at 48 hours after a prolonged trail running race. Moreover, it seems to minimize the chronic ignition related to ageing. The whole of this experimentation work suggests that the mechanical and oxidative stress eccentric contractions induced a muscular fatigue and tissue damage at the origin of the contractile capacities failure which can be limited by an increase in the nutritional antioxidant contribution
Prioux, Jacques. "Facteurs de variation de la commande centrale inspiratoire, de la ventilation et des échanges respiratoires au cours de l'exercice chez l'homme". Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON1T024.
Pełny tekst źródłaHeugas, de Panafieu Anne-Marie. "Analyse des effets de l'entraînement sur les indicateurs physiologiques de la performance en course de 400 mètres chez des athlètes de haut niveau". Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2280.
Pełny tekst źródłaDucret, Stéphane. "Contribution de la physiologie et de la mécanique dans l'étude des sports de glisse : rôle de l'usure des matériaux et de la fatigue de l'athlète dans la performance". Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10192.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeleu, Claire. "Analyse des facteurs locomoteurs de performance chez le cheval trotteur". Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20012.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work brings new data about locomotion of trotter racehorses. The method used, called Equimetrix, is based on the measurements of accelerations at a point near the center of gravity of the horse. The main advantages of that method are an easiness of use in the field and a fast obtention of biomechanical data. The locomotor test presented here allows the quantification of a great number of gait variables. Their reproducibility is shown as well as theirs main factors of influence : speed, age/training status, level of performance. Relationships between physiological and gait data are described, as well as the heritability of locomotor variables
Lussiana, Thibault. "Terrien et aérien : concept, validation et implications". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2087/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaHuman motion is often modelled using a spring-madd model where the body balanced on a compressible spring. The runner bouces from one step to the next whit a mid or forefoot strike pattern and a stiff leg. However, some studies highlight that a long contact time and a rearfoot stike pattern enhance running economy. The Volodalen approach suggests that the biomechanical parameters interact in a holistic system following tow main locomotive optimization processes : terrestrial and aerial. Aerial runners bounce on the forepart of their foot following the spring-mass model, wheras terrestrial runners move forward from heel-to-toe with limites vertical desplacement. Through a series of experiments, this thesis verifies the existence of two biomechanial models to optimize running economy. Terrestrial runners seduce flight time and leg stiffness, uncreasing hip extensors recruitment and horizontal displacement during stance. Aerial runners favour a short contact time, a mid-forefoot strike pattern, a gastrocemius pre-activation, and a high vertical oscillation. Both types of runners exhibit similar running economy levels at sub-maximal running speeds. According to Volodalen, these two optimization process are mediated by runners' perceived pleasure that would guide the runner in preferntial environments. The arial runner prefers to run faster than the terrestrial runner.futher undrstanding the unerlying relation between internal processes and external environments could lead to enhanced invidualization of training. however, results from a trainning intervention indicate no differential benefit in undertaking rebound-based versus pushing-based training based
Dalloz, Richard, i Jean Huot. "L'entraînement sportif par la méthode des créneaux : Application et validation sur le terrain". Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10482.
Pełny tekst źródłaMazure, Cyrille. "Analyse des paramètres métaboliques, neuromusculaires et cinématiques lors d'enchaînements impliquant le cyclisme et la course à pied". Toulon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUL0002.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of the present work is to analyse the metabolic, kinematics and neuromuscular adaptations during the running part of a cycle-to-run transition in triathlon and duathlon. Within this framework, three studies are undertaken. The first study compares the two running parts of a sprint duathlon realised at a free pace in a time trial condition. The main result is that the running cost is not different before and after cycling. The main hypotheses that could explain this result are the short duration of the cycling part and the subjects'high evel. The second study analyse the influence of the cycling pace on the subsequent 5 km running performance. The 20 km cycling part is conducted either at free pace, either at a constant power output, or with variation in the power output. The results show that the more the cycling is sustained at a constant pace the better is the running performance. Because there is no difference in the cardio-respiratory parameters, it is advanced that repeated high-work jumps during cycling cause muscular fatigue. The third study is undertaken with high level subjects to analyse the kinematics and electromyographics changes during three exercises: a 45 min run effort at VT1 + 5 %, a duathlon and a cycle-to-run transition at the same duration and intensity. The results analysis shows that muscular fatigue is more important during the 45 min running exercise and that there is no kinematics changes during the two others conditions. These results underline the influence of the cycling strategy, intensity and duration on the subsequent running performance. Further studies including a swimming bout will be necessary to expand these conclusions to a whole triathlon
Caillet, Grégory. "Effet de la pratique des activités physiques et sportives sur la susceptibilité au mal des transports". Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10020.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe theory of visuo-vestibular conflict is the most commonly accepted to explain motion sickness (MS). Visual, vestibular and proprioceptive afferences are involved in balance control and this function can be improved by physical and sporting activities (PSA). The purpose of the present survey was to investigate the relations between the susceptibility to MS in adulthood and the practice of PSA, and especially proprioceptive PSA. A questionnaire with items concerning MS susceptibility (MSS) and PSA practice has been completed by 1829 students (22. 3±3. 4 years; 799 males). Subjects having practised a sport before and after the age of 18 are less susceptible to MS in adulthood than subjects without PSA practice (P<0. 001). For both sexes combined, the practice of proprioceptive PSA before the age of 18 is more protective from MSS in adulthood than the practice of bioenergetic PSA before this age (RR = 0. 45, 95 % CI 0. 22-0. 92). By practising PSA, subjects are less dependent on visual input and use vestibular afferences better. A process of habituation can be involved in better managing conflicting sensory afferences reducing susceptibility to MS. The practice of proprioceptive PSA develops the proprioceptive afferences and improves their treatment by the central nervous system. This additionnal appropriate input associated with an increase in vestibular weight compared to vision helps overcome visuo-vestibular conflict
Paquette, Myriam. "Caractérisation de l'oxygénation musculaire lors d'efforts en canoë-kayak et relation avec la performance". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69444.
Pełny tekst źródłaPerformance in sprint canoe-kayak has been associated with maximal O2 uptake (VO2max), lactate threshold, as well as anaerobic fitness and muscle qualities. However, the physiological peculiarities of sprint canoe-kayak suggest that the peripheral component of the aerobic system, and more precisely the muscle O2 extraction capacity, is an important determinant of performance. A good understanding of the key performance indicators is crucial to validate training programs and tests used to monitor training adaptations in athletes. With the advent of portable and affordable near infrared spectroscopy devices, it is now possible to measure changes in muscle oxygenation (SmO2) in different active muscles during exercise. Thus, the goals of the four articles included in this thesis were to characterize the changes in muscle oxygenation during exercise and in response to different types of training in order to better understand the role of peripheral adaptations in sprint canoe-kayak performance and explore the effect of different types of training on these physiological parameters and on performance. Study 1, examining the association between muscle oxygenation parameters and 200m, 500m and 1000m performance in provincial to international level canoe-kayak athletes, concludes that maximal O2 extraction in the muscles studied is the best predictor of performance over all three distances, and suggests that O2 extraction is a better predictor of performance than VO2max in sprint canoe-kayak. In Study 2, the evaluation of the acute physiological response to various interval training sessions indicated that sprint interval training (SIT), compared to short interval training (HIIT), induces the lowest SmO2 levels and cumulates the longest time at low SmO2, potentially making it a stimulus of choice to generate muscle O2 extraction adaptations, and therefore improve performance in sprint canoe-kayak. Study 3 assessed changes in muscle oxygenation in response to a 3-week training camp in a group of elite athletes, to assess whether the training usually prescribed to kayakers elicits peripheral adaptations. After the training camp, the improvement in performance over 200m and 1000m was concomitant with reduced SmO2, suggesting an improvement in O2 extraction capacity. Finally, in the last study of this thesis, the effect of a SIT or HIIT program on muscle oxygenation parameters and on performance over 200m, 500m and 1000m was measured, in order to assess whether sessions generating low and sustained levels of SmO2 present an optimal stimulus for improving O2 extraction capacity. HIIT improved performance in all three time trials, while performance improvements were trivial after SIT. VO2max was unchanged after training, but the maximum deoxygenation achieved in the 1000m time trial was increased in response to both training types. In the 1000m, the increase in performance with training was associated with the increase in maximal deoxygenation in the latissimus dorsi and vastus lateralis muscles, especially in the HIIT group. While these results do not support the hypothesis that SIT would be a better stimulus than HIIT to induce peripheral adaptations, they do highlight the important contribution of peripheral adaptations to sprint kayaking performance. Thus, the results presented in this thesis allow for a better understanding of the physiological demand of sprint canoe-kayak and attest to the role of peripheral adaptations, and more specifically of the muscle O2 extraction capacity, as a physiological determinant of performance. They confirm that training is associated with increased O2 extraction capacity, and that the latter is associated with increased performance. Given these results, it becomes clear that the training of sprint canoe-kayak athletes should aim at optimizing peripheral adaptations. Measuring changes in muscle oxygenation during exercise during tests, training sessions and time trials can provide valuable information on the athlete's profile, help identify the physiological components to be optimized and assess the athlete's response to the training program, and would be a valuable tool to add to the monitoring performed with canoe-kayak athletes.
Nourry, Cédric. "Contraintes pulmonaires et adaptations ventilatoires à l'entraînement chez l'enfant pré-pubère". Artois, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ARTO0501.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn comparison with adults, children have lower pulmonary capacity and maximal expiratory flows. In addition children presents high levels of ventilation and PCO2 for a given exercise intensity which testifies that their exercise ventilation is inefficient. For these reasons, children could rich more easily the limit of the gas exchange system during heavy exercise. The aim of this work was first to test wether mechanical ventilatory constraints and gas exchange impairment exist during exercise in prepubescent children according to their level of physical activity. The first part of this work shows that the prepubescent children are prone to the mechanical ventilatory constraints during exercise. Moreover the results of these studies show that these constraints are potentiated in trained children. During exercise, these ventilatory constraints may be implicated in gas exchange impairment observed for trained subjects. The second aim was to study if a eight-week period of intermittent running training may modify resting lung function and exercise ventilation. The second part shows that a short runnning training program improves resting lung function and compensates for the increase in the ventilatory demand with training. As balance between respiratory capacity and ventilatory demand is maintained, mechanical ventilatory constraints remain unchanged with training
Berro, Abdel Jalil. "Déterminants de la santé osseuse chez des jeunes femmes en surpoids et obèses : exploration et influences de deux programmes d'entraînement physique (force vs. endurance)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0024.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aims of this thesis were to define the determinants of bone health in young overweight and obese men and to explore the effects of two physical training programs (strength vs. endurance) on bone parameters in young overweight and obese women. Two preliminary studies and six main studies have been conducted. The first preliminary study has shown that VO2 max (L/mn) is a positive determinant of bone mass in overweight children. The second preliminary study has shown that BMI is a negative determinant of CSI, BSI and ISI in young women. The first main study has shown that obesity is associated with lower CSI, BSI and ISI values in young women. The second main study has shown that VO2 max (L/mn) is positively correlated to CSI and ISI in young women. The third and the fourth study have shown that being overweight is associated with higher BMC and BMD values but not with TBS values and that TBS is positively associated with VO2 max (L/mn). The fifth main study conducted on 68 young overweight and obese women has shown that vertical jump, VO2 max (L/min), maximal power (watts) and 1-RM half-squat are positively correlated with bone parameters in overweight and obese adult women. The sixth main study has shown that the two training programs (strength and endurance) are effective to increase whole body BMC and lumbar spine BMD, and to decrease body weight and fat mass. Strength training was also effective to increase TBS and composite indices of femoral neck strength (CSI, BSI and ISI)