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Książki na temat „Spin Injector”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

Data aktualizacji: 8 czerwca 2024

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1

Jane, Ireland. Spin-injection into grain boundary junctions. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2002.

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2

Atlas of spine injection. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 2004.

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3

Kimura, T., i Y. Otani. Magnetization switching due to nonlocal spin injection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0021.

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This chapter discusses and presents a schematic illustration of nonlocal spin injection. In this case, the spin-polarized electrons are injected from the ferromagnet and are extracted from the left-hand side of the nonmagnet. This results in the accumulation of nonequilibrium spins in the vicinity of the F/N junctions. Since the electrochemical potential on the left-hand side is lower than that underneath the F/N junction, the electron flows by the electric field. On the right-hand side, although there is no electric field, the diffusion process from the nonequilibrium into the equilibrium state induces the motion of the electrons. Since the excess up-spin electrons exist underneath the F/N junction, the up-spin electrons diffuse into the right-hand side. On the other hand, the deficiency of the down-spin electrons induces the incoming flow of the down-spin electrons opposite to the motion of the up-spin electron.

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4

Wunderlich, J., K. Olejník, L. P. Zârbo, V. P. Amin, J. Sinova i T. Jungwirth. Spin-injection Hall effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0016.

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This chapter discusses the Spin-injection Hall effect (SiHE), another member of the spin-dependent Hall effects that is closely related to the anomalous Hall effect (AHE), the spin Hall effect (SHE), and the inverse spin Hall effect (iSHE). The microscopic origins responsible for the appearance of spin-dependent Hall effects are due to the spin-orbit (SO) coupling-related asymmetrical deflections of spin carriers. Depending on the relative strength of the SO coupling compared to the energy-level broadening of the quasi-particle states due to disorder scattering, scattering-related extrinsic mechanisms or intrinsic band structure-related deflection dominate the spin-dependent Hall response. Both the iSHE and the SiHE require spin injection into a nonmagnetic system. Similar to the AHE, a spin-polarized charge current flows in the case of the SiHE and the SO coupling generates the spin-dependent Hall signal.

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5

Suzuki, Y. Spin torque in uniform magnetization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0020.

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This chapter discusses the effects of a spin current injected into a uniformly magnetized ferromagnetic cell. The junction consists of two ferromagnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic metal interlayer or insulating barrier layer. With a nonmagnetic metal interlayer, the junction is called a giant magnetoresistive nanopillar, and with an insulating barrier layer a magnetic-tunnel junction. When charge current is passed through this device, the electrons are first spin polarized by the fixed layer and spin-polarized current is then injected into the free layer through the nonmagnetic interlayer. This spin current interacts with the spins in the host material by an exchange interaction and exerts a torque. If the exerted torque is large enough, magnetization in the free layer is reversed or continuous precession is excited.

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6

Endres, Bernhard. Spin Injection into Gaas. Universitatsverlag Regensburg GmbH, 2013.

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7

Glazov, M. M. Interaction of Spins with Light. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.003.0006.

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This chapter presents the details of the optical manipulation of electron spin states. It also addresses manifestations of the electron and nuclear spin dynamics in optical response of semiconductor nanostructures via spin-Faraday and -Kerr effects. Coupling of spins with light provides the most efficient method of nonmagnetic spin manipulation. The main aim of this chapter is to provide the theoretical grounds for optical spin injection, ultrafast spin control, and readout of spin states by means of circularly and linearly polarized light pulses. The Faraday and Kerr effects induced by the electron and nuclear spin polarization are analyzed both by means of a macroscopic, semi-phenomenological approach and by using the microscopic quantum mechanical model. Theoretical analysis is supported by experimental data.

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8

Spin Injection and Transport in Magnetoelectronics. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908158-08-7.

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9

Fiorani, Dino, i P. Vincenzini. Spin Injection and Transport in Magnetoelectronics. Trans Tech Publications, Limited, 2006.

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10

Renfrew, Donald. Atlas of Spine Injection. Saunders, 2003.

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11

Ando, K., i E. Saitoh. Incoherent spin current. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0002.

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This chapter introduces the concept of incoherent spin current. A diffusive spin current can be driven by spatial inhomogeneous spin density. Such spin flow is formulated using the spin diffusion equation with spin-dependent electrochemical potential. The chapter also proposes a solution to the problem known as the conductivity mismatch problem of spin injection into a semiconductor. A way to overcome the problem is by using a ferromagnetic semiconductor as a spin source; another is to insert a spin-dependent interface resistance at a metal–semiconductor interface.

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12

Takahashi, S., i S. Maekawa. Spin Hall Effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses the spin Hall effect that occurs during spin injection from a ferromagnet to a nonmagnetic conductor in nanostructured devices. This provides a new opportunity for investigating AHE in nonmagnetic conductors. In ferromagnetic materials, the electrical current is carried by up-spin and downspin electrons, with the flow of up-spin electrons being slightly deflected in a transverse direction while that of down-spin electrons being deflected in the opposite direction; this results in an electron flow in the direction perpendicular to both the applied electric field and the magnetization directions. Since up-spin and downspin electrons are strongly imbalanced in ferromagnets, both spin and charge currents are generated in the transverse direction by AHE, the latter of which are observed as the electrical Hall voltage.

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13

Glazov, M. M. Electron Spin Precession Mode Locking and Nuclei-Induced Frequency Focusing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.003.0009.

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This chapter addresses a rich variety of effects in spin dynamics arising under the conditions of pump-probe experiments. Here we consider the case where the electron spin is injected by a periodic train of circularly polarized pump pulses and precesses between the pulses in an external magnetic field. Nontrivial effects such as resonant spin amplification and spin coherence mode-locking take place due to commensurability of the repetition period of pump pulses and the charge carrier spin precession period. Theoretical approaches to describing the electron and nuclear spin coherence and experimental manifestations of these unusual regimes of spin dynamics are discussed in detail.

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14

Bhat, Ravi Dinesh Rama. Interband optical injection and control of electron spin populations and ballistic spin currents in bulk semiconductors. 2006.

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15

Valenzuela, S. O., i T. Kimura. Experimental observation of the spin Hall effect using electronic nonlocal detection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0014.

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This chapter shows how the spin Hall effect (SHE) has been described as a source of spin-polarized electrons for electronic applications without the need for ferromagnets or optical injection. Because spin accumulation does not produce an obvious measurable electrical signal, electronic detection of the SHE proved to be elusive and was preceded by optical demonstrations. Several experimental schemes for the electronic detection of the SHE had been originally proposed, including the use of ferromagnetic electrodes to determine the spin accumulation at the edges of the sample. However, the difficulty of sample fabrication and the presence of spin-related phenomena such as anisotropic magnetoresistance or the anomalous Hall effect in the ferromagnetic electrodes could mask or even mimic the SHE signal in the sample layouts.

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16

Najmaie, Ali. Optical injection of spin currents in bulk and quantum well semiconductors. 2005.

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17

Shankar, Hariharan, i Karan Johar. Piriformis Muscle, Psoas Muscle, and Quadratus Lumborum Muscle Injections: Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0047.

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This chapter describes the anatomy, technique, available evidence, and complications of piriformis, psoas, and quadratus lumborum muscle injections. Traditionally landmark-based injections of the piriformis muscle were performed using the posterior inferior iliac spine and the greater trochanter as bony landmarks. Subsequently, fluoroscopy, electromyography, and CT were used to facilitate the injection. Activation of myofascial trigger points within the iliopsoas muscle can cause referred pain to the groin and anterior thigh. Landmark-based injections and CT-guided iliopsoas injections have been described. But they carry the risk of radiation, bowel injury, intravascular injection, and nerve injury. Ultrasound-guided injection into the psoas muscle may be performed at two different locations, the iliopsoas muscle and the iliopsoas tendon. The quadratus lumborum is a common cause of low back pain, and ultrasound-guided injection of local anesthetic into quadratus lumborum muscle may be performed.

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18

DiMuro, John M., i Mehul J. Desai. Sympathetic Blockade of the Spine. Redaktor Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0030.

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This chapter focuses on the typical pain complaints and their appropriateness for sympathetic blockade and neurolysis. Anatomic considerations, block technique, associated risks, and evidence of a successful block are covered for the stellate ganglion block, T2 sympathetic block, thoracic splanchnic block, celiac plexus block, superior hypogastric plexus block, and ganglion of impar block. Sympathetic blockade is commonly used for visceral pain syndromes. Visceral pain syndromes typically are not responsive to neuraxial blocks as well as conventional rehabilitative and pharmacologic treatments. Spinal sympathetic techniques involve careful prevertebral needle placement, typically using fluoroscopic guidance. The proximity of major vessels near the target injection area is the primary risk of these techniques. In general, sympathetic blocks are non-diagnostic, but they can still help determine whether a sympathetically mediated pain condition may be present and if sympatholysis may be an effective treatment option.

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19

Cheng, Jianguo. Thoracic Epidural and Nerve Root Injections: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0013.

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Thoracic nerve root blocks can be achieved by interlaminal epidural, transforaminal epidural, paravertebral, and selective nerve root injections. The interlaminal approach allows blocking multiple nerve roots bilaterally, while the transforaminal approach has the advantage of depositing the injectate primarily to the anterior epidural space on the side of the injection, closer to the pathology. The paravertebral approach is often used to block multiple nerve roots on the side of injection, and the selective nerve root block is used to target a specific nerve root using a small volume of injectate. Fluoroscopy-guided injection the most commonly used technique. Contrast materials are often used to confirm the appropriate needle placement and monitor the spread of the injectate. Thoracic nerve root block and transforaminal epidural block are perceived as technically demanding due to anatomic complexity of the thoracic spine, its proximity to the lungs and major vasculature, and potential complications.

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20

Petersohn, Jeffrey D. Cervical Transforaminal/Nerve Root Injections: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0004.

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This chapter reviews relevant anatomic features of the cervical spine. Discussion of details of preoperative evaluation, operative positioning, and necessary optimization of radiographic features with c-arm manipulation follows. Details of technique including use of radiocontrast injection and digital subtraction angiography are discussed in the context of optimal techniques to avoid and minimize complications. Lastly, efficacy and outcomes are discussed briefly.

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21

Hughes, Jim. Pain clinic procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198813170.003.0020.

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Targeted injections of pharmacological agents around the spine, known as ‘injection therapy’, are among the most commonly offered treatments for medium–long-term back pain. These procedures are typically performed on an outpatient basis, with less requirements for anaesthesia and sterile fields than the more invasive surgical procedures. They may be performed as diagnostic tests, or to give either short- or long-term relief from pain symptoms associated with the spine. This chapter covers a selection of pain clinic procedures, covering facet joint injections, nerve root injections, and epidural/sacral injections under imaging control. Each procedure includes images that demonstrate the position of the C-arm, patient, and surgical equipment, with accompanying radiographs demonstrating the resulting images.

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22

Lavergne, Pascal, i Hélène T. Khuong. Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Redaktorzy Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara i Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0008.

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Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome is an entrapment neuropathy involving the brachial plexus along its trajectory from the cervical spine to the axilla. Clinical presentation includes cervical and upper extremity pain as well as neurologic signs and symptoms in the lower trunk territory. Radiologic and electrophysiologic studies are helpful adjuncts in correctly identifying the site of compression. Initial management is usually conservative, with medication, physical therapy, nerve blocks, or botulinum toxin injection. Surgery often consists of brachial plexus neurolysis and removal of compression points through the supraclavicular approach. Good outcomes can be expected with careful patient selection, but available literature is of limited quality.

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23

Wang, Roger, i Sarah Choxi. Cervical Myofascial Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0007.

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Cervical myofascial pain (CMP) is caused by trauma, spine pathology, repetitive strain, postural dysfunction, and physical deconditioning of the muscles that support the shoulders and neck. These include the trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, and rhomboid muscles. Treating the underlying etiology is the most effective therapy, however, it may be challenging to diagnose CMP, adding to the difficulty of definitive therapy. Management of CMP often requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, injection therapy, and behavioral modification. Neck pain is a common condition affecting two-thirds or more of the global population during their lifetime. The etiology of neck pain includes cervical disk disease, cervical facet-mediated pain, and CMP. In particular, CMP is often a cause of disability in the population with chronic neck pain.

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