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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Spleen”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 10 marca 2023

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1

Ashwini, N. S., Vinay Kulkarni i K. V. Venkateshu. "Anatomical Variations of Spleen in South Indian Population". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 12, nr 3 (15.09.2022): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.58739/jcbs/v12i3.7.

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Background: Spleen is the large lymphoid organ that is situated in the left hypochondriac region and is usually wedge shaped. It has two ends, two surfaces and three margins. Superior margin of the spleen possesses characteristic notches. Normally spleen is not palpable. It develops in dorsal mesogastrium during the 5th week of fetal life from a mass of mesenchymal cells. Objectives: The present study explains the morphology of spleen 1.To determine the length of spleen 2.To determine the breadth of spleen 3.To determine the thickness of spleen 4.To determine the variations in notches & shape of spleen 5.To compare the morphometric measurements with previous studies Results: In our study, the length, breadth and thickness of spleen was 9.19 cm, 6.61 cm and 3.25 cm respectively. The length of spleen ranged between 5-8cm in 35% of spleens, 8.1-10cm in 35%, 10.1-12cm in 24%and >12.1cm in 6% of spleens studied. Majority of the length of spleens ranged between 5-8cm and 8.1-10cm. The breadth ranged between 3.5-5.5cm in 25% of spleens, 5.6-7.5cm in 45%, 7.6-9.5cm in 20% and 9.6-11.5cm in 10% of spleens studied. The maximum range of breadth of spleen was 5.6-7.5cm in our study. The thickness of spleen ranged between 1-4cm in 82% of spleens, 4.1-6cm in 10% of spleens and 6.1-8cm in 8% of spleen maximum being 1-4cm. 5 fissures and 6 lobules in one of the spleens were observed. These fissures were from the superior border. A deep fissure on the diaphragmatic surface was also observed. The shape of spleen was wedge shaped in 34 % of the spleens being the maximum and next was oval shaped spleens and heart shaped spleens and crescent shaped spleens were the least found in 1% only. The weight of the spleen ranged between 40-500gms, heaviest being 461.1 gms in one of the spleen and least being 47.8gms. Conclusion: The detailed knowledge on variations of spleen is important in clinical practice to avoid and prevent any complications and to obtain a good operative, as well as diagnostic intervention. Keywords: Splenic notches, Polysplenia, Wandering spleen

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selvi, A. Thamarai, Precila Infant Vincy. V i T. L. Anbumani. "Morphological Study of Splenic Notches and Fissures". International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, nr 3.2 (5.08.2021): 8064–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.145.

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Introduction: Spleen is the largest and secondary lymphoid organ in humans. It has two ends: Anterior and Posterior end. Two surfaces: Visceral and Diaphragmatic surfaces. Three borders: Superior, Inferior and Intermediate. Spleen begins to develop during the 5th week of intra-uterine life from a mass of mesenchymal cells, originating in the dorsal mesogastrium as a localized thickening of coelomic epithelium. The spleen is lobulated in foetus but the lobules normally disappear before birth. The imperfect fusion of splenic masses during embryonic life results in an accessory spleen. The spleen plays a vital role in regard to blood storage, formation of lymphocyte and defense against foreign particles. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in 50 formalin fixed spleen from the Department of Anatomy, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurantakam Taluk, Chengalpet Dt, Tamilnadu, India. Results: Out of 50 spleens, Wedge shape is seen in 33 spleens, Triangular shape is observed in 5 spleens, tetrahedral in 7 spleens, oval shape in 3 spleens, and dome-shaped in 2 spleen. The splenic notches were observed in the superior border in 44 spleens (88%) and notch seen in the inferior border in 4 spleens (8%) and the absence of a notch in both the superior and inferior border noted in 2 spleens (4%). The number of notches on the superior border is from 1 to 4 and the number of notches on the inferior border is 1. Fissures noted in 8 spleens (16%). In 5 specimens fissures extended to reach the visceral surface. Conclusion: The presence of abnormal fissures and lobes of the spleen might confuse the radiologists. Abnormal lobulation might cause misinterpretation as mass originating from the kidney. It is essential for surgeons and radiologists to be aware of the splenic variations. KEY WORDS: splenic surfaces, shapes, notches, fissures.

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3

Khaleel N, Abinet GM, Angadi A V, Muralidhar P S, Shabiya M i Shaik Hussain Saheb. "A Cadaveric Study on Morphometric Features of Spleen and Splenomegaly with Accessory Spleen in Hilum". International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, nr 4 (5.12.2021): 8181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.182.

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Background: Anatomical knowledge regarding the external morphology of the spleen is essential for surgical intervention and radiological diagnosis. Splenomegaly is defined as pathologic enlargement of the spleen measured by size or weight. A normal spleen has a craniocaudal length of no more than 12 cm and weighs less than 200 g. It is surrounded by a thin capsule. The spleen is usually not palpable unless it is enlarged; therefore, a palpable spleen is almost always abnormal. At times the spleen may be difficult to palpate, but dullness to percussion during inspiration in the area of the lower left intercostal space in the left anterior axillary line suggests splenic enlargement. Massive splenomegaly, weight >1000 g usually occurs in lymphoma, myeloproliferative disorders, visceral leishmaniasis, and malaria. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in different medical institutions, to find morphometric features, spenomegaly in cadaver during routine anatomy dissection as part of curriculum, 100 cadavers were observed to find out splenomegaly. Results: Out of 100 spleens studied, 81 cases wedge shaped spleen was the most common, followed by 12 tetrahedral shaped spleens and 7 oval shaped spleens. Average weight of the spleen was 175g. Average length of the spleen was 11.64cm, Average breadth of the spleen was 7.3cm and average thickness of spleen was 3.6cm. Out of 100 cadavers observed only one cadaver observed with massive splenomegaly with one accessory spleen in hilum. The spleen weight was 875gm, length was 18.15 cm, width was 8.65cm, thickness was 5.75cm and extended upto 7 rib and it is easily palpable below the rib cage from lumbar aspect. The cadaver was male and age around 55 years. Conclusion: The morphometric knowledge of spleen will helpful for surgeons and for understanding deceases related spleen. The knowledge of splenomegaly is important in finding splenic disorders and accessory spleen information helpful in understanding embryonic development of spleen. KEY WORDS: Splenomegaly, Spleen, Hilum of Spleen, Accessory spleen.

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4

Musleh, Anas Hamed, Atyaf Mohammed Ali i Mahdi Salih Shalal. "Anatomical and Histological Study of Neonatal Human Spleen". NeuroQuantology 20, nr 4 (6.04.2022): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.4.nq22094.

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The spleen is the human body's largest lymphoid organ. The appearance of the spleen is inflated by a variety of conditions, such as cell abnormalities that lodge within the spleen or storage function disorders. As a result, the spleen's size can be used as a predictor of illness severity. Place and period of study: From July 2019 to May 2020, all of these samples were taken from autopsied bodies in the mortuary room of Kirkuk forensic medicine and the institute of forensic medicine in Baghdad, with legal authority. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Materials: The current study used 20 autopsy neonate human spleens ranging in age from 1 to 28 days that were collected from available dead undergoing post-mortem examination, were studied macroscopic and microscopic after staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Results: The number of notches in this study ranged from zero to five, however the top score of the specimens had one or two notches. The accessory spleen, on the other hand, was not found in the area the spleen's hilum. From the first day forward, the characteristic lymphoid follicle or white pulp could be recognized. During this time, nucleated red blood cells were observed. Purpose of study: Because no data on the standard dimensions of the normal spleen exists in the Iraqi population, the findings of this study may reveal differences in spleen morphology and provide valuable data for parameter standardization, It will be useful for correct clinical diagnosis and treatment of disease by physicians, surgeons, radiologists, and anatomists.

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5

Groisman, Gabriel M. "Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast Metastatic to the Spleen and Accessory Spleen: Report of a Case". Case Reports in Pathology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5160180.

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Despite the fact that accessory spleen (also known as supernumerary spleen, splenunculus, or splenule) can be found in 10–30% of patients undergoing autopsies, metastatic disease occurring in this organ has been barely reported. A case of lobular breast carcinoma metastatic to the spleen and accessory spleen found incidentally at therapeutic splenectomy for severe anemia and thrombocytopenia is described. On microscopic examination both organs revealed severe fibrocongestive changes and extramedullary hematopoiesis with no obvious carcinomatous involvement. Cytokeratin 7, estrogen receptors, and GATA3 immunohistochemistry disclosed the presence of numerous metastatic breast carcinoma cells infiltrating the splenic parenchyma. This case demonstrates that metastatic carcinoma can be encountered, although rarely, in accessory spleens and that cytokeratin stain should be performed in sections of spleens and/or accessory spleens excised from cancer patients in which the presence of malignant epithelial cells is not recognized on routine sections.

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6

Sarda, Swapnilkumar L. "Study on variations in hilar and segmental branching pattern of splenic artery". Medpulse International Journal of Anatomy 18, nr 2 (2021): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26611/10011821.

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Background: Introduction of laparoscopic surgical methods requires exact knowledge of the topography of the spleen and its surrounding. Further advances in splenic conservative surgery are dependent on better knowledge of vascular anatomy of the spleen. Hence segmental arteries of spleen are of great surgical importance and their early identification in splenic trauma will lead to enhanced splenic conservation. Materials and methods: Present study carried out on 50 human spleen by dissection, silicon injection and radiological methods. We found different types of variations in hilar and segmental branching pattern of splenic artery. Observations and Results: in present study splenic artery divided in two primary branches in 86% and in three primary branches in14% of the spleens. superior polar branches were found in 44% while inferior polar branches were in 52% of the spleens. Two segmental branches found in 24%, three segmental found in 50%, four segmental in 18% and five segmental in 8% of the specimens. Intersegmental anastomosis found in 2% of spleens. Discussion: These segmental resection of spleen and further advances in splenic conservation are dependant on better understanding of vascular anatomy of the spleen.

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7

Barrier, Alain, François Lacaine, Patrice Callard i Michel Huguier. "Lymphangiomatosis of the spleen and 2 accessory spleens". Surgery 131, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/msy.2002.112964.

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8

Arumugam, Sangeetha, i Nandha K. Subbiah. "A Cadaveric Study of Splenic Fissures and Bilobed Spleen". Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 20, nr 4 (28.12.2020): e346-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2020.20.04.011.

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Objectives: Anatomical knowledge regarding the external morphology of the spleen is essential for surgical intervention and radiological diagnosis. A characteristic feature of the spleen is the presence of splenic notches at the superior border; however, such notches rarely extend deep enough to be considered fissures or to separate the spleen into multiple lobes. To date, there are very few cadaveric reports of splenic fissures. This study aimed to examine the anatomy and morphological structure of spleens collected from cadavers in order to identify the prevalence and clinical significance of splenic notches, fissures and lobation. Methods: This study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Katuri Medical College and Hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 50 spleens were collected from cadavers over a period of seven years from 2012–2019 and examined to determine the presence of splenic notches or fissures. Results: Of the 50 spleens, 40% had notches at the superior border, 10% had notches at the inferior border and 50% had no notches at either border. Fissures were present in five spleens (10%); of these, three showed incomplete fissures and the remaining two had complete fissures that divided the spleen into two lobes. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide valuable information regarding the anatomy and prevalence of splenic fissures and bilobed spleens. A bilobed spleen is a rare congenital malformation which should be considered distinct from other known splenic anomalies. The presence of splenic fissures in bilobed spleens can serve as a guide for surgeons during conservatory splenectomy procedures. Keywords: Anatomic Variation; Spleen; Anatomy and Histology; Abnormalities; Congenital Abnormalities; Splenectomy; India.

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9

Ignjatovic, D., Bojan Stimec, Nada Kostic i Miroslav Milicevic. "Surgical anatomy of the spleen with particular review on its segmentation". Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 49, nr 3 (2002): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0203011i.

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The authors have analyzed several aspects of the surgical anatomy of spleen, commencing with historical data, topography, peritoneal ligaments, variations in shape, embryology and accessory spleens and venous system of the spleen. The mode of splenic artery branching, variations of polar arteries, and intra- and extraparenchymatous arterial anastomoses were thoroughly analyzed. It was shown that the spleen in most cases consists of five vascular territories (segments) clearly demarcated from each other, stressing the practical significance of splenic anatomy in segmental dearterialization of the spleen.

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10

Kataranovski, Milena, Ivana Mirkov, Lidija Zolotarevski, Aleksandra Popov, Sandra Belij, Jelena Stosic i D. Kataranovski. "Basic indices of spleen immune activity in natural populations of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus berkenhout, 1769) in Serbia". Archives of Biological Sciences 61, nr 4 (2009): 723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0904723k.

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Basic parameters of spleen immune activity (spleen weight, histomorphology of splenic compartments, and mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferative capacity in vitro) were evaluated in adult individuals of wild Norway rats from urban habitats and compared to the same data obtained in laboratory rat strains. A wider range of relative spleen mass and differential histomorphological characteristics, together with differences in the level and pattern of responsiveness of splenocytes to exogenous stimulation, were noted in spleens of wild Norway rats. Evidence of both enhanced and low-level immune-relevant spleen activity in wild rats demonstrates the complexity of changes in spleen immune activity in rats from natural populations.

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11

Clatworthy, Menna R., Paul A. Lyons i Kenneth G. C. Smith. "The nervous spleen: The nervous spleen". Immunology & Cell Biology 86, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.icb.7100150.

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12

Fonseca, Christiane. "Spleen et Idéal – Idéal et Spleen". Cahiers jungiens de psychanalyse 147, nr 1 (2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cjung.147.0108.

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13

Gujar, Subhash M., Sunil G. Oza i Jaidevsingh Shekhawat. "A Cadaveric Study of Human Spleen and its Clinical Significance". National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 06, nr 01 (styczeń 2017): 035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700728.

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Abstract Background & Aim: Spleen is an important lymphatic organ that is connected to the blood vascular system. It is important component of the reticulo-endothelial system. The aim of study was to find out the morphological variations in spleen & compare it with previous studies. Material and Methods: The present study was done on 66 human adult spleens belonging to both sexes. Various morphological features of spleen like length, breadth, width and weight were measured. Shape, borders, poles and surfaces of spleen were observed. Results: The weight of spleens was between 30 Gms to 390 Gms, with an average of 139.5 Gms. 40.91% of the spleens were wedge shaped followed by tetrahedral (27.27%), triangular (18.18%), oval (9.1%) and irregular (4.55%). The length of the spleens varied between 5.10 cm to 14.8 cm with average of 9.41 cms. Their breadths were between 4.3 cms to 11 cms with average of 6.4 cms and width was between 2 cms to 5.5 cms with an average of 3.3 cms. In most of the cases, splenic notches were present on the superior border (50%) followed by on both borders (21.21%). Ten spleens had no notches on either of its borders. Conclusions: The findings of this study are useful for physicians, surgeons, radiologists and anatomists.

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14

Buffet, Pierre A., Geneviève Milon, Valentine Brousse, Jean-Michel Correas, Bertrand Dousset, Anne Couvelard, Reza Kianmanesh i in. "Ex vivo perfusion of human spleens maintains clearing and processing functions". Blood 107, nr 9 (1.05.2006): 3745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-10-4094.

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The spleen plays a central role in the pathophysiology of several potentially severe diseases such as inherited red cell membrane disorders, hemolytic anemias, and malaria. Research on these diseases is hampered by ethical constraints that limit human spleen tissue explorations. We identified a surgical situation—left splenopancreatectomy for benign pancreas tumors—allowing spleen retrieval at no risk for patients. Ex vivo perfusion of retrieved intact spleens for 4 to 6 hours maintained a preserved parenchymal structure, vascular flow, and metabolic activity. Function preservation was assessed by testing the ability of isolated-perfused spleens to retain Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes preexposed to the antimalarial drug artesunate (Art-iRBCs). More than 95% of Art-iRBCs were cleared from the perfusate in 2 hours. At each transit through isolated-perfused spleens, parasite remnants were removed from 0.2% to 0.23% of Art-iRBCs, a proportion consistent with the 0.02% to 1% pitting rate previously established in artesunate-treated patients. Histologic analysis showed that more than 90% of Art-iRBCs were retained and processed in the red pulp, providing the first direct evidence of a zone-dependent parasite clearance by the human spleen. Human-specific physiologic or pathophysiologic mechanisms involving clearing or processing functions of the spleen can now be experimentally explored in a human tissue context.

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15

Nazem, M. N., S. M. Sajjadian, R. Kheirandish i M. A. Shamshirgaran. "Accessory spleen in a dog: Macroscopic and microscopic findings". BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 24, nr 2 (2021): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2019-0031.

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Accessory spleens are one or more areas of normal ectopic splenic tissue of variable size supplied by the branches of the splenic artery. A 7 year-old mixed breed male dog was fixed for use as a model in anatomy hall. During the abdominal dissection, the gross examination showed a 6.3×3.1×1 cm mass that was situated on the caudodorsal border of the spleen. Its appearance and firm consistency were similar to those of spleen. There was no connection between the spleen and this mass. It was supplied by accessory splenic artery. Microscopic examination of the mass revealed some structures similar to spleen.

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16

Bowerson, Michyla, Christine O. Menias, Kristen Lee, Kathryn J. Fowler, Antonio Luna, Motoyo Yano, Kuma Sandrasegaran i Khaled Elsayes. "Hot spleen: hypervascular lesions of the spleen". Abdominal Imaging 40, nr 7 (18.09.2015): 2796–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00261-015-0523-8.

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Susok, Laura, Dominik Reinert, Carsten Lukas, Eggert Stockfleth i Thilo Gambichler. "Volume increase of spleen in melanoma patients undergoing immune checkpoint blockade". Immunotherapy 13, nr 11 (sierpień 2021): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2021-0022.

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Aim: To find out whether treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) results in volume increase of the spleen. Patient & methods: We studied 49 stage III and IV melanoma patients with an indication for ICIs. Computer tomographic-assisted volumetry of spleens was performed. Results: After 3 months, median spleen volume was significantly increased when compared with the baseline volume. At 3 months, the increase of spleen volume was significantly associated with the use of ipilimumab and ipilimumab plus nivolumab. There was no significant association between spleen volume increase and clinical parameters. Conclusion: The median spleen volume of patients with cutaneous melanoma increases during the first months of ICI treatment, which was particularly attributable to the use of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-CTLA-4/anti-PD-1 regimens.

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18

Tüdös, Zbyněk, Paulína Szász, Lucia Veverková, František Hruška, Igor Hartmann, Jozef Škarda i Rohit Philip Thomas. "Spleno-adrenal fusion mimicking an adrenal metastasis of a renal cell carcinoma: A case report and embryological background". Open Medicine 16, nr 1 (23.12.2020): 087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/med-2021-0201.

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Abstract Foci of splenic tissue separated from the spleen can occur as a congenital anomaly. Isolated nodules of splenic tissue are called accessory spleens or spleniculli. However, nodules of splenic tissue can merge with other organs during embryonic development, in which case we speak of spleno-visceral fusions: most often, they merge with the tail of the pancreas (thus forming spleno-pancreatic fusion or an intrapancreatic accessory spleen), with the reproductive gland (i.e., spleno-gonadal fusion), or with the kidney (i.e., spleno-renal fusion). Our case report describes the fusion of heterotopic splenic tissue with the right adrenal gland, which was misinterpreted as a metastasis of a renal cell carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spleno-adrenal fusion. Spleno-visceral fusions usually represent asymptomatic conditions; their main clinical significance lies in the confusion they cause and its misinterpretation as tumors of other organs. We believe that the cause of retroperitoneal spleno-visceral fusions is the anomalous migration of splenic cells along the dorsal mesentery to the urogenital ridge, together with primitive germ cells, at the end of the fifth week and during the sixth week of embryonic age. This theory explains the possible origin of spleno-visceral fusions, their different frequency of occurrence, and the predominance of findings on the left side.

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19

Tüdös, Zbyněk, Paulína Szász, Lucia Veverková, František Hruška, Igor Hartmann, Jozef Škarda i Rohit Philip Thomas. "Spleno-adrenal fusion mimicking an adrenal metastasis of a renal cell carcinoma: A case report and embryological background". Open Medicine 16, nr 1 (23.12.2020): 087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/med-2021-0201.

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AbstractFoci of splenic tissue separated from the spleen can occur as a congenital anomaly. Isolated nodules of splenic tissue are called accessory spleens or spleniculli. However, nodules of splenic tissue can merge with other organs during embryonic development, in which case we speak of spleno-visceral fusions: most often, they merge with the tail of the pancreas (thus forming spleno-pancreatic fusion or an intrapancreatic accessory spleen), with the reproductive gland (i.e., spleno-gonadal fusion), or with the kidney (i.e., spleno-renal fusion). Our case report describes the fusion of heterotopic splenic tissue with the right adrenal gland, which was misinterpreted as a metastasis of a renal cell carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spleno-adrenal fusion. Spleno-visceral fusions usually represent asymptomatic conditions; their main clinical significance lies in the confusion they cause and its misinterpretation as tumors of other organs. We believe that the cause of retroperitoneal spleno-visceral fusions is the anomalous migration of splenic cells along the dorsal mesentery to the urogenital ridge, together with primitive germ cells, at the end of the fifth week and during the sixth week of embryonic age. This theory explains the possible origin of spleno-visceral fusions, their different frequency of occurrence, and the predominance of findings on the left side.

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20

Wang, Xiaoli, Sool Yeon Cho, Daniel Chen, John Roboz i Ronald Hoffman. "An Altered Microenvironment Within The Spleens Of Patients With Myelofibrosis Affects CD34+ Cell Trafficking". Blood 122, nr 21 (15.11.2013): 2848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.2848.2848.

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Abstract We have demonstrated that the homing of peripheral blood (PB) myelofibrosis (MF) CD34+ cells to the marrow but not the spleen is altered (Wang X, et al. Cancer Res. 2009;69:7612-8). The defective homing to the marrow was further found to be associated with both the down-regulation of CXCR4 expression by PB MF CD34+ cells (Wang X, et al. Cancer Res. 2009;69:7612-8) and the proteolytic degradation of CXCL12 in the plasma of MF patients (Cho SY, et al. Cancer Res. 2010;70:3402-10). However, the mechanism underlying the preferential homing, retention and engraftment of the MF HSCs/HPCs to extramedullary sites has not been clarified. Cancer stem cell behavior is thought to be determined by both intrinsic properties and by regulatory signals provided by the microenvironment. The effect of alterations within the splenic microenvironment on the trafficking of MF-stem cells (MF-SC) was, therefore, investigated. The homing of spleen and PB MF CD34+ cells to the marrow and spleens of sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice was first evaluated. Following the infusion of paired spleen or PB MF CD34+ cells (n=5) or normal G-CSF mobilized PB CD34+ cells (mPB: n=6, 5×105/mouse), reduced numbers of spleen MF CD34+ cells were detected in the marrows of these mice as compared with mPB CD34+ cells (No. of CD34+ Cells/106 BMCs: PB MF:74±6; mPB: 196±32; P=0.007). However, the number of spleen MF CD34+ cells that homed to the marrow of recipient mice were even lower than PB MF CD34+ cells (No. of CD34+ Cells/106 BMCs: spleen MF: 74±6; PB MF: 102±13; P=0.08). By contrast, similar numbers of spleen MF, PB MF and mPB CD34+ cells were detected in the spleens of these mice. These findings suggest that both spleen MF and PB MF CD34+ cells preferentially migrate towards spleen rather than to the marrow. To determine if the expression of chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules could account for the homing and location of MF CD34+ cells to the spleen, the expression of CXCR4, CD47, CD44 and CD49d by spleen and PB MF CD34+ cells was evaluated and was shown to be similar. These findings suggest that the greater number of MF-SCs that were observed in the spleen as compared to PB of MF patients (Wang X, et al. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:3888-99) is not due to aberrant expression of adhesion molecules or chemokine receptors by MF-SCs and that microenvironmental conditions within the MF spleen might be responsible for MF-SC and progenitor cell homing, retention and engraftment. Unlike intact CXCL12, truncated forms of CXCL12 either lack the ability to act as a chemo-attractant for CD34+ cells or act as an antagonist to the action of CXCL12. The intact and truncated forms (loss of 2 aa, 3 aa, 4 aa, and 5 aa, aa = amino acid) of CXCL12 in paired spleen and PB MF plasma (n=5) were quantified using mass spectrometry. The concentration of intact CXCL12 in spleen MF plasma was 39.6 ±13.9ng/ml, which was higher than that detected in PB MF plasma (5.5 ± 2.6ng/ml, P=0.08). However, the concentrations of the 4 truncated forms of CXC12 were comparable in spleen and PB MF plasma. The concentrations of CXCL12 were further normalized based on the albumin level of the corresponding plasma to exclude the influence of different methods used to prepare these two sources of plasmas. The normalized concentration of intact CXCL12 in spleen MF plasma was significantly higher than that of PB MF plasma (P=0.03), while the normalized concentrations of the 4 truncated forms of CXCR4 were found again similar in both spleen and PB MF plasma. However, comparable levels of serine proteases, including active MMP-9 and NE, each of which are responsible for the degradation of a number of marrow matrix proteins such as CXCL12, were detected in spleen and PB MF plasma, suggesting that the splenic microenvironment acted to blunt their proteolytic actions. The migratory behavior of spleen MF CD34+ cells towards spleen and PB MF plasma was also determined in vitro using transwell plates. A greater number of spleen MF CD34+ cells from each individual patient migrated towards spleen plasma than PB plasma. Moreover, the percentage of JAK2V617F+ colonies cloned from patient CD34+ cells (JAK2V617F allele burden: 90%) that had migrated towards spleen plasma was similar to that observed with PB plasma. These findings suggest that the MF spleen is characterized by increased levels of intact CXCL12 which contributes to the preferential homing of spleen MF CD34+ cells to the spleen and the retention of such cells within the spleens of MF patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Gonçalves, Thiago Barbosa, Vitor Nagai Yamaki, Daniel Haber Feijó, Luis Eduardo Almeida de Souza, Edvaldo Silveira, Marcus Vinicius Henriques Brito i Andy Petroianu. "Effects of splenic allograft in lipid profile of non-splenectomized rats: the immune and metabolic role of the "double spleen"". Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões 41, nr 2 (kwiecień 2014): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69912014000200009.

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OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the role of the spleen and splenic allograft in lipid control and evaluate its effect on the lipid profile of rats.METHOD: 32 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: control group (1), total splenectomy group (2), splenectomy and implantation of allograft group (3) and double spleen group (4). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups: A and B, based on the death of the animals after 30 or 120 days of monitoring. The procedures in groups 2, 3 and 4 were made simultaneously, and splenectomized animals, groups 2 and 3 were donors, respectively, for the animals of groups 3 and 4. In group 4 the spleen was preserved and the animals received implants from the spleens of rats from group 3. The regeneration of splenic tissue was evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic analyzes of the grafts and own spleens, as well as with measurements of VLDL, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides.RESULTS: after 120 days, Group 4 showed levels of total cholesterol and LDL lower than the other groups. Group 1 had higher levels of lipids.CONCLUSION: The technique of double spleen was effective in the control of lipid metabolism, corroborating the function of the spleen as a reserve of lipids.

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Purdy, Graeme M., Marina A. James, Jordan L. Rees, Peter Ondrus, Jamie L. Keess, Trevor A. Day i Craig D. Steinback. "Spleen reactivity during incremental ascent to altitude". Journal of Applied Physiology 126, nr 1 (1.01.2019): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00753.2018.

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The spleen contains a reservoir of red blood cells that are mobilized into circulation when under physiological stress. Despite the spleen having an established role in compensation to acute hypoxia, no previous work has assessed the role of the spleen during ascent to high altitude. Twelve participants completed 2 min of handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction at 1,045, 3,440, and 4,240 m. In a subset of eight participants, an infusion of phenylephrine hydrochloride was administered at a dosage of 30 µg/l of predicted blood volume at each altitude. The spleen was imaged by ultrasound via a 2- to 5.5-MHz curvilinear probe. Spleen volume was calculated by the prolate ellipsoid formula. Finger capillary blood samples were taken to measure hematocrit. Spleen images and hematocrit were taken both before and at the end of both handgrip and phenylephrine infusion. No changes in resting spleen volume were observed between altitudes. At low altitude, the spleen contracted in response to handgrip [272.8 ml (SD 102.3) vs. 249.6 ml (SD 105.7), P = 0.009], leading to an increase in hematocrit (42.6% (SD 3.3) vs. 44.3% (SD 3.3), P = 0.023] but did not contract or increase hematocrit at the high-altitude locations. Infusion of phenylephrine led to spleen contraction at all altitudes, but only lead to an increase in hematocrit at low altitude. These data reveal that the human spleen may not contribute to acclimatization to chronic hypoxia, contrary to its response to acute sympathoexcitation. These results are explained by alterations in spleen reactivity to increased sympathetic activation at altitude. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrated that, despite the known role of the human spleen in increasing oxygen delivery to tissues during acute hypoxia scenarios, the spleen does not mobilize red blood cells during ascent to high altitude. Furthermore, the spleen’s response to acute stressors at altitude depends on the nature of the stressor; the spleen’s sensitivity to neurotransmitter is maintained, while its reflex response to stress is dampened.

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Krasemann, Susanne, Melanie Neumann, Beata Szalay, Carol Stocking i Markus Glatzel. "Protease-sensitive prion species in neoplastic spleens of prion-infected mice with uncoupling of PrPSc and prion infectivity". Journal of General Virology 94, nr 2 (1.02.2013): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.045922-0.

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Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders. An important step in disease pathophysiology is the conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) to disease-associated misfolded conformers (PrPSc). These misfolded PrP variants are a common component of prion infectivity and are detectable in diseased brain and lymphoreticular organs such as spleen. In the latter, PrPSc is thought to replicate mainly in follicular dendritic cells within spleen follicles. Although the presence of PrPSc is a hallmark for prion disease and serves as a main diagnostic criterion, in certain instances the amount of PrPSc does not correlate well with neurotoxicity or prion infectivity. Therefore, it has been proposed that prions might be a mixture of different conformers and aggregates with differing properties. This study investigated the impact of disruption of spleen architecture by neoplasia on the abundance of different PrP species in spleens of prion-infected mice. Although follicular integrity was completely disturbed, titres of prion infectivity in neoplastic spleens were not significantly altered, yet no protease-resistant PrPSc was detectable. Instead, unique protease-sensitive prion species could be detected in neoplastic spleens. These results indicate the dissociation of PrPSc and prion infectivity and showed the presence of non-PrPSc PrP species in spleen with divergent biochemical properties that become apparent after tissue architecture disruption.

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Hakim, F. T., i G. M. Shearer. "Abrogation of hybrid resistance to bone marrow engraftment by graft-vs-host-induced immune deficiency." Journal of Immunology 137, nr 10 (15.11.1986): 3109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.137.10.3109.

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Abstract Lethally irradiated F1 mice, heterozygous at the hematopoietic histocompatibility locus Hh-1, which is linked with H-2Db, reject bone marrow grafts from H-2b parents. This hybrid resistance (HR) is reduced by prior injection of H-2b parental spleen cells. Because injection of parental spleen cells produces a profound suppression of F1 immune functions, we investigated whether parental-induced abrogation of HR was due to graft-vs-host-induced immune deficiency (GVHID). HR was assessed by quantifying engraftment of H-2b bone marrow in F1 mice with the use of splenic [125I]IUdR uptake; GVHID, by the ability of F1 spleen cells to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro. We observed a correlation in the time course and spleen cell dose dependence between loss of HR and GVHID. Both GVHID and loss of HR were dependent on injection of parental T cells; nude or T-depleted spleen cells were ineffective. The injection of B10 recombinant congenic spleens into (B10 X B10.A)F1 mice, before grafting with B10 marrow, demonstrated that only those disparities in major histocompatibility antigens that generated GVH would result in loss of HR. Thus, spleens from (B10 X B10.A(2R]F1 mice (Class I disparity only) did not induce GVHID or affect HR, whereas (B10 X B10.A(5R))F1 spleens (Class I and II disparity) abrogated CTL generation and HR completely. GVHID produced by a class II only disparity, as in (B10 X B10.A(5R))F1 spleens injected into (B6bm12 X B10.A(5R))F1 mice, was also sufficient to markedly reduce HR to B10 bone marrow. This evidence that GVHID can modulate hematopoietic graft rejection may be relevant to the mechanisms of natural resistance to marrow grafts in man.

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Somasundaram, SK, L. Massey, D. Gooch, J. Reed i D. Menzies. "Laparoscopic splenectomy is emerging ‘gold standard’ treatment even for massive spleens". Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 97, nr 5 (lipiec 2015): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588414x14055925060479.

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Introduction Since its first description by Delaitre and Maignien in 1991, laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) has evolved as treatment of choice for mild-to-moderately-enlarged spleens and for benign haematological disorders. LS is a challenge if massive spleens or malignant conditions necessitate treatment, but we report our method and its feasibility in this study. Methods We undertook a retrospective study of prospectively collected data of all elective splenectomies carried out in our firm of upper gastrointestinal surgeons from June 2003 to June 2012. Only patients opting for elective LS were included in this study. Results From June 2003 to June 2012, elective splenectomy was carried out in 80 patients. Sixty-seven patients underwent LS and 13 underwent open splenectomy (OS). In the LS group, there were 38 males and 29 females. Age ranged from 6 years to 82 years. Spleen size in the LS group ranged from ≤11cm to 27.6cm. Twelve patients had a spleen size of >20cm. Weight ranged from 35g to 2,400g. Eighteen patients had a spleen weight of 600–1,600g and eight had a spleen weight >1,600g. Operating times were available for 56 patients. Mean operating time for massive spleens was 129.73 min. There was no conversion to OS. There were no major complications. Conclusions With improved laparoscopic expertise and advancing technology, LS is safe and feasible even for massive spleens and splenic malignancies. It is the emerging ‘gold standard’ for all elective splenectomies and has very few contraindications.

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Sefc, Ludek, Ko-Tung Chang, Viktor Sykora i Emanuel Necas. "Mobilization with Cyclophosphamide Shifts Hematopoiesis From the Bone Marrow to the Spleen In Mouse." Blood 116, nr 21 (19.11.2010): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1590.1590.

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Abstract Abstract 1590 Introduction: Spleen is an active hematopoietic tissue in adult mice. Spleen niches supporting hematopoiesis were not extensively studied yet. Spleen does not contain osteoblastic niches which are considered to be essential for long-term hematopoiesis, and splenic hematopoiesis is assumed to originate mainly from progenitors with short-term repopulating ability. Normal spleen is primarily a lymphoid organ but it also contributes to myelopoiesis by containing approximately 5% of total body multipotent progenitors CFU-S. We have studied the effect of mobilization with cyclophosphamide on trafficking of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) from the bone marrow to the spleen, and dependence of normal splenic hematopoiesis on continual supply of HSPC from the bone marrow. Method: Murine congenic model C57Bl/6 Ly5.1/Ly5.2, and C57Bl/6 GFP, was used in the experiments. Kinetics of HSPC in the bone marrow and the spleen after a sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (135 mg/kg) was measured by clonal assays (CFU-GM and CFU-S – progenitors) and by competitive repopulation assay (short- and long-term repopulating cells, STRC and LTRC). Parabiotic pairs were established from control and cyclophosphamide-treated partners in order to demonstrate HSPC exchange between hematopoietic organs. Selective irradiation of either spleen with bone marrow shielded, or irradiation of bone marrow with spleen shielded, was used to measure significance of HSPC migration from the spleen to the bone marrow during hematopoietic regeneration. Selected cytokine expression in the bone marrow and in the spleen was determined by real-time PCR. Result: Bone marrow HSPC rapidly but transiently regenerated from cyclophosphamide damage. Secondary decrease in HSPC between 5 and 7 days after cyclophosphamide in the bone marrow was accompanied with significant reduction of SDF-1 mRNA expression, mobilization of HSPC into peripheral blood and their rapid accumulation in the spleen. Spleen thus transiently became the main hematopoietic organ in the mouse by containing 69% of total body CFU-S, and also contained significantly more LTRC compared to the femur (Fig). Surprisingly, there was no increase in SDF-1 mRNA expression during homing of HSPC in the spleen. Spleens of parabiotic partners were rapidly colonized by partner cells including HSPC within two weeks. Bone marrow also contained small but significant amount of partner HSPC one and 2 weeks after parabiosis establishment. In pairs made from control and cyclophosphamide treated mice, mobilized HSPC preferentially engrafted in both own and partner spleens. Spleen cellularity and progenitor content was not affected by selective spleen irradiation and was restored from shielded bone marrow 6 days after irradiation. Expansion of extramedullary splenic hematopoiesis after cyclophosphamide occurred even when HSPC were destroyed in the spleen 1 day after cyclophosphamide, i.e. the spleen expansion was dependent on the bone marrow. Irradiation of bone marrow with spleen shielded led to abruption of splenic hematopoiesis in both control and cyclophosphamide treated mice. Conclusion: There is a quantitatively significant trafficking of HSPC by means of the circulation in mice. The splenic hematopoiesis appears to be almost fully dependent on a continuous supply of HSPC from the bone marrow. This trafficking of HSPC can be enhanced by hematopoietic cell mobilization. In mice, damage caused by cyclophosphamide results in a transient, however quantitatively remarkable relocation of HSPC, including LTRC, from the bone marrow to the spleen. This accumulation of HSPC in spleen is not accompanied with increased expression of SDF-1 mRNA. HSPC circulating in peripheral blood also significantly colonize the bone marrow and actively participate in its hematopoiesis. Support: Projects LC06044 and MSM 0021620806 of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Mukhia, Rajeev, Aruna Mukherjee i Anjali Sabnis. "HISTOGENESIS OF HUMAN FETAL SPLEEN". International Journal of Anatomy and Research 4, nr 1 (31.03.2016): 2119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.159.

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Park, Y. T., S. H. Lee, D. H. Lee, Y. T. Ko i J. H. Lim. "Wandering spleen". Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 23, nr 6 (1987): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/jkrs.1987.23.6.1065.

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Durieux, Bruno. "Le spleen". Commentaire Numéro158, nr 2 (2017): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/comm.158.0275.

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McCormack, Sam. "Retro spleen". Medical Journal of Australia 181, nr 11-12 (grudzień 2004): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06499.x.

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Wilkins, B. S. "Spleen pathology". Current Diagnostic Pathology 6, nr 3 (wrzesień 2000): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/cdip.2000.0039.

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Tseng, Chang-An, i An-Liang Chou. "Pelvic Spleen". New England Journal of Medicine 361, nr 13 (24.09.2009): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm0802024.

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D, Radhika, i D. "ACCESSORY SPLEEN". Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 3, nr 39 (16.05.2016): 1938–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2016/431.

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Levay, John. "Baudelaire's Spleen". Explicator 50, nr 1 (październik 1991): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00144940.1991.9938695.

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Baudelaire, Charles, i Ivo Barroso. "Spleen III". Teresa, nr 10-11 (3.12.2010): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2447-8997.teresa.2010.116910.

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GRIFFIN, DUSTIN. "Venting Spleen". Essays in Criticism XXXX, nr 2 (1990): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eic/xxxx.2.124.

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Wilkins, Bridget S. "The spleen". British Journal of Haematology 117, nr 2 (25.04.2002): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03425.x.

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Wester, Alexander, i Ivan Co. "Wandering Spleen". New England Journal of Medicine 383, nr 21 (19.11.2020): 2065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm2003627.

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Bynum, Bill. "The spleen". Lancet 359, nr 9317 (maj 2002): 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08479-9.

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Richman, Mark, Darryl T. Hiyama i Elijah Wasson. "Wandering spleen". Surgery 155, nr 4 (kwiecień 2014): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2012.11.015.

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Wilkins, Bridget S. "Spleen pathology". Diagnostic Histopathology 15, nr 3 (marzec 2009): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpdhp.2009.01.011.

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Wilkins, Bridget S. "Spleen pathology". Diagnostic Histopathology 22, nr 12 (grudzień 2016): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpdhp.2016.11.002.

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Ayyildiz, Veysel, Bulent Guvendi, Hayri Ogul i Mecit Kantarci. "Wandering Spleen". Cirugía Española (English Edition) 96, nr 3 (marzec 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cireng.2017.10.001.

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Tchidjou, Hyppolite K., Maria A. Castelluzzo, Virginia Messia, Matteo Luciani, Lidia Monti, Chiara Grimaldi, Stefania Bernardi i Patrizia D’Argenio. "Wandering spleen". Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis 25, nr 5 (lipiec 2014): 530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mbc.0000000000000081.

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Gent, L., i P. Blackie. "The spleen". BJA Education 17, nr 6 (czerwiec 2017): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjaed/mkw072.

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Phillips, G. W. L., i A. P. Hemingway. "Wandering spleen". British Journal of Radiology 60, nr 710 (luty 1987): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-60-710-188.

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Jones, Alice. "The Spleen". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 267, nr 11 (18.03.1992): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03480110030013.

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Brender, Erin. "The Spleen". JAMA 294, nr 20 (23.11.2005): 2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.20.2660.

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Lazow, Stefanie P., i Ketan R. Sheth. "Unmasking the Intrapancreatic Accessory Spleen". World Journal of Surgery and Surgical Research 5, nr 1 (16.08.2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.25107/2637-4625-v5-id1400.

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Despite the availability of various diagnostic studies including CT, MRI, nuclear medicine images, and endoscopic ultrasound, the differentiation of Intrapancreatic Accessory Spleen (IPAS) from pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor remains challenging. We present the case of a 40-year-old male with an incidentally found intrapancreatic lesion with indeterminate imaging diagnosis. A CT demonstrated accessory spleens at the splenic hilum. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was performed. Pathology resulted with benign IPAS. Despite indeterminate imaging, a high suspicion for IPAS should be maintained in patients with other accessory spleens.

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Cabanac, Arnaud, Lars P. Folkow i Arnoldus Schytte Blix. "Volume capacity and contraction control of the seal spleen". Journal of Applied Physiology 82, nr 6 (1.06.1997): 1989–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.6.1989.

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Cabanac, Arnaud, Lars P. Folkow, and Arnoldus Schytte Blix.Volume capacity and contraction control of the seal spleen. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 1989–1994, 1997.—Volume changes in the spleens of hooded seals ( Cystophora cristata) and harp seals ( Phoca groenlandica) were measured plethysmographically in vitro in response to epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoprenaline, phentolamine, and acetylcholine. Dilated spleens contracted forcefully within 1–3 min of α-adrenoceptor activation with 1.0–5.0 μg epinephrine/kg body mass, whereas stimulation of β-adrenoceptors and cholinergic receptors had little effect. The mass of dilated hooded seal spleens corresponded to 2–4% ( n = 7) of body mass, with volume (V; ml) relating to body mass (M; kg) as follows: V = 12.0M + 910 ( r 2 = 0.96, n = 4). Thus the spleen of a 250-kg hooded seal maximally expels 3.9 liters, or 13%, of its estimated total blood volume. Average hematocrit in splenic venous outflow from dilated spleens was 90 ± 3% ( n = 3) in hooded seals and 85% ( n = 2) in harp seals. From these data we have estimated that the aerobic diving limit of a 250-kg hooded seal increases only 105 s, at the most, if complete emptying of the spleen occurs during diving, while the corresponding estimate for a 112-kg harp seal is 80 s.

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