Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Spoken English Tutoring”

Language capability stands for a learner’s competence to use a language spontaneously and subconsciously in different situations. Skill on spoken English is extensively significant for any type of communication and correspondence. The need of spoken English is indefinable in the fields of refined education process both at home and abroad, better career opening, smart business, global communication, information and technology and better survival. It’s a deliberate process to steep capableness of English language into learners since their pre-primary tutoring to undergraduate echelon. It’s apparent in the course and syllabus of Intermediate stratum in Bangladesh that the sole emphasis has been put only on reading and writing whilst listening and speaking proficiency are remaining dark, whereas speaking skill is indispensible for transnational communication, advanced study at home and abroad, professional and business purpose, operating information and communication technology, pursuing better career etc. In this regard, lack of provocation to learn and exercise, unconstructive tutoring outfit, testing strategy excepting spoken predicated outgrowths along with marks distribution and paucity of experienced instructors in English and so on are the crucial deficits behind this problem. It’s a study targeting at assessing the spoken capability of the 12 class pupils in Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. This qualitative inquest work took place in the month of April 2022 and June 2022. The 100 informants were selected right away. Out of 100 interviewees, 50 were from urban and 50 were from rural intermediate standing institutions of 8 Districts in Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. A Spoken Test on free speech for the pupils was carried out by the author. Their speaking perfection was tested through content analysis to evoke data. The result focused that the replier made desultory errors in great number on fluency, vocabulary, information, sequence of tenses, sub-verb agreement, applicability and treatment of words, use of preposition, intonation and pronunciation. As per data compilation, it was noticed that deficits made in the process were almost on part of the rural participants. In addition, phobia in speaking English and irrelevancy were two peculiar limitations among the pupils hailing from rural background institutions.

Two studies addressed issues related to multiple instructional components in early intervention for at-risk spellers learning to spell polysyllabic words. The first study was a follow-up to a prior second-grade intervention. The fast responders in that study, who were monitored at the beginning and end of third grade ( n=61), maintained their earlier gains during third grade when treatment was withdrawn. Thirty-two of the slower responders received continuing tutoring (12 individual tutorials over 6 to 8 weeks in late fall of third grade), which showed that children who received only alphabet principle training did as well as those who received combined alphabet principle and syllable awareness training (syllable types in English), but that these children required 24 practice trials for short-term mastery of spelling specific words. The second study with a new sample of 48 third graders also evaluated the effectiveness of alphabet principle training only versus combined alphabet principle and syllable awareness training. In these 24 individual tutorials over a 4-month period beginning in the fifth month of third grade, the combined treatment was more effective for (a) spelling untrained transfer words, (b) spelling taught polysyllabic words with a final, silent e syllable, and (c) transfer to phonological awareness. A two-tier model for early intervention to prevent spelling disabilities is proposed. In the first tier alphabet principle is taught (along with other sound-spelling connections for words including syllable awareness) and applied to practice in spelling words singly and in text (teacher-directed dictation and child-generated composition). In the second tier children are monitored in the year following early intervention and continuing tutoring is provided if necessary.

There were two major aspects of English Language Education Study Program students of Sanata Dharma University that needed to be improved when they spoke and wrote in English. First was their grammar and the second was their pronunciation. For solving these problems, there were two tutoring programs. As one of those two programs, grammar tutoring program needs to be evaluated. Knowing its effectiveness in helping students improvement is crucial. Based on that reason, the analysis of the result of observation and questionnaire including students feedback is one of the media to measure the effectiveness of this tutoring program. Not only does this paper deal with the qualitative result of observation, questionnaire and students feedback, it also contributes the good practices that can be applied and some aspects that are needed to improve for future tutoring programs. The result shows that 84% of the students agreed that this program helped them to improve their skill and to understand more about the grammar materials.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2018.210206

Purpose Assessing speech sound disorders (SSDs) in children from multilingual backgrounds requires synthesis of language- and dialect-specific information to arrive at a more accurate diagnosis. We present three case studies of school-age children with unique linguistic profiles to aid speech-language pathologists in assessing this diverse population. Our aim is to offer feasible strategies for speech-language pathologists who do not speak the student's language(s). Method Three multilingual school-age children with suspected SSD were assessed as part of an initial evaluation at a suburban school district. Children spoke Vietnamese–English, Japanese–Polish–English, and Tamil–English. Students' languages were considered in the entire assessment process (i.e., interview, test selection, data analysis, and clinical decision making), and appropriate measures and resources were chosen to understand word-level and spontaneous articulation, phonological awareness, and language skills. A contrastive analysis was used to determine the presence of an SSD. Conclusions Although all students presented with patterns attributable to transfer processes (e.g., nonmainstream vowel productions) and/or dialectal differences, only one of the three students presented with an SSD. Together, these cases underscore the importance of a comprehensive assessment for multilingual children.

Purpose The CATALISE group (Bishop, Snowling, Thompson, Greenhalgh, & CATALISE Consortium, 2016; Bishop, Snowling, Thompson, Greenhalgh, & CATALISE-2 Consortium, 2017) recommended that the term developmental language disorder (DLD) be used to refer to neurodevelopmental language deficit. In this tutorial, we explain the appropriate application of the term and present advantages in adhering to the CATALISE recommendations. Conclusion Both specific language impairment and DLD refer to a neurodevelopmental condition that impairs spoken language, is long-standing and, is not associated with any known causal condition. The applications of the terms specific language impairment and DLD differ in breadth and the extent to which identification depends upon functional impact. Use of the term DLD would link advocacy efforts in the United States to those in other English-speaking countries. The criteria for identifying DLD presented in the CATALISE consensus offer opportunities for scientific progress while aligning well with practice in U.S. public schools.

The study of using computers to understand and represent sign language has made significant strides in recent years. With robotic 'Ralph'-like finger-spelling hands, 'Cyber Gloves' (virtual reality sensors that collect both isolated and continuous signs), camera-based projects like the engaging Copycat American Sign Language game, and more, this essay covers significant efforts in the field. "sign recognition software," and "Hidden Markov Modelling and neural network systems." There are spoken language to sign language translation technologies like "Tessa" (Text and Sign Support Assistant; three-dimensional imaging) and "THETOS" (Text into Sign Language Automatic Translator, which operates in Polish; natural language processing), a Polish project. It is also investigated how this research might be used in education. The "ICICLE" (Interactive Computer Identification and Correction of Language Errors) project, for instance, builds a tutorial system for deaf or hard-of-hearing youngsters that analyses their English writing and provides specialized lessons and recommendations using intelligent computer-aided instruction. The article also takes into account synthesized signs, which are being included in instructional materials and may one day be created by students themselves.

Purpose Spoken language sample analysis (LSA) is widely considered to be a critical component of assessment for child language disorders. It is our best window into a preschool child's everyday expressive communicative skills. However, historically, the process can be cumbersome, and reference values against which LSA findings can be “benchmarked” are based on surprisingly little data. Moreover, current LSA protocols potentially disadvantage speakers of nonmainstream English varieties, such as African American English (AAE), blurring the line between language difference and disorder. Method We provide a tutorial on the use of free software (Computerized Language Analysis [CLAN]) enabled by the ongoing National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders–funded “Child Language Assessment Project.” CLAN harnesses the advanced computational power of the Child Language Data Exchange System archive ( www.childes.talkbank.org ), with an aim to develop and test fine-grained and potentially language variety–sensitive benchmarks for a range of LSA measures. Using retrospective analysis of data from AAE-speaking children, we demonstrate how CLAN LSA can facilitate dialect-fair assessment and therapy goal setting. Results Using data originally collected to norm the Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation, we suggest that Developmental Sentence Scoring does not appear to bias against children who speak AAE but does identify children who have language impairment (LI). Other LSA measure scores were depressed in the group of AAE-speaking children with LI but did not consistently differentiate individual children as LI. Furthermore, CLAN software permits rapid, in-depth analysis using Developmental Sentence Scoring and the Index of Productive Syntax that can identify potential intervention targets for children with developmental language disorder.

New Zealand is a multilingual and multicultural society, where English, Maori, and the New Zealand sign language are designated as its official languages. However, some heritage languages (e.g., Chinese/Mandarin Chinese, French, German, Japanese, and Korean, among others) are also taught either within or outside the national education system. During the past decade, an increasing number of students have chosen Mandarin Chinese (hereafter “Chinese”) as an additional language (CAL) because of its fast-growing importance. To date, studies regarding CAL are mainly based on the mainstream Chinese programs (i.e., in schools or universities) or online platforms, with less attention paid to other types of teaching contexts (e.g., family-based and private tutoring contexts) where there also exist many potential challenges awaiting teachers. To fill in this gap, this study, based on a teaching program consisting of two families in New Zealand, explored the trajectories of a CAL teacher’s emotional labor for 47 weeks to understand how she managed her emotions when she taught the language as well as balanced the relationship among the three parties: the institution, the two families, and herself. Narrative inquiry was used as a methodological approach. The data involved written and spoken narratives. Using inductive and deductive thematic analysis, findings revealed her different understandings of the emotional labor in the two families, respectively, during the program. Further analysis of the data revealed some factors that impacted her emotional labor and how they impacted her teaching in a family-based context. We concluded our study with a discussion of the implications of these findings for teaching CAL in similar contexts.

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Spoken English pronunciation quality is often influenced by the nativity of a learner, for whom English is the second language. Typically, the pronunciation quality of a learner depends on the degree of the following four sub-qualities: 1) phonemic quality, 2) syllable stress quality, 3) intonation quality, and 4) fluency. In order to achieve a good pronunciation quality, learners need to minimize their nativity influences in each of the four sub-qualities, which can be achieved with effective spoken English tutoring methods. However, these methods are expensive as they require highly proficient English experts. In cases where a cost-effective solution is required, it is useful to have a tutoring system which assesses a learner's pronunciation and provides feedback in each of the four sub-qualities to minimize nativity influences in a manner similar to that of a human expert. Such kind of systems are also useful for learners who can not access high quality tutoring due to their demographic and physical constraints. In this thesis, several methods are developed to assess pronunciation quality and provide feedback for such a spoken English tutoring system for Indian learners. Most of the existing works on automatic pronunciation assessment predict an overall pronunciation quality. However, feedback prediction has typically been done separately in each of the four sub-qualities. Both pronunciation assessment and feedback prediction require annotations on a large set of recordings from learners. While the former requires ratings for overall pronunciation quality, the latter needs feedback specific labeling. Unlike ratings, obtaining labels for feedback prediction requires highly skilled annotators. Such annotators are not available in large numbers and labeling with their expertise is also costly. Due to this paucity of labels, it is challenging to design a tutoring system in a cost effective manner particularly for Indian nativity, which is known for its large accent variabilities. With regard to these challenges, the key contributions in this thesis are: 1) building models for estimating parameters for providing meaningful feedback without using any labelled data, 2) building models for estimating overall pronunciation quality using annotated data, and 3) developing \textipa{voIs}TUTOR, a system for learners to train themselves with neutral accent of English with the help of a spoken English expert. The feedback prediction is semi-supervised in nature as no feedback-specific labels are used for building the feedback prediction models. Feedback in each of the four sub-qualities is predicted by analyzing mismatches in the respective parameters between a learners' and an expert's speech. In the phonemic category, phoneme errors made by a learner are provided as feedback, where the phonemes are estimated using rule based pronunciation dictionary. These rules are deduced from the errors made by the Indian learners while speaking English. For demonstrating the correct pronunciation, an articulatory video is synthesized using an expert's speech. Further, the effect of accents on the uttered phonemes is assessed using goodness of pronunciation measure, which is computed in a deep neural network-hidden Markov model (DNN-HMM) based automatic speech recognition (ASR) framework. In the stress category, mismatches in the estimated stressed syllable locations are provided as feedback. For this, stress-specific features are computed by exploring linguistic parameters, such as sonority, from every syllable when the ground truth syllable information is available. Its performance is analysed when the syllable information is estimated as in a real scenario. The stress locations are also estimated in an ASR framework without computing any stress-specific features. In the intonation category, feedback is provided based on the local and global mismatches in pitch patterns. For this, models are proposed to estimate the pitch values and their associated confidence scores. It is observed that the global mismatches depend on temporal variations in the pitch and its patterns. These mismatches are identified better when the confidence scores along with the pitch values are used in the models, based on HMMs and long-short term memory (LSTM) networks. Both the global and local mismatches are identified using knowledge driven template matching approach, that performs confidence score based median filtering and pitch stylization. In the fluency category, mismatches in the pause locations are provided as feedback. The pause locations are estimated using features based on speech acoustics only without considering any canonical stress markings because the learners' pronunciation do not often match the canonical pronunciation. Further, analysis is performed to estimate speech rate directly from the speech acoustics, where speech rate has been shown to be correlated with the fluency of a learner's pronunciation. Overall pronunciation rating is estimated using a joint model considering DNNs and LSTM networks. For this, studies are conducted to find out differences between the speech rhythm of Indian languages and that of English. Features based on speech rhythm are used for estimating the rating along with the features based on the parameters used for the feedback in all four sub-qualities. Further, in order to create an interactive learning environment in \textipa{voIs}TUTOR, these feedback and the ratings are displayed using audio-visual aids including line and bar graphs and text messages. All of these are made available in an android app using a web-server with LAMP (Linus, Apache, MySQL, PHP) stack on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS system.

Nowadays, the advances of information and communication technologies (ICT) have stimulated the development of more effective and interesting approaches for teaching and learning at universities around the world. The educational innovations have stimulated the creative development for interactive technologies in various forms, for example, integrated learning systems, intelligent tutoring systems, computer-based instruction, computer aided assessment and computer mediated communication. These new concepts show that the advance in the digital era has expanded the learning process and has enabled higher levels of learner interactions in order to make learning more meaningful for overcoming the shortages in traditional learning. With reference to the advances in ICT and information growth, the delivery of knowledge needs to be more flexible in connecting the learners with the learning resources to support the independent and self-managed learning. Educators are trained to transform from the conventional teacher-centred approach to student-centred learning approach with technology-based learning environment which can better motivate students to participate and interact with others in the learning process for enhancing the quality of learning and encouraging students to demonstrate their understanding in the learning activities. ICT in education are applied in the form of interactive multimedia, which provides facilities to students to learn the material. The use of interactive multimedia applications in learning will improve the efficiency, motivation, thinking and logic abilities and facilitate the active learning, experimental, consistent learning, with student-centred learning. The benefits are as follows: the learning process is more interesting, more interactive, the amount of teaching time can be reduced, the quality of student learning can be improved and the learning process can be done anywhere and anytime. Although interactivity is a widely used term in discussions of multimedia learning, a preliminary look at the literature proves that the definition and the benefits of interactivity are not clear. Some authors have tried to clarify the concept of interactivity and what factors need to be taken into account in the design of interactive systems and to present a unifying model including the user, the learning environment, and a system of connections and concepts that together make up interactivity. Such a model can help inform research, discussion, and design decisions on interactive multimedia instruction. Some tools for designing interactive and multimedia training systems are considered in the paper. Their advantages in teaching students at universities are described. The paper presents the development and description of an interactive multimedia application applied in the course "Coding in Telecommunication Systems". The application, developed in English, allows students at the University of Ruse to learn the basic concepts studied in the course "Coding in Telecommunication Systems", including different codes applied in the field of telecommunications, such as linear block codes, Hamming codes, cyclic codes, BCH codes, Reed-Solomon codes, etc. The application covers different types of testing exercises, for example combining in pairs, crosswords, etc. The application will be used in the educational process in the course "Coding in Telecommunication Systems" for the bachelors in the specialty "Internet and Mobile Communications" in the University of Ruse "Angel Kanchev", and mainly for Erasmus students attending the course. The application is planned to be multilingual, incorporating Bulgarian (designated for Bulgarian students) and Spanish (the second most widely spoken language in the world), in addition to English.