Artykuły w czasopismach: „Speech imagery”

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Scott, Mark. "Speech imagery recalibrates speech-perception boundaries". Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 78, nr 5 (11.04.2016): 1496–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-016-1087-6.

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Raru, Gregorius. "TUTURAN RITUAL HAMBOR HAJU PADA MASYARAKAT MANGGARAI SEBUAH KAJIAN LINGUISTIK KEBUDAYAAN". Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 6, nr 1 (25.08.2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v6i1.79.

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This study explores the cultural imagery in “ritual speech Hambor Haju at Manggaraian society: a cultural linguistic study”, with two problems that should be researched. Those problems are (1) verbal symbols in ritual speech Hambor Haju; (2) imagery in ritual speech Hambor Haju. This qualitative research was carried oiut in Maggarai Regency, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara province. The data were obtained through observation, interview, documentation study, listening, recording, and note taking. The result of the data analysis is informally reported and verbally described. The data were analyzed using a number of theories and paradigms, particularly cultural linguistics theory from Gary B. Palmer. The results of the study indicates that (1) esthetic form of ritual speech Hambor Haju consists of parallelism and metaphor; (2) verbal symbols of ritual speech Hambor Haju includes grammatical aspects, literary style, and discourse scenario; (3) imagery in ritual speech Hambor Haju consists of (a) esthetics imagery; (b) unity/togetherness imagery; (c) respecting imagery; (d) deliberations imagery; (e) sacred imagery; (f) act imagery; (g) loyalty imagery; (h) ideology imagery; (i) emancipation imagery; (j) seriousness imagery; and (k) pro-existence imagery.

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SHERGILL, S. S., E. T. BULLMORE, M. J. BRAMMER, S. C. R. WILLIAMS, R. M. MURRAY i P. K. McGUIRE. "A functional study of auditory verbal imagery". Psychological Medicine 31, nr 2 (luty 2001): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170100335x.

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Background. We used functional MRI to examine the functional anatomy of inner speech and different forms of auditory verbal imagery (imagining speech) in normal volunteers. We hypothesized that generating inner speech and auditory verbal imagery would be associated with left inferior frontal activation, and that generating auditory verbal imagery would involve additional activation in the lateral temporal cortices.Methods. Subjects were scanned, while performing inner speech and auditory verbal imagery tasks, using a 1.5 Tesla magnet.Results. The generation of inner speech was associated with activation in the left inferior frontal/insula region, the left temporo-parietal cortex, right cerebellum and the supplementary motor area. Auditory verbal imagery in general, as indexed by the three imagery tasks combined, was associated with activation in the areas engaged during the inner speech task, plus the left precentral and superior temporal gyri (STG), and the right homologues of all these areas.Conclusions. These results are consistent with the use of the ‘articulatory loop' during both inner speech and auditory verbal imagery, and the greater engagement of verbal self-monitoring during auditory verbal imagery.

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WANG, Yongli, Shengnan GE, LantinHuang Lancy, Qin WAN i Haidan LU. "Neural mechanism of speech imagery". Advances in Psychological Science 31, nr 4 (2023): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2023.00608.

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Koizumi, Shinichi. "Effects of imagery ability end speech anxiety on imagery vividness of imaginary of speech scene." Japanese journal of psychology 68, nr 3 (1997): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.68.203.

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Rosida, Ana. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POETRY’S STRUCTURE: ‘NIGHT’ BY BLAKE AND ‘SHE WALKS IN BEUATY’ BY BYRON". JENTERA: Jurnal Kajian Sastra 6, nr 2 (28.12.2017): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jentera.v6i2.435.

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This research presented the comparative study about the structure in two poetries; they are Night and She Walks in Beauty. It focused the theme, the figure of speech and the imagery. It used the qualitative research. It is analyzed the structure by reading the poetry carefully and giving the note for each line that contains theme, figure of speech and imagery. It used the theory of comparative study and structural approach.The result of this research shows that the poet of those poetries use theme, figure of speech and imagery. There are many kinds of figure of speech and imagery in the poetry. In Night, there are only four figure of speeches namely (a) Simile, (b) Personification, (c) Metaphor and (d) Hyperbole and uses (1) Visual, (2) Auditory, (3) Tactile and (4) Kinesthetic as the imagery. In She Walks in Beauty, Byron uses (a) simile, (b) personification and (c) litotes as figure of speech and its imagery are (1) Visual and (2) Kinesthetic.The poetry Night and She Walks in Beauty appear both differences and similarities with regard to its poet’s writing style. Blake is subjective whereas Byron is objective in writing. Both poets use the nature in different ways to build the theme, the figure of speech and the imagery. Blake uses the nature to describe two contrast place and Byron used the nature to describe a woman character. AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas studi perbandingan tentang struktur dalam dua puisi, yaitu Night dan She Walks in Beauty. Penelitian ini berfokus pada Theme, Figure of Speech dan Imagery. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif. Pada penelitian ini, struktur dianalisa dengan membaca puisi dengan seksama dan memberikan catatan untuk setiap baris yang berisi Tema, Majas dan Pencitraan. Penelitian ini mengunakan teori Comparative Study dan pendekatan Structural.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyair pada kedua puisi ini menggunakan Tema, Majas dan Pencitraan. Ada banyak jenis majas dan pencitraan dalam puisi tersebut. Pada puisi Night, Majas hanya ada empat yaitu (a) Simile, (b) Personification, (c) Metaphor dan (d) Hiperbole dan menggunakan (1) Visual, (2) Auditory, (3) Tictile dan (4) Kinestethic sebagai pencitraan. Pada puisi She Walks in Beauty, Byron menggunakan (a) Simile, (b) Personification dan (c) Litotes sebagai majas dan pencitraannya adalah (1) Visual dan (2) Kinestethic.Puisi Night dan She Walks in Beauty tampak perbedaan dan persamaan yang berkaitan dengan gaya penulisan penyairnya. Blake adalah penyair yang subjektif sedangkan Byron adalah penyair yang objectif dalam menulis. Kedua penyair tersebut menggunakan alam dengan cara yang berbeda untuk membangun Tema, Majas dan Pencitraan. Blake menggunakan alam untuk menggambarkan dua tempat yang dan Byron menggunakan alam untuk menggambarkan karakter wanita.

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McGuire, P. K., D. A. Silbersweig, R. M. Murray, A. S. David, R. S. J. Frackowiak i C. D. Frith. "Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery". Psychological Medicine 26, nr 1 (styczeń 1996): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700033699.

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SynopsisThe neural correlates of inner speech and of auditory verbal imagery were examined in normal volunteers, using positron emission tomography (PET). Subjects were shown single words which they used to generate short, stereotyped sentences without speaking. In an inner speech task, sentences were silently articulated, while in an auditory verbal imagery condition, subjects imagined sentences being spoken to them in an another person's voice. Inner speech was associated with increased activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Auditory verbal imagery was associated with increases in the same region, and in the left premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area and the left temporal cortex. The data suggest that the silent articulation of sentences involves activity in an area concerned with speech generation, while imagining speech is associated with additional activity in regions associated with speech perception.

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Hastuti, Nur, i Sri Rezeki Ayuni. "Citraan dan Majas dalam Lirik Lagu "Harehare Ya" Karya Maigo Hanyuu Kajian Stilistika". IZUMI 12, nr 1 (5.05.2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.12.1.1-12.

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Song lyrics are part of the music. Music is made up of rhythm, time signature, harmony and melody. Song lyrics act as one of the elements in the main melody in a music. This study aims to describe the images and figure of speech in the lyrics of the song harehare ya by Maigo Hanyuu. The method used in this study uses stylistic studies as an analytical tool. The data used in this study are the lyrics of the song harehare ya by Maigo Hanyuu. The theory used is Hermintoyo's imagery theory and Seto Kenichi's figure of speech theory. Based on data analysis, it can be concluded that in the lyrics of the song harehare ya by Maigo Hanyuu, imagery and figurative language are found. There are four imagery in the lyrics of this song, namely, imagery of sight, hearing, movement, and feeling. In the lyrics of this song, there are also many figurative language of affirmation dominated by repetition. There are nine repetition figures of speech in the lyrics of this song, and rhetorical figures of speech in the lyrics of this song are two.Keywords: Figure of speech, harehare ya, imagery, song lyrics

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Najwa Fadilanitaa, Khofifah Indar F i Arneta Destria. "DIKSI, CITRAAN, DAN MAJAS PADA PUISI ’’AKU MENUNGGU BUNGA’’ KARYA HERI ISNAINI’’". Protasis: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Budaya, dan Pengajarannya 1, nr 1 (28.06.2022): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/protasis.v1i1.26.

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This study discusses the use of diction, imagery, and figure of speech in the poem Aku Waiting for the Flower. The poem I Wait for Flowers is a poem that talks about someone who is waiting for someone they love very much. With beautiful poetry lines and contains very strong meanings and meanings. This study aims to: 1) Describe Diction 2) Explain imagery 3) Describe the figure of speech in the poem Aku Waiting Bunga. This research uses qualitative descriptive research. The data collection technique used is reading and note-taking technique and data analysis technique using descriptive analysis technique which includes description, classification, and analysis. The results of the research on the poem ''I am waiting for the flower'' have denotative and connotative diction, visual imagery, feeling imagery, and imagery. intellectual, as well as figure of speech personification and hyperbole

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Chengaiyan, Sandhya, Divya Balathayil, Kavitha Anandan i Christy Bobby Thomas. "Effect of Power and Phase Synchronization in Multi-Trial Speech Imagery". International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 10, nr 4 (październik 2018): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssci.2018100104.

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Speech imagery is one form of mental imagery which refers to the imagining of speaking a word to oneself silently in the mind without any articulation movement. In this work, electroencephalography (EEG) signals were acquired while speaking and during the imagining of speaking consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words in multiple trials of different time frames. Relative powers were computed for each EEG frequency band. It has been observed that relative power of alpha and theta bands was dominant. Phase Locking Value (PLV), a functional brain connectivity parameter has been estimated to understand the phase synchronicity between two brain regions. PLV results show that the left hemispheric frontal and temporal electrodes has maximum phase lock in alpha and theta band during speech and speech imagery process. The combination of brain connectivity estimators and signal processing techniques will thus be a reliable framework for understanding the nature of speech imagery signals captured through EEG.

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Filippo, Carol Lee De, Donald G. Sims i Linda Gottermeier. "Linking Visual and Kinesthetic Imagery in Lipreading Instruction". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 38, nr 1 (luty 1995): 244–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3801.244.

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The purpose of this study was to replicate van Uden’s (1983) finding that watching oneself speak improves lipreading of visually confusable nonsense words. Specifically, this replication focused on an older group of subjects whose educational experience varied widely in the emphasis given to spoken communication. Four groups of 12 young-adult subjects who are deaf participated in evaluating two aspects of training: (a) source of video feedback (self or trainer), and (b) timing of feedback (during speech production or after speech production). Mean posttest results indicated significantly increased accuracy in identifying items that had been trained. The group that viewed self-speech after speech-production practice also demonstrated generalization to test items that were not trained. On the combined list of both trained and untrained items, both groups that viewed their own speech achieved significant gains compared to pretest scores, but those that viewed the trainer’s speech did not. Response time (RT) during pre- and posttesting was measured using a computer-generated waveform display to calculate the interval between stimulus offset and response onset. Results are reported for 13 subjects with ≥ 50% speech intelligibility for words in sentences. Although there were no differences attributable to training conditions, there was an overall increase in the regularity of the identification responses after training (measured by the standard deviation of RTs) and a generalization of the improvement to the untrained items. The results of this study substantiate the beneficial effects of multisensory feedback by practicing lipreading of one’s own speech production. This finding appears to apply even to young-adult subjects who are deaf and whose habituated speech patterns may be quite distinct from those of talkers with normal hearing.

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Hoffman, Ralph E. "Verbal hallucinations and language production processes in schizophrenia". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, nr 3 (wrzesień 1986): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00046781.

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AbstractHow is it that many schizophrenics identify certain instances of verbal imagery as hallucinatory? Most investigators have assumed that alterations in sensory features of imagery explain this. This approach, however, has not yielded a definitive picture of the nature of verbal hallucinations. An alternative perspective suggests itself if one allows the possibility that the nonself quality of hallucinations is inferred on the basis of the experience of unintendedness that accompanies imagery production. Information-processing models of “intentional” cognitive processes call for abstract planning representations that are linked to goals and beliefs. Unintended actions - and imagery - can reflect planning disruptions whereby cognitive products do not cohere with concurrent goals. A model of schizophrenic speech disorganization is presented that postulates a disturbance of discourse planning. Insofar as verbal imagery can be viewed as inwardly directed speech, a consequence of such planning disturbances could be the production of unintended imagery. This link between the outward disorganization of schizophrenic speech and unintended verbal imagery is statistically supported by comparing the speech behavior of hallucinating and nonhallucinating schizophrenics. Studies of “borderline” hallucinations during normal, “goal-less” relaxation and drowsiness suggest that experiential unintendedness leads to a nonpathological variant of hallucinatory otherness that is correctable upon emerging from such passive cognitive states. This contrasts with the schizophrenic case, where nonconcordance with cognitive goals reinforces the unintendedness of verbal images and sustains the conviction of an external source. This model compares favorably with earlier models of verbal hallucinations and provides further evidence for a language production disorder in many schizophrenics.Short Abstract: How is it that many schizophrenics identify certain instances of verbal imagery as hallucinatory? This paper proposes that the critical feature identifying hallucinations is the experience of unintendedness. This experience is nonpathological during passive conscious states but pathological if occurring during goal-directed cognitive processing. A model of schizophrenic speech disorganization is presented that postulates a disturbance of discourse planning that specifies communicative intentions. These alterations could generate unintended verbal imagery as well. Statistical data are offered to support the model, and relevant empirical studies are reviewed.

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Brumberg, Jonathan S., i Kevin M. Pitt. "Motor-Induced Suppression of the N100 Event-Related Potential During Motor Imagery Control of a Speech Synthesizer Brain–Computer Interface". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, nr 7 (15.07.2019): 2133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-msc18-18-0198.

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Purpose Speech motor control relies on neural processes for generating sensory expectations using an efference copy mechanism to maintain accurate productions. The N100 auditory event-related potential (ERP) has been identified as a possible neural marker of the efference copy with a reduced amplitude during active listening while speaking when compared to passive listening. This study investigates N100 suppression while controlling a motor imagery speech synthesizer brain–computer interface (BCI) with instantaneous auditory feedback to determine whether similar mechanisms are used for monitoring BCI-based speech output that may both support BCI learning through existing speech motor networks and be used as a clinical marker for the speech network integrity in individuals without severe speech and physical impairments. Method The motor-induced N100 suppression is examined based on data from 10 participants who controlled a BCI speech synthesizer using limb motor imagery. We considered listening to auditory target stimuli (without motor imagery) in the BCI study as passive listening and listening to BCI-controlled speech output (with motor imagery) as active listening since audio output depends on imagined movements. The resulting ERP was assessed for statistical significance using a mixed-effects general linear model. Results Statistically significant N100 ERP amplitude differences were observed between active and passive listening during the BCI task. Post hoc analyses confirm the N100 amplitude was suppressed during active listening. Conclusion Observation of the N100 suppression suggests motor planning brain networks are active as participants control the BCI synthesizer, which may aid speech BCI mastery.

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Anandha Sree, R., B. Divya i A. Kavitha. "Task specific Brain Synchronization in EEG based Speech and Speech Imagery Procedures". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1937, nr 1 (1.06.2021): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1937/1/012044.

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McGuire, David, Thomas N. Garavan, James Cunningham i Greg Duffy. "The use of imagery in the campaign speeches of Barack Hussein Obama and John McCain during the 2008 US Presidential Election". Leadership & Organization Development Journal 37, nr 4 (6.06.2016): 430–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-07-2014-0136.

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Purpose – The use of imagery in leadership speeches is becoming increasingly important in shaping the beliefs and actions of followers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of speech imagery and linguistic features employed during the 2008 US Presidential Election campaign. Design/methodology/approach – The authors analysed a total of 264 speeches (160 speeches from Obama and 104 speeches from McCain) delivered throughout the 2008 US Presidential Election and identified 15 speech images used by the two candidates. Both descriptive coding and axial coding approaches were applied to the data and speech images common to both candidates were further subjected to Pennebaker et al. (2003) linguistic inquiry methodology. Findings – The analysis revealed a number of important differences with Obama using inclusive language and nurturing communitarian values, whereas McCain focusing on personal actions and strict, conservative individualistic values. The use of more inclusive language by Obama was found to be significant in three of the five speech images common to both candidates. Research limitations/implications – The research acknowledges the difficulty of measuring the effectiveness of speech images without taking into account wider factors such as tone of voice, facial expression and level of conviction. It also recognises the heavy use of speechwriters by presidential candidates whilst on the campaign trail, but argues that candidates still exert a strong influence through instructions to speechwriters and that speeches should reflect the candidate’s values and beliefs. Originality/value – The research findings contribute to the emerging stream of leadership research that addresses language content issues surrounding and embedded in the leadership process. The research argues that leaders’ speeches provide a fertile ground for conducting research and for examining the evolving relationship between leaders and followers.

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Fedorenko, Svitlana, i Marina Polykovski. "Experimental Method For Developing And Correcting Figurative Speech Among Visually Impaired Primary School Age Children". International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies 7, nr 2 (30.12.2020): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6872.

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The article presents special methodology for developing figurative speech, which has a compensatory value among primary schoolchildren, with reduced vision. The complexity of the figurative speech understanding process and the need for developing it among visually impaired children was specified by the scientists, Litvak (2006), Sineva (2008), Fedorenko (2015). The principles (general didactic, linguo-didactic, and special) and the main tasks for developing and correcting each figurative speech component among younger vision-impaired learners are defined as follows: cognitive (development of the visual-figurative basis of speech); emotional (the development of speech expressiveness and the emotional-sensory sphere) and creative-practical (formation of skills and abilities for using the exponents of imagery in speech proficiently, the development of skills for active work with words). The directions of correctional work for each figurative speech component are described. The results obtained by implementing the experimental method indicated positive dynamism in figurative speech development among younger vision-impaired learners in the experimental classes for all the components established in the experimental study, pointing to the effectiveness of the proposed work method on their formation and correction. It was stated that vision impaired children are able to understand and explain the essence of imagery expression, which is available to pupils of primary school age; expressively read and talk about their feelings and emotions from the read literary text; use the means of imagery in their own speech consciously and appropriately, with special pedagogical guidance.

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Wang, Li, Xiaochu Liu, Zhongwei Liang, Zhao Yang i Xiao Hu. "Analysis and classification of hybrid BCI based on motor imagery and speech imagery". Measurement 147 (grudzień 2019): 106842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.07.070.

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Ma (马欧), Ou, i Xing Tian (田兴). "Distinct Mechanisms of Imagery Differentially Influence Speech Perception". eneuro 6, nr 5 (wrzesień 2019): ENEURO.0261–19.2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0261-19.2019.

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Yoshimura, Natsue, Charles S. DaSalla, Aruha Satsuma, Takashi Hanakawa, Masa-aki Sato i Yasuharu Koike. "Classifying vowel speech imagery using EEG cortical currents". Neuroscience Research 71 (wrzesień 2011): e202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.874.

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EVANS, C. L., P. K. McGUIRE i A. S. DAVID. "Is auditory imagery defective in patients with auditory hallucinations?" Psychological Medicine 30, nr 1 (styczeń 2000): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799001555.

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Background. A variant of the ‘inner speech’ theory of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia suggests that there is an abnormality of the relationship between the ‘inner voice’ and ‘inner ear’, such that hallucinators are unable to distinguish inner ‘imagined’ speech from real external speech, and so misrecognize inner speech as alien.Methods. Five experiments were carried out comparing 12 schizophrenic patients who were highly prone to hallucinate, with seven patients who were not, on a series of auditory imagery tasks that are differentially dependent on inner voice/inner ear partnership for successful performance: parsing meaningful letter/number strings; the verbal transformation effect; phoneme judgements; pitch judgements, and homophony and rhyme judgements.Results. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no evidence that the group with the propensity to hallucinate were impaired on tasks requiring normal inner ear/inner voice partnership.Conclusions. Together with previous work indicating no impairment of the phonological loop in patients who hallucinate, these results suggest that inner speech and auditory verbal hallucinations are not connected in a simplistic or direct way. Indeed, a reappraisal of psychological models of hallucinations in general may be warranted.

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Tankus, Ariel, Lior Solomon, Yotam Aharony, Achinoam Faust-Socher i Ido Strauss. "Machine learning algorithm for decoding multiple subthalamic spike trains for speech brain–machine interfaces". Journal of Neural Engineering 18, nr 6 (25.11.2021): 066021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac3315.

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Abstract Objective. The goal of this study is to decode the electrical activity of single neurons in the human subthalamic nucleus (STN) to infer the speech features that a person articulated, heard or imagined. We also aim to evaluate the amount of subthalamic neurons required for high accuracy decoding suitable for real-life speech brain-machine interfaces (BMI). Approach. We intraoperatively recorded single-neuron activity in the STN of 21 neurosurgical patients with Parkinson’s disease undergoing implantation of deep brain stimulator while patients produced, perceived or imagined the five monophthongal vowel sounds. Our decoder is based on machine learning algorithms that dynamically learn specific features of the speech-related firing patterns. Main results. In an extensive comparison of algorithms, our sparse decoder (‘SpaDe’), based on sparse decomposition of the high dimensional neuronal feature space, outperformed the other algorithms in all three conditions: production, perception and imagery. For speech production, our algorithm, Spade, predicted all vowels correctly (accuracy: 100%; chance level: 20%). For perception accuracy was 96%, and for imagery: 88%. The accuracy of Spade showed a linear behavior in the amount of neurons for the perception data, and even faster for production or imagery. Significance. Our study demonstrates that the information encoded by single neurons in the STN about the production, perception and imagery of speech is suitable for high-accuracy decoding. It is therefore an important step towards BMIs for restoration of speech faculties that bears an enormous potential to alleviate the suffering of completely paralyzed (‘locked-in’) patients and allow them to communicate again with their environment. Moreover, our research indicates how many subthalamic neurons may be necessary to achieve each level of decoding accuracy, which is of supreme importance for a neurosurgeon planning the implantation of a speech BMI.

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Cahyono, Nur, Andayani Andayani i Yant Mujiyanto. "ANALISIS STILISTIKA NOVEL DARI HARI KE HARI KARYA MAHBUB DJUNAIDI DAN RELEVANSINYA SEBAGAI MATERI AJAR BAHASA INDONESIA DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS". Basastra: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 6, nr 2 (6.12.2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/basastra.v6i2.37697.

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The aims of this research are to describe diction (word choise, figure of a speech, imagery of Dari Hari Ke Hari’s novel by Mahbub Djunaidi, and the relevance of the results of studies as Bahasa Indonesia teaching material for the Senior High School. This study is a qualitative descriptive with content analysis method. The result showed that. First, the use of diction (choice words) includes concrete words, connotative words, word greetings or self-names, vulgar words, words of absorption, regional vocabulary, and words with natural reality. Second, the use of language style (Figure of a speech) includes simile, metaphor, personification, depersonification, allegory, antithesis, pleonasme, periprasis, anticipation, epanortosis, satire, paradox, climax, anti-climax, allusion, atonomation, eroteris, asyndeton, polisedenton, epizeukis, anaphora, and epystrofa. Third, the use of imagery includes visual imagery, motion imagery, olfactory imagery, tactical imagery, and auditory images. Fourth, Dari Hari Ke Hari’s novel can be used as a teaching material in high school literature class XII curriculum of 2013, ie at base competence understand the structure and rules of novel text.

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Chengaiyan, Sandhya, i Kavitha Anandhan. "Analysis of Speech Imagery using Functional and Effective EEG based Brain Connectivity Parameters". International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 9, nr 4 (październik 2015): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.2015100103.

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Speech imagery is a form of mental imagery which refers to the activity of talking to oneself in silence. In this paper, EEG coherence, a functional connectivity parameter is calculated to analyze the concurrence of the different regions of the brain and Effective connectivity parameters such as Partial Directed Coherence (PDC), Directed Transfer Function (DTF) and Information theory based parameter Transfer Entropy (TE) are estimated to find the direction and strength of the connectivity patterns of the given speech imagery task. It has been observed from the results that by using functional and effective connectivity parameters the left frontal lobe electrodes was found to be high during speech production and left temporal lobe electrodes was found to be high while imagining the word silently in the brain due to the proximity of the electrodes to the Broca's and Wernicke's area respectively. The results suggest that the proposed methodology is a promising non-invasive approach to study directional connectivity in the brain between mutually interconnected neural populations.

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Ningrum, Wilda Elsiana, Sri Muryati i Suparmin Suparmin. "Majas dan Citraan dalam Lirik Lagu Nadin Amizah pada Album Selamat Ulang Tahun (Sebuah Kajian Stilistika) Serta Relevansinya Sebagai Alternatif Bahan Ajar Sastra Indonesia di Sekolah Menengah Atas". Translation and Linguistics (Transling) 1, nr 1 (1.07.2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/transling.v1i1.52636.

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This study aims to describe the figure of speech, imagery, and meanings that are in the lyrics of Nadin Amizah's song in the album “Selamat Ulang Tahun”. The research approach used is a qualitative approach with descriptive methods and is included in the type of literature study research. The data collection techniques used were listening techniques, reading techniques, hearing techniques, and note taking techniques. The data analysis technique used in this research is interactive which consists of three research components, including: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of this study are firstly, Nadin Amizah's song lyrics in the album “Selamat Ulang Tahun” utilize a variety of figures of speech, namely comparative figures of parable, metaphor, and personafication, repetition of alliteration, assonance, repetition, pleonasm, and parelism, contradictory figures of hyperbole, litotes, oxymorone and linking figurehead which is of the synekdoke type; sinekdoke pars pro toto and sinekdoke totem pro parte. Second, the lyrics of Nadin Amizah's song in the album “Selamat Ulang Tahun”, there are four types of imagery, namely auditory imagery, movement imagery, tactile imagery, and visual imagery. Third, the meaning contained in the lyrics of Nadin Amizah's song in the album “Selamat Ulang Tahun” consists of the meaning of affection, meaning of kinship, the meaning of life, and the meaning of love. This research is useful for adding color to research on figure of speech and images in literature.

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Isro, Zuyinatul. "KAJIAN STILISTIKA CERPEN “JALAN GELAP LANGIT TERANG” KARYA ABDUL WACHID (Stylistics Study of Abdul Wachid’s Short Story “Jalan Gelap Langit Terang")". ALAYASASTRA 15, nr 2 (30.11.2019): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.36567/aly.v15i2.399.

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This research discusses imagery, diction and figure of speech in a short story entitled “Jalan Gelap Langit Terang” written by Abdul Wachid. This short story is one of the author’s works in a short story anthology, Bacalah Cinta, published by BukuLaela in 2005. This research reveals some figure of speeches such as diction, imagery and elaboration employed by the author of the short story. This research applied both stylistic approach and descriptive qualitative method. Data collection was done by close reading observation and note taking. The result shows that the author takes the advantage of connotative, English and Indonesian diction in some sentences. The imagery employed by the author covers personification, hyperbole, metaphor, repetition, rhetoric, elypsis, and antithesis. Moreover, the author tends to show repetition and symblolism in his style.

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Salamatina, Anna. "Imagery means of subjective personality assessment based on the example of the german classics". Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, nr 23 (2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-23-115-123.

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The research paper presents the imagery means of the subjective personal assessment in literary works. The aim of the study is the analysis of imagery means when describing characters; their classification and role when depicting characters to identify the stylistic features of German classics as well as thorough study of stylistic means by using specific examples. The linguistic and stylistic analysis of the work is inseparably linked with the general literary work analysis. It plays a significant role when learning foreign languages and it is important for studying the foreign writers’ style. The methods of character creation as well as the language role are considered in the research paper. The huge impact of living colloquial speech on the author's language and how it influences the main features of the imagery-syntactic structure of the character’s direct speech are studied. It is suggested that the stylistic features of characterology should be considered with their functional correspondence to images, aesthetic motivation and appropriateness. One should focus on the general, typical repetitious features of the images, which are determined by the stable concept of the writer’s personal characteristic. When motivating a stylistic phenomenon it is advisable to proceed not only from the figurative idea but also from the author's worldview and the subjective properties of the portrayal object as these subjective properties are reflected in the subjective writer’s vision. The purpose of the study is to identify the techniques used by such writers as E. M. Remarque, T. Mann, A. Zegers and others as well as the means of imagery they used by establishing the peculiarities of the author's language, the language in general and the language of the characters, by classifying the means of imagery according to stylistic and emotional characteristics. The linguistic description method has been used for this purpose. The features of direct and indirect speech are analyzed on the basis of the well-known novels. The significant role in the creation of the literary and artistic character portrait belongs to the character speech, transmitted in a literary text by such methods as direct, indirect, improper direct speech and their mixed forms. It has been found out that direct speech is a method of language transmission that provides linguistic autonomy of characters; indirect speech is a form of coexistence of author’s language and the characters’ language within certain grammaticalized structures. The research demonstrates the role of using indirect speech in showing the ironic content, some characters’ thoughts, gossips etc.

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Hu, Senqi, Tasha R. Bostow, Daniel A. Lipman, Shawna K. Bell i Scott Klein. "Positive Thinking Reduces Heart Rate and Fear Responses to Speech-Phobic Imagery". Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, nr 3_suppl (grudzień 1992): 1067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.3f.1067.

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30 speech-anxious subjects imagined a phobic speech scene 10 times. The experimental conditions varied according to whether the subjects engaged in positive, neutral, or negative thinking prior to each scene presentation. Heart rate and self-reports of fear were measured during the imagery periods. Positive thinking just before visualization of the phobic images reduced both subjective anxiety about speech and cardiovascular responses.

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Wang, Li, Xiong Zhang, Xuefei Zhong i Yu Zhang. "Analysis and classification of speech imagery EEG for BCI". Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 8, nr 6 (listopad 2013): 901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2013.07.011.

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McGuire, P. K., D. A. Silbersweig, R. M. Murray, A. S. David, R. S. J. Frackowiak i C. D. Frith. "Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery". Schizophrenia Research 15, nr 1-2 (kwiecień 1995): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(95)95284-g.

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Priddy, David W. "The aesthetic integrity of the book of Job: Job’s literary integrity". Review & Expositor 114, nr 2 (maj 2017): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034637317701089.

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At present, the book of Job appears less as a single book and more as an assemblage of disparate materials. In this article, I assess the hermeneutical values of modern scholarship that sustain such a judgment and propose an alternative means of envisioning the literary integrity of the Joban drama. Imagery is not merely an artistic vehicle for abstract meaning but a poetic and cognitive device that links together dissonant speeches and genres. I demonstrate the significance of a hermeneutics of poetry by examining Eliphaz’s first speech and Job’s response, as well as other structurally troubling places. Thus, reappraising the function of imagery demonstrates a graphic coherence and, therefore, a greater intelligibility to the book of Job.

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Arslan, Burcu, i Tilbe Göksun. "Ageing, working memory, and mental imagery: Understanding gestural communication in younger and older adults". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74, nr 1 (4.08.2020): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820944696.

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Ageing has effects both on language and gestural communication skills. Although gesture use is similar between younger and older adults, the use of representational gestures (e.g., drawing a line with fingers on the air to indicate a road) decreases with age. This study investigates whether this change in the production of representational gestures is related to individuals’ working memory and/or mental imagery skills. We used three gesture tasks (daily activity description, story completion, and address description) to obtain spontaneous co-speech gestures from younger and older individuals ( N = 60). Participants also completed the Corsi working memory task and a mental imagery task. Results showed that although the two age groups’ overall gesture frequencies were similar across the three tasks, the younger adults used relatively higher proportions of representational gestures than the older adults only in the address description task. Regardless of age, the mental imagery but not working memory score was associated with the use of representational gestures only in this task. However, the use of spatial words in the address description task did not differ between the two age groups. The mental imagery or working memory scores did not associate with the spatial word use. These findings suggest that mental imagery can play a role in gesture production. Gesture and speech production might have separate timelines in terms of being affected by the ageing process, particularly for spatial content.

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Tian, Xing, Jean Mary Zarate i David Poeppel. "Mental imagery of speech implicates two mechanisms of perceptual reactivation". Cortex 77 (kwiecień 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.01.002.

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Isaacson, Frederick W. "Framing Artful Speech: Focusing Persuasive Discourse with Fine Arts Imagery". Journal of Visual Literacy 23, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2003.11674590.

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Duncan, Susan D. "Gesture, verb aspect, and the nature of iconic imagery in natural discourse". Gesture 2, nr 2 (31.12.2002): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.2.2.04dun.

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Linguistic analyses of Mandarin Chinese and English have detailed the differences between the two languages in terms of the devices each makes available for expressing distinctions in the temporal contouring of events — verb aspect and Aktionsart. In this study, adult native speakers of each language were shown a cartoon, a movie, or a series of short action sequences and then videotaped talking about what they had seen. Comparisons revealed systematic within-language covariation of choice of aspect and/or Aktionsart in speech with features of co-occurring iconic gestures. In both languages, the gestures that speakers produced in imperfective aspect-marked speech contexts were more likely to take longer to produce and were more complex than those in perfective aspect speech contexts. Further, imperfective-progressive aspect-marked spoken utterances regularly accompanied iconic gestures in which the speaker’s hands engaged in some kind of temporally-extended, repeating or‘agitated’ movements. Gestures sometimes incorporated this type of motion even when there was nothing corresponding to it in the visual stimulus; for example, when speakers described events of stasis. These facts suggest that such gestural agitation may derive from an abstract level of representation, perhaps linked to aspectual view itself. No significant between-language differences in aspect- or Aktionsart-related gesturing were observed. We conclude that gestural representations of witnessed events, when performed in conjunction with speech, are not simply derived from visual images, stored as perceived in the stimulus, and transposed as faithfully as possible to the hands and body of the speaker (cf. Hadar & Butterworth, 1997). Rather, such gestures are part of a linguistic-conceptual representation (McNeill & Duncan, 2000) in which verb aspect has a role. We further conclude that the noted differences between the systems for marking aspectual distinctions in spoken Mandarin and English are at a level of patterning that has little or no influence on speech-co-occurring imagistic thinking.

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Min, Beomjun, Jongin Kim, Hyeong-jun Park i Boreom Lee. "Vowel Imagery Decoding toward Silent Speech BCI Using Extreme Learning Machine with Electroencephalogram". BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2618265.

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The purpose of this study is to classify EEG data on imagined speech in a single trial. We recorded EEG data while five subjects imagined different vowels, /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/. We divided each single trial dataset into thirty segments and extracted features (mean, variance, standard deviation, and skewness) from all segments. To reduce the dimension of the feature vector, we applied a feature selection algorithm based on the sparse regression model. These features were classified using a support vector machine with a radial basis function kernel, an extreme learning machine, and two variants of an extreme learning machine with different kernels. Because each single trial consisted of thirty segments, our algorithm decided the label of the single trial by selecting the most frequent output among the outputs of the thirty segments. As a result, we observed that the extreme learning machine and its variants achieved better classification rates than the support vector machine with a radial basis function kernel and linear discrimination analysis. Thus, our results suggested that EEG responses to imagined speech could be successfully classified in a single trial using an extreme learning machine with a radial basis function and linear kernel. This study with classification of imagined speech might contribute to the development of silent speech BCI systems.

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Honeycutt, James M. "Imagined Interactions and Inner Speech". Imagination, Cognition and Personality 39, nr 4 (14.08.2019): 386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276236619869163.

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Similarities and differences between inner speech and imagined interactions (IIs) are discussed. Selected studies in both areas are reviewed. Inner speech originally was conceptualized as a stage in language acquisition and the process of thought. It reflects speaking to oneself in the form of monologue. It has been referred to as verbal thinking, inner speaking, covert self-talk, internal monologue, and internal dialogue as people talk to themselves in silence. IIs are similar, yet different in that imaginary dialogue reflects talking to another person while monologue is self-talk. IIs are a type of daydreaming, social cognition, and mental imagery in which people experience cognitive representations of conversation with accompanying verbal and nonverbal features. We highlight relevant studies in the areas of daydreaming, public speaking, rumination, cardiovascular arousal, and road rage. We conclude with two suggestions for future research.

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Sri Silfiani. "Nilai Estetis Pada Puisi “Sawah” Karya Sanusi Pane dengan Pendekatan Stilistika". Concept: Journal of Social Humanities and Education 1, nr 4 (7.12.2022): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/concept.v1i4.76.

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This study will discuss the analysis of aspects contained in the poem "Sawah" by Sanusi Pane using a stylistic approach. The analyzed aspects are language style, diction, figure of speech, and imagery to determine the aesthetic value and foster a national sense of the poem. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method with a stylistic approach. The style of language, diction, figure of speech, and the imagery of a literary work are born from one's thoughts through the steps of contemplation and appreciation of something. In literary works, aesthetic value is a value based on the beauty that previous visitors have made with the work. In the poem "Sawah" by Sanusi Pane, the author uses a lot of language style and connotative meanings in his poetry which aims to assess the aesthetics or meaning contained in each line.

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Ediwarman, Ediwarman, John Pahamzah i Syafrizal Syafrizal. "The Figurative of Language and the Image of the Aspect of the Poetry SDD Paper Boat". International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 6, nr 1 (30.01.2023): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.1.20.

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This study aims to describe the form and function of figurative language in the poetry anthology Perahu Kertas by Sapardi Djoko Damono, describe the form and function of images used in the anthology of poetry Perahu Kertas by Sapardi Djoko Damono, and explain the relationship of figurative language with images in the poetry anthology Perahu Kertas by Sapardi Djoko Damono. The analytical method used is descriptive semiotic analysis through heuristics and hermeneutic reading to uncover stylistic aspects and comparative analysis to explain the relationship between form and function of figurative language and imagery in the anthology of the poetry Perahu Kertas by Sapardi Djoko Damono. The results of the research based on data analysis revealed that the figurative language found is dominated by a limited number of figures of speech and idioms. It was found that the function of figure of speech was to create aesthetic effects and compare meaning. Also, the image data was found to be dominated by motion images with the function of reinforcing meaning to form imagery for the reader. The results also showed that there was a relationship between figurative language forms and imagery in the anthology of Perahu Kertas by Sapardi Djoko Damono.

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Ogden, Daniel. "Crooked speech: the genesis of the Spartan rhetra". Journal of Hellenic Studies 114 (listopad 1994): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/632735.

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This paper argues for a new interpretation of the rider to the Spartan rhetra. The rider's obscure terms should not be pressed for specific institutional correlates, for its language draws upon the imagery of the exposure of deformed children. The primitive nature of the thought behind the rider suggests that it may actually be an older document than the main text of the rhetra, and such a hypothesis helps to resolve some difficulties concerning the rhetra itself and early Spartan history.

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DaSalla, Charles S., Hiroyuki Kambara, Makoto Sato i Yasuharu Koike. "Single-trial classification of vowel speech imagery using common spatial patterns". Neural Networks 22, nr 9 (listopad 2009): 1334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2009.05.008.

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Hernandez-Galvan, Alan, Graciela Ramirez-Alonso i Juan Ramirez-Quintana. "A prototypical network for few-shot recognition of speech imagery data". Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 86 (wrzesień 2023): 105154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2023.105154.

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McGuire, P. K., D. A. Silbersweig, I. Wright, R. M. Murray, R. S. J. Frackowiak i C. D. Frith. "The Neural Correlates of Inner Speech and Auditory Verbal Imagery in Schizophrenia: Relationship to Auditory Verbal Hallucinations". British Journal of Psychiatry 169, nr 2 (sierpień 1996): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.169.2.148.

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BackgroundAuditory verbal hallucinations are thought to arise from the disordered monitoring of inner speech (thinking in words). We tested the hypothesis that a predisposition to verbal auditory hallucinations would be associated with an abnormal pattern of brain activation during tasks which involved the generation and monitoring of inner speech.MethodThe neural correlates of tasks which engaged inner speech and auditory verbal imagery were examined using positron emission tomography in (a) schizophrenic patients with a strong predisposition to auditory verbal hallucinations (hallucinators), (b) schizophrenic patients with no history of hallucinations (nonhallucinators), and (c) normal controls.ResultsThere were few between-group differences in activation during the inner speech task. However, when imagining sentences spoken in another person's voice, which entails the monitoring of inner speech, hallucinators showed reduced activation in the left middle temporal gyrus and the rostral supplementary motor area, regions which were strongly activated by both normal subjects and nonhallucinators (P<0.001). Conversely, when nonhallucinators imagined speech, they differed from both hallucinators and controls in showing reduced activation in the right parietal operculum.ConclusionsA predisposition to verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia is associated with a failure to activate areas implicated in the normal monitoring of inner speech, whereas the absence of a history of hallucinations may be linked to reduced activation in an area concerned with verbal prosody.

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Bell, Nanci. "Gestalt imagery: A critical factor in language comprehension". Annals of Dyslexia 41, nr 1 (styczeń 1991): 246–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02648089.

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Matoesian, Gregory, i Kristin Gilbert. "Multifunctionality of hand gestures and material conduct during closing argument". Gesture 15, nr 1 (19.05.2016): 79–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.15.1.04mat.

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Closing argument represents the most crucial part of the adversarial system of justice. For attorneys, it provides an opportunity to showcase their persuasive skills through the full range of semiotic resources at their disposal. While studies of legal discourse have examined speech performance, few studies, if any, have analyzed how speech integrates with gesture and material conduct in the production of persuasive oratory. This work demonstrates the role of multimodal and material action in concert with speech and how an attorney employs hand movements, material objects, and speech to reinforce significant points of evidence for the jury. More theoretically, we demonstrate how beat gestures and material objects synchronize with speech to not only accentuate rhythm and foreground points of evidential significance but, at certain moments, invoke semantic imagery as well.

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Ivena Ithop, Btari, i Arie Sugiyartati. "Analysis of Figurative Language and Imagery in Songs Lyric of Sam Smith’s Album ‘The Lonely Hour’". JADEs Journal of Academia in English Education 3, nr 2 (29.12.2022): 186–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jades.v3i2.4740.

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This research aims to discover the category of words that are taken from an object of speech. The researcher focuses on occurrence frequency and the process of words that have been used in the speech. This research applied a descriptive qualitative method. The researcher collected some words through the speech, and then continued to classify them into morphological analysis, specifically derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme. The researcher employed the Victoria Fromkin theory to analyze the words and filter them into the derivational morpheme category and inflectional morpheme category. The results reveal the 48 words with 10 of them (21%) represent derivational morphemes. In the derivational morphemes, there are 2 words whose parts of speech do not change and 8 words that do. There are 38 inflectional morphemes (79%) that are divided into 8 categories. These 8 categories consist of 14 plural words, 9 progressive words, 8 past tense words, 2 superlative words, 2 possessive words, 2 third person singular words, and 1 past participle word

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Nordahl, Hans M., Henrik Nordahl i Adrian Wells. "Metacognition and Perspective Taking Predict Negative Self-Evaluation of Social Performance in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder". Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 7, nr 4 (25.09.2016): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5127/jep.055616.

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This study set out to test metacognitive beliefs and perspective taking in self-imagery as predictors of negative self-evaluation of performance in social anxiety disorder. Forty-seven patients with a primary diagnosis of DSM-IV social anxiety disorder were asked to engage in a speech task. Metacognitive beliefs were assessed before the task, and perspective taking in self-imagery and negative self-evaluations of performance were measured after the task. Positive metacognitive beliefs about worrying and observer perspective imagery were positively correlated with negative self-evaluation. A hierarchical linear regression showed that age, and both positive metacognitive beliefs and the observer perspective, were unique predictors of negative self-evaluation. The results suggest that psychological models, especially those formulating the self-concept, should incorporate metacognitive beliefs.

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Henning, Meghan R. "Holy Impairment: The Body as the Nexus of Apocalyptic Ekphrasis in Acts 2:1–13". Journal of Biblical Literature 141, nr 3 (15.09.2022): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15699/jbl.1413.2022.7.

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Abstract This article reads Acts 2:1–13 as an example of apocalyptic ekphrasis, bringing together disparate imagery for rhetorical effect. In particular, the Septuagint imagery of theophany is combined with the imagery of divine healing that was associated with the god Asclepius. I explore the imagery of the divided tongue that rests on bodies and transforms them, an element of Acts 2:3 that many interpreters have given up trying to explain. The visual association of snakes and healing was prevalent not only at the shrines devoted to Asclepius but broadly in a variety of contexts outside the shrines. This complex of imagery is evoked by the story in Acts 2, depicting the bodies of the apostles as the site of divine transformation, and as a sign of apocalyptic inbreaking. The transformation in this story, however, is one of a holy impairment, combining the imagery of extraordinary comprehension and impairment to describe the apostles’ different speech. In Acts 2, a scene unfolds in which the bodies of the apostles are transformed through a divine touch, receiving a holy impairment that enables human connection, not by erasing difference but by leveraging it as a symbol of apocalyptic transformation.

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Arongna, Naomi Sakai, Keiichi Yasu i Koichi Mori. "Disfluencies and Strategies Used by People Who Stutter During a Working Memory Task". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, nr 3 (23.03.2020): 688–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00393.

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Purpose Working memory (WM) deficits are implicated in various communication disorders, including stuttering. The reading span test (RST) measures WM capacity with the dual task of reading sentences aloud and remembering target words. This study demonstrates a difference in strategy between people who stutter (PWS) and people who do not stutter (PWNS) in performing the RST. The impact of the effective strategy and the stuttering-like disfluencies during the RST were investigated. Method Twenty-six PWS and 24 people who do not stutter performed the RST and a simple reading aloud task. After the RST, they were asked which strategy (“imagery” or “rehearsal”) they had used in order to remember the target words during the task. Results The proportion of those who used an “imagery” strategy during the RST was significantly smaller in the PWS group. However, the RST scores of those who used an “imagery” strategy were significantly higher than the RST scores of those who used a “rehearsal” strategy in both groups. The “rehearsal” users were asked to undertake one more RST with an “imagery” strategy, which resulted in an increased score for both groups. The disfluency frequency of the PWS group was significantly reduced during the RST than during the oral reading task, irrespective of the employed strategy. Conclusions PWS tended to use the less effective verbal “rehearsal” strategy during the RST. The differential effects of switching strategies on the measured WM capacity and on the disfluency rate suggest that the enhanced fluency during the RST would be mostly attributable to the reduced attention to speech motor control. Therefore, the use of the “imagery” strategy and focusing on the contents of communication, away from speech motor control, should help PWS communicate better in daily conversation.

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Mantie-Kozlowski, Alana, Ronald Netsell i Todd Daniel. "Movement Imagery for Speech in Healthy Women: Influences on Articulation Accuracy and Fluidity, Imagery Times, and Expectations of Success". Perceptual and Motor Skills 115, nr 3 (grudzień 2012): 775–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/15.22.pms.115.6.775-789.

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Daly, David A., Candace A. Simon i Michelle Burnett-Stolnack. "Helping Adolescents Who Stutter Focus on Fluency". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 26, nr 2 (kwiecień 1995): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2602.162.

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This article recommends that structure and consistency in treating adolescents who stutter are particularly important. The impact of the speech-language pathologist’s positive expectations for improvement is discussed as having a definite influence on the student’s attitude and belief that such progress is possible. A comprehensive program of both cognitive and self-instructional procedures (relaxation, mental imagery, and positive self-talk) and behavioral speech treatment strategies is recommended to promote durable results. Basic tenets of treatment believed critical when helping adolescent students who stutter are offered

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