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Marleau, Justin N., Frédéric Guichard i Michel Loreau. "Meta-ecosystem dynamics and functioning on finite spatial networks". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, nr 1777 (22.02.2014): 20132094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2094.
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The addition of spatial structure to ecological concepts and theories has spurred integration between sub-disciplines within ecology, including community and ecosystem ecology. However, the complexity of spatial models limits their implementation to idealized, regular landscapes. We present a model meta-ecosystem with finite and irregular spatial structure consisting of local nutrient–autotrophs–herbivores ecosystems connected through spatial flows of materials and organisms. We study the effect of spatial flows on stability and ecosystem functions, and provide simple metrics of connectivity that can predict these effects. Our results show that high rates of nutrient and herbivore movement can destabilize local ecosystem dynamics, leading to spatially heterogeneous equilibria or oscillations across the meta-ecosystem, with generally increased meta-ecosystem primary and secondary production. However, the onset and the spatial scale of these emergent dynamics depend heavily on the spatial structure of the meta-ecosystem and on the relative movement rate of the autotrophs. We show how this strong dependence on finite spatial structure eludes commonly used metrics of connectivity, but can be predicted by the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the connectivity matrix that describe the spatial structure and scale. Our study indicates the need to consider finite-size ecosystems in meta-ecosystem theory.
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Li, Yiting, Ming Kong, Chuanfu Zang i Jinglin Deng. "Spatial and Temporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Water Conservation Amount of Major Ecosystems in Typical Watersheds in Subtropical China". Forests 14, nr 1 (4.01.2023): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010093.
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The water conservation function of ecosystems is a research hot spot in the field of water resources, and it is also an important ecological service function of terrestrial ecosystems and a key point in eco-hydrology research. With the increasing frequency of human activities and climate change, how to reveal the response of ecosystem water conservation function to the changing environment is a scientific problem that needs to be urgently addressed in ecological hydrology research. To reveal the eco-hydrological processes under the changing environment, this study was based on the distributed hydrological model (SWAT) and used water conservation amount (WCA) as an indicator to assess the water conservation capacity of ecosystems. Scenario analysis and statistical analysis were also used to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the WCAs of farmland, forest, and grassland ecosystems under a changing environment and to further investigate the influence mechanisms of land use change and climate change on the WCA. The findings show that (1) the climate conditions in the Hanjiang watershed have determined the distribution pattern of the ecosystem’s WCA. The spatial distribution patterns of the WCA of each ecosystem differed significantly between the dry season and the wet season. Under the combined influence of human activities and climate change, there was no significant change in the spatial distribution pattern of the WCA. (2) Climate change patterns, which were dominated by precipitation and influenced by evapotranspiration, determined the changes in the WCA of ecosystems. In addition, there were significant spatial differences in the response of the watershed WCA under changing environments in the dry season. Differences in land use type and local climate change were the main reasons for such differences. (3) There were differences in the WCA and the response to changing environments among ecosystems. Forest ecosystems had the highest WCA; grassland ecosystems were the most sensitive to land use change. This study can provide a theoretical basis for alleviating the increasingly serious water resource problems in the basin and ensuring water and ecological security in the basin.
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Morris, Richard, Shannon Davis, Gwen-Aëlle Grelet i Pablo Gregorini. "Multiscapes and Urbanisation: The Case for Spatial Agroecology". Sustainability 14, nr 3 (25.01.2022): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031352.
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The two most significant signatures of the Anthropocene—agriculture and urbanisation—have yet to be studied synoptically. The term periurban is used to describe territory where the urbanising trend of the planet extends into multiscapes. A periurban praxis is required that spatially reconciles urbanisation and agriculture, simultaneously permitting urban growth and the enhancement of critical ecosystem services provided by agricultural hinterlands. This paper presents a synthesis of four fields of ecological research that converge on periurban multiscapes—ecological urbanism, landscape ecology, ecosystem services science and agroecology. By applying an ecosystem services approach, a diagram is developed that connects these fields as a holistic praxis for spatially optimising periurban multiscapes for ecosystem services performance. Two spatial qualities of agroecology—‘ES Density’ and ‘ES Plasticity’—potentiate recent areas of research in each of the other three fields—ecology for the city from ecological urbanism, landscape metrics from landscape ecology (particularly the potential application of fractals and surface metrics) and ecosystem services supply and demand mapping and ‘ES Space’ theory from ecosystems services science. While the multifunctional value of agroecological systems is becoming widely accepted, this paper focuses on agroecology’s specific spatial value and its unique capacity to supply ecosystem services specifically tailored to the critical ecosystemic demands of periurban multiscapes.
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Majava, Jukka, Pekka Leviäkangas, Tuomo Kinnunen, Pekka Kess i Del Foit. "Spatial health and life sciences business ecosystem: a case study of San Diego". European Journal of Innovation Management 19, nr 1 (11.01.2016): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-01-2015-0003.
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Purpose – Increasing competition in global markets requires many countries to seek new growth sectors. In addition, the nature of competition is changing. This paper applies the business ecosystem concept and studies San Diego as a spatial health and life sciences ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to identify issues that should be considered in design of innovation policies and regional industry development. Design/methodology/approach – The research approach is built on a literature review of business ecosystems and spatial innovation. The empirical study is based on semi-structured interviews, observations, and information gathering and verification during field research. Findings – The results include a description of the ecosystem structure and dynamics. This paper demonstrates the bottom-up nature of San Diego’s health and life sciences ecosystem without a dominant lead actor, and presents prerequisites for fostering spatial ecosystems. Research limitations/implications – A single case may not be able to offer a generalized picture of this topic. However, the study raises several considerations for researchers and decision-makers involved in innovation policy design. Future work should extend the study and involve other spatial and substance contexts to compare findings and to pursue a more generic picture of innovation ecosystems and networks. Originality/value – This paper demonstrates that applying the concept of business ecosystems to the spatial context provides new insights in terms of dynamic mechanisms and factors contributing to economic growth in a particular location. Understanding how to facilitate the creation of successful spatial ecosystems is in the focal point of innovation policies.
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Yang, Chunyu, Na Gong, Huanzhou Hong i Biying You. "The “Spatial Equilibrium” Evolution of the Tourism Ecosystem and Theoretical Construction from a Multidisciplinary Perspective". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (23.08.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9004097.
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The evolution of the tourism ecosystem is characterized by its complexity, imbalance, and spatial heterogeneity. As a result, it has been the focus of academic attention across a wide range of disciplines, including geography, ecology, economics, management, sociology, and philosophy. Firstly, this article explores the connotations and characteristics of the spatial evolution of tourism ecosystems, subsequently proposing that the spatial evolution of tourism ecosystems is essentially different and “mutually inclusive.” To do so, it searches through the relevant research results on “spatial equilibrium” in ecosystems from the perspectives of different disciplines and analyzes their different core concepts, theoretical systems, and research methods. Second, the coupling force acts as a key character and exerts an influence on “spatial equilibrium” in ecosystems as a dynamic mechanism, internal stability mechanism, and dynamic mechanism. Third, nonlinear, dynamic, evolutionary, systematic thinking, and axiomatic theories are combined to construct an internal stable evolution mechanism and abstract tourism ecosystem model to form an explanatory theoretical system. The results of the research show that the construction of the “spatial equilibrium” of the tourism ecosystem model should pertain to the initial state of the comprehensive environmental carrying capacity of the tourism ecosystem as it evolves to form a tourism ecosystem based on the coupling relationship between the internal and external elements of the “spatial equilibrium” state. Finally, the future research approaches in this field are summarized and assessed. The methodology and theoretical exploration discussed in this article will contribute to a better understanding of how to sustainably develop tourism destinations.
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Sulistianto, Erwan, Eva Anggraini, Agus Sadeli, Achmad Fahrudin i Tridoyo Kusumastanto. "Spatial Based Economic Valuation of Coastal Area in Bontang". Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine Journal 009, nr 02 (23.04.2022): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ecsofim.2022.009.02.01.
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Coastal areas have an important role in economic development. Development activities carried out on land and at sea can put pressure on ecosystems in coastal areas, thereby reducing the quality of the ecosystem services provided. Understanding the impact of development on ecosystems in coastal areas requires an economic assessment in order to provide input in the formulation of sustainable development policies. This article aims to estimate the economic value of ecosystems in coastal areas based on spatial. The economic valuation method used is the benefit transfer method, the travel cost method, and the replacement cost method. Mapping the economic value of coastal ecosystems based on spatial using Geographic Information System (GIS). The economic value of the coastal area is divided into 3 zones, namely zone 1, in the northern part of the Bontang River estuary, amounting to IDR 21,85 trillion/year; zone 2, between the Bontang River estuary and the Blusu River estuary amounting to IDR 48,20 trillion/year; and zone 3, in the southern part of the Blusu River estuary, amounting to IDR 45,67 trillion/year. The economic value of ecosystems in coastal areas based on the spatial obtained can explain the value lost due to ecosystem disturbances more specifically and clearly in certain zones.
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Chen, Dechao, Xinliang Xu, Huailong Jiang, Zongyao Sun, Luo Liu i Zhi Qiao. "Contribution of Spatial Heterogeneity and Temporal-Spatial Change of Ecosystems to the Thermal Environment of Tourist Destinations: A Case Study of Sichuan-Chongqing Region, China". Advances in Meteorology 2020 (23.06.2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6798958.
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Tourism development activities affect the structure and functions of ecosystems directly triggering changes in the thermal environment of tourism destinations and raising a need for sustainable development of the tourism industry. Using the 2005–2015 moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data on the land surface temperature combined with the land use data, the urban thermal environment contribution index (CI) of prefecture-level cities and ecosystem types corresponding to the study area in Sichuan-Chongqing region were quantitatively calculated under various seasonal and diurnal conditions in terms of the scales of administrative divisions and ecosystem types. The characteristics of the roles played by different cities and ecosystem types to contribute to the thermal environment of the metropolitan region were summarized, and the differences and changes in the corresponding contribution intensity of various ecosystem types were measured. The results indicate the following: (1) Different cities play different roles as the sources and sinks with respect to the thermal environment in the daytime and nighttime. Based on the diurnal differences of the contribution indices, cities can be divided into three types: the day-night heat source type, the day-sink and night-source type, and the day-night heat sink type. (2) The farmland and the grassland ecosystems are the most important source and sink landscapes in the thermal environment of the Sichuan-Chongqing Region, respectively. (3) The region is affected by the spatial arrangement of the internal ecosystems and its own development conditions, and, consequently, there are significant temporal-spatial variations and role transitions between heat source and heat sink regarding the contribution of different ecosystem types to the thermal environment of individual cities. It is important to scientifically regulate the thermal environment effect on tourism destinations and maintain the comfort and sustainable development through identifying the source and sink ecosystems of the thermal environment, controlling the quantity and spatial arrangement of the heat source ecosystems, and fully enabling the cooling effect of the heat sink ecosystems.
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Huang, Ying, Xiaoyu Gan, Shaofei Niu, Desheng Hao i Bo Zhou. "Incorporating Ecosystem Service Multifunctionality and Its Response to Urbanization to Identify Coordinated Economic, Societal, and Environmental Relationships in China". Forests 13, nr 5 (30.04.2022): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050707.
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Urbanization poses a threat to ecosystems and contributes to the degradation of the environment. It is of great importance to identify coordinated economic, societal, and environmental relationships with key ecological functions and services to achieve regional sustainability. Based on a case study in China, this study seeks to fill this gap by estimating the spatial distribution of ecosystem service multifunctionality (ESM) and its spatially heterogeneous response to urbanization. First, the biophysical values of five typical ecosystem services (ESs) (carbon storage, habitat quality, net primary production, soil conservation, and water yield) were assessed based on several simulation models. The biophysical values of these ESs were then standardized and summed to obtain the spatial distribution of ESM. Afterward, the urbanization level was evaluated, and finally, the spatial interaction between urbanization and ESM was exhibited based on the bivariate Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. The results showed that: (1) the ESM showed obvious spatial heterogeneity in southeastern and northwestern China, with a gradual decline from the coast to the interior; (2) ESM and urbanization had different spatial distribution patterns and produced significant local aggregation effects; and (3) harmonious relationships between ESM and urbanization were observed in southeastern coastal China and the surrounding areas of the North China Plain, which were related to the capacity of local coastal ecosystems, mangrove forests, and aquatic ecosystems to provide multiple services and goods simultaneously. Our results suggest that multifunctional ecosystems can realize a ‘win–win’ situation for ecological conservation and socioeconomic development. The results of this study can advance our understanding of the ecological effects of urbanization on ecosystems and provide valuable implications for the coordinated development of humans and nature in the rapid urbanization process.
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Bystryakov, Igor, i Dmitry Klynovyi. "FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION OF SPATIAL BUSINESS ECOSYSTEMS". Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, nr 6(25) (2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689/2019/6(25)/1.
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The purpose of the article is functional decomposition of the main stages of the algorithm of providing strategic management of business ecosystem development. It is determined that it includes the assessment of the resource potential of the territory; defining its core competencies; locomotive industries, industries and spheres of management; creation of drivers of development of spatial systems; formation of points and zones of economic growth; cross-sectoral redistribution of investment flows, internal balancing of territorial development; creating a system of sustainable finance and ensuring system-wide sustainability of territorial formation. An appropriate scheme of sequential decomposition of the business ecosystem is proposed. The functional role of the natural resource space as a source of production, raw material, energy resources and the basis for the organization of business ecosystems have been determined here. The role of key competences for the functioning of a sustainable competitive economy has been determined also. The leading role of economic drivers and locomotive industries, which are able to build powerful chains of production, supply and sale in ensuring the sustainable development of business ecosystems, has been established. Also there is established the need to create growth points as spatially-localized territorial-economic entities, wich are provided with the necessary growth drivers and focused on the production of locomotive industries. The functional role of the sustainable finance system in the extraction, redistribution, accumulation and capitalization of rental income from environmental management is characterized.
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Chen, Min, i Qianlai Zhuang. "Spatially Explicit Parameterization of a Terrestrial Ecosystem Model and Its Application to the Quantification of Carbon Dynamics of Forest Ecosystems in the Conterminous United States". Earth Interactions 16, nr 5 (1.04.2012): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2012ei400.1.
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Abstract The authors use a spatially explicit parameterization method and the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to quantify the carbon dynamics of forest ecosystems in the conterminous United States. Six key parameters that govern the rates of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in TEM are selected for calibration. Spatially explicit data for carbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes are used to calibrate the six key parameters to more adequately account for the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystems in estimating regional carbon dynamics. The authors find that a spatially explicit parameterization results in vastly different carbon exchange rates relative to a parameterization conducted for representative ecosystem sites. The new parameterization method estimates that the net ecosystem production (NEP), the annual gross primary production (GPP), and the net primary production (NPP) of the regional forest ecosystems are 61% (0.02 Pg C; 1 Pg = 1015 g) higher and 2% (0.11 Pg C) and 19% (0.45 Pg C) lower, respectively, than the values obtained using the traditional parameterization method for the period 1948–2000. The estimated vegetation carbon and soil organic carbon pool sizes are 51% (18.73 Pg C) lower and 29% (7.40 Pg C) higher. This study suggests that, to more adequately quantify regional carbon dynamics, spatial data for carbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes should be developed and used with the spatially explicit parameterization method.
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Malikov, R. I., K. E. Grishin i V. M. Timiryanova. "Configuration of Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystems through the Prism of Spatial and Hierarchical Analysis". Economy of Region 18, nr 4 (2022): 974–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-4-1.
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Nowadays, entrepreneurship should be analysed from the perspective of interconnectedness and mutual influence of elements of regional economic systems, since the type and intensity of their interaction determine the emergence of windows of opportunity for entrepreneurs. Thus, the present study uses an ecosystem approach. We hypothesise that the spatial configuration of the performance of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems (REES) largely depends on the interaction between local entrepreneurial ecosystems, as well as on the cumulative impact of REES on local entrepreneurial ecosystems. Using the methodology of spatial and hierarchical analysis, the study investigates the dependence of the development of local entrepreneurial ecosystems on their embeddedness in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems, assesses the spatial connectivity of REES, and considers relationships between small and large businesses in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems. The global Moran’s I and the Getis-Ord statistics for regional entrepreneurial ecosystems used to assess their spatial connectivity were calculated based on the analysis of data concerning the shipping volume of large and medium enterprises from 2315 municipalities of 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the level of local entrepreneurial ecosystems, the study revealed the link between the variation in the values of the shipping volume of business entities and their belonging to specific regional entrepreneurial ecosystems (constituent entities of the Russian Federation). In addition, a positive relationship was found between the shipping volume of large and medium enterprises operating in local entrepreneurial ecosystems, the shipping volume of goods produced by small enterprises and the average revenue of individual entrepreneurs. Considering the identified factors of spatial determination of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems and the closeness of interregional and intermunicipal ties of local entrepreneurial ecosystems, it is possible to generalise the best practices of spatial organisation of regional business communities and create effective development models.
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Loreau, Michel, Nicolas Mouquet i Robert D. Holt. "Meta-ecosystems: a theoretical framework for a spatial ecosystem ecology". Ecology Letters 6, nr 8 (sierpień 2003): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00483.x.
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Byrom, Andrea E., Ally J. K. Nkwabi, Kristine Metzger, Simon A. R. Mduma, Guy J. Forrester, Wendy A. Ruscoe, Denné N. Reed, John Bukombe, John Mchetto i A. R. E. Sinclair. "Anthropogenic stressors influence small mammal communities in tropical East African savanna at multiple spatial scales". Wildlife Research 42, nr 2 (2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14223.
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Context Protection of natural ecosystems undoubtedly safeguards ecological communities, with positive benefits for ecosystem processes and function. However, ecosystems are under threat from anthropogenic stressors that reduce the resilience both of component species and the system as a whole. Aims To determine how anthropogenic stressors (land use and climate change) could impact the diversity and resilience of a small mammal community in the greater Serengeti ecosystem, an East African savanna comprising Serengeti National Park (SNP) and adjacent agro-ecosystems, at local (SNP) and Africa-wide geographic scales. Methods We recorded small mammal species in 10 habitats in the greater Serengeti ecosystem, including the agro-ecosystem, over 48 years (1962–2010). We calculated richness and diversity for each habitat type, and used an index of similarity to quantify differences in the community among habitats. Species accumulation curves were also generated for each habitat type. Key results We recorded 40 species of small mammals in the greater Serengeti ecosystem. At the local scale, restricted habitat types in SNP (each <1% of the total area) made a disproportionately large contribution to diversity. Agro-ecosystems had lower richness and were less likely to contain specialist species. At regional and Africa-wide scales, local endemics were less likely to be recorded in the agro-ecosystem (57% species loss) compared with those with regional (33% loss) or Africa-wide (31%) geographic distributions. Conclusions At the local scale, the variety of habitats in SNP contributed to overall diversity. However, the ability to maintain this diversity in the adjacent agro-ecosystem was compromised for localised endemics compared with species with Africa-wide ranges. Land use intensification adjacent to SNP and projected changes in rainfall patterns for East Africa under global climate scenarios may compromise the future resilience of the small mammal community in this tropical savanna ecosystem. Implications The loss of rare or specialised species from protected areas and human-modified ecosystems could be mitigated by: (1) increasing habitat complexity and maintaining specialist habitats in the agro-ecosystem; and (2) creating buffers at the boundary of protected natural ecosystems that accommodate regime shifts in response to climatic change. These measures would increase the resilience of this coupled human–natural savanna ecosystem.
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Platjouw, Froukje Maria. "Marine Spatial Planning in the North Sea—Are National Policies and Legal Structures Compatible Enough? The Case of Norway and the Netherlands". International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 33, nr 1 (12.03.2018): 34–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12320075.
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Abstract Marine spatial planning is an important tool to achieve a more ecosystem-based governance approach to marine ecosystems. Marine ecosystems often transcend national jurisdictional boundaries, so the compatibility of national policies and legal structures are important prerequisites for transboundary marine spatial planning. This article explores marine spatial planning in the North Sea ecosystem and analyses whether national policies and legal structures in the Netherlands and Norway are compatible enough. Both countries have an extensive body of law regulating the different uses of the North Sea and have also developed integrated management approaches for ‘their’ respective parts of the North Sea. The article demonstrates that marine spatial planning in regional sea areas is complicated when national legal frameworks and governance structures and traditions are very different.
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Badora, Krzysztof, i Radosław Wróbel. "Changes in the Spatial Structure of the Landscape of Isolated Forest Complexes in the 19th and 20th Centuries and Their Potential Effects on Supporting Ecosystem Services Related to the Protection of Biodiversity Using the Example of the Niemodlin Forests (SW Poland)". Sustainability 12, nr 10 (21.05.2020): 4237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104237.
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This study assesses the changes in the spatial structure of the landscape between 1825 and 2019 in the isolated, protected forest complex of the Niemodlin Forests. Based on the analysis of changes in this structure, a change the supporting ecosystem services related to the protection of biodiversity was proposed. The landscape metrics were used separately for the analysis of the structure of the whole landscape, and individual types of ecosystems were used in the research. There were no major changes in the share of individual types of ecosystems during the period under review. At the same time, a very large increase in built-up areas and tree stands was found in 1825. Landscape metrics point to internal changes in the landscape composition, which is important for the functioning of the landscape and is related to the fragmentation and increasing isolation of ecosystems. Changes in the share of the surface of individual types of ecosystems in the landscape do not provide enough information about the actual structural and functional changes and ongoing ecosystem support services. There has been ecosystem degradation that is associated with freshwater habitats—surface waters, marshlands, meadows and pastures, as well as ecosystem support services related to these habitats. Changes in the spatial structure of the landscape cannot be solely deduced on the basis of changes in landscape metrics that are calculated for the whole landscape. Changes in the spatial composition of individual groups of ecosystems should be analyzed. Landscape metrics are very helpful in studying changes in the structure and function of ecosystem services.
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Fischer, Bruno, Dirk Meissner, Nicholas Vonortas i Maribel Guerrero. "Spatial features of entrepreneurial ecosystems". Journal of Business Research 147 (sierpień 2022): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.04.018.
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Sundstrom, Shana M., Tarsha Eason, R. John Nelson, David G. Angeler, Chris Barichievy, Ahjond S. Garmestani, Nicholas A. J. Graham i in. "Detecting spatial regimes in ecosystems". Ecology Letters 20, nr 1 (20.12.2016): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12709.
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Dobson, Simon, Mirko Viroli, Jose Luis Fernandez-Marquez, Franco Zambonelli, Graeme Stevenson, Giovanna Di Marzo Serugendo, Sara Montagna i in. "Spatial awareness in pervasive ecosystems". Knowledge Engineering Review 31, nr 4 (wrzesień 2016): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888916000199.
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AbstractPervasive systems are intended to make use of services and components that they encounter in their environment. Such systems are naturallyspatialin that they can only be understood in terms of the ways in which components meet and interact in space. Rather than treating spatiality separately from system components, researchers are starting to develop computational models in which the entire structure of a pervasive system is modelled and constructed using an explicit spatial model, supporting multi-level spatial reasoning, and adapting autonomously to spatial interactions. In this paper, we review current and emerging models of spatial computing for pervasive ecosystems, and highlight some of the trends that will guide future research.
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Solow, Andrew R. "Spatial Optimization for Managed Ecosystems". Regional Science and Urban Economics 32, nr 4 (lipiec 2002): 541–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0462(01)00100-4.
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Wendroth, Ole. "Spatial Optimization for Managed Ecosystems". Journal of Environmental Quality 30, nr 3 (maj 2001): 1097–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.3031097-ax.
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Prayudha, Bayu, Muhammad Hafizt i Indra Bayu Vimono. "Pemanfaatan Citra Satelit Penginderaan Jauh dan Sistem Informasi Geografi Untuk Analisis Nilai Ekonomi Ekosistem Pesisir. Studi kasus: Desa Teluk Limau, Kecamatan Jebus, Kabupaten Bangka Barat, Provinsi Bangka Belitung". Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia 5, nr 1 (9.07.2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2020.v5i1.203.
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<p class="Papertext"><strong>The Application of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) for Economic Value Analysis of Coastal Ecosystem</strong><strong>. Case Study: Teluk Limau Vilage, Jebus District, West Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Province</strong>. Coral reefs, seagrass, and mangroves are important ecosystems as the source of nutrients and as the habitat provider for marine biotas. Sustainability of those ecosystems is important for Indonesians while many of them lived in the coastal region. However, information on those ecosystems is still lacked, because most of the area is difficult to reach. Remote sensing would provide a possibility to address the problem. Remote sensing can present a spatial description of a certain area, so it gives a better understanding for the policy maker to manage their area. One of the utilization of this information is to calculate the economic value of coastal ecosystems. The valuation would involve spatial parameters of both the extent of habitat and the length of ecosystem-protected coastline as a multiplier factor. Those parameters can be obtained quickly, easily and accurately using remote sensing. The purpose of this research is to apply remote sensing data for the economic valuation of coastal ecosystems. The method used was the combination of image processing of LANDSAT-8 satellite data and GIS to calculate spatial parameters of habitat, and surrogate market prices approach to assess the economic value of the ecosystems. The research was conducted in Teluk Limau Village, Jebus District, West Bangka Regency, Babel Province. This research has mapped four habitat classes of the coastal ecosystem including coral, macroalgae bed, bare substrate, and mangrove. Based on the spatial information of the map, the economic value of coral reef and mangrove was 141.4 billion rupiahs and 31.1 billion rupiahs respectively.</p>
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Prodanova, Hristina, i Desislava Varadzhakova. "How individual scores affect the final expert-based assessments of ecosystem services: Range and mean scores analysis of natural heritage supply maps". European Journal of Geography 13, nr 4 (31.08.2022): 74–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.48088/ejg.h.pro.13.4.074.097.
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Ecosystems representing the Natural Heritage (NH) are considered in this study as an important source of ecosystem goods and services for human well-being. On that spatial base, we conducted an expert-based assessment and mapping of their potential to provide ecosystem services (ES) for recreational purposes in Bulgaria. Twelve experts participated in the expert-based assessment by filling individual matrices for the potential of the NH to provide ES. We analysed the results i.e. individual scores by comparing them, and calculating the minimum, the maximum and the range scores between them. We calculated the mean individual experts’ scores by ecosystem types and subtypes for nine prioritized ecosystem services for recreation – 2 provisioning, 2 regulating and 5 cultural. The results show that individual experts have different perceptions for some ecosystems and their services due to their different scientific expertise. This follows from the quite high ranges i.e., 4 or 5 units between maximum and minimum score per spatial unit. There are: (i) significant variations in scoring of Grasslands, Wetlands, Croplands, Rivers and lakes, and Urban ecosystems; and (ii) considerable similarities about Woodland and forest, Sparsely vegetated lands and Marine ecosystems. To compare the spatial discrepancies between the experts’ scores, we map them individually. A final integrated map represents the potential of the NH in Bulgaria to provide ecosystem services for recreation with an average score above 3.00. The main outcomes of our study are the analyses we made on the individual and the group experts’ scores.
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Dai, Lingjun, Hongyu Liu, Gang Wang, Cheng Wang, Ziru Guo, Yi Zhou i Yufeng Li. "Modelling the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on the landscape succession of Yancheng coastal natural wetlands, China". PeerJ 8 (24.11.2020): e10400. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10400.
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Background The Yancheng coastal natural wetlands (YCNR) are well-preserved silty tidal flat wetlands in China. Due to the severe invasion of Spartina alterniflora, the native ecosystem has undergone great changes. The successful invasion of S. alterniflora reduced the biodiversity of the YCNR, changed the structure and function of the local ecosystem, and eventually led to the degradation of the ecosystem and the loss of ecosystem function and service. Fully understanding the impact of an alien species invasion on YCNR succession is an important prerequisite for protecting and restoring the wetlands. Methods In this study, remote sensing, GIS technology, and a cellular-automaton Markov model were used to simulate the natural succession process of native ecosystems without being affected by alien species. By comparing the landscape of the YCNR with the model simulation results, we gained a better understanding of how alien species affect native landscape-scale ecosystems. Results During the natural succession of the coastal native wetland ecosystem in the YCNR, the pioneer species S. alterniflora occupied the mudflats and expanded seaward. The whole area expanded and moved seaward with an average annual movement of 58.23 m. Phragmites australis seemed to dominate the competition with S. salsa communities, and the area gradually expanded with an average annual movement of 39.89 m. The invasion of S. alterniflora changed the native ecosystem’s spatial succession process, causing the S. salsa ecosystem to be stressed by ecosystems on the side of the sea (S. alterniflora) and that of land (P. australis). The area of the seaward-expanding P. australis ecosystem has been declining. Under a reasonable protected area policy, human activities have enhanced the succession rate of the P. australis ecosystem and have had a small impact on the ecological spatial succession of S. salsa and S. alterniflora.
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Hristova, Desislava, i Vanya Stoycheva. "Mapping of ecosystems in Bulgaria for the needs of natural heritage assessment". Journal of the Bulgarian Geographical Society 45 (29.12.2021): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jbgs.e76457.
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The main purpose of the paper is to explore the relationship between the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) classification and the MAES typology in order to develop a basis for mapping of ecosystems at national level in Bulgaria, which could ensure a spatial framework for mapping and assessment of the ecosystem services provided by the natural heritage. Identifying the necessary data for our purposes, we found that, in spatial terms, CLC data is the only appropriate data source. The subtypes of ecosystems at Level 3 of the classification of ecosystems in Bulgaria (based on the European MAES classification) are identified as mapping units. Firstly, we decided to analyze the links between the CLC and the MAES BG classes through five categories of correspondence: 1) full correspondence – one CLC class corresponds to one MAES BG subtype; 2) multi-directional links – one or more CLC classes correspond to one MAES BG subtype; 3) discrepancies that necessitate further analyses; 4) CLC classes that are not found in Bulgaria; 5) MAES BG subtypes that have no correspondence to a CLC class. Secondly, we prepared a comparison table to determine the correspondence between the CLC classes and ecosystem subtypes, which we integrated into the GIS environment. Thirdly, we developed an algorithm for modifications of the spatial distribution of ecosystem subtypes. The algorithm was applied particularly to grasslands, where at Level 3 of CLC there are two classes of "grassland”, whereas at Level 3 of the classification of ecosystems in Bulgaria, the subtypes are five. This algorithm was applied to the 2018 CLC spatial data so as to develop a GIS database providing the basis for subsequent analyzes related to ecosystems. The database was used to delineate and map the ecosystems at national level in Bulgaria. Furthermore, a map of the potential of the natural heritage to provide ecosystem services was produced.
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Zhao, Li-Xia, Chi Xu, Zhen-Ming Ge, Johan van de Koppel i Quan-Xing Liu. "The shaping role of self-organization: linking vegetation patterning, plant traits and ecosystem functioning". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, nr 1900 (10.04.2019): 20182859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2859.
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Self-organized spatial patterns are increasingly recognized for their contribution to ecosystem functioning, in terms of enhanced productivity, ecosystem stability, and species diversity in terrestrial as well as marine ecosystems. Most studies on the impact of spatial self-organization have focused on systems that exhibit regular patterns. However, there is an abundance of patterns in many ecosystems which are not strictly regular. Understanding of how these patterns are formed and how they affect ecosystem function is crucial for the broad acceptance of self-organization as a keystone process in ecological theory. Here, using transplantation experiments in salt marsh ecosystems dominated by Scirpus mariqueter , we demonstrate that scale-dependent feedback is driving irregular spatial pattern formation of vegetation. Field observations and experiments have revealed that this self-organization process affects a range of plant traits, including shoot-to-root ratio, rhizome orientation, rhizome node number, and rhizome length, and enhances vegetation productivity. Moreover, patchiness in self-organized salt marsh vegetation can support a better microhabitat for macrobenthos, promoting their total abundance and spatial heterogeneity of species richness. Our results extend existing concepts of self-organization and its effects on productivity and biodiversity to the spatial irregular patterns that are observed in many systems. Our work also helps to link between the so-far largely unconnected fields of self-organization theory and trait-based, functional ecology.
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Chen, Wanxu, Jie Zeng, Mingxing Zhong i Sipei Pan. "Coupling Analysis of Ecosystem Services Value and Economic Development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt: A Case Study in Hunan Province, China". Remote Sensing 13, nr 8 (16.04.2021): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081552.
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Sound ecosystems are a precondition for the sustainable survival and development of human society. However, ecological deterioration caused by socioeconomic activities can result in increasing pressure on ecosystems. Exploration of the spatial interaction between ecosystem and economic development under the background of high-quality and green development is, therefore, necessary. In this study, we analyzed the spatial interaction between the ecosystem services value (ESV) and economic development with the economic and ecological coupling index method based on high-resolution remote-sensing land-use data and socioeconomic statistical data in Hunan Province from 2000 to 2018. The results revealed that the ESV provided by the ecosystems in Hunan Province decreased by US$1256.166 million from 2000 to 2018. The areas with high ESV per unit area were distributed in the mountainous areas, while the areas with low ESV per unit area were distributed in the major cities and their surroundings. The bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the ESV had significant spatial dependence on the economic development. In addition, the coupling analysis documented that the relationship between the ESV and economic density was mostly in the low conflict and potential crisis states. These results provide important guidance for the coordinated development of the regional economy and ecosystem conservation.
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Bastiaansen, Robbin, Olfa Jaïbi, Vincent Deblauwe, Maarten B. Eppinga, Koen Siteur, Eric Siero, Stéphane Mermoz, Alexandre Bouvet, Arjen Doelman i Max Rietkerk. "Multistability of model and real dryland ecosystems through spatial self-organization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, nr 44 (15.10.2018): 11256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804771115.
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Spatial self-organization of dryland vegetation constitutes one of the most promising indicators for an ecosystem’s proximity to desertification. This insight is based on studies of reaction–diffusion models that reproduce visual characteristics of vegetation patterns observed on aerial photographs. However, until now, the development of reliable early warning systems has been hampered by the lack of more in-depth comparisons between model predictions and real ecosystem patterns. In this paper, we combined topographical data, (remotely sensed) optical data, and in situ biomass measurements from two sites in Somalia to generate a multilevel description of dryland vegetation patterns. We performed an in-depth comparison between these observed vegetation pattern characteristics and predictions made by the extended-Klausmeier model for dryland vegetation patterning. Consistent with model predictions, we found that for a given topography, there is multistability of ecosystem states with different pattern wavenumbers. Furthermore, observations corroborated model predictions regarding the relationships between pattern wavenumber, total biomass, and maximum biomass. In contrast, model predictions regarding the role of slope angles were not corroborated by the empirical data, suggesting that inclusion of small-scale topographical heterogeneity is a promising avenue for future model development. Our findings suggest that patterned dryland ecosystems may be more resilient to environmental change than previously anticipated, but this enhanced resilience crucially depends on the adaptive capacity of vegetation patterns.
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Kim, Yongwon, Bang-Yong Lee, Rikie Suzuki i Keiji Kushida. "Spatial characteristics of ecosystem respiration in three tundra ecosystems of Alaska". Polar Science 10, nr 3 (wrzesień 2016): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2015.12.001.
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Crespin, Silvio J., i Javier A. Simonetti. "Predicting ecosystem collapse: Spatial factors that influence risks to tropical ecosystems". Austral Ecology 40, nr 4 (7.01.2015): 492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12209.
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Callicott, J. Baird. "The Value of Ecosystem Health1". Environmental Values 4, nr 4 (listopad 1995): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096327199500400403.
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The concept of ecosystem health is problematic. Do ecosystems as such exist? Is health an objective condition of organisms or is it socially constructed? Can ‘health’ be unequivocally predicated of ecosystems? Is ecosystem health both objective and valuative? Are ecosystem health and biological integrity identical? How do these concepts interface with the concept of biodiversity? Ecosystems exist, although they are turning out to be nested sets of linked process-functions with temporal boundaries, not tangible superorganisms with spatial boundaries. Ecosystem health – or normal occurrence of ecological processes and functions – is an objective condition of ecosystems, although the concept of ecosystem health allows some room for personal and social determination or construction. Ecosystem health is prudentially, aesthetically, and intrinsically valuable, although the value of ecosystem health is subjectively conferred. Biodiversity and biological integrity are different from, but not unrelated to, ecosystem health. Together these three normative concepts represent complementary conservation goals.
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Daewel, Ute, Solfrid Sætre Hjøllo, Martin Huret, Rubao Ji, Marie Maar, Susa Niiranen, Morgane Travers-Trolet, Myron A. Peck i Karen E. van de Wolfshaar. "Predation control of zooplankton dynamics: a review of observations and models". ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, nr 2 (6.08.2013): 254–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst125.
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Abstract Daewel, U., Hjøllo, S. S., Huret, M., Ji, R., Maar, M., Niiranen, S., Travers-Trolet, M., Peck, M. A., van de Wolfshaar, K. E. 2014. Predation control of zooplankton dynamics: a review of observations and models. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 254–271. We performed a literature review to examine to what degree the zooplankton dynamics in different regional marine ecosystems across the Atlantic Ocean is driven by predation mortality and how the latter is addressed in available modelling approaches. In general, we found that predation on zooplankton plays an important role in all the six considered ecosystems, but the impacts are differently strong and occur at different spatial and temporal scales. In ecosystems with extreme environmental conditions (e.g. low temperature, ice cover, large seasonal amplitudes) and low species diversity, the overall impact of top-down processes on zooplankton dynamics is stronger than for ecosystems having moderate environmental conditions and high species diversity. In those ecosystems, predation mortality was found to structure the zooplankton mainly on local spatial and seasonal time scales. Modelling methods used to parameterize zooplankton mortality range from simplified approaches with fixed mortality rates to complex coupled multispecies models. The applicability of a specific method depends on both the observed state of the ecosystem and the spatial and temporal scales considered. Modelling constraints such as parameter uncertainties and computational costs need to be balanced with the ecosystem-specific demand for a consistent, spatial-temporal dynamic implementation of predation mortality on the zooplankton compartment.
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Wang, Qiao, Peng Hou, Feng Zhang i Changzuo Wang. "Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Framework of Regional Ecosystem under the Global Climate Change Background". Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/896453.
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Global changes are driving ecosystem alterations, and the effects are becoming more and more obvious. Ecosystem management clarifies the fundamental supporting functions of ecosystems for human survival and sustainable development. Integrated ecosystem monitoring and assessment has become a popular topic of ecology study. However, many scientific questions need to be addressed, including what assessment contents and methods are optimal for temporal and spatial measurements. Therefore, the development of a scientific evaluation framework that includes certain core contents and indicators is very important. This paper proposes a regional integrated ecosystem assessment framework involving comprehensive monitoring. Satellite images are the main data source for different ecosystem and ecological parameters, and these need to be supplemented with the help of surveys or field observation data. A healthy ecosystem is the basis of human survival and sustainable development, and ecological service should be taken as the core of integrated ecosystem assessment. This is decided by the spatial distribution, classification, and patterns of regional ecosystems. That is to say, ecological service, together with ecosystems distribution and pattern, ecological problem indicators, and ecological stress, needs to be integrated analyzed and evaluated.
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Naveh, Zev. "Ecosystem and Landscapes - A Critical Comparative Appraisal". Journal of Landscape Ecology 3, nr 1 (1.01.2010): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10285-012-0024-1.
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Ecosystem and Landscapes - A Critical Comparative AppraisalEcosystems and landscapes are the two major spatial units for ecological research and practice, but their definitions and meanings are vague and ambiguous. Examining critically the meaning and complexity of both terms from a holistic landscape ecological systems view, the confusing applications of the ecosystem concept could be avoided by conceiving ecosystems as functional interacting systems, characterized for the flow of energy, matter and information between organisms and their abiotic environment. As functional systems they are intangible with vaguely defined borders. On the other hand, landscapes should be recognized as tangible, spatially and temporally well defined ecological systems of closely interwoven natural and cultural entities of the Total Human Ecosystem. Ranging from the smallest discernable landscape cell or ecotope to the global ecosphere, they serve as the spatial and functional matrix and living space for all organisms, including humans, their populations and their ecosystems. Both are medium-numbered complex ecological systems. However, the organized complexity of ecosystems is based solely on the monodimensional complexity of material processes of flow of energy/matter and biophysical information. But the organized complexity of landscapes is multidimensional and multifunctional, dealing not only with the functional dimensions of natural bio-ecological processes and the natural biophysical information, but also with the cognitive mental and perceptual dimensions, transmitted by cultural information and expressed in the closely interwoven natural and cultural landscape.
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Brūniņa, Līga, Elīna Konstantinova i Aija Peršēvica. "NECESSITY OF MAPPING AND ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR SERVICES IN PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING PROCESS". SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (26.05.2016): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol4.1573.
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The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 determines that “Member States, with the assistance of the Commission, will map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services in their national territory by 2014, assess the economic value of such services, and promote the integration of these values into accounting and reporting systems at EU and national level by 2020”. Mapping and assessment of ecosystem services provides several benefits, one of which is baseline data providing to measure net future gains or losses and data integration into spatial development process. The aim of the paper is to present and discuss the approach taken to assessing ecosystem services in order to introduce necessity of mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services for planning and decision-making process in Latvia. The paper will focus on terminology interpretation of ecosystem services, introducing with set of developed indicators for assessment of ecosystem services and define appropriate for Latvia. The paper closes with estimation of potential benefits and necessity to integrate assessment of ecosystems services in spatial planning and decision-making process.
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Sudirman, Nasir, Muhammad Helmi i Novi Susetyo Adi. "Modeling mangrove ‘blue carbon’ ecosystem service in Jakarta bayas an impact of coastal development". E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 04023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187304023.
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Coastal ecosystems provide various ecosystem services in the form of natural resources, life support services, aesthetical values and comfort.The key ecosystems providing those services include estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass beds.Some ecosystem services provided by the key coastal ecosystems function as producers, life supporters, wave absorbers, litter provider for detritus and decomposers, and carbon cycles regulator in the ecosystem. Though their roles are vital for Jakarta bay and its surrounding areas, ecosystem service aspect in Jakarta Bay is understudied. The previous limited studies focused mostly on economics valuation aspect and descriptive studies, ignoring the modeling and mapping aspects of the ecosystem services. InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) is a tool to map and model ecosystem services in an explicitly spatial representation.InVEST can be used to map and model changes in ecosystem servicess that will be affected by multi-scalechanges in the Jakarta Bay, particularlyland reclamation and what's so called as the Giant Sea Wall.The output generated through the spatial and temporal mapmodeling in inVESTcan account for ecosystem services in past, presentand future scenarios. In the context of various coastal development in Jakarta bay, the results of InVEST can be then be used asvaluableinput tocoastal management of Jakarta Bay, e.g. for mangrove management as a blue carbon ecosystem service provider.
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Benoit-Bird, Kelly J., i Margaret A. McManus. "Bottom-up regulation of a pelagic community through spatial aggregations". Biology Letters 8, nr 5 (2.05.2012): 813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0232.
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The importance of spatial pattern in ecosystems has long been recognized. However, incorporating patchiness into our understanding of forces regulating ecosystems has proved challenging. We used a combination of continuously sampling moored sensors, complemented by shipboard sampling, to measure the temporal variation, abundance and vertical distribution of four trophic levels in Hawaii's near shore pelagic ecosystem. Using an analysis approach from trophic dynamics, we found that the frequency and intensity of spatial aggregations—rather than total biomass—in each step of a food chain involving phytoplankton, copepods, mesopelagic micronekton and spinner dolphins ( Stenella longirostris ) were the most significant predictors of variation in adjacent trophic levels. Patches of organisms had impacts disproportionate to the biomass of organisms within them. Our results are in accordance with resource limitation—mediated by patch dynamics—regulating structure at each trophic step in this ecosystem, as well as the foraging behaviour of the top predator. Because of their high degree of heterogeneity, ecosystem-level effects of patchiness such as this may be common in many pelagic marine systems.
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Garnåsjordet, Per Arild, Margrete Steinnes, Zofie Cimburova, Megan Nowell, David N. Barton i Iulie Aslaksen. "Urban green. Integrating ecosystem extent and condition data in urban ecosystem accounts. Examples from the Oslo region". Statistical Journal of the IAOS 37, nr 4 (26.11.2021): 1247–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-210834.
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The article enhances the knowledge base for the assessment of urban ecosystem services, within the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA), recently adopted as an international statistical standard. The SEEA EA is based on spatial extent accounts (area of ecosystems) and biophysical condition accounts (ecological state of ecosystems). Case studies from the Oslo region are explored, combining land use/land cover maps from Statistics Norway with satellite data. The results illustrate that a combination of land use/land cover data for ecosystem extent and detailed satellite data of land cover provides a much higher quality for the interpretation of extent and condition variables. This is not only a result of applying spatial analysis, but a result of applying knowledge about the information categories from satellite data of land cover, to official statistics for built-up land in urban areas that until now have not been identified. Moreover, the choice of spatial units should reflect that modelling of different ecosystem services, as a basis for trade-offs in urban planning, requires a combination of different spatial approaches to capture urban green elements.
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Thorson, James T., Mark D. Scheuerell, Julian D. Olden i Daniel E. Schindler. "Spatial heterogeneity contributes more to portfolio effects than species variability in bottom-associated marine fishes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, nr 1888 (3.10.2018): 20180915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0915.
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Variance of community abundance will be reduced relative to its theoretical maximum whenever population densities fluctuate asynchronously. Fishing communities and mobile predators can switch among fish species and/or fishing locations with asynchronous dynamics, thereby buffering against variable resource densities (termed ‘portfolio effects’, PEs). However, whether variation among species or locations represent the dominant contributor to PE remains relatively unexplored. Here, we apply a spatio-temporal model to multidecadal time series (1982–2015) for 20 bottom-associated fishes in seven marine ecosystems. For each ecosystem, we compute the reduction in variance over time in total biomass relative to its theoretical maximum if species and locations were perfectly correlated (total PE). We also compute the reduction in variance due to asynchrony among species at each location (species PE) or the reduction due to asynchrony among locations for each species (spatial PE). We specifically compute total, species and spatial PE in 10-year moving windows to detect changes over time. Our analyses revealed that spatial PE are stronger than species PE in six of seven ecosystems, and that ecosystems where species PE is constant over time can exhibit shifts in locations that strongly contribute to PE. We therefore recommend that spatial and total PE be monitored as ecosystem indicators representing risk exposure for human and natural consumers.
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Guichard, Frederic, i Tarik C. Gouhier. "Non-equilibrium spatial dynamics of ecosystems". Mathematical Biosciences 255 (wrzesień 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2014.06.013.
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Green, D. G., A. P. N. House i S. M. House. "Simulating spatial patterns in forest ecosystems". Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 27, nr 2-3 (kwiecień 1985): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4754(85)90039-4.
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Mfitumukiza, David, Bernard Barasa i Ntale Emmanuel. "Ecosystem-based Adaptation to Drought among Agro-pastoral Farmers: Opportunities and Constraints in Nakasongola District, Central Uganda". Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 6, nr 2 (28.04.2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i2.11132.
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Understanding the context and importance of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) by agro-pastoralists is important for building climate resilient social and ecological systems amidst the changing climate. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine the EbA to drought by the smallholder farmers in Nakasongola District where a total of 100 respondents were randomly selected and subjected to interviews. To supplement on this information, a land use/cover spatial dataset of 2016 for Uganda was obtained and analysed to characterise and quantify the distribution of ecosystems utilised by the agro-pastoralists in the District. The spatial results revealed that the grassland (1524.6sq.km) and agricultural (agroecosystem) (779.1sq.km) ecosystems were the largest ecosystems followed by the forest/woodland and freshwater ecosystems in terms of coverage. The farmers perceived severe droughts to occur between December to January for the last 30 years with an average of 4 years return period. The agro and grassland ecosystems were the main contributors of drought adaptation opportunities compared to the freshwater and forest/woodland ecosystems. The direct and indirect opportunities involved goods and services such as water provision, mulching materials, food provision, fuelwood, regulation of air quality and water flow. However, the major constraints to EbA included rampant deforestation, limited knowledge on ecosystem conservation and overgrazing. Thus increasing water supplies for domestic and agricultural production is more likely increase the farmer’s adaptation to drought.
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Smith, Joshua G., Joseph Tomoleoni, Michelle Staedler, Sophia Lyon, Jessica Fujii i M. Tim Tinker. "Behavioral responses across a mosaic of ecosystem states restructure a sea otter–urchin trophic cascade". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, nr 11 (8.03.2021): e2012493118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012493118.
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Consumer and predator foraging behavior can impart profound trait-mediated constraints on community regulation that scale up to influence the structure and stability of ecosystems. Here, we demonstrate how the behavioral response of an apex predator to changes in prey behavior and condition can dramatically alter the role and relative contribution of top-down forcing, depending on the spatial organization of ecosystem states. In 2014, a rapid and dramatic decline in the abundance of a mesopredator (Pycnopodia helianthoides) and primary producer (Macrocystis pyrifera) coincided with a fundamental change in purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) foraging behavior and condition, resulting in a spatial mosaic of kelp forests interspersed with patches of sea urchin barrens. We show that this mosaic of adjacent alternative ecosystem states led to an increase in the number of sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) specializing on urchin prey, a population-level increase in urchin consumption, and an increase in sea otter survivorship. We further show that the spatial distribution of sea otter foraging efforts for urchin prey was not directly linked to high prey density but rather was predicted by the distribution of energetically profitable prey. Therefore, we infer that spatially explicit sea otter foraging enhances the resistance of remnant forests to overgrazing but does not directly contribute to the resilience (recovery) of forests. These results highlight the role of consumer and predator trait-mediated responses to resource mosaics that are common throughout natural ecosystems and enhance understanding of reciprocal feedbacks between top-down and bottom-up forcing on the regional stability of ecosystems.
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Wilson, Alan G. "Ecological and Urban Systems Models: Some Explorations of Similarities in the Context of Complexity Theory". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38, nr 4 (kwiecień 2006): 633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37102.
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There are similarities of form between urban system models and models of ecosystems. These are systematically explored and a general model formulation which embraces both kinds of model is presented. Some insights are gained by using ideas from ecosystem modelling in urban modelling. The biggest gains, however, are for ecosystem modelling. It is demonstrated that urban techniques can be used for incorporating spatial competition effects into such models in novel ways, and that the complex dynamics can then be effectively interpreted. Urban systems have contributed significantly to complexity theory in the past—because they are complicated enough to be interesting but simple enough to be solvable. These insights can now be transferred to complex (spatial) ecosystems. The possibility of joint eco-urban models is explored.
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Aziz, Nazli, Wei Yien Lua, Farahdilah Ghazali, Nor Hafzan Abd. Rasid, Izwandy Idris i Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat. "MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING AND THE LOCAL COMMUNITY’S AWARENESS OF ECOSYSTEMS IN SETIU WETLAND". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26, nr 1 (30.06.2021): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jati.vol26no1.5.
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Many wetlands have experienced rapid degradation that is due to unstainable development practices globally. Oftentimes, uncoordinated economic development plans in wetlands and surrounding areas have affected the ecological functions of these sensitive ecosystems. This study examined Setiu Wetland, a wetland with diverse ecosystems on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The main objective of this study was to analyse the potential of marine spatial planning (MSP) to be adopted there. MSP is an integrated coastal zone management tool to govern conflicting uses of an area considering environmental sustainably. Like other coastal zone managements adopted in Southeast Asia, MSP requires participation and awareness of the local community to ensure sustainable development targets are achieved. This paper addresses the local community’s awareness of the ecosystem importance of Setiu Wetland and the socio-economic activities in the area. The study employed a quantitative approach using a survey method to examine, in particular, the local community’s awareness of the oyster habitat that has a direct impact on the Setiu Wetland ecosystems. The research findings indicate that awareness of the importance of oyster habitats to the wetland ecosystems is high among the local community. The community strongly supports the idea of protecting and preserving the wetland to ensure the healthy functioning of ecosystems.
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Kolmakova, Valentyna. "METHODOLOGICAL EURO-ORIENTATIONS FOR EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM ASSETS OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES RELATED TO WATER RESOURCES". Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, nr 8(27) (2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689/2020/8(27)/6.
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The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological approach to determining the key characteristics of the assessment of ecosystem assets of territorial communities related to water. The study considers the theoretical and methodological principles of assessing ecosystem assets for sustainable development of local communities. The initial methodological approaches of the accumulated world experience on the assessment of ecosystem services and ecosystem assets of local level territories in the context of three components (ecological, economic and social) in the context of water-related ecosystems are specified. An algorithm for estimating ecosystem assets is proposed. The key guidelines for assessing the ecosystem assets of territorial spatial entities based on European experience are revealed. The list of scientific recommendations for the assessment of water-related ecosystem assets to enhance the capacity of local communities and preserve and restore ecosystems is substantiated. The novelty of the study lies in the proposals for the implementation in Ukrainian practice of general approaches to the methodology of assessment of ecosystem assets and services, according to the recommendations of the international project of the European Commission “The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity” (TEEB). The key Euro-benchmarks proposed by the author for the assessment of water-related ecosystem assets will help increase the investment attractiveness of spatial territorial formations and create preconditions for the development of a new economy on an ecosystem basis. Further research has prospects in the following areas: formation of a comprehensive strategic approach to the introduction of ecosystem asset valuation at the local level; development and introduction of effective methodological approaches to the assessment of ecosystem assets for the formation of investment attractiveness of the territory through the use of local natural resources, including water, as ecosystem assets of sustainable spatial development.
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Zhang, Yunlu, Tingting Su, Yue Ma, Yanyinuo Wang, Weiqi Wang, Niyi Zha i Ming Shao. "Forest ecosystem service functions and their associations with landscape patterns in Renqiu City". PLOS ONE 17, nr 4 (6.04.2022): e0265015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265015.
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Forest ecosystems are crucial to the survival and development of human societies. Urbanization is expected to impact forest landscape patterns and consequently the supply of forest ecosystem services. However, the specific ways by which such impacts manifest are unclear. Therefore, to discuss the relationship between them is of great significance for realizing regional sustainable development. Here, we quantitatively assess the intensity of forest ecosystem service functions and forest landscape patterns in Renqiu City of China’s Hebei Province in 2019 using ArcGIS and FRAGSTATS. We characterize the relationships between forest ecosystem service capacity and landscape patterns, and identify strategies for the spatial optimization of forests. We find that the ecosystem service intensity of forests are significantly correlated with their spatial distribution, forest area ratio, and landscape patterns. Specifically, the percentage of landscape (PLAND) index, landscape shape index (LSI), and contagion (CONTAG) index indices display second-order polynomial relationships with various forest ecosystem service functions, with critical values of 80, 5, and 70, respectively. We propose that forest ecosystem functions can be optimized by optimizing forest landscape patterns. Specifically, to maximize the function of forest ecosystem services, managers should consider the integrity of forest ecosystems, optimize their ability to self-succession, repair service functions of key nodes within forests, enhance forests’ structural stability, optimize forest quality and community structure, and strengthen the efficiency of functional transformation per unit area. Finally, we propose a strategy for the spatial optimization of forests in Renqiu to optimize their associated ecosystem services. This involves protecting important areas for forest ecosystems, rationally organizing different ecological patches such as forests and water bodies to maximize their functions, strengthening the connectivity of scattered forests, and supplementing woodland areas.
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Wang, T., P. Ciais, S. L. Piao, C. Ottlé, P. Brender, F. Maignan, A. Arain i in. "Controls on winter ecosystem respiration in temperate and boreal ecosystems". Biogeosciences 8, nr 7 (25.07.2011): 2009–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2009-2011.
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Abstract. Winter CO2 fluxes represent an important component of the annual carbon budget in northern ecosystems. Understanding winter respiration processes and their responses to climate change is also central to our ability to assess terrestrial carbon cycle and climate feedbacks in the future. However, the factors influencing the spatial and temporal patterns of winter ecosystem respiration (Reco) of northern ecosystems are poorly understood. For this reason, we analyzed eddy covariance flux data from 57 ecosystem sites ranging from ~35° N to ~70° N. Deciduous forests were characterized by the highest winter Reco rates (0.90 &pm; 0.39 g C m−2 d−1), when winter is defined as the period during which daily air temperature remains below 0 °C. By contrast, arctic wetlands had the lowest winter Reco rates (0.02 &pm; 0.02 g C m−2 d−1). Mixed forests, evergreen needle-leaved forests, grasslands, croplands and boreal wetlands were characterized by intermediate winter Reco rates (g C m−2 d−1) of 0.70(±0.33), 0.60(±0.38), 0.62(±0.43), 0.49(±0.22) and 0.27(±0.08), respectively. Our cross site analysis showed that winter air (Tair) and soil (Tsoil) temperature played a dominating role in determining the spatial patterns of winter Reco in both forest and managed ecosystems (grasslands and croplands). Besides temperature, the seasonal amplitude of the leaf area index (LAI), inferred from satellite observation, or growing season gross primary productivity, which we use here as a proxy for the amount of recent carbon available for Reco in the subsequent winter, played a marginal role in winter CO2 emissions from forest ecosystems. We found that winter Reco sensitivity to temperature variation across space (QS) was higher than the one over time (interannual, QT). This can be expected because QS not only accounts for climate gradients across sites but also for (positively correlated) the spatial variability of substrate quantity. Thus, if the models estimate future warming impacts on Reco based on QS rather than QT, this could overestimate the impact of temperature changes.
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Shmelev, Stanislav E., Linus Agbleze i Joachim H. Spangenberg. "Multidimensional Ecosystem Mapping: Towards a More Comprehensive Spatial Assessment of Nature’s Contributions to People in France". Sustainability 15, nr 9 (4.05.2023): 7557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097557.
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Ecosystems are experiencing significant pressure from human activities, with 1 million species at risk of extinction. This is threatening to undermine the resilience of ecosystems, which provide multiple benefits to support human existence and are essential for the support of life on Earth. A number of conceptual frameworks have been developed as a guide for the assessment of ecosystem services (ESs) and nature’s contributions to people (NCPs), including Millennium Ecosystems Assessment, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity report, France’s National Ecosystems Assessment, the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services, and the Global Assessment of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. In this paper, we compare the existing conceptual frameworks for the assessment of ESs and NCPs and derive a unified structural framework. Several indicators for characterizing the ESs/NCPs provided are selected and integrated through normalization. On this basis, and enriched by a number of culture-specific indicators, we conduct a mapping exercise illustrating the ES/NCP provision for the whole of France in a spatially explicit form based on a 1 × 1 km scale. Finally, we generate integrated maps depicting distribution patterns of different services and contributions across the landscapes of France focusing on economic, social and ecological dimensions. The results indicate that a non-monetary assessment of the complexity and diversity of NCPs is feasible and presents tangible advantages as compared to monetary frameworks. The paper concludes that provisioning, regulating and cultural services and contributions are geographically unevenly distributed and further analysis is required to assess the degree of complementarity, feedback loops and tipping points among different services. Our pilot research clearly illustrated the feasibility of conducting a highly disaggregated multidimensional assessment of ESs/NCPs at the national scale to inform decision making.
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Agol, Dorice, Hannah Reid, Florence Crick i Hausner Wendo. "Ecosystem-based adaptation in Lake Victoria Basin; synergies and trade-offs". Royal Society Open Science 8, nr 6 (czerwiec 2021): 201847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201847.
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Healthy ecosystems such as forests and wetlands have a great potential to support adaptation to climate change and are the foundation of sustainable livelihoods. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) can help to protect and maintain healthy ecosystems providing resilience against the impacts of climate change. This paper explores the role of EbA in reconciling socio-economic development with the conservation and restoration of nature in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya, East Africa. Using selected ecosystems in the Lake region, the paper identifies key EbA approaches and explores trade-offs and synergies at spatial and temporal scales and between different stakeholders. The research methods used for this study include site visits, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, participatory workshops and literature reviews. An analytical framework is applied to advance the understanding of EbA approaches and how they lead to synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services provision at spatial and temporal scales and multiple stakeholders. Our results show that EbA approaches such as ecosystem restoration have the potential to generate multiple adaptation benefits as well as synergies and trade-offs occurring at different temporal and spatial scales and affecting various stakeholder groups. Our paper underscores the need to identify EbA trade-offs and synergies and to explore the ways in which they are distributed in space and time and between different stakeholders to design better environmental and development programmes.
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Pettersson, Susanne, i Martin Nilsson Jacobi. "Spatial heterogeneity enhance robustness of large multi-species ecosystems". PLOS Computational Biology 17, nr 10 (27.10.2021): e1008899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008899.
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Understanding ecosystem stability and functioning is a long-standing goal in theoretical ecology, with one of the main tools being dynamical modelling of species abundances. With the help of spatially unresolved (well-mixed) population models and equilibrium dynamics, limits to stability and regions of various ecosystem robustness have been extensively mapped in terms of diversity (number of species), types of interactions, interaction strengths, varying interaction networks (for example plant-pollinator, food-web) and varying structures of these networks. Although many insights have been gained, the impact of spatial extension is not included in this body of knowledge. Recent studies of spatially explicit modelling on the other hand have shown that stability limits can be crossed and diversity increased for systems with spatial heterogeneity in species interactions and/or chaotic dynamics. Here we show that such crossing and diversity increase can appear under less strict conditions. We find that the mere possibility of varying species abundances at different spatial locations make possible the preservation or increase in diversity across previous boundaries thought to mark catastrophic transitions. In addition, we introduce and make explicit a multitude of different dynamics a spatially extended complex system can use to stabilise. This expanded stabilising repertoire of dynamics is largest at intermediate levels of dispersal. Thus we find that spatially extended systems with intermediate dispersal are more robust, in general have higher diversity and can stabilise beyond previous stability boundaries, in contrast to well-mixed systems.