Książki: „Spatial multiplier”

1

Simons, Rainee N. Spatial frequency multiplier with active linearly tapered slot antenna array. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Martinez, Xavier. Perfect equilibrium, spatial competition and multiple outlets. London: London School of Economics and Political Science, 1985.

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V, Papkov Oleg, i Sukhanov Konstantin G, red. Multiple gravity assist interplanetary trajectories. Australia: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1998.

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Box, Elgene Owen, red. Vegetation Structure and Function at Multiple Spatial, Temporal and Conceptual Scales. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21452-8.

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Karl, Michael G. Assessing big sagebrush at multiple spatial scales: An example in southeast Oregon. [Denver, Colo.]: Bureau of Land Management, National Science and Technology Center, 2005.

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Mocroft, Andrew Paul. Temporal, spatial, and chromatic visual function in multiple sclerosis: A prospective, sequential study. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1991.

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1976-, De Boyser Katrien, red. Between the social and the spatial: Exploring the multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion. Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2009.

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1976-, De Boyser Katrien, red. Between the social and the spatial: Exploring the multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion. Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2009.

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1976-, De Boyser Katrien, red. Between the social and the spatial: Exploring the multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009.

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Menaut, André, i Jean-Paul Callède. Les logiques spatiales de l'innovation sportive: Conditions d'émergence et configurations multiples. Pessac: Maison des sciences de l'homme d'Aquitaine, 2007.

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A, Greene Earl. Ground-water vulnerability to nitrate contamination at multiple thresholds in the Mid-Atlantic Region using spatial probability models. Reston, Va: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005.

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Kirry, Isabelle. Logement et demande de biens à caractéristiques multiples: Vers un renouvellement des modèles d'équilibre spatial urbain? application à Abidjan. Grenoble: A.N.R.T. Université Pierre Mendès France Grenoble 2, 1994.

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Lange, Bastian, Martina Hülz, Benedikt Schmid i Christian Schulz, red. Post-Growth Geographies. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839457337.

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Post-Growth Geographies examines the spatial relations of diverse and alternative economies between growth-oriented institutions and multiple socio-ecological crises. The book brings together conceptual and empirical contributions from geography and its neighbouring disciplines and offers different perspectives on the possibilities, demands and critiques of post-growth transformation. Through case studies and interviews, the contributions combine voices from activism, civil society, planning and politics with current theoretical debates on socio-ecological transformation.

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Wilmott, Clancy. Mobile Mapping. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984530.

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This book argues for a theory of mobile mapping, a situated and spatial approach towards researching how everyday digital mobile media practices are bound up in global systems of knowledge and power. Drawing from literature in media studies and geography -- and the work of Michel Foucault and Doreen Massey -- it examines how geographical and historical material, social, and cultural conditions are embedded in the way in which contemporary (digital) cartographies are read, deployed, and engaged. This is explored through seventeen walking interviews in Hong Kong and Sydney, as potent discourses like cartographic reason continue to transform and weave through the world in ways that haunt mobile mapping and bring old conflicts into new media. In doing so, Mobile Mapping offers an interdisciplinary rethinking about how multiple translations of spatial knowledges between rational digital epistemologies and tacit ways of understanding space and experience might be conceptualized and researched.

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Richardson, D. E. Automated spatial and thematic generalization using a context transformation model: Integrating steering parameters, classification and aggregation hierarchies, reduction factors, and topological structures for multiple abstractions. Ontario: R&B Publications, 1993.

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Verloo, Nanke, i Luca Bertolini, red. Seeing the City. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728942.

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The city is a complex object. Some researchers look at its shape, others at its people, animals, ecology, policy, infrastructures, buildings, history, art, or technical networks. Some researchers analyse processes of in- or exclusion, gentrification, or social mobility; others biological evolution, traffic flows, or spatial development. Many combine these topics or add still more topics beyond this list. Some projects cross the boundaries of research and practice and engage in action research, while others pursue knowledge for the sake of curiosity. This volume embraces this variety of perspectives and provides an essential collection of methodologies for studying the city from multiple, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary perspectives. We start by recognizing that the complexity of the urban environment cannot be understood from a single vantage point. We therefore offer multiple methodologies in order to gather and analyse data about the city, and provide ways to connect and integrate these approaches. The contributors form a talented network of urban scholars and practitioners at the forefront of their fields. They offer hands-on methodological techniques and skills for data collection and analysis. Furthermore, they reveal honest and insightful reflections from behind the scenes. All methodologies are illustrated with examples drawn from the authors own research applying them in the city of Amsterdam. In this way, the volume also offers a rich collection of Amsterdam-based research and outcomes that may inform local urban practitioners and policy makers. Altogether, the volume offers indispensable tools for and aims to educate a new generation of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary-minded urban scholars and practitioners.

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Lindner, Christoph, i Gerard Sandoval, red. Aesthetics of Gentrification. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722032.

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Gentrification is reshaping cities worldwide, resulting in seductive spaces and exclusive communities that aspire to innovation, creativity, sustainability, and technological sophistication. Gentrification is also contributing to growing social-spatial division and urban inequality and precarity. In a time of escalating housing crisis, unaffordable cities, and racial tension, scholars speak of eco-gentrification, techno-gentrification, super-gentrification, and planetary gentrification to describe the different forms and scales of involuntary displacement occurring in vulnerable communities in response to current patterns of development and the hype-driven discourses of the creative city, smart city, millennial city, and sustainable city. In this context, how do contemporary creative practices in art, architecture, and related fields help to produce or resist gentrification? What does gentrification look and feel like in specific sites and communities around the globe, and how is that appearance or feeling implicated in promoting stylized renewal to a privileged public? In what ways do the aesthetics of gentrification express contested conditions of migration and mobility? Addressing these questions, this book examines the relationship between aesthetics and gentrification in contemporary cities from multiple, comparative, global, and transnational perspectives.

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Dibazar, Pedram, i Judith Naeff, red. Visualizing the Street. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984356.

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From user-generated images of streets to professional architectural renderings, and from digital maps and drone footages to representations of invisible digital ecologies, this collection of essays analyses the emergent practices of visualizing the street. Today, advancements in digital technologies of the image have given rise to the production and dissemination of imagery of streets and urban realities in multiple forms. The ubiquitous presence of digital visualizations has in turn created new forms of urban practice and modes of spatial encounter. Everyone who carries a smartphone not only plays an increasingly significant role in the production, editing and circulation of images of the street, but also relies on those images to experience urban worlds and to navigate in them. Such entangled forms of image-making and image-sharing have constructed new imaginaries of the street and have had a significant impact on the ways in which contemporary and future streets are understood, imagined, documented, navigated, mediated and visualized. Visualizing the Street investigates the social and cultural significance of these new developments at the intersection of visual culture and urban space. The interdisciplinary essays provide new concepts, theories and research methods that combine close analyses of street images and imaginaries with the study of the practices of their production and circulation. The book covers a wide range of visible and invisible geographies — From Hong Kong’s streets to Rio’s favelas, from Sydney’s suburbs to London’s street markets, and from Damascus’ war-torn streets to Istanbul’s sidewalks — and engages with multiple ways in which visualizations of the street function to document street protests and urban change, to build imaginaries of urban communities and alternate worlds, and to help navigate streetscapes.

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Franzese, Robert J., i Jude C. Hays. Empirical Models of Spatial Inter‐Dependence. Redaktorzy Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady i David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0025.

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This article discusses the role of ‘spatial interdependence’ between units of analysis by using a symmetric weighting matrix for the units of observation whose elements reflect the relative connectivity between unit i and unit j. It starts by addressing spatial interdependence in political science. There are two workhorse regression models in empirical spatial analysis: spatial lag and spatial error models. The article then addresses OLS estimation and specification testing under the null hypothesis of no spatial dependence. It turns to the topic of assessing spatial lag models, and a discussion of spatial error models. Moreover, it reports the calculation of spatial multipliers. Furthermore, it presents several newer applications of spatial techniques in empirical political science research: SAR models with multiple lags, SAR models for binary dependent variables, and spatio-temporal autoregressive (STAR) models for panel data.

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Devenyi, Peter J. Spatial-toke-ring: Concurrent access using multiple tokens. 1990, 1990.

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Antenna Grouping for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Systems Based on Spatial Correlation. GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2016.

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Beninger, Richard J. Multiple memory systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0004.

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Multiple memory systems describes how memories can be declarative or non-declarative; incentive learning produces one type of non-declarative memory. Patients with bilateral hippocampal damage have declarative memory deficits (amnesia) but intact non-declarative memory; patients with striatal dysfunction, for example, Parkinson’s patients who lose striatal dopamine have impaired incentive learning but intact declarative memory. Rats with lesions of the fornix (hippocampal output pathway), but not lesions of the dorsal striatum, have impaired spatial (declarative) memory; rats with lesions of the dorsal striatum, but not fornix, have impaired stimulus–response memory that relies heavily on incentive learning. These memory systems possibly inhibit one another to control responding: in rats, a group that received fornix lesions and had impaired spatial learning did better on an incentive task; in humans, hippocampus damage was associated with improvement on an incentive learning task and striatal damage was associated with increased involvement of the hippocampus in a route-recognition task.

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Box, Elgene Owen. Vegetation Structure and Function at Multiple Spatial, Temporal and Conceptual Scales. Springer, 2018.

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Box, Elgene Owen. Vegetation Structure and Function at Multiple Spatial, Temporal and Conceptual Scales. Springer, 2016.

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Box, Elgene Owen. Vegetation Structure and Function at Multiple Spatial, Temporal and Conceptual Scales. Springer, 2016.

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Brooks, Jonathan P. Bird-habitat relationships at multiple spatial resolutions in the Oregon Coast Range. 1997.

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Brooks, Jonathan P. Bird-habitat relationships at multiple spatial resolutions in the Oregon Coast Range. 1997.

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Rios, Jodi. Black Lives and Spatial Matters. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750465.001.0001.

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This book is a call to reconsider the epistemic violence that is committed when scholars, policymakers, and the general public continue to frame Black precarity as just another racial, cultural, or ethnic conflict that can be solved solely through legal, political, or economic means. This book argues that the historical and material production of blackness-as-risk is foundational to the historical and material construction of our society and certainly foundational to the construction and experience of metropolitan space. The book also considers how an ethics of lived blackness—living fully and visibly in the face of forces intended to dehumanize and erase—can create a powerful counter point to blackness-as-risk. Using a transdisciplinary methodology, the book studies cultural, institutional, and spatial politics of race in North St. Louis County, Missouri, as a set of practices that are intimately connected to each other and to global histories of race and race-making. As such, it adds important insight into the racialization of metropolitan space and people in the United States. The arguments presented in the book draw from fifteen years of engaged research in North St. Louis County and rely on multiple disciplinary perspectives and local knowledge in order to study relationships between interconnected practices and phenomena.

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Shieh, Menq-Dar. Path planning for spatial robots with multiple spherical and cylindrical obstacles inside the workspace. 1990.

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Crijns, Carolina. Architecture in Times of Multiple Crises: Everyday Utopianisms of Care and Radical Spatial Practices. Transcript Verlag, 2023.

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Crijns, Carolina. Architecture in Times of Multiple Crises: Everyday Utopianisms of Care and Radical Spatial Practice. Transcript Verlag, 2023.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Using Spatial Information to Support Decisions on Safeguards and Multiple Benefits for REDD+ in Tanzania. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2014.

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Boyser, Katrien De, Jürgen Friedrichs i Caroline Dewilde. Between the Social and the Spatial: Exploring the Multiple Dimensions of Poverty and Social Exclusion. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Boyser, Katrien De, Jürgen Friedrichs i Caroline Dewilde. Between the Social and the Spatial: Exploring the Multiple Dimensions of Poverty and Social Exclusion. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Nobre, Anna C. (Kia), i M.-Marsel Mesulam. Large-scale Networks for Attentional Biases. Redaktorzy Anna C. (Kia) Nobre i Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.035.

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Selective attention is essential for all aspects of cognition. Using the paradigmatic case of visual spatial attention, we present a theoretical account proposing the flexible control of attention through coordinated activity across a large-scale network of brain areas. It reviews evidence supporting top-down control of visual spatial attention by a distributed network, and describes principles emerging from a network approach. Stepping beyond the paradigm of visual spatial attention, we consider attentional control mechanisms more broadly. The chapter suggests that top-down biasing mechanisms originate from multiple sources and can be of several types, carrying information about receptive-field properties such as spatial locations or features of items; but also carrying information about properties that are not easily mapped onto receptive fields, such as the meanings or timings of items. The chapter considers how selective biases can operate on multiple slates of information processing, not restricted to the immediate sensory-motor stream, but also operating within internalized, short-term and long-term memory representations. Selective attention appears to be a general property of information processing systems rather than an independent domain within our cognitive make-up.

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Segurado, Pedro, Paulo Branco i Maria Teresa Ferreira, red. Assessing the Effects of Multiple Stressors on Aquatic Systems across Temporal and Spatial Scales: From Measurement to Management. MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-4200-3.

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Gibson, Brett. Establishing Frames of Reference for Finding Hidden GoalsThe Use of Multiple Spatial Cues by Nonhuman Animals and People. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195392661.013.0008.

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Segurado, Pedro. Assessing the Effects of Multiple Stressors on Aquatic Systems across Temporal and Spatial Scales: From Measurement to Management. Mdpi AG, 2022.

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Certoma, Chiara, Susan Noori i Martin Sondermann, red. Urban gardening and the struggle for social and spatial justice. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526126092.001.0001.

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It is increasingly clear that, alongside the spectacular forms of justice activism, the actually existing just city outcomes from different everyday practices of performative politics that produce transformative trajectories and alternative realities in response to particular injustices in situated contexts. The massive diffusion of urban gardening practices (including allotments, community gardens, guerrilla gardening and the multiple, inventive forms of gardening the city) deserve a special attention as experiential learning and in-becoming responses to spatial politics, able to articulate different forms of power and resistance to current state of unequal distribution of benefits and burdens in the urban space. While advancing their socio-environmental claims, urban gardeners makes evident that the physical disposition of living beings and non-living things can both determine and perpetuate injustices or create justice spaces. In so doing, urban gardeners question the inequality-biased structuring and functioning of social formations (most notably urban deprivation, lack of public decision and engagement, and marginalization processes); and conversely create (or allow the creation of) spaces of justice in contemporary cities. This book presents a selection of contributions investigating the possibility and capability of urban gardeners to effectively tackling with spatial injustice; and it offers the readers a sound theoretically-grounded reflections on the topic. Building upon on-the-field experiences in European cities, it presents a wide range of engaged scholarly researches that investigate whether, how and to what extend urban gardening is able to contrast inequalities and disparities in living conditions.

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Hentschell, Roze. St Paul's Cathedral Precinct in Early Modern Literature and Culture. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848813.001.0001.

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St Paul’s Cathedral Precinct in Early Modern Literature and Culture: Spatial Practices is a study of London’s cathedral, its immediate surroundings, and its everyday users in early modern literary and historical documents and images, with a special emphasis on the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Hentschell discusses representations of several of the seemingly discrete spaces of the precinct to reveal how these spaces overlap with and inform one another spatially. She argues that specific locations—including the Paul’s nave (also known as Paul’s Walk), Paul’s Cross pulpit, the bookshops of Paul’s Churchyard, the College of the Minor Canons, Paul’s School, the performance space for the Children of Paul’s, and the fabric of the cathedral itself—should be seen as mutually constitutive and in a dynamic, ever-evolving state. To support this argument, she attends closely to the varied uses of the precinct, including the embodied spatial practices of early modern Londoners and visitors, who moved through the precinct, paused to visit its sacred and secular spaces, and/or resided there. This includes the walkers in the nave, sermon-goers, those who shopped for books, the residents of the precinct, the choristers—who were also schoolboys and actors—and those who were devoted to church repairs and renovations. By attending to the interactions between place and people and to the multiple stories these interactions tell—Hentschell attempts to animate St Paul’s and deepen our understanding of the cathedral and precinct in the early modern period.

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Deubel, Heiner. Attention and Action. Redaktorzy Anna C. (Kia) Nobre i Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.019.

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Planning and execution of goal-directed actions are closely related to visual attention. This chapter gives an overview of research on this relationship, focusing on the role of attention in the preparation of eye movements, manual reaching, and grasping. The studies suggest that major functions of attention during motor planning are to select the spatial goals of the movement, and to prioritize those visual features that are important for the action. For complex movements involving more than a single spatial location, it seems that action preparation comes along with a temporally changing ‘attentional landscape’ which includes multiple foci of attention.

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Pavlovic, Nada Jovana. Utility of spatially congruent and incongruent auditory cues for tasks involving multiple reference frames. 2006.

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Welti, Daniel. Spatio-temporal segmentation and characterization of active multiple sclerosis lesions in serial MRI data. 2001.

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Gibson, Scott Fraser. Assessing the relative influence of in-stream habitat, watershed and regional factors across multiple spatial extents, on southern Ontario stream-fish assemblages. 2006.

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and, Bruno. Spaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725022.003.0007.

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To our introspection, space appears as a unitary, continuous, and uniform container for objects and events. In this chapter, we show that behind this impression are in fact multiple representations of space tied to multisensory and motor processes. Information about space is coded in profoundly different ways within visual, auditory, and somatosensory channels, yielding a multitude of spatial maps in the brain with completely different frames of reference. These maps need to be coordinated and brought into register within and across sensory channels to yield separate representations for personal, peripersonal, and distant space. The boundaries of these spatial representations are plastic, and can be modified by multisensory and sensorimotor processes and by the use of tools. Data from psychophysics, neurophysiology, and neurological patients are now beginning to identify the brain mechanisms behind these fascinating perceptual mechanisms at the subcortical and cortical levels.

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Fernández, Pedro Trapero. The Application of GIS Technologies in the Roman Period. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350433731.

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Using a selection of archaeological cases studies from the Roman period in the Mediterranean region, Pedro Trapero Fernández shows how GIS technologies can be employed in the creation of spatial models to reproduce historical realities.An increasing number of researchers use this digital humanities tool as a means to model both territory and landscape. This book compiles different spatial models under a unified methodology described in separated chapters, such as mobility and visibility models, and discusses their limitations and potential for implementation in archaeological contexts. The result is a detailed analysis of each method, which consequently results in an accessible manual for understanding GIS technologies. Designed for students and scholars with varying degrees of training in GIS, who intend to carry out spatial analysis and historical models, the approach of this book establishes a reference framework to work with GIS technologies in other historical periods. Trapero concludes by discussing the future of GIS and spatial analysis, and how it can be studied and used as a methodological approach in archaeological practice and research. GIS in history and archaeology encompasses various applications, ranging from the creation of thematic maps to the management of geo-referenced databases and the development of spatial models that replicate historical realities. While the potential of spatial models is significant for advancing research in multiple areas, there is currently a lack of comparative and unified methodologies in this field. A model, regardless of the scientific discipline, serves as a simplified representation of reality, enabling the understanding of underlying criteria and the simulation of different outcomes. Creating a historical model requires more than just technical proficiency in GIS tools; it necessitates an understanding of the mindset prevalent during the period under investigation. In this book, we have compiled a comprehensive collection of successful spatial models, discussing their limitations and potential for application in other domains. Each method is thoroughly analysed and critically assessed, presented in a way that allows fellow researchers to replicate the models. To facilitate this, we focus on the Roman period, illustrating with several specific examples within the same thought and culture. Additionally, we examine the future prospects of these applications and propose collaborative initiatives to enhance these tools further. Throughout the book, we include an indispensable visual component, encompassing figures, graphs, and tables that exemplify and simplify technical aspects. Furthermore, we provide a critical review of the latest literature, ensuring the content remains up-to-date and informed.

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Bogdanović, Jelena. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190465186.003.0007.

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The conclusion summarizes the major findings that reveal the canopy as a spatial and symbolic unit of sacred space. The creation and framing of sacred space in Byzantine-rite churches was achieved by the means of a canopy on multiple levels and scales. By featuring canopies as essential architectural and ontological constructs in the Byzantine church, the study calls for wider discussions about the additive and modular design processes in the Byzantine domain and beyond. The book claims that such a design was based on a canopy as a spatial unit and diagrammatic architectural parti. It emphasizes the fine merging of the total design of Byzantine churches within canopies, inclusive of their form and associated values. Canopies uncover the diagrammatic reasoning behind their tectonics and creation, which in turn alter how we perceived the aesthetics, spirituality, and meaning of Byzantine churches, as evidenced in Byzantine reasoning about space and the frame.

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Tolskaya, Inna. Nanosyntax of Russian Verbal Prefixes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0008.

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This chapter addresses the problem of widespread polysemy of Russian verbal prefixes and argues that multiple instantiations of a single prefix share a core conceptual meaning and receive the specific denotations as a function of its syntactic position. A link is demonstrated between the inner structure of a prefix and the PP complement of the prefixed verb, illustrated by five polysemous prefixes that demonstrate an asymmetry in admitting PP complements. Although goal prefixes allow only a goal PP, the more complex source prefixes are compatible with both source and goal, and even more route prefixes are compatible with both source and goal, in addition to route complements. Although the source–goal asymmetry has been pointed out for spatial prefixes before, the fact that the same asymmetry holds for nonspatial use is new and exciting and points to a structural identity of the spatial and nonspatial uses of a prefix.

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Matei, Elena. Didactica geografiei. Note de curs. Editura Universitara, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5682/9786062810771.

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Geografia este o disciplina cu importanta vitala in formarea individului uman, capabilizand omul pentru desfasurarea vietii de zi cu zi prin intelegerea modului cum functioneaza natura, cum sa se pregateasca pentru a raspunde corect unor manifestari ale mediului inconjurator, cum trebuie sa isi raporteze actiunile sale pentru a reduce efectele negative si a maximiza, multiplica beneficiile in raport cu fiecare spatiu si comunitate umana. Este stiinta cea mai potrivita in formarea omului in contextul paradigma dezvoltarii durabile ce marcheaza secolul al XXI-lea. Este disciplina care augmenteaza educatia durabila in sistemul de invatamant actual, prin abordarea curriculum-ului integrat. Geografia priveste in egala masura mediul fizic geografic si societatea dar, mai ales, interactiunea spatialo-temporala dintre oameni si locuri, ne ajuta sa intelegem trecutul, sa traim corect prezentul pentru a planifica un viitor durabil. Geografia influenteaza carierele, vietile prin intelegerea conexiunilor, a oportunitatilor pentru viata, deschide oamenilor o perspectiva potrivita a modului cum trebuie sa actioneze pentru a fi ei insisi multumiti, dar si pentru a lasa o panta mai buna pentru generatiile viitoare. Geografia construieste viziuni la elevi, transformate in actiuni corecte in viata lor, de buni cetateni.

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Franz, Carleen, Lee Ascherman i Julia Shaftel. Learning Disabilities in Written Expression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195383997.003.0005.

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Writing disabilities have many potential origins, including oral language deficits, motor coordination problems, and reading disabilities. Multiple potential sources of written language problems are described, along with the integrative aspects of the writing process that make it one of the most demanding academic tasks. Remedial interventions vary according to the identified cause of the problem based on the results of the psychoeducational evaluation. Remediation targeting the individual and modifications to classroom instruction may be required. Case studies illustrate three different underlying causes of writing problems. Key among these are motor and spatial skills, general language ability, and comorbid behavioral or reading disorders.

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