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1
Egorova, E. N. "The verbal aggression and the strategy of discrediting (analysis of newspaper publications)". Язык и текст 2, nr 3 (2015): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2015020309.
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This article is devoted to the questions of the speech aggression and the realization tactics of discrediting strategy in newspaper texts. We analysed newspaper publications which received the ‘status’ of objects of judicial linguistic examinations. The works of V.I. Zhelvis, O.N. Bykova, G.V. Kusov, etc are used as methodological and scientific bases.
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Harutyunyan, Gohar, i Sirarpi Karapetyan. "On the Multifunctional Character of Questions". Armenian Folia Anglistika 6, nr 1-2 (7) (15.10.2010): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2010.6.1-2.038.
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The article analyzes the multifunctional nature of questions in modern English. In particular, it offers a semantic and pragmatic examination of verifying and identifying questions. An attempt is made to investigate the additional meanings expressed by verifying and identifying questions and their application in communicative processes where these questions can express various indirect speech acts such as request, offer, invitation, advice, etc.
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Shevchenko, Larysa, i Dmytro Syzonov. "Criteria for differentiation of oral and written text in linguistic expertise". Current issues of Ukrainian linguistics theory and practice, nr 42 (2021): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2021.42.28-42.
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The article is devoted to the dominant characteristics of oral and written text in the aspect of linguoexpertology. The analysis provides a legally defined argumentation for linguistic expertise of oral and written speech, as well as a scientific interpretation of the features of the text in professional research. It is argued that the linguistic expertise of an oral / written text should not be considered only in the context of a forensic examination, in particular authorship or handwriting examination, or a video or audio recording examination. It is emphasized that linguistic examination of oral / written text can be an independent type of linguistic expertise, with appropriately developed criteria and methodological principles for its implementation and testing in judicial practice. The ideas of the article correlate with interdisciplinary approaches, in particular psychological, sociological, medical, etc., which synthesize the criteria of qualitative diagnosis of oral / written text. The authors emphasize modern methods, new discourses and principles of analysis of dominant characteristics of oral / written text in linguoexpert activity. An indicative list of diagnostic questions that are typical for linguistic examinations of oral / written text is offered; the markers for the identification of texts of this type in legal practice are determined. It is proved that the level of evidence in the complex analysis of oral / written texts depends on the depth and accuracy of professional argumentation, typology of linguistic facts proposed for research or their recurrence, as well as the ability to correlate analyzed linguistic units of oral / written text with extralingual factors that led to the appearance of the text.
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Egorova, Liudmila A. "Popular Science Discourse Development in the Cyberspace". Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, nr 5 (31.10.2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.5p.79.
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Popular science sphere of communication is acquiring new features of virtuality, globality, mosaic structure and social orientation, which are essential in fulfilling its functions in modern society. Based on the examination of 92 podcasts, the study deals with podcasting research identifying typical characteristics of the podcast and factors contributing to the spread of podcasting in the popular scientific hypermedia communication. The survey showed that increasing popularity of the podcast in the popular scientific sphere is explained by several factors. First, informing the user becomes more accessible, quicker and easier. Secondly, the listener takes part in interpersonal communication not with a virtual author, but with a real person, gets the opportunity to make his own conclusions based on sounding speech, which is more expressive, emotional, and has a strong impact on the addressee. Thirdly, most podcasts are interviews and discussions, which facilitates the perception and processing of new information making it more structured by means of questions, paraphrasing, exemplification, clarifications, etc. Analysis of the Nature publication podcast helped single out structural features that allow a podcast to function in a hypermedia environment as an independent multimodal node. The conclusions about the emergence of new virtual environment for intercultural interaction and cooperation were made.
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Bachelot, Luc. "Aventuras e desventuras da escrita. A propósito da interpretação do nascimento da escrita na Mesopotâmia". Cadernos do LEPAARQ (UFPEL) 17, nr 33 (9.05.2020): 223–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/lepaarq.v17i33.18065.
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O termo “aventuras”, no plural, tal como ele aparece no título deste artigo, evoca ao mesmo tempo uma multiplicidade de episódios ou realizações e seu caráter inesperado, surpreendente. No que diz respeito à escrita, a diversidade dos contextos de seu surgimento, como a de suas manifestações, legitima amplamente essa designação. Mas além do número e da variedade dos sistemas de escrita conhecidos até agora, e tendo em vista o interesse fascinado das sociedades ocidentais pelos espetaculares avanços culturais que lhes são atribuídos (transmissão de conhecimentos, aceleração do progresso, dos conhecimentos, administração de grupos humanos, gestão econômica, etc.), o aparecimento da escrita, pela primeira vez no mundo, na Mesopotâmia, no final do quarto milênio a.C., foi e continua sendo percebido como uma verdadeira revolução. O que não deixou de ser entendido como um salto qualitativo da civilização, tanto mais espetacular quanto imprevisível. Tal é a nossa percepção ocidental, repetida e reforçada ao longo dos séculos, desde a antiguidade grega, mas que, contudo, não é universal. O Extremo Oriente, por exemplo, tem uma concepção completamente diferente de escrita. O exame cuidadoso dos fatos, assim como a abundante literatura que eles suscitaram, nos convidam a perguntar se a verdadeira aventura da escrita não foi, de fato, a desventura que constitui essa historiografia, agora milenar, que a assumiu e que até o momento não cessou de produzir uma sequência quase que ininterrupta de estudos, análises, discursos ou narrativas, mitos e histórias para descrever sua origem. Objetivo duplamente problemático: em si, –retornaremos a este ponto –, e em sua orientação em direção a um objeto que não pode ser descoberto, mas sim a um pressuposto que ela busca legitimar. Pressuposição segundo a qual a escrita seria essencialmente um produto derivado da língua. Após relembrar as linhas de força que estruturam essa abundante literatura, tentaremos empregar estratagemas que, apesar de tudo, permitem uma saída dessa desventura. Subterfúgios representados pelos trabalhos de Leroi-Gourhan, Derrida e A.-M. Christin, bem como pelos recentes avanços da neurofisiologia, sobretudo aqueles apresentados por G. Rizzolatti. Mas, de início, é imperativo que façamos uma nota sobre as definições mais comuns de escrita e os muitos estudos especializados nos quais elas se apoiam.Abstract: For the first time in the world, the appearance of writing in Mesopotamia at the end of the fourth millennium BC was and continues to be perceived as a true revolution, as the manifestation of a qualitative leap of civilization, so spectacular and unpredictable. This is our Western perception, repeated over the centuries since the ancient Greeks, although it is not universal. There is a completely different perception of the writing for the Far East. The careful examination of the facts, along with the emerging abundant scholarship, raisesthe question whether the true adventure of writing wasin fact a mishap, which constitutes the now millenarian historiography that has not ceased to generate an almost uninterrupted sequence of studies, discourses, myths and histories in order to describe its origin. We will try to borrow questions that allow us to get out of this misadventure. Questions that form part of the work of Leroi-Gourhan, Derrida and A.-M. Christin, as well as recent advances in neurophysiology, notably those by G. Rizzolatti. Writing, as speech, is a manifestation of symbolic activity, without the former necessarily being subjected to the second. The relationship of one to the other is not vertical but horizontal. The writing then appears when a notional field is sufficiently developed to be expressed by means other than that of language.
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Seuren, Lucas M. "Questioning in court: The construction of direct examinations". Discourse Studies 21, nr 3 (3.05.2018): 340–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445618770483.
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While courtroom examinations are often recognized as a distinct speech-exchange system, little is known about how participants do an examination beyond its unique turn-taking system. This article attempts to shed some light on this issue by studying the question design during the direct examination in an American criminal court case using Conversation Analysis. It shows that attorneys use different question forms compared to casual conversation: declaratives are far less prevalent and questions are often designed as requests for action. In addition, attorneys make use of forms that are not found in other types of interaction, such as the tag ( is that) correct. The way in which attorneys design their questions additionally shows that the rules of the courtroom have procedural consequences for how the interaction is done. But these rules have to be enacted, and it is in their violation that participants bring about categories such as leading questions.
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Mkhitaryan, Yelena, i Sona Sargissyan. "Alternative Questions in English". Armenian Folia Anglistika 6, nr 1-2 (7) (15.10.2010): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2010.6.1-2.030.
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Alternative questions in English, as well as other interrogative sentences, can fulfil functions of direct and indirect speech acts expressing various pragmatic meanings (advice, threat, resentment, etc.). From the point of view of the form and structure, such interrogative sentences can be different in nature. In certain cases interrogative sentences with the conjunction or do not possess an alternative meaning.
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Brendel, O. "SOME ASPECTS OF VISUAL-AUDITORY PERCEPTION OF ORAL SPEECH WHILE VIDEO AND SOUND RECORDINGS EXAMINATION". Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 21, nr 1 (15.12.2020): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2020_24.
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A problematic issue that frequently arises in the examination of video and audio recordings, namely the question of visual and auditory perception of oral speech – the establishment of the content of a conversation based on its image (lip reading) – is considered.
The article purpose is to analyze the possibility and feasibility of examining the visual-auditory perception of oral speech in the framework of the examination of video and sound recordings, considering the peculiarities of such research; the ability to use visual information either as an independent object of examination (lip reading), or as a supplementary, additional to auditory analysis of a particular message. The main components of the process of lip reading, the possibility of visual examination of visual and auditory information in order to establish the content of a conversation are considered. Attention is paid to the features of visual and auditory perception of oral speech, and the factors that contribute enormously to the informative nature of the overall picture of oral speech perception by an image are analyzed.
The influence of the visual image on the speech perception by an image is considered, such as active articulation, facial expressions, head movement, position of teeth, gestures, etc. In addition to the quality of the image, the duration of the speech fragment also affects the perception of oral speech by the image: a fully uttered expression is usually read better than its individual parts. The article also draws attention to the ambiguity of articulatory images of sounds. The features of the McGurk effect – a perception phenomenon that demonstrates the interaction between hearing and vision while the perception of speech – are considered.
The analysis of the possibility and feasibility of examining visual and auditory perception of oral speech within the framework of the examination of video and sound recordings is carried out, and the peculiarities of such research are highlighted.
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Susilawati, Endang. "The Speech Acts and The Communicative Functions Performed In Thesis Examinations: A Pragmatic Analysis". JELTIM (Journal of English Language Teaching Innovations and Materials) 1, nr 2 (13.10.2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jeltim.v1i2.33263.
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Being a communicative event, a thesis examination process might generate a number of speech acts that possibly imply various meanings. To interpret meaning, a pragmatic analysis was implemented. The data analyzed comprised the authentic speech acts occurring within four thesis examination situations which were conducted by the EESP of FKIP Untan. The data analysis started by transcribing the speech recordings and by identifying the structures of the speech acts. This was followed by categorizing the communicative functions being performed. The last stage involved interpreting the contextual meaning of the speech acts. Three qualitative conclusions are arrived at in connection with and emerging from interpretations of the textual data: (1) the speech acts produced by the participants used various structures such as statements, questions, commands, instructions, prohibition and description; (2) the speech acts denoted various kinds of communicative or speech functions like expressives, directives, representatives, referentials, comissives, and metalinguistics; and (3) the occurrence of one particular communicative function can dynamically entail specific kinds of communicative functions in the light of the available context. Some categories of speech functions were not consistent with the purpose of the communicative event of thesis examination.
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Ermakova, Olga P. "Indirect responses in natural conversation". International Journal “Speech Genres” 31, nr 3 (25.08.2021): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2021-3-31-181-189.
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By indirect answers we mean answers to general questions which do not correspond to “yes” and “no”, and answers to special questions which do not literally correlate with the question words who, what, where, etc. The article examines the types of indirect responses in different structural and semantic types of dialogue. The article analyzes the features of indirect answers determined by the predictive relationship of concepts: place-goal, place-time, etc. Particular attention is paid to answers containing assessment, not determineded by the content of questions, as well as question-answer turns with why and what for. The article focuses on the informative volume of indirect answers, their insufficiency and redundancy. Indirect questions are used rather frequently. It is not possible to classify all of them, but all of them are undoubtedly associated with certain types of dialogue, speech genres, speech situations and with the psychological type of communication partners. As noted earlier, the logical connection of the categories place-goal, placetime, goal-cause, etc. leads to reversibility and predictability of situations, and in certain speech genres to the interchangeability of designating categories in the form of indirect answers. A specific feature of the dialogue, observed in different speech genres, is the response containing the characteristic of the person mentioned in the question, instead of the information in which the speaker is interested. The analysis of these responses reveals the organic connection between the evaluation and the reason. The use of counter-questions, and first of all, why- and what for-remarks, is caused by the specific nature of this phenomenon, which, despite the thorough research of N. D. Arutyunova, allows to see some interesting features in it. The article uses recordings of oral speech and some works of fiction, reproducing spoken dialogue.
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Brendel, O. "Modern possibilities of diagnostic research in the field of forensic video and audio analysis". Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 23, nr 1 (27.07.2021): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2021.15.
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Issues that are increasingly arising in criminal proceedings are highlighted, namely: use of data obtained as a result of diagnostic researches on video, sound recordings that allows to ensure a higher level of completeness, objectivity and comprehensiveness of research. The purpose of the article is to analyze the possibilities of forensic diagnostic researches on video and sound recordings of both oral speech and the sound environment of an offense event.
Various modern possibilities of researches on video and sound recordings are considered. Attention is paid both to the specifics of diagnostic speech researches in order to obtain information about personality of the unknown speaker and to information that can be obtained through research and diagnosis of non-speech information. Analyzed the possibilities (within the framework of the examination of video, sound recording) diagnostic researches on directly speech information, including the definition of: oral speech form, nature of relations between the interlocutors, conversation meaning (definition of the meaningful situation: consent vs disagreement; permission vs prohibition; understanding vs misunderstanding; request; advice; promise; assurance; gratitude; threat; clarification; order; question; message, etc.), rate of speech and the emotional state of the interlocutors, as well as expert diagnostics of biological parameters of the speakers. Possibilities of diagnostic studies of technical studies of recording media and recording equipment, that can contain information about the technology of obtaining/fixing/saving video, sound recordings, properties and features of the media itself are considered. Non-speech sounds are classified according to their belonging to certain sources. The article highlights effectiveness of using the forensic information obtained through forensic examination in practice of investigating crimes.
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BEREZAN, V. "EMIL FROESCHEL'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH THERAPEUTIC SCIENCE AND PRACTICE". ТHE SOURCES OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS, nr 28 (31.12.2021): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2075-146x.2021.28.250319.
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The article presents the figure of the prominent Austrian scientist Emil Froeschels, who introduced the term “logopedics” into clinical practice, is considered the founder of speech pathology (speech therapy) education, founded the world's first International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP) and a number of other national associations and unions. The article focuses on his leadership qualities as a scientist, teacher and public figure. On the basis of the research the directions of researches of the scientist are defined: problems of speech therapy (stuttering, aphasia, dysarthria, etc.), speech and voice therapy, methodical materials and the analysis of comparative researches, researches of physiology and problems of speech and voice and speech organs, philosophical researches, questions speech psychology, problems of education, training and upbringing of children with and without disabilities, phonetic observations, etc. The methods of speech pathology (speech therapy) work with the patient proposed by E. Froeschels, which were introduced into clinical practice, are analyzed.
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Artemenko, A. I. "COMMUNICATIVE ECHO QUESTIONS IN UKRAINIAN DISCOURSE". Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, nr 67 (1) (2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2020.1.01.
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This article researches communicative echo-questions in Ukrainian discourse. A communicative echo-question is a unique linguistic phenomenon which is used in the dialogue speech and has different pragmatic meanings and gives the speech communicative features. Communicative echo-questions are classified according to the pragmatic, structural and semantic aspects. They need the future research in Ukrainian discourse. Communicative echo-questions are a specific type of interrogative sentences, which repeat the previous phrase in the interrogative form and can follow different intentions. The research shows that communicative echo-questions can express indirect meanings of the communication and help resolve a conflict situation between speakers. In the research communicative echo-questions are identified on the basis of communicative relations between speakers. They can be used in different communicative situations of microdialogues. Communicative echoquestions can express politeness, rudeness, surprise and etc. The are divided into the following types, such as mental echo-questions, echo-questions which express surprise and echo-questions which are used for communicative pause. Echo-questions can be used by different groups of people, i.e. by men and women, old and young people, polite and rude persons etc. Echo-questions can be used in their speech to show their different inner state. It helps them to communicate positively avoiding conflict situations. Echo-questions are very interesting phenomenon which helps speakers to be polite with each other and communicate deeply. Social characteristics of echo-questions are also very important because they show different social features of situations and speakers with various status roles. Echo-questions help speakers to understand each other better and makes Ukrainian discourse more diplomatic. Pragmatic characteristics of communicative echo-questions show their functional role in Ukrainian discourse.
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Ndegwa Ndirangu, Peter, Elizaphan Maina Muuro i John Kihoro. "A Literature Review on Automatic Generation of Examinations". OPEN JOURNAL FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 4, nr 2 (30.12.2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojit.0402.04077n.
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The examination is a key activity in determining what the learner has gained from the study. Institutions of higher learning (IHL) perform this activity through various assessment methods (test/examination, practical, etc.). The world today is focused on automation of exam generation which is ongoing with dire need during this period of the COVID-19 pandemic when education is greatly affected, leading to embracing online learning and examination. A text/exam comprises questions and answers that focus on evaluation to determine the student’s conversant level in the area of study. Each question has a cognitive level as described by (Armstrong, 2016) in the revised Bloom’s taxonomy. Questions chosen have cognitive levels based on the level of study and standardization of the exam. There is, therefore, a need to consider the question’s cognitive level along with other factors when generating an examination by incorporating deep learning algorithms.
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Belyakov, Alexander, i Anna Tsvetkova. "Investigators’ Mistakes in the Appointment of Forensic Examinations". Academic Law Journal 25, nr 1 (15.04.2024): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/1819-0928.2024.25(1).124-132.
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The paper investigates the problem of mistakes and violations made by investigators when appointing forensic examinations. Among the reasons studied are the imperfection of curricula, the constant emergence of new research objects, as well as genera and types of examinations, the inconsistency of departmental acts fixing the lists of forensic examinations, and their specifics, etc. As part of the study, the authors rely on the position that the mistake is involuntary and unintentional, and the investigator acts in good faith and is ready to do everything to avoid the appearance of an mistake in the actions when appointing examinations. Typical mistakes and violations are considered: non-appointment or untimely appointment of expert studies, appointment of examinations when there is no such need, appointment of studies to the wrong body, erroneous sequence of appointment of examinations, errors in setting questions and handling of objects submitted for research. For each mistake, the authors suggest the best methods to prevent it, which, in general, include the following: increasing the number of training hours allocated to forensic science courses, disseminating digital reference systems to assist in assigning forensic examinations (Digital Forensic Science Guide and mobile application “CrimLib – Investigator’s Reference Guide”), seeking preliminary advice from a specialist, careful planning when determining sequences of forensic examinations, etc. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that today there is an urgent need to implement all of the proposed measures, as it directly affects the effectiveness of crime detection and investigation.
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Lutsenko, K., A. Roman i A. Budarina. "ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF THE ANNOUNCER BASED ON THE ORAL SPEECH IN FORENSIC AUDIO AND VIDEO ANALYSIS". Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 21, nr 1 (15.12.2020): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2020_25.
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The article discusses the most common biological traits of a person by voice and oral speech to identify the announcer in the study of video, sound recording and linguistics.
The article purpose is to review some of the social and biological traits of the announcer by oral speech, which are used in modern practice to obtain the most complete information about a person/his personality. The application fields of biological traits regarding human voice and oral speech in the modern world are considered, namely: in medicine (diagnosis of many diseases), law enforcement agencies (identification of criminals, crime prevention, etc.), in customer service banking, etc.
The article outlines the possibilities of voice and speech forensic diagnostics in a modern technological society in order to determine the basic socio-biological traits of a person, since one of the most common means of communication between people is still oral speech. As a special kind of human communication, oral speech is based on the psycho-physiological functions of the individual organism and personality consciousness in the framework of a particular society. In order to obtain the most complete information about the studied object, there is a need to record traces on digital media (sound traces of speech).
From the analysis of conducted examinations and publication on the study and systematization of biological features of human oral speech, the author of the article came to the conclusion that there is a need to further study these traits and integrate with automatic systems in the 21st century in order to not only provide the institute of justice with reliable examination, but also to use this knowledge in various fields of human life.
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Ibraheem, Samir Jamal. "Utilization Of The Direct And Indirect Speech Act Of Assertion By The Sentence Types". ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 216, nr 1 (10.11.2018): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v216i1.583.
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Tackling any text, e.g. political one, without pragmatic theory constitutes a real problem in the communicative act. the need to shed light on distinctive rules concerning the speech act of assertion is crucial. So this study is concerned with how to establish a model of expressing the speech act of assertion, whether direct or indirect, by using the sentence types of declarative, interrogative, or imperative sentences. Since this utilization highly overlaps with other speech acts as command, obligation, permission, ability, etc. Therefore, this research attempts to answer the following questions:
1- Can this study formulate a model for analysing the speech act of assertion, and on which bases it can be established?
2- How to formulate Felicity conditions for the speech act of assertion?
3- Whether speech act of assertion can be successfully applied to political speeches?
4- Which sentence type can typically express the direct speech act of assertion?
5- Could other sentence types indicate the speech act of assertion?
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EFTIMOVA, Andreana. "TRUSTWORTHINESS, AUTHORITY, CLARITY: INFLUENCE OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE EXPERT SPEECH IN THE MEDIA ON THE WAY OF PERCEIVING THE INFORMATION". Ezikov Svyat volume 20 issue 3, ezs.swu.v20i3 (20.10.2022): 366–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v20i3.7.
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The article examines the influence of the parameters of expert speech on the trustworthiness, authority and clarity of information in the media. The following parameters of the expert speech, based on research on the specifics of the professional and media register (Halliday 1989, Videnov 2012 and others), in the media texts were observed: presence, adequacy and naming of the sources - expert and informational; presence of professional vocabulary and terminology; complicating the syntactic organization of utterances; presence of international vocabulary and foreign words and expressions; presence of evaluative and expressive vocabulary (metaphors, etc.); use of modal and conditional constructions to distinguish factual from non-factual information; correlation of indicative and retelling forms. A survey was conducted to establish the influence of linguistic facts on the assessment of expert speech in media reports. A survey was conducted on sentences from 14 informational articles selected using the keywords "coronavirus experts". The questionnaire contained 12 multiple-choice questions, grouped into three sections according to the criteria to be measured: trustworthiness (6 questions), clarity (3 questions) and authority (3 questions). The comments establish a different influence of the same language parameters on the sense of trustworthiness, authority and clarity of the content. Their reading depends on the experience, skills and attitudes of the audience to understand the media text.
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Tantisatirapong, Suchada, Pargorn Puttapirat, Wongwit Senavongse i Theerasak Chanwimalueang. "The Design of Cognitive Training Games for the Thai Elderly". ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 19, nr 3 (31.10.2021): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2021193.244939.
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Cognitive aging is one of the main public health concerns, often involving a decline in memory and decision-making abilities as people age. Cognitive training games have been widely used to improve working memory as well as enhancing short and long-term memory. In this study, we aim to develop a cognitive training game based on the Thai environment and speech recognition technology. The designed cognitive training tasks were evaluated by performing electroencephalography (EEG) on six elderly volunteers, who passed the Thai mental state examination. The participants were instructed to memorize a series of pictures and calculate simple math questions. The EEG signals of the participants were recorded during training. The participants engaged in four cognitive training tasks over three trials. An increase in training scores was found to be related to a rise in three EEG power spectrum bands: theta, alpha, and beta. Participants expressed the highest average level of satisfaction towards the easiest tasks in the four cognitive training games. This implies that when performing an easy task, an increase in the power spectral density of three EEG bands tends to occur. As a result, the proposed cognitive training game could leverage the working memory of the Thai elderly. The game design can be enhanced by integrating human-based interactive tasks, such as handwriting and eye movements. Its replication on a larger scale should be assessed in the future.
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Ivushkina, Tatiana A. "Literary words of foreign origin as social markers in Jeffrey Archer’s novels". Russian Journal of Linguistics 24, nr 4 (15.12.2020): 816–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-4-816-830.
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The paper is aimed at studying the use of literary words of foreign origin in modern fiction from a sociolinguistic point of view, which presupposes establishing a correlation between this category of words in a speech portrayal or narrative and a social status of the speaker, and verifying that they serve as indices of socially privileged identity in British literature of the XX1st century. This research is the continuation of the diachronic sociolinguistic study of the upper-class speech portrayals which has traced the distinctive features in their speech and has revealed that literary words of foreign origin unambiguously testify to the social position of a character/speaker and serve as social indices. The question arises then whether it holds true for modern upper-class speakers/speech portrayals, given all the transformations a new millennium has brought about. To this end we have selected 60 contexts from two novels by Jeffrey Archer - Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less (2004) and A Prisoner of Birth (2008) , and subjected them to a careful examination. A graduate from Oxford and representative of socially privileged classes, Archer gives a wide depiction of characters with different social backgrounds and statuses. The analysis of the novels based on the contextual and functional approaches to the study enabled us to categorize the selected words into four relevant groups. The first class represented by terms ( commodity, debenture, assets, luminescence, etc.) serves to unambiguously indicate education, occupation, and fields of knowledge or communicative situations in which a character is involved. The second class is formed of words used in conjunction with their Germanic counterparts ( perspiration - sweat, padre - priest, convivial - friendly ) to contrast the social position of the characters: literary words serving as social indices of upper class speakers, whereas their synonyms of Germanic origin characterize middle or lower class speech portrayals. The third class of words comprises socially marked words (verbs, nouns and adjectives), or U-words (the term first coined by Allan Ross and Nancy Mitford), the status acquired in the course of social history development (elegant, excellent, sophistication, authoritative, preposterous, etc .) . The fourth class includes words used in a humorous or ironic meaning to convey the narrators attitude to the characters or the situation itself ( ministrations, histrionic, etc.). Words of this group are perceived as stylistic aliens, as they create incongruity between style and subject matter. The social implication of the selected words is enhanced by French words and phrases often accompanying them.
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Paul, Dimple V., Shankar B. Naik i Jyoti D. Pawar. "An Evolutionary Approach for Question Selection from a Question Bank". International Journal of ICT Research and Development in Africa 4, nr 1 (styczeń 2014): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijictrda.2014010104.
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The success of any educational program depends on its evaluation system. Examinations are a part of learning process which acts as an element in evaluation. For the smooth conduct of examinations of various universities and academic institutions, the question paper generation process would be helpful. However, examination question paper composition is a multi-constraint concurrent optimization problem. Question selection plays a key role in question paper generation systems. Also it is the most significant and time consuming activity. The question selection is handled in traditional question paper generation systems by using a specified question paper format containing a listing of weightages to be allotted to each unit/module of the syllabus. They do not consider other constraints such as total time duration for completion of the paper, total number of questions and the difficulty level of the questions in the question paper etc. In this paper, the authors have modeled the Question Selection Problem as a multi-constraint optimization problem and proposed an Evolutionary Approach for the implementation same. The authors have experimented with this approach on a case study. The results obtained in this case study are interesting and promising to continue its implementation work and further research.
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Razorenova, A. M., V. V. Skavronskaya, N. B. Tyulenev, A. M. Rytikova i B. V. Chernyshev. "Can learning new words in auditory modality lead to rapid cortical plasticity in adults". Современная зарубежная психология 9, nr 2 (2020): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2020090204.
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A stable relation between words and referent objects or events underlies human language. One of the most fundamental questions is how brain processes new words in order to form new lexical items. The answer to such questions will bring significant breakthrough in multiple fields, ranging from methods of language teaching and speech correction programs for children with late development to clinical rehabilitation of patients with speech impairments and neurophysiological functional tests of language network. This review presents the current state of Russian and foreign studies dedicated to new words learning in auditory modality. We tried to consider all varieties of techniques and paradigms in the field. Equal attention is paid both to studies of the phonological processing of a word (recognition of a phonetic pattern), and to works which consider the ways in which word acquire semantics. We discuss experiments carried out with an aid of such neuroimaging methods as fMRI, EEG / MEG, etc.
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Domaneschi, Filippo, Marcello Passarelli i Luca Andrighetto. "Performing Orders: Speech Acts, Facial Expressions and Gender Bias". Journal of Cognition and Culture 18, nr 3-4 (13.08.2018): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340034.
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AbstractThe business of a sentence is not only to describe some state of affairs but also to perform other kinds of speech acts like ordering, suggesting, asking, etc. Understanding the kind of action performed by a speaker who utters a sentence is a multimodal process which involves the computing of verbal and non-verbal information. This work aims at investigating if the understanding of a speech act is affected by the gender of the actor that produces the utterance in combination with a certain facial expression. Experimental data collected show that, as compared to men, women are less likely to be perceived as performers of orders and are more likely to be perceived as performers of questions. This result reveals a gender bias which reflects a process of women’s subordination according to which women are hardly considered as holding the hierarchical social position required for the correct execution of an order
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Bylkova, Svetlana, Elena Chubova i Igor Kudryashov. "Public speaking as a tool for developing students’ communication and speech skills". E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 11030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127311030.
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Public speaking involved the performance of one person (speaker, rhetorician) in front of the audience, with the speaker assigned an active role, and the audience – a passive one. At the present stage, the form of public speech communication changes from monologue to dialogic and is implemented in active types and forms of dialogue – dispute, discussion, dispute, interview, debate, etc. Means of dialogization, including questions (clarifying, rhetorical, etc.) that allow you to establish contact with the audience, are designed to arouse interest in speech and maintain the attention of listeners. The development of rhetorical skills occurs only in the case of a successful public speech, that is, the achievement of the goal. In this regard, it makes sense to consider the structure of public speech preparation, which includes three stages: pre-communicative (preparatory), communicative (basic) and post-communicative (analytical). The purpose of this study is to determine the conditions for the forming and developing technical university students’ rhetorical skills in the course of determining the complex of professionally significant public speaking skills of students of a technical university. The research objectives are formed in accordance with the logical sequence of studying materials on this issue, namely: 1) characterizing the concept, content and structure of public speaking as a genre of oral professional communication; 2) identifying the list of factors that ensure effective public speaking; 3) describing the methodology for the formation of rhetorical skills necessary for the implementation of an effective public speech; 4) displaying the positive dynamics of students’ rhetorical skills.
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Patil, Z. N. "New varieties of English: Issues of incomprehensibility and unintelligibility". Journal of NELTA 23, nr 1-2 (31.12.2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v23i1-2.23344.
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The present article discusses new varieties of English with reference to intelligibility and comprehensibility. It has been observed that new varieties of English display deviant phonological features. Speakers of these varieties insert a sound, delete a sound, substitute a sound, and rearrange sounds when they pronounce certain words. Moreover, they use deviant word stress patterns. These things affect the intelligibility of their speech. The new varieties differ at the level of discourse as well; the content and language used to perform certain speech acts such as coaxing, responding to questions, etc., may result in miscommunication. Thus, unintelligibility is a result of mother tongue interference and incomprehensibility is a result of mother culture interference. The article illustrates unintelligibility and incomprehensibility using examples from non-native varieties of English.
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Andronov, Aleksey, i Rima Bakšienė. "“Linguistic autumn”? A remark in connection with Vytautas Kardelis’s article “Three questions regarding the prosodic system of the Lithuanian language” (Lietuvių kalba, 11, 2017)". Lietuvių kalba, nr 12 (15.12.2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2018.22517.
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Some considerations in connection with the three main claims in Vytautas Kardelis’s article Three questions regarding the prosodic system of the Lithuanian language, concerning (a) the order of procedures in the investigation of the ‘sound form of language’, (b) the domain of prosodic features and (c) the term priegaidė. According to Kardelis, the description of speech chain should begin with an instrumental investigation. This may be true of acoustic analysis of a signal (not necessarily that of speech), but not the phonological analysis of a speech chain that, by definition, begins with isolating its discrete units, which, at the same time, are the units of the phonological system of the language in question. Likewise, phonetic suprasegmental elements (pitch, tone, etc.) may be associated with any loci of speech chain, including those coinciding with individual phonemes, either vowel or consonantal, but the domain of prosodic features, such as acute and circumflex in Lithuanian, is undoubtedly the syllable, rather than separate phonemes. In poliaccentual languages, syllable accents can be absolutely adequately described using the term priegaidė, which here means ‘syllable intonation’, while substituting it with ‘tone’ or ‘stress’ is misleading and, in the last analysis, simply fruitless or simply wrong.
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Milanov, Vladislav. "Linguistic Speech as a Challenge for the Translator and the Foreign Language Tuition". Chuzhdoezikovo Obuchenie-Foreign Language Teaching 48, nr 6 (17.12.2021): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/for21.65publ.
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The current article examines Bulgarian public political speech as a challenge for the professional translators and as a series of political messages addressed to young people who study at higher educational institutions in Bulgaria. The article analyses the perception of clichéd constructions as well as the models of speech aggression which are widely practiced in different discussion formats such as election campaign debates, parliamentary control, public debates on TV where important public issues are discussed. The observations on the presidential election campaign in 2021 are also presented as well as the perception of the political messages by the nominees. The main conclusion from the scientific study shows that both Bulgarians and foreigners face problems with the grammatically correct sentence constructions behind which there is a minimum of information. The study also confirms the hypothesis that foreign students in Bulgaria recognize a number of common features between the political speech in our country and in their home countries. The clichés and the speech aggression are present in the global political speech as a component which defines the models of public speech and Bulgaria is no exception from that. A similar conclusion can be made about the interconnection between political and journalistic speech where the following common speech features can be recognized: inability to listen to the interlocutor; politicians slide over journalistic questions; the “self” overexposure, etc.
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Chettukindi, Sathwik. "Question Generator and Text Summarizer Using NLP". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 4 (30.04.2023): 1767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50477.
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Abstract: The main objective of this project is to develop an application to generate the questions from a given passage or paragraphs. This project is an application of Natural Language Processing (NLP). The application generates different types of questions such as MCQ’s. The current project helps the teachers to prepare questions to the examinations, quizzes etc. It also helps the students to get summary from the text they provide. The summary would be generated from given text then, the application identifies key concept in summary. It identifies key words from sentences and generates MCQ’s. The other options other than correct option called as Distractors. The application also paraphrases the input text. It allows the extraction of summary from the text is done by T5 Transformer Technique. We generate distractors using WordNet. The key words can be extracted by using Key BERT Technique. The questions are displayed or GUI is developed with the help of the Gradio (A user friendly Web-Interface). The application majorly targets every organization. The application develops Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s) of the customers to the particular organizations, which in terms gives the customer more information of the organizations. This application overrides the traditional method of preparing questions, and the complexity involved in making questions.
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Paul, Rhea, i Terril J. Elwood. "Maternal Linguistic Input to Toddlers With Slow Expressive Language Development". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, nr 5 (październik 1991): 982–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3405.982.
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Maternal speech styles to children between 20 and 34 months of age who were slow to acquire expressive language were compared to those of mothers with normally speaking toddlers. Aspects of the mothers’ speech examined included use of various sentence types (declaratives, negative, questions, etc.), the mother’s lexical contingency with regard to the child’s utterance; mother’s use of pragmatic functions such as requests, comments, and conversational devices; and the mother’s use of topic management. Results revealed that mothers of toddlers with slow language development are different from mothers of normal speakers only in their frequency of use of lexical contingency devices, specifically, expansion and extension. However, the proportion of expansions and extensions relative to the number of child utterances is not different, indicating that when late talkers give their mothers something to expand, the mothers do so, but that the late talkers do not give their mothers as much speech to work with as do the normal toddlers. Implications of these findings for parent training are discussed
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Arshad, Aqsa, Aisha Farid i Muhammad Sabboor Hussain. "Celebrities’ Debunking Rumours and Misinterpretations: A Case Study of BTS’ Namjoon’s Letter on Weverse Through Pragmastylistic Analysis". Journal of English Language, Literature and Education 5, nr 4 (4.12.2023): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/jelle.2023.0504172.
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The phenomenon of debunking rumours and misinterpretations has been investigated in its general terms without considering celebrities’ emotions through linguistic expressions and speech acts. This research aimed to conduct a case study incorporating pragmastylistic analysis of BTS’ RM’s letter (2022) on Weverse to debunk BTS’ disbandment rumours and misinterpretations about BTSFESTA. The study also determined to scrutinize the types of speech acts used in order to clear certain propositions and assumptions. The study employed a qualitative research method to address the research questions. The theoretical framework was based on Speech Act theory (Austin, 1962) to analyse the speech acts in the letter under felicity conditions (Leech, 1962). The findings of the study suggested that Namjoon used simple and declarative statements performing hybrid speech acts such as expressive, commissive, directive, expositive, verdictive, etc. Mostly, the speech acts were inclined towards expositive and commissive expressions to clear certain ambiguities and make commitments to manage to do this in future as well. This study was methodologically significant for incorporating pragmastylistic analysis to study the language of celebrities’ debunking rumours on social media. The study recommended the future researchers to take both celebrities’ voices and pragmastylistic analysis together to reach various conclusions and novel findings.
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Mar’yanchik, Viktoryia A., i Anastasiya S. Onegina. "Native Speaker vs Vernacular Speaker: Assessing Foreigners’ Language Competence". Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, nr 1 (16.02.2021): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v074.
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This article deals with an important issue in the field of language policy, i.e. determining the status of a “non-ideal” language user as a native speaker. The material includes: a) records of the speech of people participating in an official interview to confirm their status as a native speaker; b) regulatory framework that defines the content of the “native speaker” term. The authors focus on vernacular and dialect speakers for whom Russian is the only or main system of verbal communication. The article proves the linguodidactic criteria listed in the normative documents to be invalid. The authors identify speech facts that formally prevent a person from qualifying as a native speaker but, within the sociolinguistic approach, do not exclude him/her as a linguistic personality from the circle of Russian native speakers. Further, a standard methodological prototype of speech personality “native speaker” appropriate for linguodidactic testing is modelled. The authors describe the experience of evaluating language (speech) competence using criteria scales within the framework of the level approach. Based on the material of one script, features of the speech of the “non-ideal” language user are singled out and a model of competence assessment by correlation with the “native speaker” prototype is presented. This technology includes two stages: 1) identification of speech facts that lie outside the scope of the literary norm; 2) identification of the basic characteristics of a native speaker within the framework of the sociolinguistic and functional approaches. The authors consider knowledge of precedent texts (on the social and national levels), proficiency in the language system, including its sub-standard forms (vernacular and dialect) and knowledge of the usage to be the main characteristics of a native speaker. In addition, the authors list accentuating discursive means that are typical of the speech of native speakers: rhetorical questions, metatextual reflexive questions, synonymic correction of naming units, etiquette correction of appellatives, language-game, etc. The results can be used to develop uniform criteria for evaluating language (speech) competencies during interviews with foreign citizens and stateless persons.
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Sylvan, Lesley, Andrea Perkins i Carly Truglio. "Student Experience Applying to Graduate School for Speech-Language Pathology". Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 5, nr 1 (21.02.2020): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_persp-19-00102.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to better understand the experiences faced by students during the application process for master's degree programs in speech-language pathology. Method Data were collected through administering an online survey to 365 volunteers who had applied to master's degree programs in speech-language pathology. Survey questions were designed to gain the student perspective of the application process through exploration of students' deciding factors for top choices of graduate programs, emotional involvement in the application process, biases/rumors heard, student challenges, advice to future applicants, and what students would change about the application process. Results Factors that influenced participants' reasoning for selecting their “top choice” programs were largely consistent with previous studies. Issues that shaped the student experience applying to graduate school for speech-language pathology included financial constraints, concern regarding the prominence of metrics such as Graduate Record Examinations scores in the admissions process, a perceived lack of guidance and advising from faculty, and confusion regarding variation among graduate program requirements. Conclusion Gaining insight into the student experience with the application process for graduate programs in speech-language pathology yields useful information from a perspective not frequently explored in prior literature. While the data presented in this study suggest the process is confusing and challenging to many applicants, the discussion highlights practical solutions and sheds light on key issues that should be considered carefully by individual graduate programs as well as the field as a whole.
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Kozheko, Anna Vladimirovna, i Zumrud Ilnurovna Mamedova. "Speech portrait of a blogger-narrator of “true crime story” (linguistic and stylistic aspect)". Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 16, nr 8 (28.08.2023): 2643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20230415.
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The aim of the study is to identify the linguistic and stylistic features of the speech portrait of a blogger leading his blog in the genre of “true crime story”, which is dedicated to the narration of real crimes. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that the linguistic features of this genre are considered in the work for the first time and the specifics of the narrator’s speech portrait in the genre of “true crime story” manifested in the electronic environment is revealed. As a result of the study, it has been found that the speech portrait of a blogger-narrator of “true crime story” can be characterised as follows: a restrained, concise manner of narration, the unity of the audio-visual means used to enhance the impact on the listener, the representation of the blogger’s values to a wide audience, a detailed description of events, the use of links to information sources, the documentary nature of the presentation of the material, the abundance of legal terminology in speech, the predominance of bookish vocabulary, the use of epithets with negative stylistic colouring, rhetorical questions, parentheticals and quotations, etc.
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Didoborshch, V. A. "ON CONDUCTING ECONOMIC STUDIES RELATED TO TAXING AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES". Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 15 (30.11.2016): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2015.40.
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Constant changes in the legislation make it difficult to conduct studies related to the application of a special taxation treatment of agricultural enterprises. The adoption of the Tax Code of Ukraine and the subsequent amendments has entailed a series of changes related to the principles of tax calculation and tax reporting directly affecting agricultural enterprises' operations. There has also been an increase in the number of economic examinations related to studying the special taxation treatment of agricultural enterprises, but the object of taxation is still the land plot, the enterprise is exempt of income tax, property tax, etc, while the enterprise is still required to pay VAT. The questions considered in the article cannot cover the whole spectrum of problems that an expert may face while conducting examinations connected with taxing agricultural enterprises. Every case must be considered individually, so the illustration provided in the article deals with enterprises that use leased land plots and do not have all the registration data, but there may emerge other issues as well.
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Hasanzade, R. "STUDYING THE LANGUAGE PECULIARITIES OF RUSSIAN ADJECTIVES WITH REGARD TO THE NATIVE LANGUAGE OF STUDENTS IN THE IRANIAN AUDIENCE". Philology at MGIMO 19, nr 3 (3.10.2019): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2019-3-19-100-109.
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The article compares adjectives in Russian and Persian. Adjectives are considered primarily from a morphological point of view, and only then are analyzed from a lexico-semantic, syntactic and word-formative perspectives. Adjectives in the Russian language, unlike adjectives in Persian, have morphological properties such as case, number, gender, ending, brevity / completeness, etc. The absence of such morphological features in the Persian language complicates the process of studying parts of speech, and adjectives in particular. Therefore, in the first part of the article, more attention is paid to the morphological features of parts of speech in Persian. Then the adjectives are considered. Further, the features of adjectives in Persian and Russian are analyzed, opinions of both Iranian and Russian linguists are given. The article aims to answer a number of basic questions related to the peculiarities of adjectives in Russian and Persian. The conclusion contains the findings of the study.
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Robotova, Alevtina S. "Skeptic’s Comment: What Questions ‘Academic Writing’ Does Not Answer". Higher Education in Russia 27, nr 11 (21.12.2018): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2018-27-11-71-84.
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The paper provides information to support its title (“Skeptic’s comment…”). The author shares his attitudes towards a new research area of academic writing (AW) and a system of teaching AW. The paper is presented in a form of a dialog between the author and the advocates of AW. In the author’s opinion, these advocates do not answer a number of questions to be asked for including their ideas into the scope of pedagogical knowledge. While admitting the value of analyzing foreign publications on AW, interpreting them and creating a teaching and learning system tailored for our national practice, the author states that the arguments to recognize AW as an independent academic discipline or a new research area are not sufficient. The author supports this idea by a series of speculations expanded in the paper sections to follow. They include doubts about the completeness of methodological arguments (considering the contemporary state of matter in epistemology, attitude towards new type rationality, unique features of cognition in science and humanities, rationale for the relevance of social constructivism for AW, and etc.), and about the insufficient attention towards the contemporary pedagogical methodology. The status of AW is discussed as if sidestepping the national achievements in investigating the language, speech, text (academic), discourse, linguistic and rhetoric conventions, and etc. The skepticism regarding the AW system can also be explained by the fact that the author does not agree with a number of statements denying the figural and publicistic images in an academic style, personal characteristics, opinions, emotional experiences and beliefs; negating the talent, literature expertise and imitation as assistants for academic writing; inferring the impossibility of learning academic writing independently. The author is confused by the insufficient attention towards the investigations on eloquence carried out in the 1980s in our native country (e.g. by S.S. Averintsev, A.K. Avelichev, and etc.); it is clear that the expertise in foreign research does not negate the knowledge about the research in our native country. Through critically analyzing the components of the AW system, the author concludes that AW is to be considered as one of possible technological solutions for the problem of creating a scholarly proper academic text.
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Syurin, S. N., N. I. Makarova, E. V. Potanina, O. V. Syurina, E. V. Sokhryakova, G. I. Zaikina i L. V. Smirnova. "A Comprehensive Program of Psychological, Pedagogical and Medical Rehabilitation Assistance to Children Affected from Hostilities and Armed Conflicts “Andryushka”". Вестник практической психологии образования 17, nr 4 (2020): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/bppe.2020170409.
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The complex program of psychological, pedagogical and medical rehabilitation assistance to chil-dren affected by military operations and armed conflicts “Andryushka” was created with the aim of providing differentiated comprehensive psychological, medical, social and rehabilitation assistance to children with disabilities from combat zones and armed conflicts. The program is distinguished by the complex nature of psychological and pedagogical support, the presence of a course of medical, cultural and environmental rehabilitation. All program participants during the day receive psychologi-cal, pedagogical and speech therapy assistance, attend master classes, cultural and leisure activities, museums and exhibition complexes, undergo comprehensive medical rehabilitation: medical examinations, medical massage, exercise therapy, balneo- and speleotherapy , mechano- and ergo-therapy, vitamin therapy, robotic and computerized rehabilitation, locomotor therapy, physiotherapeutic and drug treatment in accordance with doctors’ prescriptions, etc. drawing up an individual escort plan (2 days); stage of active psychological and pedagogical, defectology and speech therapy support of cultural, environmental and medical rehabilitation of program participants (17 days); the stage of the final comprehensive psychological, medical, social and medical examination of the program participants with the preparation of recommendations for parents on the further support and re-habilitation of children (2 days). The total duration of the program is 21 days.
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Мarchenko, T. "QUESTIONS THAT ARE ARRANGED WHEN CARRYING OUT THE EXAMINATION ON DOCUMENTAL CONFIRMATION OF THE FAILURE OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 20, nr 2 (4.12.2019): 378–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2019.29.
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One of the most important tasks of economic expertise in the study of accounting, tax accounting and reporting documents, which are established by the Scientific and Methodological Recommendations on the preparation and appointment of forensic examinations and expert studies, approved by order of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine of October 8, 1998 № 53/5, is the definition of a documentary confirmation of the size of the shortage of fixed assets, material values, stocks, including the shortage of fuel and lubricants.
The above regulatory document to the indicative list of issues addressed by this type of forensic examination included the following:
- Is the shortage of fixed assets, material values, stocks (including fuel and lubricants) established by the inventory report at the enterprise (the name of the enterprise is indicated) documented for the period of the materially responsible person (the employee is indicated, the materially responsible person) in the amount of (indicate quantitative and value indicators) as of (date indicated)?
In the modern world, business entities for conducting accounting and tax accounting, the preparation of documents using specialized software.
Therefore, recently, a significant part of forensic economic examinations on the issue of confirming the shortage of fixed assets, material values, stocks, including fuel and lubricants, is appointed not only for properly prepared inventory materials and accounting records of a business entity provided for research to experts, but also by screenshots (snapshots of images on the screen of documents, programs, diagrams, etc.), which in their opinion may be documentary evidence of this s accounting and inventory results.
The article describes an example of the question put to the study, provides an analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine on the correctness of the inventory of fuels and lubricants and the determination of the shortage, as well as an algorithm for conducting expert examinations as defined by the legislation of Ukraine. Analyzed the materials provided to the expert, which cannot be documented evidence of a shortage of fuel and lubricants.
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Wei, Ting-Chi. "The Structure of Split Questions in Mandarin Chinese". Studies in Chinese Linguistics 41, nr 1 (1.06.2020): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scl-2020-0001.
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AbstractThis article proposes a pro analysis for split questions (SQs) in Chinese, dissimilar to the biclausal account employing focus movement and deletion in Arregi 2010 and the one employing the silent head in Kayne 2015 and Tang 2015. SQ consists of a wh-clause and a tag clause. We argue that the entire SQ is an information/confirmation-seeking question, represented by a Speech Act Phrase (SAP)-shell structure (Speas and Tenny 2003; Oguro 2017, etc.) with wh-clause in its specifier and the tag in its complement. The tag of Chinese SQ is a base-generated clause, [pro (copula) tag ma/ne], composed of an empty subject pro, an optional copula, a tag, and a final particle, instead of being derived from a fully-fledged structure parallel to the wh-part akin to those of English and Spanish SQs. Such a pro analysis overcomes difficulties encountered in the other accounts regarding the distribution of the final particles and their clause-typing, the optionality of the copula, the ubiquitous uses of tag, the connectivity effects, and the island-insensitivity. Analytically, two seeming variants of SQ imply that the derivation of an SQ depends on whether its tag moves and whether a copula exists.
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Wright, Patricia. "If documents could talk". Document Design 3, nr 1 (25.03.2002): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dd.3.1.09wri.
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Conventional electronic documents present their content visually on screen but the information could be spoken, or the two modalities might be combined — e.g. when mixing text and graphics. If the relative benefits of aural and visual language depend on characteristics of the target audience (e.g. age and sensory impairments, language fluency, etc), parallel versions of documents may sometimes be desirable. The advantages of different modalities will also vary with a document’s communication goals — such as informing, persuading, answering questions or giving directions. Conceptual explanations may be better if read because readers can pause and re-read but procedural explanations may be better when listened to, especially if the document provides animated demonstrations accompanied by a spoken commentary. This paper overviews empirical studies suggesting that information modality can influence the document user’s three main clusters of activities, namely finding, understanding and applying the author’s message. This raises questions such as: Would it help if electronic documents let users customise the synthetic speech, perhaps selecting the sex of the speaker? When might a modality change imply changes to other linguistic features? If we do not write as we speak, will enhanced text-to-speech technology be sufficient for creating appropriate talking documents?
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Ivashkevych, Eduard, i Ruslan Simko. "The Characteristics of Inner Speech of a Personality by Use of the Method of Dialogical Analysis of the Case". Collection of Research Papers "Problems of Modern Psychology", nr 57 (7.04.2022): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2227-6246.2022-57.32-50.
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he purpose of our article is to characterize the method of dialogical analy-sis of the case for description of inner speech of the person, to show it use on practice during the providing of statement experiment.methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: the categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. Also in our research we used a statement experiment as an empirical method. With the aim to diagnose the level of the development ofinner speech of the person we used the author’s method of dialogical analysis of the case.the results of the research. In the article it was shown, that human feelings act as an experience of “Me”, and in this regard it is as external monologues, and on the other hand they are dialogical in nature, they can hear a broken dialogue with others: appeals, questions, expected answers, desires that are not expressed, accusations, etc., that exists in a covert form of internal dialogue. Un-der the dialogical analysis of the case we understand the reconstruction of the movement of internal dialogue, which becomes possible as a result of a special attitude to the text (for this purpose, special methods of textual analysis were developed).conclusions. Theinner speech was showed to be the speech for himself/herself. External speech is speech for others. Psychologically, the language of the pupil in functional and structural terms is egocentric speech, it is not under-stood as internal speech and is not separated by the child from speech for others. Objectively, this language is a function differentiated from social thinking, but again inconsistent, because it can only function in a situation that makes social speech possible.
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Bajaj, Gagan, Aiswarya Liz Varghese, Jayashree S. Bhat i Joylin Deepthi. "Assessment of Quality of Life of People who Stutter: A Cross-sectional Study". Rehabilitation Process and Outcome 3 (styczeń 2014): RPO.S19058. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/rpo.s19058.
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Stuttering is a complex communication disorder that impedes the normal flow and pattern of speech, which is characterized by involuntary audible or inaudible pause, repetitions, prolongations, blocks, etc. Other than the core behaviors, people who stutter experience various other problems such as fear, anxiety, depression, shame, etc., which can in turn affect the quality of life (QOL). The purpose of this study is to develop a questionnaire in order to assess the QOL of people who stutter. A total of 30 participants aged between 18 and 30 years were enrolled for the study. Out of the stutterers included, 15 were employed and 15 were non-employed/students. The study was carried out in two phases. The first phase involved the development of a questionnaire based on literature search and available tests. The second phase involved administering the validated questionnaire on the participants. The questionnaire consisted of six domains targeting (1) speech-related fear and anxiety, (2) interpersonal and social relationships, (3) behavioral reaction to stuttering, (4) educational status, (5) employment and job opportunity, and (6) effect of speech therapy. For each item, response scales were organized (2—almost always, 1—sometime, 0—not at all). Developed questionnaire showed good content validity for all the domains and questions. The result of Cronbach's alpha for each domain indicates moderate internal consistency and excellent internal consistency for the overall questionnaire. Multiple domains were observed to be affected among adults who stutter, and the differences were not found to be significantly different as compared to the available QOL data from other cultural settings.
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Svankulov, A. "USE OF LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE IN FORENSIC EXPERTISE. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS". Criminalistics and Forensics, nr 64 (7.05.2019): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.38.
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The article describes the use of linguistic and psychological knowledge in the forensic expert activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan as an independent form of complex psychological and philological research where experts who obtained knowledge in the field of psychology and philology take part. During the implementation of this type of research, research methods have been developed that are included in the State Register of Methods of Forensic Research of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In addition, the article states that further development of this area in forensic expert activities will contribute to the formation of a new type of research – Forensic Religious Expertise. The direct application of linguistic knowledge in conducting forensic expertises is subdivided into five areas, such as: expert examination of real works on charges of extremist activity, as well as on charges of violating racial, religious, national and social hate and hostility, linguistic examination of advertising texts and treaties, linguistic expert examination of trademarks, verbal study of crimes related to the propaganda of extremism and terrorism, in the investigation of corruption crimes, fraud, extortion. The article also shows the connection of the linguistic expertise with other types, for example, with a judicial video phonography examination, in case of the need for identification of the speaker by verbal speech on the phonogram under study, during the author’s examination for the authorship of the text, in the psychological and forensic expertise – for the solution of question of the learned speeches of the suspect, other persons during the interrogation, other investigative actions. The author presents the results of a comparative analysis of the use of linguistic knowledge abroad, in particular, in the UK. Its peculiarity is that linguistic research is carried out at scientific educational centers of the humanitarian orientation. The following directions in linguistic studies conducted in this country are considered: a) forensic authore-identification, the essence of which is the determining the authorship of oral or written text, individual characteristics of the author (age, way of life, religious and political views, nationality, gender, profession, etc., b) forensic phonetics which involves the use of phonetics and phonology – sections of linguistics, c) forensic stylistics aimed at solving issues related to the plagiarism of the semantic content of the texts, while the author states that in Kazakhstan the decision on this issue is assigned to the competence of authore-identification examination, d) discourse analysis as the most promising type of research at present, is connected with research of written, verbal text in combination with non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions). Key words: legal linguistics, discourse, psychological and philological examination, forensic authore-identification, products of speech activity, linguistic research, psychological research.
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Gusieva, V. O. "Appointment of forensic examinations during the investigation of violence against a law enforcement officer: problems and ways to solve". Law and Safety 82, nr 3 (29.09.2021): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2021.3.11.
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The aim of the study was to identify common mistakes made by investigators during the appointment of forensic examinations in criminal proceedings initiated in connection with the commission of violence against law enforcement officers, and possible ways to solve them. To achieve this goal, special research methods were used, namely: the method of system analysis, comparative legal method, system and structural and forecasting method, as well as statistical methods, including methods of grouping and analysis of quantitative indicators. It has been established that forensic examinations play an important role in the investigation of violence against law enforcement officers. It is determined that the subject of forensic examination of living persons (establishing the severity of injuries) is to determine a set of issues regarding the type of injuries, their number, nature and location, age and sequence of infliction, determining their severity etc. It is established that on average during the investigation of crimes of this category two examinations are appointed.
On the basis of the performed analysis the possibilities of forensic medical examinations in criminal proceedings of the specified category are defined, and also the typical mistakes which investigators make at their appointment during investigation are identified. The scientific position is substantiated that the typical mistakes are: appointment of several examinations to address the same issues, incorrect definition of the type of examination, failure to provide sufficient medical data needed by the expert to address a number of issues, including criminal proceedings, late appointment of forensic examinations, incorrect posing questions to the expert. Recommendations for preventing certain mistakes are formulated.
It is emphasized that the most effective ways to eliminate the typical mistakes of investigators are to provide systematic training with investigators with the participation of practicing forensic experts. It is proved that the solution of certain problems is possible only by making appropriate changes in the current criminal procedure legislation.
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ENFIELD, N. J., TANYA STIVERS, PENELOPE BROWN, CHRISTINA ENGLERT, KATARIINA HARJUNPÄÄ, MAKOTO HAYASHI, TRINE HEINEMANN i in. "Polar answers". Journal of Linguistics 55, nr 2 (20.09.2018): 277–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226718000336.
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How do people answer polar questions? In this fourteen-language study of answers to questions in conversation, we compare the two main strategies; first, interjection-type answers such asuh-huh(or equivalentsyes,mm, head nods, etc.), and second, repetition-type answers that repeat some or all of the question. We find that all languages offer both options, but that there is a strong asymmetry in their frequency of use, with a global preference for interjection-type answers. We propose that this preference is motivated by the fact that the two options are not equivalent in meaning. We argue that interjection-type answers are intrinsically suited to be the pragmatically unmarked, and thus more frequent, strategy for confirming polar questions, regardless of the language spoken. Our analysis is based on the semantic-pragmatic profile of the interjection-type and repetition-type answer strategies, in the context of certain asymmetries inherent to the dialogic speech act structure of question–answer sequences, including sequential agency and thematic agency. This allows us to see possible explanations for the outlier distributions found in ǂĀkhoe Haiǁom and Tzeltal.
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Mayrita, Hastari, Yundi Fitrah, Amirul Mukminin, Sunda Ariana, Marzul Hidayat i Fortunasari Fortunasari. "Verbal and Nonverbal Languages in Online Thesis Examinations: An Illocutionary Act Study". Qubahan Academic Journal 4, nr 1 (23.02.2024): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.48161/qaj.v4n1a188.
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Research problem is how the use of verbal and nonverbal language in illocutionary speech acts, in communicating on online thesis examinations. Study aimed to describe the types of illocutionary acts, the use of verbal and nonverbal language in online thesis examinations. The method used was qualitative, case study. The collecting data used document review while data analysis utilized content analysis. The research findings showed that, 1) Type of constative illocutionary act namely ascriptive, informative, assertive, responsive, retractive, assertive, confirmative, and disputative; The directive illocutionary acts namely requestees, questions, requirements, prohibitive, permissive, and advisories; Commissive illocutionary acts namely promises; and the illocution acts of acknowledgment. 2) Subsequent findings; Verbal language in constative acts was found verbs to inform, assess, confirm, respond, convey, admit, question, observe, justify, presume with theory, speculate, reject or accept, report, object to, and clarify; directive acts was verbs to instruct, command, direct, require, suggest, encourage, warn, propose, advise, plead/ask, affirm, authorize, give opportunity, allow, ask and interrogate, and prohibit; commissive acts was verbs to 'make a promise and agree'; and the act of acknowledgment has the verbs to 'greeting', 'introduce oneself', 'thank', 'apologize', and the verb of 'hope'. Further findings, 3) The nonverbal language found were gestures; illustrator, regulator, emblem, or adaptor: facial expressions found based on linguistic terms are syntactic display, speaker semantic display, and listener semantic adaptor. The research findings have implications for reference and literature in linguistic theory, language skills (speaking and listening), and language learning with linguistic communication approach, both offline and online.
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Kubealaková, Martina. "GREGORIUS AS A TRANSLATOR AND AN INTERPRETER OF LIFE". Годишњак Филозофског факултета у Новом Саду 48, nr 1-2 (24.01.2024): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/gff.v48i1-2.2397.
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Gregorius, as translator of The Goldsmith of Words and detective "interrogating the survivors," assumes the role of translating a vast complex of philosophical questions as well as dramatic historical events and their impact on the fate of the individual and the collective. In his second novel, Mercier, by the means of his character of the intellectual translator, treats the process of translation as a process of mediating knowledge; his hero/antihero Gregorius is not a translator in the strict sense of the word; translation is modelled in the text as a means of learning a foreign language and, consequently, as a linguistic ability that allows the mediation of knowledge from a foreign language. However, he is deeply rooted in the text and the language, therefore the typology of the figure of the translator as developed by Klaus Kaindl (2010) can be applied to Gregorius when he distinguishes between physical, psychological and cognitive dimensions. Gregorius fulfils the image of physical deficiencies (eyesight), weaknesses or illnesses (Gregorius loses consciousness and, at the end of the novel, goes to the hospital for a thorough examination, which he expects to rule out the presence of a tumour). He also fulfils Kaindl's characteristics of the psychological dimension, as he displays hesitation, anxiety, fear of new contacts and of the new in general, etc. It is only in the cognitive dimension that he is one of those representatives who does not show burnout in the form of mechanical work - or perhaps we trace a certain mechanisation in his practice as a teacher (everything happens the same way every day), but it is the translation of the new book that brings him out of this stagnation and leads him to the Lisbon adventure. This is also why, as we stated, we understand the function of translation in the novel in relation to classical languages as both escape and knowledge, but as far as Portuguese is concerned, we consider the translation from it as a cathartic element through which Gregorius narrates what he could not narrate himself. At the same time, it can be said that Pascal Mercier creates a different type of translator than most contemporary prose with this type of character, especially migrant prose. The author also makes purposeful use of the genre of the psychological and philosophical novel, and through hypertextuality and the novel within the novel, he creates a wide space for his reflections, especially on the philosophy of language, freedom of will and the you/interpretation of identity. The protagonist is a translator in relation to Prado's book The Goldsmith of Words, and an interpreter of Prado's thoughts in relation to his story, while an intradiegetic autodiegetic narrator (Prado) is involved in The Goldsmith of Words, the plot of The Night Train to Lisbon is narrated by an extradiegetic heterodiegetic narrator, but at the same time Gregorius as a character in relation to the fictional hypothetical The Goldsmith of Words becomes an intradiegetic heterodiegetic narrator, but technically realized through semi-direct speech. While in the translator position Mercier strives to express his desire for perfection in translation, for an accurate and faithful transfer of meaning from one language to another, just as Gregorius does not only with Portuguese but also with the classical languages, in the interpreter position he moves away from the common perception of interpreting as a reproduction of content and becomes an interpreter of interpretation, as he seeks to imbue the translated content with meaning or confronts it with his own knowledge. As if translation and reinterpretation were not enough, Mercier uses the protagonist to explore what these two acts of working with language can do to a person and how they imprint themselves in self-knowledge.
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Bekaryan, Lilit. "An Analysis of Hate Speech among Armenian Facebook Users". FLEKS - Scandinavian Journal of Intercultural Theory and Practice 7, nr 1 (12.02.2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/fleks.4170.
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Social media networking websites have become platforms where users can not only share their photos, moments of happiness, success stories and best practices, but can also voice their criticism, discontent and negative emotions. It is interesting to follow how something that starts as a mere disagreement or conflict over clashing interests or values can develop into a hateful exchange on Facebook that targets social media users based on their gender, religious belonging, ethnicity, sexual orientation, political convictions etc.
The present research explores how hateful posts and comments can start among Facebook users, and studies the language means employed in their design.
The factual material was retrieved from more than ten open Facebook pages managed by popular Armenian figures, such as media experts, journalists, politicians and bloggers, in the period 2018–2020.
The analysis of hate speech samples extracted from these sources shows that hate speech can find its explicit and implicit reflection in the online communication of Armenian Facebook users, and can be characterised by contextual markers such as invisibility, incitement to violence, invectiveness and immediacy. The language analysis of the posts and comments comprising hate speech has helped to identify language features of hateful comments including informal tone, use of passive voice, abusive and derogatory words, rhetorical or indirectly formed questions, generalisations and labelling.
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Palmer, Catherine, Ruth Bentler i Gustav H. Mueller. "Evaluation of a Second-Order Directional Microphone Hearing Aid: II. Self-Report Outcomes". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 17, nr 03 (marzec 2006): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.17.3.5.
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This clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate the subjective benefit obtained from hearing aids employing automatic switching second-order adaptive directional microphone technology, used in conjunction with digital noise reduction, as compared to a fixed directional microphone or omnidirectional microphone response with the same digital noise reduction. Data were collected for 49 participants across two sites. Both new and experienced hearing aid users were fit bilaterally with behind-the-ear hearing aids using the NAL-NL1 (National Acoustics Laboratory—Nonlinear version 1) prescriptive method with manufacturer default settings for various signal processing (e.g., noise reduction, compression parameters, etc.). During ten days of hearing aid use, participants responded to daily journal questions. Subjective ratings for each of the three hearing aid responses (omnidirectional, automatic-adaptive directional, and automatic-fixed directional) were similar. Overall preference for a microphone condition was equally distributed between no preference, omnidirectional, and automatic adaptive and/or fixed directional.
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Rebhi, Seif. "Le Lexique et le Langage sous l’Approche Psycholinguistique". Traduction et Langues 15, nr 1 (31.08.2016): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v15i1.737.
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The Lexicon and Langauge under The Psycholinguistic Approach
We have tried in this article to put our finger on the importance linked to the psycholinguistic and approach in the study of lexicon. In this regard, we started with the study of words, we first tried to answer the following questions: What do we know about words? Is the word the smallest meaningful unit? This research aims to be an introduction to a new, little-known psycholinguistic perspective. To do this, we intend, in the first part of this work, to come back to the reasons for this theoretical choice and the definition of key concepts: the word (training: derived word, compound word, etc.), lexicography, etc. time the work is devoted to study language, tongue and speech. Linguistics is mainly concerned with natural languages. These are defined as systems of doubly articulated vocal signs - distinctive units, the phonemes, and significant units, the morphemes; this, in order to oppose them to other human communication systems (such as music).