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Ляшенко, Ірина Володимирівна, Ирина Владимировна Ляшенко, Iryna Volodymyrivna Liashenko i V. O. Konovalenko. "The future of sports medicine". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/72536.
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There was little good research under way, there were several highquality educational programs of specialization. We now have a significant
evidence that the lack of exercise leads to the development of cardiac
disease, some cancers, type of diabetes, stroke, and certain skeletal muscle
disorders.
2
Sylvestre, Jean-Philippe. "Applications of iontophoresis in sports medicine". Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486478.
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In this thesis, two potential applications of transdermal iontophoresis in the field of sports medicine were studied: (1) the local delivery of dexamethasone phosphate (Dex-Phos), a corticosteroid used to treat musculoskeletal inflammation, and (2) the extraction of systemic amino acids (AAs), potential biological markers of fatigue in athletes. The iontophoretic delivery of Dex-Phos was studied, in vitro, in order to evaluate the effects of competing ions and electroosmosis, and identify the optimal conditions for its delivery. The iontophoretic extraction of AAs from the skin was first studied in vitro, before evaluating the method in a group of human volunteers. Dex-Phos was best delivered by iontophoresis from the cathode in absence of background electrolyte in the drug solution. In this situation, the delivery of Dex-Phos is limited principally by the competition with counter-ions (mainly Na+) present subdermally and the small mobility of the drug inside the membrane. The accumulation of Cl-, released by the Ag/AgCl cathode in the drug solution during current passage, can also reduce Dex-Phos delivery. The extraction of zwitterionic AAs from the skin during iontophoresis was highly influenced by their presence in the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC). In the pig skin model, the amount of the AAs extracted during a short extraction period (1 hour) correlated with their abundance in the SC. Once this ‘reservoir’ was emptied (after ~3 hours of iontophoresis), the subdermal compartment could be sampled, suggesting that the method could be used to monitor systemic levels of AAs. The experiments in human volunteers revealed, however, that a 4-hour iontophoretic extraction period was insufficient to deplete the AAs SC ‘reservoir’. It follows that the method can be used to evaluate the abundance of AAs in the SC, but is unpractical for the clinical monitoring of their systemic levels.
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Maia, Mariana Cervaens Costa. "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in sports medicine". Doctoral thesis, [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4224.
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Doutoramento em Biotecnologia e Saúde, especialidade em Epidemiologia e Saúde PúblicaAs lesões desportivas são um grande problema no que diz respeito à sua rápida reabilitação. Inúmeros estudos tentam encontrar a técnica mais rápida capaz de acelerar o processo da recuperação. A oxigenoterapia hiperbárica (OTH) é a aplicação de 100% de oxigénio numa câmara hiperbárica a pressões mais elevadas do que o nível do mar. A inalação de OTH comporta-se como um fármaco multifacetado dotado de efeitos anti-isquémicos, anti-hipóxicos, anti-edematosos, pós-lesão e anti-infecciosos. Portanto, o objetivo desta tese foi analisar a influência da OTH na recuperação de lesões desportivas, como contusão muscular e do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) pós ruptura. Em primeiro lugar, verificou-se se a aplicação de OTH melhorou as propriedades biomecânicas, tais como rigidez, alongamento máximo e peso máximo, dos gastrocnémios de ratos após induzir contusão muscular. Em segundo lugar, era de nosso interesse analisar, após de se ter induzido uma contusão muscular nos gastrocnémios dos ratos, a influência da OTH na bioenergética mitocondrial avaliada através do consumo de oxigénio e potencial transmembranar e susceptibilidade à indução do poro de transição de permeabilidade mitocondrial, em mitocôndrias isoladas. Finalmente, no último trabalho experimental, tentou-se verificar se a aplicação de OTH tem a capacidade de melhorar a neovascularização, por meio da análise do factor de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF), bem como analisar a proliferação e a produção de proteína, em coelhos com ruptura do LCA. A OTH parece desempenhar um papel importante na recuperação de lesões musculares, mais especificamente, na contusão muscular em ratos, melhorando as propriedades biomecânicas musculares, tais como a rigidez e peso máximo e na bioenergética mitocondrial, onde o tempo até que o inchaço na mitocôndria iniciasse em grande escala foi menor no grupo submetido a OTH, assim como a amplitude de inchaço foi maior, o que atrasou a apoptose mitocondrial. Contudo, em relação à ruptura do LCA, a OTH promoveu a neovascularização, activando VEGF, mas no entanto, contribuindo para o aumento da espessura da cápsula. VII Palavras-chave: Oxigenoterapia hiperbárica, gastrocnémios, contusão muscular, propriedades biomecânicas, bioenergética mitocondrial, ligamento cruzado anterior, neovascularização, colagénio tipo I. Sports injuries is a major problem what concerns to its rapid rehabilitation. There is innumerous attempting to find the faster technique to apply to the injured ones to accelerate its recovery. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is the application of 100% oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber at pressures higher than sea level. The inhalation of HBO has already shown that behaves like a multifaceted drug endowed with anti-ischemic, anti-hypoxic, anti-edematous, pro-healing and anti-infective effects. Therefore, the objective of this thesis was to analyze the influence of HBO in the recovery from sports injuries such as muscle contusion and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Firstly, it was verified if HBO improved the biomechanical properties, such as hardness, maximum elongation and maximum weight, of rats’ gastrocnemius after inducing muscle contusion. Secondly, it was of our interest to analyze skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetic of rats’ gastrocnemius after induced muscle contusion, by determining end points related to oxygen consumption, transmembrane electric potential and permeability transition pore susceptibility in isolated mitochondria. At last, our last experimental work aimed to verify if HBO has the ability to improve neovascularization, through the analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well the proliferation and protein production, of rabbit ruptured ACL. HBO seems to play an important role in the recovery of muscle injuries, more specifically, muscle contusion in rats, by improving muscle biomechanical properties, such as hardness and maximum weight and in mitochondria energetic, where the time until large scale swelling initiates in mitochondria was lower in HBO and the swelling amplitude was higher, which delayed mitochondria apoptosis. However, concerning to ACL rupture, HBO increased neovascularization by activating VEGF, contributing for the increasing of capsule thickness. Les lésions sportives sont un grand problème en ce qui concerne la rapidité de sa réhabilitation. De nombreux études essayent de trouver la plus rapide et moins douloureuse technique capable d’accélérer le processus de récupération. L’oxygénothérapie hyperbare (OHB) consiste à l’inhalation de 100% d’oxygène dans un caisson étanche avec une pression plus élevée que celui de la mer. Il a été démontré que l’inhalation de l’OHB se comporte comme une drogue à multiple facette, qui permet d'agir sur l'ischémie tissulaire qu'elle qu'en soit la cause : vasculaire, traumatique, toxique, ou infectieuse. Pourtant, l’objectif de cette étude a été d’analyser l’influence de l’OHB dans la récupération des lésions sportifs, l’ecchymose du ligament croisé antérieur post rupture. Dans un premier temps, on a vérifié si l’utilisation de l’OHB améliore les propriétés biomécaniques, comme la rigidité, l’étirement maximum et le poids maximum, des Gastrocnémiens chez les rats après induire une ecchymose. Deuxièmement, cela été dans notre intérêts d’analyser, après induire une ecchymose des Gastrocnémiens chez les rats, l’influence du OBH dans la bioénergétique mitochondriale, évalué à travers la consommation d’oxygène, le potentiel transmembranaire et la susceptibilité d’induction du pore de transition de perméabilité mitochondrial, des mitochondries isolés. Pour finir, lors du dernier travail expérimental, nous avons essayé de vérifier si l’application de l’OHB a la capacité d’amélioré la néo vascularisation, en analysant le facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire (en anglais Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), en analysant aussi la prolifération et la production de protéine, sur des lapins avec rupture du LCA. L’OHB semble avoir un rôle important dans la récupération des lésions musculaires, plus précisément sur l’ecchymose chez les rats, améliorant ainsi les propriétés biomécaniques musculaires, comme la rigidité, le poids maximum et la bioénergétique mitochondriale. Le temps pour que l’oedème dans la mitochondrie arrive à grande échelle a été plus faible dans le groupe soumis à l’OHB, comme l’amplitude de l’oedème fut plus grand, ce qui a retardé XI l’apoptose mitochondrial. Toutefois, en ce qui concerne la rupture du LCA, l’OHB a promu la néo vascularisation, activant le VEGF, contribuant à une capsule épaisse.
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Waterbrook, Anna, Gail Pritchard, Allison Lane, Lisa Stoneking, Bryna Koch, Robert McAtee, Alice Min i in. "Development of a novel sports medicine rotation for emergency medicine residents". DOVE MEDICAL PRESS LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615113.
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Musculoskeletal complaints are the most common reason for patients to visit a physician, yet competency in musculoskeletal medicine is invariably reported as a deficiency in medical education in the USA. Sports medicine clinical rotations improve both medical students' and residents' musculoskeletal knowledge. Despite the importance of this knowledge, a standardized sports medicine curriculum in emergency medicine (EM) does not exist. Hence, we developed a novel sports medicine rotation for EM residents to improve their musculoskeletal educational experience and to improve their knowledge in musculoskeletal medicine by teaching the evaluation and management of many common musculoskeletal disorders and injuries that are encountered in the emergency department. The University of Arizona has two distinct EM residency programs, South Campus (SC) and University Campus (UC). The UC curriculum includes a traditional 4-week orthopedic rotation, which consistently rated poorly on evaluations by residents. Therefore, with the initiation of a new EM residency at SC, we replaced the standard orthopedic rotation with a novel sports medicine rotation for EM interns. This rotation includes attendance at sports medicine clinics with primary care and orthopedic sports medicine physicians, involvement in sport event coverage, assigned reading materials, didactic experiences, and an on-call schedule to assist with reductions in the emergency department. We analyzed postrotation surveys completed by residents, postrotation evaluations of the residents completed by primary care sports medicine faculty and orthopedic chief residents, as well as the total number of dislocation reductions performed by each graduating resident at both programs over the last 5 years. While all residents in both programs exceeded the ten dislocation reductions required for graduation, residents on the sports medicine rotation had a statistically significant higher rate of satisfaction of their educational experience when compared to the traditional orthopedics rotation. All SC residents successfully completed their sports medicine rotation, had completed postrotation evaluations by attending physicians, and had no duty hour violations while on sports medicine. In our experience, a sports medicine rotation is an effective alternative to the traditional orthopedics rotation for EM residents.
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Heiman, Diana L. "Recommended Curriculum Guidelines for Family Medicine Residents Musculoskeletal and Sports Medicine". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8148.
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Excerpt: This Curriculum Guideline defines a recommended training strategy for family medicine residents. Attitudes, behaviors, knowledge, and skills that are critical to family medicine should be attained through longitudinal experience that promotes educational competencies defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), www.acgme.org.
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Furlong, Judith, Cathleen McGonigle, Diana L. Heiman, Jon Woo, Rob Rutherford, Morteza Khodaee i Eugene Hong. "Hot Topics in Musculoskeletal and Sports Medicine Education". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8157.
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This 60-minute interactive seminar going over the “Hot Topics” of musculoskeletal education for residency programs including hands-on skills training is sponsored by the STFM Group on Musculoskeletal Education and Sports Medicine. The mission is to encourage, empower, and teach musculoskeletal and sports medicine skills to faculty for educating other faculty, residents, and medical students in the PCMH. The seminar will review diagnosis, management, and treatment options of “Hot Topics” in musculoskeletal and sports medicine conditions seen routinely in primary care. The seminar will provide both hands-on skills training and introduce teaching methods of these musculoskeletal skills to participants. The seminar will review recent updates in musculoskeletal medicine and sports medicine to the family medicine residency curriculum.
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Webster, Anthony Lindsay. "The role of hyperbaric oxygen in sports medicine". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ59697.pdf.
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Lapinski, Michael Tomasz. "A wearable, wireless sensor system for sports medicine". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46581.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-139).
This thesis describes a compact, wireless, wearable system that measures, for purposes of biomechanical analysis, signals indicative of forces, torques and other descriptive and evaluative features that the human body undergoes during bursts of extreme physical activity (such as during athletic performance). Standard approaches leverage high speed camera systems, which need significant infrastructure and provide limited update rates and dynamic accuracy, to make these measurements. This project uses 6 degree-of-freedom inertial measurement units worn on various segments of an athlete's body to directly make these dynamic measurements. A combination of low and high G sensors enables sensitivity for slow and fast motion, and the addition of a compass helps in tracking joint angles. Data from the battery-powered nodes is acquired using a custom wireless protocol over an RF link. This data, along with rigorous calibration data, is processed on a PC, with an end product being precise angular velocities and accelerations that can be employed during biomechanical analysis to gain a better understanding of what occurs during activity. The focus of experimentation was baseball pitching and batting at the professional level. Several pitchers and batters were instrumented with the system and data was gathered during several pitches or swings. The data was analyzed, and the results of this analysis are presented in this thesis. The dynamic results are more precise than from other camera based systems and also offer the measurement of metrics that are not available from any other system, providing the opportunity for furthering sports medicine research. System performance and results are evaluated, and ideas for future work and system improvements are presented.
by Michael Tomasz Lapinski.
S.M.
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Stone, Michael H., Brian D. Johnston i R. J. Elbin. "American Football: Lessons Learned from Sport Science and Sports Medicine: Strength and Conditioning for American Football: A Brief Overview". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4534.
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Бідучак, Анжела Степанівна. "Training of specialists in sports medicine us and Ukraine". Thesis, Сучасні підходи до вищої медичної освіти в Україні (з дистанційним під’єднанням ВМ(Ф)НЗ України за допомогою відеоконференц-зв’язку) : матеріали XIV Всеукр. наук.-практ. конф. з міжнар. участю, присвяченої 60-річчю ТДМУ (Тернопіль, 18–19 трав. 2017 р.) : у 2 т. / Терноп. держ. мед. ун-т імені І. Я. Горбачевського. – Тернопіль : ТДМУ, 2017. – Т. 1. – 211 с, 2017. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/12389.
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Gabbe, Belinda, i belinda gabbe@deakin edu au. "The descriptive epidemiology of Australian football injuries presenting to sports medicine clinics". Deakin University. School of Health Sciences, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20080603.160908.
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Sports injury prevention has been the focus of a number of recent public health initiatives due to the acknowledgement that sports injuries are a significant public health problem in Australia Whilst Australian football is one of the most popular participation sports in the country, only very limited data is available about football injuries The majority of sports injury data available for this sport is from hospital emergency departments and elite-level injury surveillance Overall there is a paucity of data from treatment settings other than hospitals In particular, there is a lack of information about the injuries sustained by community-level, junior and recreational Australian football participants.
One good potential source of football injury data is sports medicine clinics. Analysis of injury presentations to sports medicine clinics was undertaken to provide a detailed description of the epidemiology of Australian football injuries that present to this treatment setting and to determine the implications for injury prevention in this sport. In addition, the data from sports medicine clinics was compared with existing sources of Australian football injury data to determine how representative sports medicine clinic data is of other football injury data sources and to provide recommendations for future injury surveillance n Australian football.
The results contained in this thesis show that Australian football is the sport most associated with injury presentation at sports medicine clinics. The majority of injured Australian football players presenting to sports medicine clinics are community-level or junior participants which suggests that sports medicine clinics are a good source of information on the injuries sustained by sub-elite football participants.
Competition is the most common context in which Australian football players presenting to sports medicine clinics are injured. The major causes of injuries to Australian football players are being struck by another player, collisions and overuse. Injuries to Australian football players predominantly involve the lower limb. Adult players, players who stopped participating immediately after noticing their injury and players with overuse injuries are the most likely to sustain a more severe injury (i.e. more than four weeks before a full return to football participation and a moderate/significant amount of treatment expected). The least experienced players (five or less years of participation) are more likely to require a significant amount of treatment than the more experienced players.
The prevention of lower limb injuries, injuries caused by body contact and injuries caused by overuse should be a priority for injury prevention research in Australian
football due to the predominance of these injury types in the pattern of Australian football injuries Additionally, adult players, as a group, should be a focus of injury prevention activities in Australian football due to the association between age and injury severity.
Overall, the pattern of Australian football injuries presenting to sports medicine clinics appears to be different than reported by club-based and hospital emergency department injury surveillance activities. However, detailed comparison of sports medicine clinic Australian football data with other sources of Australian football injury data is difficult due to the variable methods of collecting and reporting injury information used by hospital emergency department and club-based injury surveillance activities. The development of a standardised method for collecting and reporting injury data in Australian football is strongly recommended to overcome the existing limitations of data collection in this sport.
In summary, sports medicine clinics provide a rich source of Australian football injury data, especially from the community and junior levels of participation. The inclusion of sports medicine clinic data provides a broader epidemiological picture of Australian football injuries. This broader understanding of the pattern of Australian football injuries provides a better basis for the development of injury prevention measures in this sport.
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Edmunds, Kim. "Cost-effectiveness of exercise medicine for prostate cancer". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2021. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2405.
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Background
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with numerous adverse effects that impact on quality of life and contribute further to the cost burden of prostate cancer (PCa) via treatment and supportive care. Exercise medicine is effective in slowing PCa progression, reversing treatment adverse effects and improving quality of life and survival of patients, however, no economic analyses have been conducted to determine whether exercise is cost-effective in this population.
Objectives
Firstly, to examine the adverse effects of ADT for PCa and the evidence supporting the use of exercise medicine in their management. Secondly, to conduct the first economic evaluations of exercise medicine in the management of the adverse effects of ADT for PCa to strengthen the evidence base for the development of effective health policy around exercise and PCa survivorship.
Methods
A systematic review was conducted to determine the incidence of the adverse effects of ADT for PCa. A rapid review examined the role of exercise in managing these adverse effects. Three economic evaluations were then conducted to determine the cost-effectiveness of supervised exercise for men with PCa receiving ADT. Two trial-based cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) compared exercise training and usual care (a suggestion to exercise). The first involved a preliminary randomised controlled trial (RCT) of exercise for 20 men with metastatic PCa. A value of information (VOI) analysis was also conducted to examine the need for and value of a larger trial. The second CEA involved a RCT of exercise for men previously treated with radiation therapy and ADT. For the third economic evaluation, a decision analytic Markov model was constructed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of an exercise intervention in preventing falls and fractures for men with localised or locally advanced PCa receiving ADT. All economic analyses were conducted from a healthcare payer perspective and the primary outcome measure was quality adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. Uncertainty in the results was explored using deterministic univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analysis where appropriate.
Results
The systematic review generated incidence evidence for nine adverse effect groups and 19 sub-groups, with statistically significant increased risks in 17 sub-groups. The rapid review revealed that exercise was effective in improving body composition, physical function and fatigue, as well as mitigating the bone loss, sexual dysfunction and psychosocial effects associated with ADT. The first within-trial CEA of exercise for men with metastatic PCa resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $133,509 and a 30% probability of being cost-effective after three months at a willingness-to-pay of AU$50,000. VOI analysis suggested further research is likely to be cost-effective to conduct. The second within-trial CEA of exercise for men who received radiation therapy and adjuvant ADT for localised PCa resulted in an ICER of $64,235 and a 41 per cent probability of cost-effectiveness after six months at a willingness-to-pay of AU$50,000. For the modelled cost-utility analysis, the exercise intervention dominated usual care (a suggestion to exercise), as it was less costly and more effective. Net monetary benefit (NMB) was $102,112 and probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed a 58% probability of cost-effectiveness at a willingness-to-pay of AU$50,000.
Conclusion
This research is the first to examine the cost-effectiveness of exercise for men with PCa receiving ADT. Supervised exercise is effective in managing many adverse effects of PCa treatment and cost saving in preventing falls and fractures. Future efforts need to focus on strengthening the evidence base in exercise for ADT adverse effect management. Uncertainty in economic evaluation can be reduced with more comprehensive cost and outcome data, longer follow up and larger sample sizes. This research has the potential to translate into changes in clinical practice, better informed policy decisions, cost savings for healthcare payers, and ultimately, better health and quality of life for PCa patients, survivors and their families.
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Dosumu, Adekunle A. "The environmental impacts and wellbeing benefits of sport : assessing spectator and participant dominated sports in England". Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/16441/.
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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from waste and transportation are of environmental concern. Globally, every year, waste contributes an estimated 5% and transport approximately 23% of the total anthropogenic GHG emissions. Sport contributes to GHG emissions by spectators and participants travelling to/from sporting venues and generating waste. Whilst a small reduction in an individual’s travel and waste may be perceived as having negligible impact, if these are aggregated over a population, the resultant GHG emissions can be significant. Although there is scientific evidence of the environmental impact of major sporting events there is limited research on it at the grassroots level. In addition watching and participating in sport results in wellbeing benefits such as improved self-esteem and mood. This research quantitatively examined both the environmental impacts and wellbeing benefits of sport at the grassroots level focusing on both spectator-dominated and participant-dominated sports in England. Three studies were conducted examining spectator-dominated sport: 1) GHG emissions relating to travel to and from football games; 2) GHG emissions relating to waste at football games and 3) the effects of watching football on mental wellbeing. Two further studies were also conducted assessing participant-dominated sport: 4) GHG emissions from travel to and from running location; and the effects of sport (running) on mental wellbeing and connection with nature and 5) the effects of running outdoors on mental wellbeing (pre and post study). The research showed that both spectators and participants’ sport considerably generated GHG emissions from travel and waste when extrapolated nationally. However, engaging in spectator-dominated or participant-dominated sports resulted in wellbeing benefits. Watching football resulted in better mental wellbeing, while running particularly outdoors resulted in improvements in wellbeing such as improved mood and increase in self-esteem after participating in sport. This research suggests that participating in sport can initiate a positive change in a person’s relationship with the natural world. These findings on the environmental impact and wellbeing benefits of both spectator-dominated and participant-dominated sports have implications for individuals, private sectors, sporting organisations, policy makers and government authorities.
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Sandstedt, Scott D. "Post-injury psychological characteristics and adherence to severe sport injury rehabilitation protocols /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3144453.
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Condiracci, Courtney N. "Return to Play Decision Making with Concussed Athletes: Sports Medicine Practitioners’ Responses". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1533053587483438.
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Starr, Larry M. "An Interdisciplinary Sports Medicine Team Model for Sunshine State Conference Athletic Programs". Thesis, NSUWorks, 2013. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/fse_etd/8.
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This applied dissertation was designed to provide up-to-date information for the athletic trainers and administrative staff in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletic programs. The National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA) has created recommendations and guidelines for appropriate medical coverage of intercollegiate athletics. The challenge for these athletic programs is to create a sports medicine model that will meet these recommendations and guidelines.
The researcher developed an interdisciplinary sports medicine team model that would provide the appropriate medical coverage and health care for student athletes at a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletic program. Use of an interdisciplinary sports medicine team model provides athletic training departments with information in eight areas: (a) athletes’ readiness to participate; (b) risk management and prevention; (c) recognition, evaluation, and immediate treatment of athletic injuries and illnesses; (d) rehabilitation and reconditioning of athletic injuries; (e) psychosocial intervention and referral; (f) nutritional aspects of injuries and illnesses; (g) health care administration; and (h) professional development to maintain knowledge and skills.
The researcher sent out an online survey to each of the head athletic trainers of the Division II Sunshine State Conference. The survey was based on the recommendations and guidelines identified in the NATA Appropriate Medical Coverage Official Statement. The online survey was followed by a one-on-one interview of each head athletic trainer. This information was used to determine what health care models are presently in place at the Sunshine State Conference athletic departments. As a result of this research, a model for the planning and development of an interdisciplinary sports medicine team within a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II college or university campus, based on identified best practices was completed.
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May, Sally. "An investigation into compliance with sports injury rehabilitation regimens". Thesis, University of Brighton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283533.
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Ramsey, Michael W. "Resistance Training for Aerobic Sports". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4082.
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Richter, Saskia D. "How hand placement during upper-extremity weight bearing tasks may reduce the risk of chronic elbow disorders in young female acrobatic athletes". The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500569841777089.
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Collier, Scott R. "Arterial remodeling and hemodynamic alterations following exercise training in individuals with pre- to stage-1 essential hypertension". Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.
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Digenio, Andres G. "Effects of exercise training on left ventricular function and exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease and varying degrees of left ventricular dysfunction". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26919.
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The medical profession has increased its acceptance of the benefits of exercise training for patients with uncomplicated coronary artery disease. Access to more modem technology and better management of this condition has led to an increase in the number of patients surviving acute coronary episodes . Some of these patients may have developed chronic asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction and/or residual myocardial ischaemia, and could become potential candidates for cardiac rehabilitation if exercise training could induce physiological benefits without further deteriorating their condition. Over the last 10 years, several patients at moderate to high risk of future cardiovascular events because of the presence of left ventricular dysfunction and/or myocardial ischaemia have been accepted for cardiac rehabilitation at the Johannesburg Cardiac Rehabilitation Center. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of exercise training on left ventricular function and exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease and varying degrees of left ventricular dysfunction and/or myocardial ischaemia attending the Johannesburg Cardiac Rehabilitation Center.
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Cloete, Carolette. "Respiratory health of the endurance athlete : prevalence of respiratory related conditions/illnesses in endurance athletes". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18234.
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Includes bibliographical references (pages 97-102).Background: Endurance athletes, in particular triathletes and ultra-distance runners, undergo high volumes of intense training in preparation for events. There is recent epidemiological evidence that the respiratory tract is the most common system affected by illness in athletes during tournaments. Respiratory tract symptoms have also been shown to affect endurance athletes particularly in the post- event period. However, the prevalence of respiratory related illnesses including respiratory tract symptoms, asthma, and allergies in the pre-race period has not been well studied in endurance athletes. Objective: The main aims of this dissertation were 1) to review the existing literature focussing on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, possible aetiology and management of respiratory tract symptoms, asthma and allergies in athletes, and 2) to conduct an investigation to determine the pre-event period prevalence (6 weeks and 1 week before an event) and nature of respiratory tract symptoms, asthma and allergies in Ironman triathletes and ultra-distance runners. Methods: In the first part of the dissertation, a review of the literature pertaining to respiratory tract symptoms and illness was undertaken. In the second part of the dissertation, a cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken in 441 triathletes entering the 2006 and 2007 Ironman Triathlon, and 152 ultra- distance runners in the 2009 Two Oceans Ultra-marathon. In the 1 to 3 days before the race (registration period), participants were requested to complete a validated pre-event medical questionnaire containing sections on demographics, training and previous competition, common medical conditions and detailed sections on respiratory symptoms in the 6 weeks and 1 week period before the race, as well as asthma and allergies experienced. Respiratory symptoms were divided into upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS), lower respiratory tract symptoms (LRTS) and systemic symptoms (SS). All data obtained regarding these respiratory related illnesses were compared between the triathlete group and the ultra- distance runners. Results: The main findings in the experimental section of the dissertation were that 1) triathletes trained significantly more hours in the 6 weeks and 1 week before an event than ultra-distance runners, 2) the period prevalence (6 weeks before the race) of respiratory tract symptoms was 50% of triathletes and 35% of ultra-distance runners, 3) upper respiratory tract symptoms and particularly nasal symptoms (nasal congestion and rhinorrhoea) were significantly more common in triathletes (21 to 27%) in comparison with ultra-distance runners (12 to 17%), 4) systemic symptoms (especially pyrexia) were significantly more common in ultra-distance runners in the 1 week before an event (9.2 vs. 2.4%), 5) the point prevalence of self-reported asthma was low in both study groups (ultra-distance runners 3.4% and triathletes 8.3%) although symptoms of dry cough, wheezing, shortness of breath and "tight" chest were reported by 25 to 80% of athletes in both study populations, 6) in most cases the diagnosis of asthma was made by means of history taking and a physical examination by a physician, 7) majority of triathletes used beta 2-agonists only as the treatment of choice for asthma symptoms, while ultra-distance runners used combinations of corticosteroids and beta 2-agonist inhalers as first line treatment, 8) allergies were reported by 34% of triathletes and 22.3% of ultra-distance runners, 9) most allergic symptoms in both study groups were confined to the upper respiratory tract with hay fever ranging from 77 to 83% and sinusitis 55 to 64.2%, and 10) the most common medication used for allergies by triathletes and ultra- distance runners, were anti-histamine tablets. Conclusion: There is a high period prevalence of respiratory symptoms in triathletes and ultra-distance runners in the 6 weeks before an endurance event. Triathletes had a significantly higher prevalence of upper respiratory tract symptoms (especially nasal symptoms) in comparison to ultra-distance runners, which might be related to allergies and a higher training volume. There also appears to be a lack in proper diagnostic evaluation of asthma in these endurance athletes with suboptimal and improper treatment of asthma and allergies. Approximately 10% of ultra-distance runners had systemic symptoms in the week before the event, indicating a lack of athlete education on possible risks of exercising with a systemic illness.
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Baxter, Peter. "Clinical and immunological factors associated with post-race upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS) in Ironman triathletes". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2743.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-103).Ultra-endurance events, in particular Ironman Triathlons, are physically very demanding for the competitors. There is a large body of evidence showing the Upper Respitory Tract Symptoms (URTS) are very common in athletes in the 2-week period after such an event. However, there is no definitive explanation as t the exact cause of mechanism for the development of post-race URTS. The aims of this study were: (1) to determine the incidence of post-race URTS in triathletes competing in an Ironman Triathlon; (2) to identify clinical and immunological factors that are associated with the development of post-race URTS in these triathletes. In this prospective cohort study, 99 triathletes entering the 2006 South African Ironman Triathlon were recruited as subjects. All the subjects completed a validated questionnaire in the one to three days before the race (during registration). The questionnaire contrained sections on demographics, training history and previous performances, common general medical conditions that they may have experienced, and a detailed section pertaining to respiratory tracgt symptoms (RTS) and allergies. At registration, each subject had a blood sample taken for analysis of cytokines representing mainly a TH1 response (IL-2, and IL-12) (cell mediated immunity) and a TH2 response (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) (humoral immunity), as well as a saliva sample (for salivary α-amylase, cortisol and IgA concentrations). Collection of blood and saliva samples was repeated immediately post-race. Data regarding race performance was collected within one week after completion of the race.
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Joubert, Ilse. "The effects of an ultra-endurance event on heart rate variability and cognitive performance during induced stress in Ironman triathletes". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2754.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-79).
The effects of long-term participation in ultra-endurance exercise on the cardiovascular system have recently been the subject of much interest. It is well known that HRV, a marker of autonomic activity, is enhanced with long-term aerobic exercise training. However, after acute exercise, HRV is reduced, but recovers over time depending on the intensity of the prior bout of exercise. A limitation of previous research is that exercise bouts of only up to 120 minutes have been studied. A modified Stroop Task is a laboratory stressor to assess executive cognitive function by means of reaction time and accuracy. The resting HRV is directly related to these prefrontal neural functions, but the effect of an altered HRV on cognitive function has never been investigated. We determined the effects of an ultra duration (10 – 15 hours) exercise event on parameters of HRV and cognitive function during a Modified Stroop Task, 60 – 200 minutes after the 2007 South African Ironman Triathlon event (3,6km swim; 180 Km cycle; 42,2 Km run). 1 Female and 13 male competing triathletes (IRON; ages 33.7±7.9) and 7 control subjects (CON; 2 female and 5 males aged 42 ±4.5) completed a Modified Stroop Task before and after the event. The individual HRV parameters, heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (RF), reaction time (RT) and % of mistakes made were recorded via the Biopac MP150WSW System (Goletta, California, USA). Data was transformed by auto regressive analyses (Biomedical signal analysis group, University of Kuopio, Finland) into LF (0.04 - 0.15 Hz) and HF (0.15 - 0.5 Hz) components. Additional calculations included %LF and %HF as well as the central or peak frequencies in both the LF and HF bands.
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Moolla, Mahomed Ebrahim. "The role of anti-oxidants in the prevention of post-race upper respiratory tract infection". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26558.
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Several epidemiological reports suggest that athletes engaging in marathon-type running events are at increased risk of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). A possible explanation for this increased susceptibility is that during prolonged, strenuous exercise, production of immunosuppressive oxygen free radicals is increased. The purpose of this study therefore was to examine the effect of anti-oxidant vitamin supplementation on the incidence and severity of post-race symptoms of URTI's among athletes competing in a 90-kilometer ultramarathon footrace. A double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study design was employed. Eighty-five subjects were divided into three experimental and three control groups. Each athlete selected a non-running partner with whom they were paired. This non-running control was of a similar age and was a member of the same household or otherwise closely associated with the runner. The experimental and control groups were divided into those ingesting 250 mg/day of ascorbic acid (n = 13 runners, 11 non-running controls), or 4.5 mg/day of beta-carotene (n = 12 runners, 11 non-running controls) or placebo (n = 19 runners and 19 nonrunning controls). All groups commenced supplementation six weeks before the ultramarathon and continued for two weeks after the race. The runners and non-running controls experienced the same incidence of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections during the study period (50% and 53% respectively) but significantly more runners than non-running controls experienced severe symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections of infective origin (45% and 18% respectively, p < 0.01). Of the runners, 30. 8% on supplemental ascorbic acid, 41. 7% on beta-carotene and 68% on placebo developed symptoms of URTI's. The comparative figures for non-running controls were 45.5%, 45.5% and 63% respectively. All of the non-running controls (100%) and 80% of the athletes who developed severe symptoms of URTIs were on placebo medication. Al though post-race symptoms of URTI 's are common in distance runners, prolonged, strenuous exercise itself is only one of a number of risk factors for symptoms of URTI. However, ingestion of supplemental anti-oxidant in the form of ascorbic acid or beta-carotene for an eight-week period before and after an endurance running event significantly decreases the severity of athletes' symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections.
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Jaffer, Mohammed Nasir. "Training habits and medical characteristics of young swimmers in the Western Cape : an overview". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2753.
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Very little data exists on swimmers in South Africa. A series of three studies were undertaken to assess the medical status of young swimmers in the Western Cape, their training habits and how these related to performers. The aim of the first study was to determine the training habits of young competitive swimmers, whether there were gender differences in training, and whether the training habis changed over a three-year period (1995-1998). The second study assessed the prevalence of existing medical conditions in young competitive swimmers and whether there were gender differences amongst the swimmers for the various medical conditions. In the third study, mood changes in young competitive swimmers were monitored over a swimming season to determine whether a relationship exists between mood states and swimming performance.
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Williams, Arthur. "Exercise induced bronchospasm and chlorine in swimming pools". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2770.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-57).The purpose of this thesis was firstly to review the possible relationship between chlorine in swimming pool water and exercise induced bronchospasm, and secondly to assess whether chlorine exposure during swimming provokes EIB in well-trained swimmers with and without a history of EIB.
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Hugo, Daniel. "Psychological correlates of injury, illness and performance in Ironman triathletes". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26543.
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Background: The association of psychological factors with athletic performance and proneness to injury and illness has been widely recognised as an integral part of athletic preparation, treatment and rehabilitation. The exact nature of this association is still not clear, but it can be hypothesised that better mental health leads to better performance, less injuries and illness and more rapid recovery. Psychological distress is a strong predictor of injury, illness and poor performance, but inherent personality traits have failed to show a constant association with these parameters. Advances in validated psychometric instruments of personality and resilience show promise in their application to further the understanding of the psyche in athletes. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of personality traits (novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence), resilience and general psychological distress in terms of injury, illness and performance in a group of triathletes competing in the 2007 lronman Triathlon. Methods: For this descriptive cross-sectional study, 166 entrants in the 2007 lronman Triathlon were recruited. Each subject completed a detailed, previously validated set of questionnaires during registration prior to the event. Contained in the questionnaire were sections on general demographic information, detailed previous and current medical conditions and injuries, and psychometric instruments (TPQ - a measure of personality, CD-RISC - a measure of resilience, K10). After the event, the official overall finishing times, as well as the split times for the swimming, cycling and running legs, were obtained from the race organisers. Results: Higher NS and RD scores were predictors for faster predicted performance times and higher psychological distress scores was a predictor for slower actual times (r=0.160, P=0.053) and particularly predicted slower cycling times (r=0.026, P=0.002). Higher K10 scores significantly predicted the presence of flu-like symptoms (P=0.019) and higher HA scores significantly predicted nervous system symptoms during exercise (P=0.035). Higher RD scores predicted the absence of nervous system symptoms (P=0.075). Higher K10 scores (P=0.093) and HA scores (P=0.070) were associated with medication use prior to and during the event. Higher resilience scores predicted the occurrence of exercise associated collapse (P=0.081) and absence of EAMC (P=0.075). Higher HA scores predicted GIT symptoms during exercise (P=0.091 ). Higher reward dependence predicted the presence of tendon / ligament injuries (P=0.039) and genital injuries were associated with lower resilience (P=0.098) and higher HA scores (P=0.065). Conclusion: Generally, the results showed only a few consistent findings in terms of identifying predictors, although interesting correlations and trends were observed. Studies on different athletic populations and on a larger scale are needed. Physicians should be aware of the cardinal importance of mental well-being, as this is as vital in the preventative and curative management of the injured, ill or poor performing athlete as optimal physical conditioning.
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Leaver, Roy. "Osteoarthritis and ultra-distance marathon running". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26670.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease. The impact loading on the articular cartilage of the large weight bearing joints (hip, knee, and ankle joints) during distance running might be a potential precipitating factor in OA. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the relationship between total accumulated running volume and OA in the weightbearing joints. In this study, OA was defined as pain and/or stiffness and/or swelling in the weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing joints (wrists and fingers). The subjects for this study were selected from previous and current runners of the Two Oceans Ultra-marathon (56 km) in Cape Town (South Africa). The database (1356) consisted of all the runners who participated in this race between 1970 and 1983. From this data-base a random group of male runners (n =128) were divided into six 10-year age groups of runners (18 and 79 years). There was a random sample of 25 runners in five of these groups and three in the 70-79 year age group. Runners were age matched with a random sample of past pupils (n=204) of a school who were in their final year between 1923 and 1994. This was the control group. A questionnaire to diagnose OA was designed and validated with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 71 %. The questionnaire was posted to the runners and controls. Incentive prizes were offered to improve the response rate, which was 59%. Completed information was obtained from 76 ultra-distance marathon runners (response rate 59%) and 114 controls (response rate 56%). In the control group there was a group who participated in running. This group was combined with the runners who were then divided into three groups according to their total running volume which was calculated by the following formula; years involved in running x months/year running x 4 x hours/week running. The subjects were thus divided into four groups: 1) controls (non-runners) (n=60), 2) low volume runners (n=43), 3) medium volume runners (n=43), and 4) high volume runners (n=44). Of these, 22 low volume runners, 7 medium runners, and 7 high volume runners stopped running. The prevalence (%) of OA in all groups was compared. The mean age of the control group was significantly higher than the three running groups. The mean height and weight of the medium volume group was significantly higher than the other groups. There was no significant difference in the BMI in each group. The frequency of professional and retired people was significantly higher in the control and each running group. A significantly greater percentage of controls had a history of admission to hospital. There were more controls on long-term medication, compared to runners. A significant number of injuries to the weight-bearing joints (specifically the knee joint) occurred in all groups, due to other sports (p =0.007). There were no significant differences in symptoms suggestive of OA in all groups when not adjusting for age and previous injuries. However, when assessing the odds ratio to determine the risk for OA in the weight-bearing joints, adjusting for age and previous injuries, the low volume group had the highest risk to develop OA (O.R. = 3.2, 95% C.I. = 1.0-10.3); the medium group had the second highest risk (O.R. = 1.7, 95% C.I. = 0.6- 4.8) and the high-volume group (O.R. = 1.1, 95% C.I. = 0.4-3.1) and control groups (O.R. = 1.0) had equally the lowest risk to develop OA. This study confirmed that distance running is unlikely to be a predisposing factor in the development of OA in the weight-bearing joints, even at high running volumes commonly seen in ultra-distance running.
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Swart, Thomas Frederick. "Injuries and illnesses in athletes with spinal cord injury during the 2012 London Summer Paralympic Games". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29679.
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Background: The Summer Paralympics have grown from participation of a mere 16 athletes at the 1948 Stoke-Mandeville Games, to a large multi-code event of 4176 athletes competing in 20 different sporting codes at the 2012 London Summer Paralympic Games. Unlike able-bodied athletes, Paralympic athletes represent a heterogenous group of people with a varied degree of physical-, mental- and physiological impairment. Despite the growth in the Paralympic sport, limited research exists describing injury and illness in Paralympic athletes. For athletes with impairment to perform optimally and not to jeopardise their health, studies should identify and eventually address risk factors for both injury and illness. Aim: The main aim of this study was to determine the incidence and nature of illnesses and injuries in a cohort of athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) during the 3-day pre-competition and 11-day competition period at the 2012 London Summer Paralympic Games. This knowledge could provide an initial framework for future research regarding injury- and illness prevention strategies in athletes with SCI. Methods: This study was a component of the large prospective cohort study which was conducted over the 14-day period of the London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games, coordinated by the Medical Committee of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The data were collected at the London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games during the 3-day pre-competition and 11-day competition periods. Three data sources were used. Firstly, the IPC provided a comprehensive athlete database that contains accreditation number, country code, sports code (20 sports), gender and age. The second data source was the medical encounters of staff that provided care to their own teams. At the London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games, a novel system (WEB-IIS) was used to collect data via desktop computer interface, tablet or smart phone. The third data source was from an electronic medical data capture system (EMDCS) (ATOS, France) where the medical staff of the Local Organizing Committee of the London Summer Paralympic Games (LOCOG) were requested to enter all medical encounters, at both the Paralympic Village polyclinic and at the sports venues wherever the athlete reported for care. A standardized form was used for this purpose. After comparing all the data, a total of 3009 athletes, of which 709 were athletes with SCI formed part of this study. The Incidence Rate (IR) for illnesses and injuries in athletes with SCI was calculated as the number of illnesses and injuries per 1000 athlete days and was compared to a group of all other Paralympic athletes with injury and illness (who had other impairments). Results: There were significantly more upper limb injuries in athletes with SCI (p=0.0001), with an IR of 6.4 injuries / 1000 athlete days (95% CI 4.6 - 8.9). The IR for all the other athletes were 4.4 injuries / 1000 athlete days (95% CI 3.4 - 5.8). For lower limb injuries, the IR for athletes with SCI was significantly lower (p=0.0001) at 1.4 injuries / 1000 athlete days (95% CI 0.8 -2.5) compared to an average IR of 4.2 injuries / 1000 athlete days (95% CI 3.3-5.4) for all other athletes participating at the 2012 London Paralympic Games. Athletes with SCI had a significantly higher IR for illness than the group of all other athletes (p=0.0004). The IR for illness in athletes with SCI was 15.4 illnesses / 1000 athlete days (95% CI 11.8-20.1), whereas the average for all other athletes were 11.0 illnesses / 1000 athlete days (95% CI 8.7-14.1). The IR for skin- and genito-urinary illness were significantly greater in athletes with SCI (p=0.0001), with an IR of 3.9 illnesses / 1000 athlete days (95% CI 2.5-6.2) for skin illness and 2.3 /1000 athlete days (95% CI 1.8-4.6) for genito-urinary illness. The IR in skin illness for all other athletes were 1.8 illnesses / 1000 athlete days (95% CI 1.1-2.7) and genito-urinary illness, were 0.5 illnesses / 1000 athlete days (95% CI 0.3-0.8). Summary: The results of this study present an insight into injuries and illnesses in athletes with SCI. Athletes with SCI injury have a greater incidence rate of upper limb injuries and a lower incidence of lower limb injuries, than other Paralympic athletes. Total-, skin- and genito-urinary illnesses were also significantly greater in athletes with SCI compared to other Paralympic athletes. For clinicians caring for athletes with SCI, the results indicate that more attention should be given to the prevention of upper limb injuries and specifically skin- and genito-urinary illnesses.
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van, Boom Kathryn. "Skeletal muscle composition in various breeds of domestic dogs: (A comparative study)". Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31125.
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The rising rate of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in humans over the past two decades have been linked to increasing rates of obesity, aging and urbanisation. A similar pattern is occurring in domestic animals, specifically cats and dogs. Skeletal muscle is a vital organ in the regulation of blood glucose. Its composition in terms of muscle fibre type, metabolism and contractility can differ substantially between species, but is poorly studied in the domestic dog, in particular the various breeds. It was hypothesised that insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes may be associated with muscle fibre type, in particular, muscle with a low type I fibre content being a predisposing factor. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the skeletal muscle fibre composition and metabolic profile in the Triceps brachii (TB) and Vastus lateralis (VL) of 16 breeds of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). A secondary aim was to correlate the skeletal muscle composition with breeds reported as having a high incidence of diabetes. Skeletal muscle samples were collected post mortem from the TB and VL of 38 dogs from different breeds, age and sex, and analysed for fibre type composition, fibre size, oxidative and glycolytic metabolic capacity (citrate synthase (CS), 3-hydroxyacetyl co A dehydrogenase (3-HAD), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activities). There was no significant difference between the TB and VL in any of the measurements. Type IIA was the predominant fibre type for both muscle groups (TB: 43%; VL: 44%) followed by type I (TB: 33%; VL: 38%) and type IIX (TB: 24%; VL: 18%). The cross sectional area (CSA) of the fibres were all smaller compared to humans and other wild animals. Surprisingly, there was no difference in the CSA between the fibres types and muscle groups: Type I: TB: 1740 µm2 ; VL: 1712 µm2 , Type IIA: TB: 1690 µm2 ; VL: 1720 µm2 , Type IIX TB: 1726 µm2 ; VL: 1791 µm2 ). Metabolically, the muscle of the dog displayed a high oxidative capacity with high activities (all activities in µmol/min/g protein) for CS (TB: 61; VL: 49) and 3-HAD (TB: 53; VL: 46). Lower CK (TB: 6115; VL: 6279) and higher LDH (TB: 1550; VL: 1478) activities than humans indicated a lower and higher flux through the high energy phosphate and glycolytic pathway, respectively. These results indicate that the dog has a predominance of type IIA fibres along with a higher oxidative capacity. There appears to be no pattern in fibre type profile that could be associated with a predisposition of a specific breed to insulin resistance and diabetes, although many of the breeds with a known risk did not form part of the study sample. This is the first study to characterise the skeletal muscle composition of a large population of dogs (16 breeds), but the association of breed to diabetes was not found. Future studies should include younger and more animals, as well as a diabetic population of dogs.
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Shang, Gavin Sam. "Risk factors associated with a past history of Exercise Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMC) in Ironman triathletes : a case control study". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2765.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-73).The main aims of this dissertation are 1) to review the existing medical literature on the possible intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for EAMC, and 2) to investigate risk factors that are associated with a self reported past history of EAMC in Ironman triathletes. The focus of this research is to increase the understanding of possible causes of EAMC, so that prevention and treatment strategies can be optimized.
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Kohler, R. M. N. "The effect of musculoskeletal injury on endogenous nandrolone metabolism". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2755.
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Ramathesele, Jonas Ramorwesi. "The epidemiology of injuries in South African high school soccer players". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26544.
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The aim of the study was to document the epidemiology of injuries sustained by South African high school soccer players. Subjects for the study were selected from all the high schools (n = 10) in Tembisa (Gauteng, South Africa). A cohort of 227 high school soccer players, representing all the players in the Tembisa schools, was followed over one playing season. All practice and match hours were recorded and specific injury report forms were completed by all the coaches. All injured players were then referred to the principal investigator (JR) for detailed examination to document injuries. Factors such as pre-season training, warm-up, stretching, playing surface, environmental factors, and the use of protective equipment were also recorded. In this study, 63% of all the players sustained an injury during the season (seasonal incidence). The overall incidence of injuries was 9.04/1000 hours of play. The incidence in matches was 274 times higher than in practice. More than half (57%) of the injuries were classified as moderate. The highest incidence of injury per player position was in goalkeepers (13.7/1000 hours play). The lower extremity accounted for most injuries (88.8%), principally the ankle (42.4%) and the knee (27.1%). The most common type of injury was a ligamentous sprain (68%), followed by musculotendinous strains (15.8%). There were only two joint dislocations, and no fractures. All the participants in this study played on gravel pitches and on no occasion was a first-aid kit available. The majority of players were not aware of appropriate stretching, warm-up, and strapping techniques to prevent injuries. None of the players engaged in any form of pre-season training. In two of the schools (20%) the soccer coaches had formal training with coaching certification. Although the injury rate in high school soccer players in this study is only slightly higher than that reported · by others, it is clear that scientifically based measures of injury prevention (pre-season training, warm-up, stretching, and strapping) need to be implemented in these schools. In addition, proper sports and first-aid facilities should be provided, and coaches should receive formal continuous training.
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Dijkstra, Hendrick Paulus. "The end of season electroencephalographic and neuropsychological status of a team of secondary school rugby players : a comparison between very mild traumatic brain injury and a sedentary control group". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8623.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-78).Although the incidence and consequences of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) in secondary school rugby has been well documented, little is known about the incidence and consequences of repetitive sub concussive injuries - the so called very mild traumatic brain injuries (vMTBI). The aim of this study was to compare the end of season neuropsychological and electroencephalographic (EEG) status as well as the academic performance of players in a secondary school rugby team who, during the course of the season sustained only repetitive vMTBI to those players who sustained MTBI and a sedentary control group.
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Suter, Jason Alexander. "Immediate post catastrophic injury management in rugby union. Does it have an effect on outcomes?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27519.
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Background: Rugby union ('rugby') has a high injury risk. These Injuries range from having minor consequences to catastrophic injuries with major life changing consequences. In South Africa, previous research indicated that the risk of catastrophic injury was high and that the immediate management was sub-optimal, worsening the injury outcome. In response, the South African Rugby Union launched the BokSmart nationwide injury prevention programme in 2008. Through education - mainly of coaches and referees - this programme aims to improve the prevention and management of catastrophic injuries. Moreover, the programme began administering a standardised questionnaire for all catastrophically injured players to assess the prevention and management of these injuries. Objectives: To assess whether factors in the immediate pre- and post-injury management of catastrophic injuries in rugby were associated with their outcome. In addition, as part of the BokSmart programme in Rugby in South Africa, there were modules developed as part of the education material delivered to referees and coaches in their workshops that deal specifically with safety in the playing environment, and the correct management of catastrophic injuries. We assessed whether these protocols within the modules were implemented. Design: A prospective, cohort study conducted on all catastrophic injuries in rugby collected through a standardised questionnaire by BokSmart between 2008 - 2014. Methods: Secondary analyses were performed on the information collected on all rugby-related catastrophic injuries in BokSmart's serious injury database. Injury outcomes were split into 'permanent' (permanently disabling and fatal) and 'non-permanent' (full recovery/ "near miss"). Immediate post injury management factors as well as protective equipment and ethnicity were analysed for their association with injury outcome using a Fisher's exact test. Results: There were 87 catastrophic injuries recorded between 2008 and 2014. Acute spinal cord injuries (ASCI) made up most of the catastrophic injuries (n=69) with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) the second most common (n = 11 injuries). There were 7 cardiac events. Black African players were associated with a 2.4 times higher proportion of permanent outcome that the injured White players (p=0.001). There was no association between any protective equipment or injury management (including optimal immobilization, time and method of transport taken to hospital) and ASCI outcome (non-permanent vs. permanent) Conclusions: Neither immediate post-injury management, nor the wearing of protective equipment was associated with catastrophic injury outcome in these South African rugby-related injuries. This might indicate that the initial injury is more important in determining the outcome than the post-injury management and associated secondary metabolic cascade, as proposed by some experts in this area. Moreover, that ethnicity was associated with ASCI outcome in this study is indicative of the wider problems in South Africa; not only specific to rugby. It is recommended that BokSmart continue to focus their programme in low socioeconomic areas that play rugby in South Africa.
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Holtzhausen, Louis Johannes. "The epidemiology of injuries in professional rugby union in South Africa". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26510.
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The first aim of this study was therefore to review the available literature on the epidem iology of injuries in professional rugby. The second aim was to collect data on medical profiles, previous injuries, use of protective gear, medication and nutritional supplements in South African professional rugby players. Thirdly, the incidence, nature and circumstances surrounding injuries in a cohort of professional South African rugby players were documented. The data collected was compared with available literature.
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Drew, Nichola. "Exercise-associated muscle cramping (EAMC) in Ironman triathletes". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7428.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-77).Exercise-associated muscle cramping (EAMC) is a common condition of spontaneous, painful skeletal muscle spasms that occur in exercising muscles during exercise or in the immediate post-exercise period. There is a high prevalence in endurance athletes, including ultra-distance triathletes. The exact cause for this condition has not been defined but various hypotheses have been proposed. Over the last decade the ""fatigue hypothesis"" has received most of the support in the scientific literature. Evidence from animal experiments, clinical studies on endurance athletes and situational information, suggest that neuromuscular fatigue may precede the increased neuromuscular excitability leading to EAMC. The objective of this research study was to identify factors associated with EAMC in endurance triathletes in an attempt to further elucidate the aetiology. Triathletes competing in the 2006 South African lronman triathlon were recruited as subjects in a prospective cohort study. A total of 44 triathletes made up the cramping group and 166 the non-cramping group. A detailed questionnaire, including information on training, personal best performances and a cramping history was completed by both groups of triathletes. Full clinical data was also collected from both groups. This included pre-and post race body weights, and pre- and post-race serum electrolyte concentrations. The main findings of the study were that the two independent risk factors for EAMC in these triathletes were a faster overall race time (and cycling time), and a past history of cramping (in the last 10 races). Results showed that EAMC was correlated with faster overall and cycle section times. The athletes who had experienced cramps in this event not only achieved taster race times but also predicted faster times, despite similarly matched preparation and performance histories as those who did not cramp. A higher intensity of racing would thus be required by these athletes, predisposing them to premature fatigue. The results thus agree with the ""fatigue hypothesis"" as an aetiological mechanism for EAMC. This study also showed no correlation between EAMC and changes in hydration status or changes in serum electrolyte concentration. This study thus adds to the evidence against disturbances in hydration and electrolyte balance as causes for cramping in exercise and further focuses attention on neuromuscular fatigue as a possible primary factor.
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Anley, Cameron. "A comparison of two treatment protocols in the management of exercise-associated postural hypotension (EAPH) : a randomised clinical trial". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2773.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-83).The aim of this study was to compare which of the two commonly used treatment protocols for Exercise Associated Postural Hypotension (EAPH) (Trendelenburg with oral fluids ad libitum or intravenous fluids) result in quicker recovery and earlier discharge from the medical facility.
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Schwabe, Karen. "Achilles tendon ultrasound findings in triathletes before and after the ironman triathlon". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2764.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-115).The aim of this prospective cohort study therefoew was to assess the morphological and blood flow changes in the Achille tendons of triathletes competing in the 2006 South African Ironman Triathlon.
abstract
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Lichaba, Mamosilo. "Upper respiratory tract symptoms and allergies in Ironman triathletes". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2758.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-77).Triathletes, in particular Ironman triathletes, undergo intense training and compete in a very physically demanding race. Medical conditions in the pre-race period in these triathletes have not been well documented, but there is evidence form other endurance sports that symptoms of respiratory tract infection are particularly common. However, the prevalence, causes and consequences of these symptoms have not been studied in Ironman triathletes. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the incidence of respiratory tract symptoms (RTS) in triathletes preparing for an Ironman Triathlon, 2) to establish the factors associated with the development of these RTS, and 3) to determine the effects of the RTS on pre-race training and race performance. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 304 triathletes entering the 2006 Ironman triathlon in South Africa were recruited as subjects. All the subjects completed a validated questionnaire in the 1-3 days before the race (during registration). The questionnaire contained sections on demographics, training and previous competitions, common general medical conditions that they may have experienced, and a detailed section pertaining to RTS and allergies, including use of medication. Data on race performance was collected after completion of the race. Subjects were divided into the following groups, based on their self-reported history of RTS in the 6 weeks period prior to the race: no RTS, all RTS, only upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS), lower respiratory tract and/or systemic symptoms (LRT +SS).
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Hassan, Muhammad Yusuf. "Left ventricular function after ultra-distance triathlon : response is dependent on the cardiac loading conditions". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25803.
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The purpose of this thesis is to establish if there is any evidence to support the hypothesis that altered ventricular loading conditions after the cessation of exercise may cause "cardiac fatigue". The studies that have shown post-exercise "cardiac fatigue" have not controlled for either preload or afterload or both, before and after exercise. These studies may rather have identified the effects of alterations in peripheral vascular function on left ventricular function after prolonged exercise. The research study in this thesis is to evaluate if the loading conditions of the heart affect the echocardiographic measurements after exercise that may be misinterpreted as "cardiac fatigue". Echocardiography as a tool of cardiac evaluation cannot be done during exercise because of the technical difficulty of doing a cardiac ultrasound on a human being in motion. The studies that have investigated post exercise "cardiac fatigue" have therefore measured cardiac function after exercise and retrospectively assumed that the cardiac dysfunction was present during exercise since the cardiac demands are at their peak during exercise. However, the post exercise period may be associated with altered loading conditions that may cause changes in the echocardiographic measurements that are similar to cardiac abnormalities.
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Ah, Kun Maresa. "The association of the AVPR2 gene with serum sodium and water imbalances during an Ironman Triathlon". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2774.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-138).It is well documented that participation in ultra-endurance events such as the Ironman Triathlon, can be associated with the development of post-race water and sodium imbalances in athletes. Variants within genes that encode for proteins that regulate thirst have been shown to be associated with weight changes during participation in an Ironman Triathlon. Recent evidence of mutations within the arginine vasopressin 2 receptor (AVPR2) gene, which encodes a constitutively active receptor in the collecting tubules of the kidney, resulted in increased water reabsorption and hyponatraemia in two unrelated male infants. This suggests that serum imbalances and hydration status in individuals participating in an endurance event may also be, in part, controlled by variants withink the AVPR2 gene. The aim of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms within the AVPR2 gene are associated with exercise-associated serum sodium and/or water imbalances in triathletes who particpated in the 2006 South African Ironman Triathlon.
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Decker, Meredith N. "THE EFFECTS OF INITIAL HIP ABDUCTION AND EXTERNAL ROTATION STRENGTH AND NEUROMUSCULAR FATIGUE OF THE GLUTEUS MEDIUS ON THE STAR EXCURSION BALANCE TEST IN MALE AND FEMALE HEALTHY SUBJECTS". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1365375286.
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Reeder, Adam. "Ankle Muscle Activation During Unilateral and Bilateral Lower Body Strength Exercises". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1396623200.
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Torp, Danielle Marie. "Characteristics in Female Runners with Running Related Musculoskeletal Inuries". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1429621729.
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Robinson, Matthew M. "The Effect of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) Applied to the Gluteus Medius During Resistance Training". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1525343063114996.
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Habowski, Scott. "Effects of the IL-6 Gene Polymorphism -174G/C on Interleukin-6 Production and Endurance Exercise Performance". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1532023529854917.
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Layne, Andrew S., Sami Nasrallah, Mark A. South, Mary E. A. Howell, Melanie P. McCurry, Michael W. Ramsey, Michael H. Stone i Charles A. Stuart. "Impaired Muscle AMPK Activation in the Metabolic Syndrome May Attenuate Improved Insulin Action after Exercise Training". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4126.
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Context: Strength training induces muscle remodeling and may improve insulin responsiveness.
Objective: This study will quantify the impact of resistance training on insulin sensitivity in subjects with the metabolic syndrome and correlate this with activation of intramuscular pathways mediating mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle fiber hypertrophy.
Design: Tens ubjects with the metabolic syndrome(MS) and nine sedentary controls underwent 8 wk of supervised resistance exercise training with pre-and post-training anthropometric and muscle biochemical assessments.
Setting: Resistance exercise training took place in a sports laboratory on a college campus.
Main Outcome Measures: Pre- and posttraining insulin responsiveness was quantified using a euglycemic clamp. Changes in expression of muscle 5-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways were quantified using immunoblots.
Results: Strength and stamina increased in both groups. Insulin sensitivity increased in controls (steady-state glucose infusion rate 7.0 2.0 mg/kg min pretraining training vs. 8.7 3.1 mg/kg min posttraining; P 0.01) but did not improve in MS subjects (3.3 1.3 pre vs. 3.1 1.0 post).Muscleglucosetransporter4increased67%incontrolsand36%intheMSsubjects.Control subjects increased muscle phospho-AMPK (43%), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator1 (57%),andATPsynthase(60%),morethanMSsubjects(8,28,and21%,respectively). In contrast, muscle phospho-mTOR increased most in the MS group (57 vs. 32%).
Conclusion: Failure of resistance training to improve insulin responsiveness in MS subjects was coincident with diminished phosphorylation of muscle AMPK, but increased phosphorylation of mTOR, suggesting activation of the mTOR pathway could be involved in inhibition of exercise training-related increases in AMPK and its activation and downstream events
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Stone, Michael H. "Debunking the Myths: Experts Address Controversial Questions Related to Exercise and Health". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4489.
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Within Exercise Science, there are ongoing debates among health and fitness professionals over exercise related health questions. It can be difficult to discern myth from science when there are poorly designed research studies or limited evidence to unequivocally answer the question. Therefore, the purpose of this symposium is-to have a panel of experts provide research-based evidence related to three controversial topics often posed to exercise science professionals. First, within the weight loss community there is frequent debate over the role of exercising in the fat burning zone for weight loss. Dr. Ed Howley will address the questions: what is the fat burning zone, and what is its significance for those trying to lose fat? Secondly, there has been an interest in the concept of a runner's high and some early research linked this phenomenon to brain endorphins. Dr. Pat O'Connor will address the questions: is there a physiological basis for euphoria associated with exercise and what role do endorphins play in this phenomenon? Lastly, the health related benefits of cardiovascular and resistance training are well documented, but the importance of stretching for health and sports performance is less clear. Dr. Mike Stone will address the questions: does research support the role of stretching in enhanced health and athletic performance and are there situations in which stretching might be considered contraindicative?