Artykuły w czasopismach: „Spatial and temporal movements”

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Maslovat, Dana, Nicola J. Hodges, Romeo Chua i Ian M. Franks. "Motor preparation of spatially and temporally defined movements: evidence from startle". Journal of Neurophysiology 106, nr 2 (sierpień 2011): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00166.2011.

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Previous research has shown that the preparation of a spatially targeted movement performed at maximal speed is different from that of a temporally constrained movement ( Gottlieb et al. 1989b ). In the current study, we directly examined preparation differences in temporally vs. spatially defined movements through the use of a startling stimulus and manipulation of the task goals. Participants performed arm extension movements to one of three spatial targets (20°, 40°, 60°) and an arm extension movement of 20° at three movement speeds (slow, moderate, fast). All movements were performed in a blocked, simple reaction time paradigm, with trials involving a startling stimulus (124 dB) interspersed randomly with control trials. As predicted, spatial movements were modulated by agonist duration and timed movements were modulated by agonist rise time. The startling stimulus triggered all movements at short latencies with a compression of the kinematic and electromyogram (EMG) profile such that they were performed faster than control trials. However, temporally constrained movements showed a differential effect of movement compression on startle trials such that the slowest movement showed the greatest temporal compression. The startling stimulus also decreased the relative timing between EMG bursts more for the 20° movement when it was defined by a temporal rather than spatial goal, which we attributed to the disruption of an internal timekeeper for the timed movements. These results confirm that temporally defined movements were prepared in a different manner from spatially defined movements and provide new information pertaining to these preparation differences.

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Paramei, Galina V., Marco Bertamini, Bruce Bridgeman i Nicholas J. Wade. "Eye Movements: Spatial and Temporal Aspects". i-Perception 1, nr 2 (styczeń 2010): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/i0102.

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Franz, Elizabeth A., James C. Eliassen, Richard B. Ivry i Michael S. Gazzaniga. "Dissociation of Spatial and Temporal Coupling in the Bimanual Movements of Callosotomy Patients". Psychological Science 7, nr 5 (wrzesień 1996): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00379.x.

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The neural mechanisms of limb coordination were investigated by testing callosotomy patients and normal control subjects on bimanual movements Normal subjects produced deviations in the trajectories when spatial demands for the two hands were different, despite temporal synchrony in the onset of bimanual movements Callosotomy patients did not produce spatial deviations, although their hands moved with normal temporal synchrony Normal subjects but not callosotomy patients exhibited large increases in planning and execution time for movements with different spatial demands for the two hands relative to movements with identical spatial demands for the two hands This neural dissociation indicates that spatial interference in movements results from callosal connections, whereas temporal synchrony in movement onset does not rely on the corpus callosum

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Nauert, Elliot, i Douglas J. Gillan. "Individual Measures of Time Perception Predict Performance in a Timed Reaching Task". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, nr 1 (wrzesień 2017): 1380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601829.

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In temporally-constrained reaching tasks, participants make rapid movements to a target while making their movements last a designated length of time. It has been well-established that effective target width, a measure of spatial accuracy, increases linearly with movement speed. This study sought to understand how individual differences in temporal sensitivity affect this speed-accuracy tradeoff. It was found that time sensitivity did not affect spatial components of the timed reaching task, but it was related to temporal components of the task. Ideas regarding the role of time perception in movement planning as well as differences in movement strategies for short and long target intervals are discussed.

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Cao, Rui, Wei Tu, Jinzhou Cao i Qingquan Li. "COMPARISON OF URBAN HUMAN MOVEMENTS INFERRING FROM MULTI-SOURCE SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DATA". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (8.06.2016): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b2-471-2016.

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The quantification of human movements is very hard because of the sparsity of traditional data and the labour intensive of the data collecting process. Recently, much spatial-temporal data give us an opportunity to observe human movement. This research investigates the relationship of city-wide human movements inferring from two types of spatial-temporal data at traffic analysis zone (TAZ) level. The first type of human movement is inferred from long-time smart card transaction data recording the boarding actions. The second type of human movement is extracted from citywide time sequenced mobile phone data with 30 minutes interval. Travel volume, travel distance and travel time are used to measure aggregated human movements in the city. To further examine the relationship between the two types of inferred movements, the linear correlation analysis is conducted on the hourly travel volume. The obtained results show that human movements inferred from smart card data and mobile phone data have a correlation of 0.635. However, there are still some non-ignorable differences in some special areas. This research not only reveals the citywide spatial-temporal human dynamic but also benefits the understanding of the reliability of the inference of human movements with big spatial-temporal data.

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Cao, Rui, Wei Tu, Jinzhou Cao i Qingquan Li. "COMPARISON OF URBAN HUMAN MOVEMENTS INFERRING FROM MULTI-SOURCE SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DATA". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (8.06.2016): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b2-471-2016.

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The quantification of human movements is very hard because of the sparsity of traditional data and the labour intensive of the data collecting process. Recently, much spatial-temporal data give us an opportunity to observe human movement. This research investigates the relationship of city-wide human movements inferring from two types of spatial-temporal data at traffic analysis zone (TAZ) level. The first type of human movement is inferred from long-time smart card transaction data recording the boarding actions. The second type of human movement is extracted from citywide time sequenced mobile phone data with 30 minutes interval. Travel volume, travel distance and travel time are used to measure aggregated human movements in the city. To further examine the relationship between the two types of inferred movements, the linear correlation analysis is conducted on the hourly travel volume. The obtained results show that human movements inferred from smart card data and mobile phone data have a correlation of 0.635. However, there are still some non-ignorable differences in some special areas. This research not only reveals the citywide spatial-temporal human dynamic but also benefits the understanding of the reliability of the inference of human movements with big spatial-temporal data.

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Shiomi, Kozue, Katsufumi Sato, Nobuhiro Katsumata i Ken Yoda. "Temporal and spatial determinants of route selection in homing seabirds". Behaviour 156, nr 11 (2019): 1165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003560.

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Abstract Time of day is recognized as an important behaviour modulator of wild animals mainly via physical environmental changes such as temperature and light intensity. These temporal factors can also affect animal movements (i.e., changes of locations) and consequent distribution. However, while it is commonly observed in diverse taxa that an animal’s attendance at a specific site concentrates within a narrow time window, how time influences the route selections of traveling animals in the course of their movements through to the end point is still not well understood. In this study, we quantified temporal and spatial patterns in the homing paths of streaked shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas, which are present at the breeding colony exclusively after sunset, to investigate how time constrains their movement strategy for homing from at-sea foraging areas. We tracked the foraging trips using GPS loggers in chick-rearing seasons for five years. In addition, in one year we conducted displacement experiments, releasing birds at sea at three different times of the day (midday, sunset and night-time) to impose time constraints on homeward movements. The movement paths revealed that the time of sunset was key to their decision of timing and in route selections during homing. Most birds returning from foraging trips reached the coastal area around sunset by adjusting travel timing and directions, despite variation in foraging areas, and flew along the coastline to the breeding island. Meanwhile, most birds released offshore stopped flights around sunset and waited on the water surface for sunrise before restarting their homeward movements. Birds therefore avoid offshore traveling at night, appearing to preferentially use diurnal cues for homing at sea. This study demonstrates the importance of timing as well as geographic features for homing decisions of streaked shearwaters and confirms that both spatial and temporal cognitive abilities are well developed in seabirds.

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Donald, G. E., D. J. Miron, T. Dyall i M. G. Garner. "Temporal and spatial regional cattle farm turn-off patterns in eastern Australia". Animal Production Science 50, nr 6 (2010): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09160.

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The introduction of the National Livestock Identification System served to provide a record of cattle movements by using an effective, electronic animal tracking system across Australia. The availability of an algorithm to simulate real-time and accurate movements of cattle is critical in the event of a major exotic disease outbreak. Such an algorithm could also be used for forecasting and formulation of policies to manage emerging disease threats. The National Livestock Identification System database will provide the basis for testing and verifying real-time and forecast cattle livestock turn-off patterns as a precursor to developing a real-time cattle movement simulation algorithm. The study demonstrated the major drivers and that real-time pasture information clearly needed to be incorporated into a movement model.

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Crawford, T. J., i H. J. Muller. "Spatial and temporal effects of spatial attention on human saccadic eye movements". Vision Research 32, nr 2 (luty 1992): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(92)90140-e.

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Haney, Justin M., Tianke Wang, Clive D’Souza, Monica L. H. Jones i Matthew P. Reed. "Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Sequential Precision Reach Movements". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, nr 1 (wrzesień 2017): 929–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601714.

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Introduction: Sequential reach tasks are a common component of manual assembly jobs. These tasks typically involve manipulating a work object or material and reaching to successive target locations with different precision requirements. Ergonomics research on the control of hand movements has largely focused on tasks requiring discrete reaches (e.g., Bootsma & Van Wieringen, 1992; Hoff & Arbib, 1993; Jeannerod, 1984; Marteniuk et al., 1990). The objective of this paper was to investigate spatial and temporal effects of pulley design parameters (outer diameter and groove width) on the trajectory of the threading hand in sequential reaches with different precision requirements. Additionally, we propose a scheme to segment hand trajectories into control phases based on the fingertip trajectory speed profile. Segmenting sequential reach tasks into discrete movements between two consecutive target locations will be useful towards developing models of sequential reaching movements and performance for ergonomic analysis. Methods: Twelve right-handed adults, ages 20-26 years, participated in a laboratory experiment that required threading polyester string through a system of pulleys mounted on an acrylic work surface. Interchangeable pulleys were arranged on the perimeter of a semicircle with a radius of 46 cm at azimuths of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180° relative to a constant origin pulley located at the center. The height of the pulleys above the floor was adjusted to place the center pulley at the participant’s standing elbow height. The thread was pulled from a spool located below the center pulley. The task involved threading the pulleys in the following sequence: origin-180°-origin-135°-origin-90°-origin-45°-origin-0°-origin. We conducted a full-factorial experiment with three pulley outer diameters (OD: 38-mm, 76-mm, and 152-mm), three groove widths (GW: 3-mm, 6-mm, and 9-mm), five pulley locations (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°), and two threading directions (clockwise and counterclockwise), with 3 repetitions per condition. Participants were instructed to complete the task as quickly as possible while also ensuring each pulley was threaded successfully. A motion capture marker triad on the hand dorsum tracked hand motions during the task. Hand trajectories were analyzed separately for each of the 5 origin-destination pulley location pairs. Speed profiles were analyzed to identify transition points between the transport phase, where the hand is reaching from the origin to the destination location, and the pulley interaction phase, where the hand is engaged in threading the destination pulley. The start and end points of the pulley interaction phase correspond to the first and last local speed minima that occur below a threshold set at 100-mm/s above the minimum speed when the trajectory is within the region of the destination pulley. The angle ( α) and radius ( R) of the hand position, relative to the destination pulley center, were estimated at the start ( t1) and end ( t2) points of the pulley interaction phase. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the effects of OD, GW, pulley location, and threading direction on the time spent in the pulley interaction phase ( TPI = t2 − t1), R1, R2, α1, α2, and the difference between α1 and α2 ( αPI = α2 - α1). Results: Temporal parameters: Pulley OD ( p < 0.001), GW ( p < 0.001), location ( p = 0.002), and the threading direction x pulley location interaction (p < 0.001) had a significant effect on TPI. Larger GW corresponded to less TPI (GW: Mean±SE, 3-mm: 772±34 ms, 6-mm: 473±23 ms, 9-mm: 351±18 ms). Pulley OD of 152-mm required significantly more TPI (713±35 ms) compared to the 38-mm (449±21 ms) and 76-mm (433±21 ms) OD. The CW threading direction required significantly less TPI for the 0°, 45° and, 90° pulley locations, while CCW threading direction took more TPI for the 135° and 180° pulley locations. Spatial Parameters: The effects of OD ( p < 0.001) and pulley location ( p < 0.001) were significant for R1. Larger OD corresponded to increased R1, i.e., 38-mm OD: 76±1-mm, 76-mm OD: 87±1-mm, and 152-mm OD: 119±1-mm. Additionally, R1 increased significantly as the pulley location changed from 0°-180°. Similar trends were observed for R2 across OD and pulley location. The main effects of OD ( p < 0.001), pulley location ( p < 0.001), and threading direction ( p < 0.001) and the interaction between pulley location and threading direction ( p < 0.001) were significant for α1. Larger OD corresponded to a greater α1 (38-mm OD: 24±1°, 76-mm OD: 34±1°, 152-mm OD: 53±1°). At the 180° pulley location, α1 was significantly greater for the CCW vs. CW threading direction. At the 0°, 45° and, 90° pulley locations, α1 was greater for the CW vs. CCW threading direction. Similar trends were observed for α2 across task parameters. The main effect of pulley OD on αPI was significant ( p < 0.001) with a larger αPI for the 152-mm OD (22±1°) compared to the 38-mm OD (15±1°) and 76-mm OD (11±1°). Discussion: These results show that pulley design parameters in a sequential reach task systematically influence the spatial properties and transition timing of hand motion trajectories between phases. Narrower GW increased the precision requirement and corresponded to slower times. Participants took more time threading the larger OD. Shorter threading times occurred when participants had a direct line of sight with the pulley groove. Pulley OD influenced the radius of the hand position at the start and end of the pulley interaction phase, whereas pulley GW had no effect. The increase in R1 and R2 for pulleys located on the contralateral side compared to the lateral side was attributed to need for line of sight with the pulley groove since the hand obstructs the view of the pulley edge on the contralateral side. Conclusions: Analysis of sequential reaches needs to consider individual target locations and design parameters. Our findings also show the potential for modeling sequential reaches as a series of discrete reaches. A scheme to segment hand trajectories into control phases based on the fingertip trajectory speed profile was presented. Further investigation is necessary in sequential reach tasks with more realistic and complex work configurations observed in industrial settings.

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Havas, Clemens, Lorenz Wendlinger, Julian Stier, Sahib Julka, Veronika Krieger, Cornelia Ferner, Andreas Petutschnig, Michael Granitzer, Stefan Wegenkittl i Bernd Resch. "Spatio-Temporal Machine Learning Analysis of Social Media Data and Refugee Movement Statistics". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, nr 8 (23.07.2021): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080498.

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In 2015, within the timespan of only a few months, more than a million people made their way from Turkey to Central Europe in the wake of the Syrian civil war. At the time, public authorities and relief organisations struggled with the admission, transfer, care, and accommodation of refugees due to the information gap about ongoing refugee movements. Therefore, we propose an approach utilising machine learning methods and publicly available data to provide more information about refugee movements. The approach combines methods to analyse the textual, temporal and spatial features of social media data and the number of arriving refugees of historical refugee movement statistics to provide relevant and up to date information about refugee movements and expected numbers. The results include spatial patterns and factual information about collective refugee movements extracted from social media data that match actual movement patterns. Furthermore, our approach enables us to forecast and simulate refugee movements to forecast an increase or decrease in the number of incoming refugees and to analyse potential future scenarios. We demonstrate that the approach proposed in this article benefits refugee management and vastly improves the status quo.

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Choi, Woong, Liang Li i Jongho Lee. "Characteristic of Motor Control in Three-Dimensional Circular Tracking Movements during Monocular Vision". BioMed Research International 2019 (3.11.2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3867138.

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Analysis of visually guided tracking movements is an important component of understanding human visuomotor control system. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of different target speeds and different circular tracking planes, which provide different visual feedback of depth information, on temporal and spatial tracking accuracy. In this study, we analyze motor control characteristic of circular tracking movements during monocular vision in three-dimensional space using a virtual reality system. Three parameters in polar coordinates were analyzed: ΔR, the difference in the distance from the fixed pole; Δθ, the difference in the position angle; and Δω, the difference in the angular velocity. We compare the accuracy of visually guided circular tracking movements during monocular vision in two conditions: (1) movement in the frontal plane relative to the subject that requires less depth information and (2) movement in the sagittal plane relative to the subject that requires more depth information. We also examine differences in motor control at four different target speeds. The results show that depth information affects both spatial and temporal accuracy of circular tracking movement, whereas target speed only affects temporal accuracy of circular tracking movement. This suggests that different strategies of feedforward and feedback controls are performed in the tracking of movements.

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Maij, Femke, Alan M. Wing i W. Pieter Medendorp. "Spatiotemporal integration for tactile localization during arm movements: a probabilistic approach". Journal of Neurophysiology 110, nr 11 (1.12.2013): 2661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00971.2012.

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It has been shown that people make systematic errors in the localization of a brief tactile stimulus that is delivered to the index finger while they are making an arm movement. Here we modeled these spatial errors with a probabilistic approach, assuming that they follow from temporal uncertainty about the occurrence of the stimulus. In the model, this temporal uncertainty converts into a spatial likelihood about the external stimulus location, depending on arm velocity. We tested the prediction of the model that the localization errors depend on arm velocity. Participants ( n = 8) were instructed to localize a tactile stimulus that was presented to their index finger while they were making either slow- or fast-targeted arm movements. Our results confirm the model's prediction that participants make larger localization errors when making faster arm movements. The model, which was used to fit the errors for both slow and fast arm movements simultaneously, accounted very well for all the characteristics of these data with temporal uncertainty in stimulus processing as the only free parameter. We conclude that spatial errors in dynamic tactile perception stem from the temporal precision with which tactile inputs are processed.

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Hove, Michael J., i Peter E. Keller. "Spatiotemporal Relations and Movement Trajectories in Visuomotor Synchronization". Music Perception 28, nr 1 (1.09.2010): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2010.28.1.15.

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This work investigates how spatial and temporal aspects of rhythmic movements are affected by spatial and temporal components of a visual pacing sequence. Participants synchronized finger taps with three visual pacing sequences (Flash, High Finger, and Low Finger) at two tempi (500 ms and 400 ms interonset interval). The Flash sequence contained only temporal information, whereas the two Finger sequences contained apparent motion of different amplitudes. Participants' finger movements were recorded with a motion capture system, and movement trajectories and timing accuracy were analyzed. Results indicated that apparent motion facilitates visuomotor synchronization accuracy, which likely stems from tight perception-action links. Stimulus amplitude modulated tap amplitudes in the same direction, but this spatial assimilation did not adversely affect timing accuracy. Flexion times toward the target were significantly shorter than extension or dwell times, and could indicate a relatively ballistic movement trajectory. Local deviations of tap timing correlated with the movement trajectories from the preceding and following movement cycle. For example, after a late tap, the following movement cycle had lower amplitude and shorter extension and dwell times. This could signify the workings of error correction mechanisms that ensure stable synchronization.

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Zhao, Yangke, Chuansheng Chen i Xiuying Qian. "The Role of Hand Movement in Spatial Serial Order Memory". Multisensory Research 33, nr 3 (1.07.2020): 313–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20191350.

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Abstract Research on serial order memory has traditionally used tasks where participants passively view the items. A few studies that included hand movement showed that such movement interfered with serial order memory. In the present study of three experiments, we investigated whether and how hand movements improved spatial serial order memory. Experiment 1 showed that manual tracing (i.e., hand movements that traced the presentation of stimuli on the modified eCorsi block tapping task) improved the performance of backward recall as compared to no manual tracing (the control condition). Experiment 2 showed that the facilitation effect resulted from voluntary hand movements and could not be achieved via passive viewing of another person’s manual tracing. Experiment 3 showed that it was the temporal, not the spatial, signal within manual tracing that facilitated spatial serial memory.

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Flanders, M., J. J. Pellegrini i J. F. Soechting. "Spatial/temporal characteristics of a motor pattern for reaching". Journal of Neurophysiology 71, nr 2 (1.02.1994): 811–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.2.811.

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1. Temporal patterns of electromyographic (EMG) activity were related to the direction of fast reaching movements. Reaches were to 20 targets in the sagittal plane of the human arm. 2. The subtraction of EMG levels recorded during very slow movements to each target allowed this study to focus on the phasic aspects of complex EMGs. 3. General features of the phasic spatial/temporal patterns differed across muscles, even across muscles at the same joint. This indicates that future models of cortical to motoneuronal processing must include nonuniform space-time transformations.

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Vazquez, Yuriria, Laura Federici i Bijan Pesaran. "Multiple spatial representations interact to increase reach accuracy when coordinating a saccade with a reach". Journal of Neurophysiology 118, nr 4 (1.10.2017): 2328–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00408.2017.

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Reaching is an essential behavior that allows primates to interact with the environment. Precise reaching to visual targets depends on our ability to localize and foveate the target. Despite this, how the saccade system contributes to improvements in reach accuracy remains poorly understood. To assess spatial contributions of eye movements to reach accuracy, we performed a series of behavioral psychophysics experiments in nonhuman primates ( Macaca mulatta). We found that a coordinated saccade with a reach to a remembered target location increases reach accuracy without target foveation. The improvement in reach accuracy was similar to that obtained when the subject had visual information about the location of the current target in the visual periphery and executed the reach while maintaining central fixation. Moreover, we found that the increase in reach accuracy elicited by a coordinated movement involved a spatial coupling mechanism between the saccade and reach movements. We observed significant correlations between the saccade and reach errors for coordinated movements. In contrast, when the eye and arm movements were made to targets in different spatial locations, the magnitude of the error and the degree of correlation between the saccade and reach direction were determined by the spatial location of the eye and the hand targets. Hence, we propose that coordinated movements improve reach accuracy without target foveation due to spatial coupling between the reach and saccade systems. Spatial coupling could arise from a neural mechanism for coordinated visual behavior that involves interacting spatial representations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY How visual spatial representations guiding reach movements involve coordinated saccadic eye movements is unknown. Temporal coupling between the reach and saccade system during coordinated movements improves reach performance. However, the role of spatial coupling is unclear. Using behavioral psychophysics, we found that spatial coupling increases reach accuracy in addition to temporal coupling and visual acuity. These results suggest that a spatial mechanism to couple the reach and saccade systems increases the accuracy of coordinated movements.

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Curry, R. Allen, David Sparks i Jacob van de Sande. "Spatial and Temporal Movements of a Riverine Brook Trout Population". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131, nr 3 (maj 2002): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0551:satmoa>2.0.co;2.

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Popescu, M. N., i V. Lazarescu. "Recent vertical crustal movements in Romania: Spatial and temporal variations". Journal of Geodynamics 9, nr 2-4 (lipiec 1988): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-3707(88)80064-4.

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Lee, Daeyeol. "Learning of spatial and temporal patterns in sequential hand movements". Cognitive Brain Research 9, nr 1 (styczeń 2000): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(99)00040-3.

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Grasso, Renato, Yuri P. Ivanenko, Joseph McIntyre, Isabelle Viaud-Delmon i Alain Berthoz. "Spatial, not temporal cues drive predictive orienting movements during navigation". NeuroReport 11, nr 4 (marzec 2000): 775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200003200-00024.

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Helm, Fabian, Jörn Munzert i Nikolaus F. Troje. "Kinematic patterns underlying disguised movements: Spatial and temporal dissimilarity compared to genuine movement patterns". Human Movement Science 54 (sierpień 2017): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.05.010.

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Kim, Younjung, Raphaëlle Métras, Laure Dommergues, Chouanibou Youssouffi, Soihibou Combo, Gilles Le Godais, Dirk U. Pfeiffer i in. "The role of livestock movements in the spread of Rift Valley fever virus in animals and humans in Mayotte, 2018–19". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, nr 3 (8.03.2021): e0009202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009202.

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne viral disease of major animal and public health importance. In 2018–19, it caused an epidemic in both livestock and human populations of the island of Mayotte. Using Bayesian modelling approaches, we assessed the spatio-temporal pattern of RVF virus (RVFV) infection in livestock and human populations across the island, and factors shaping it. First, we assessed if (i) livestock movements, (ii) spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, and (iii) livestock density were associated with the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into Mayotte communes’ livestock populations. Second, we assessed whether the rate of human infection was associated with (a) spatial proximity from and (b) livestock density of communes with infected animals. Our analyses showed that the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into communes’ livestock populations was associated with livestock movements and spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with livestock movements being associated with the best model fit. Moreover, the pattern of human cases was associated with their spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with the risk of human infection sharply increasing if livestock in the same or close communes were infected. This study highlights the importance of understanding livestock movement networks in informing the design of risk-based RVF surveillance programs.

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SCHÜTZ, ALEXANDER C., DORIS I. BRAUN i KARL R. GEGENFURTNER. "Improved visual sensitivity during smooth pursuit eye movements: Temporal and spatial characteristics". Visual Neuroscience 26, nr 3 (maj 2009): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523809990083.

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AbstractRecently, we showed that contrast sensitivity for color and high–spatial frequency luminance stimuli is enhanced during smooth pursuit eye movements (Schütz et al., 2008). In this study, we investigated the enhancement over a wide range of temporal and spatial frequencies. In Experiment 1, we measured the temporal impulse response function (TIRF) for colored stimuli. The TIRF for pursuit and fixation differed mostly with respect to the gain but not with respect to the natural temporal frequency. Hence, the sensitivity enhancement seems to be rather independent of the temporal frequency of the stimuli. In Experiment 2, we measured the spatial contrast sensitivity function for luminance-defined Gabor patches with spatial frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 7 cpd. We found a sensitivity improvement during pursuit for spatial frequencies above 2–3 cpd. Between 0.5 and 3 cpd, sensitivity was impaired by smooth pursuit eye movements, but no consistent difference was observed below 0.5 cpd. The results of both experiments are consistent with an increased contrast gain of the parvocellular retinogeniculate pathway.

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Pollick, Frank E., Harold Hill, Andrew Calder i Helena Paterson. "Recognising Facial Expression from Spatially and Temporally Modified Movements". Perception 32, nr 7 (lipiec 2003): 813–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3319.

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We examined how the recognition of facial emotion was influenced by manipulation of both spatial and temporal properties of 3-D point-light displays of facial motion. We started with the measurement of 3-D position of multiple locations on the face during posed expressions of anger, happiness, sadness, and surprise, and then manipulated the spatial and temporal properties of the measurements to obtain new versions of the movements. In two experiments, we examined recognition of these original and modified facial expressions: in experiment 1, we manipulated the spatial properties of the facial movement, and in experiment 2 we manipulated the temporal properties. The results of experiment 1 showed that exaggeration of facial expressions relative to a fixed neutral expression resulted in enhanced ratings of the intensity of that emotion. The results of experiment 2 showed that changing the duration of an expression had a small effect on ratings of emotional intensity, with a trend for expressions with shorter durations to have lower ratings of intensity. The results are discussed within the context of theories of encoding as related to caricature and emotion.

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Findlay, John M., i Robin Walker. "A model of saccade generation based on parallel processing and competitive inhibition". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, nr 4 (sierpień 1999): 661–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99002150.

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During active vision, the eyes continually scan the visual environment using saccadic scanning movements. This target article presents an information processing model for the control of these movements, with some close parallels to established physiological processes in the oculomotor system. Two separate pathways are concerned with the spatial and the temporal programming of the movement. In the temporal pathway there is spatially distributed coding and the saccade target is selected from a “salience map.” Both pathways descend through a hierarchy of levels, the lower ones operating automatically. Visual onsets have automatic access to the eye control system via the lower levels. Various centres in each pathway are interconnected via reciprocal inhibition. The model accounts for a number of well-established phenomena in target-elicited saccades: the gap effect, express saccades, the remote distractor effect, and the global effect. High-level control of the pathways in tasks such as visual search and reading is discussed; it operates through spatial selection and search selection, which generally combine in an automated way. The model is examined in relation to data from patients with unilateral neglect.

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Berry, L. E., D. B. Lindenmayer, T. E. Dennis, D. A. Driscoll i S. C. Banks. "Fire severity alters spatio–temporal movements and habitat utilisation by an arboreal marsupial, the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami)". International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, nr 12 (2016): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15204.

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Understanding how severe wildfires influence faunal movement is essential for predicting how changes in fire regimes will affect ecosystems. We examined the effects of fire severity distribution on spatial and temporal variation in movement of an Australian arboreal mammal, the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami). We used GPS telemetry to characterise the movements of 18 possums in landscapes burnt to differing extents by a large wildfire. We identified a temporal change in movement patterns in response to fire. In unburnt landscapes, individuals moved greater distances early and late in the night and had less overlap in the areas used for foraging and denning, than in high-severity burnt landscapes. Habitat selection was dependent on the spatial context of fire in the surrounding landscape. Forest recently burnt at high severity may provide suitable habitat for species such as the mountain brushtail possum, if protected from subsequent disturbance, such as salvage logging. However, spatial and temporal patterns of habitat use and selection differ considerably between burnt and undisturbed landscapes. The spatial outcomes of ecological disturbances such as wildfires have the potential to alter the behaviour and functional roles of fauna across large areas.

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Alzahrani, Saleh I., i Charles W. Anderson. "A Comparison of Conventional and Tri-Polar EEG Electrodes for Decoding Real and Imaginary Finger Movements from One Hand". International Journal of Neural Systems 31, nr 09 (10.07.2021): 2150036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065721500362.

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The representations of different fingers in the sensorimotor cortex are largely overlapped, which necessitate a good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high spatial resolution to classify individual finger movements from one hand. Electroencephalography (EEG) recorded with disc electrodes has low SNR and poor spatial resolution. The surface Laplacian has been applied to EEG to improve the spatial resolution and selectivity of the surface electrical activity recording. Tri-polar concentric ring electrodes (TCREs) were shown to estimate the Laplacian automatically with better spatial resolution than disc electrodes. For this work, movement-related potentials (MRPs) were recorded from four TCREs and disc electrodes while 13 subjects performed real and imaginary finger movements. The MRP signals recorded with the TCREs have significantly less mutual information and coherence between neighboring locations compared to disc electrodes. The results also show that signals from TCREs generated higher accuracy compared to disc electrodes. It further shows that TCREs using temporal EEG data as features yield an average accuracy of [Formula: see text]% and [Formula: see text]% for real and imaginary finger movements, respectively, which is significantly higher than utilizing EEG spectral power changes in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] bands as features. Similarly, with the disc electrodes, it achieved highest accuracy of [Formula: see text]% and [Formula: see text]% for real and imaginary finger movements, respectively, with temporal EEG data feature.

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Xia, Jianhong (Cecilia), Panlop Zeephongsekul i David Packer. "Spatial and temporal modelling of tourist movements using Semi-Markov processes". Tourism Management 32, nr 4 (sierpień 2011): 844–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.07.009.

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Wallis, Guy. "The temporal and spatial limits of compensation for fixational eye movements". Vision Research 46, nr 18 (wrzesień 2006): 2848–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.01.037.

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de la Malla, C., i J. Lopez-Moliner. "Different control modes of temporal and spatial variability in reaching movements". Journal of Vision 12, nr 9 (10.08.2012): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.422.

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Papastamatiou, Yannis P. "Acoustic monitoring of fish movements across multiple spatial and temporal scales". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, nr 4 (październik 2011): 2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3654937.

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van Doorn, Robert R. A. "Manual asymmetries in the temporal and spatial control of aimed movements". Human Movement Science 27, nr 4 (sierpień 2008): 551–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2007.11.006.

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Siengsukon, Catherine, i Lara A. Boyd. "Sleep Enhances Off-line Spatial and Temporal Motor Learning After Stroke". Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 23, nr 4 (5.12.2008): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968308326631.

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Background. Individuals with chronic stroke demonstrate sleep-dependent off-line motor learning of a continuous tracking task. However, it remains unclear which aspects of learned movements are preferentially enhanced by sleep (ie, spatial accuracy and/or the time lag of tracking). Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether spatial tracking accuracy, temporal tracking accuracy, or both are enhanced by sleep during off-line motor learning after stroke. Methods. Individuals with chronic stroke and control participants either practiced a continuous tracking task in the evening and underwent retention testing the following morning (sleep groups) or practiced the task in the morning and underwent retention testing in the evening (no-sleep groups). Results. Individuals with stroke who slept between practice and retention testing demonstrated off-line improvements in both spatial and temporal elements of tracking at retention. Participants with a stroke who stayed awake between practice and retention testing did not demonstrate off-line improvements in either spatial tracking accuracy or the time lag of tracking. Control participants did not demonstrate sleep- or time-dependent enhancement of either component of the movement task. Time of day of testing was not a factor in practice related changes in motor performance. Conclusion. This study provides the first evidence that sleep enhances motor learning through both improved spatial tracking accuracy and anticipation of upcoming movements, as demonstrated by a reduction in the time lag of tracking in individuals following stroke. We propose that the cerebellum and hippocampus are likely important neural correlates associated with sleep-dependent off-line motor skill learning.

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Chatzidakis, Andreas. "Chronotopic dilemmas: Space–time in consumer movements of the Greek crisis". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 38, nr 2 (28.08.2019): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775819871301.

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This paper explores the spatio-temporal dimensions of consumer activism during the Greek crisis. Existing work has provided valuable insights into the figure of the political consumer and the socio-spatial contexts in which consumer activism is enacted. The paper presents original six-year ethnographic work that extends current knowledge through exploring how the spatial and temporal dimensions of consumer activism are unsettled and reconfigured during an acute economic crisis. It builds on the concept of chronotopic dilemmas to illustrate the ideological tensions and contradictions between old and new spatio-temporal logics and practices. In doing so, the current study complements prior research focused on how distinct cultural and institutional settings mediate discourses and actions of consumer activism, by highlighting their inherently spatio-temporal (chronotopic) nature.

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Mitchell, A., D. Bourn, J. Mawdsley, W. Wint, R. Clifton-Hadley i M. Gilbert. "Characteristics of cattle movements in Britain – an analysis of records from the Cattle Tracing System". Animal Science 80, nr 3 (czerwiec 2005): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc50020265.

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AbstractThis paper reviews the main temporal and spatial characteristics of cattle movements in Britain, based on an analysis of records in the British Cattle Movement Service's Cattle Tracing System (CTS) database, focusing on the period 2001 to 2003, during which notification of cattle movements was mandatory. Movements vary weekly and seasonally according to the production cycle, with peaks in late spring (April) and early autumn (October), and an average 1·63 million farm-to-farm movements per month, equivalent to 19·6 million per annum. The geographical distribution of these movements appears to be relatively stable from year to year, with the great majority of animals moving less than 100 km per journey, although many tens of thousands move over far greater distances of up to 1000 km. The procedures developed to extract, match, geo-reference, analyse and display movement records have greatly enhanced the utility of the CTS database, in that it is now feasible to assess, monitor and mapthe spatial dynamics and geographical distribution of cattle movements, and provide this information in standardized format on a regular basis.

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Turner, R. S., J. W. Owens i M. E. Anderson. "Directional variation of spatial and temporal characteristics of limb movements made by monkeys in a two-dimensional work space". Journal of Neurophysiology 74, nr 2 (1.08.1995): 684–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.2.684.

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1. The directional variation of kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) characteristics of two-joint arm movements made to targets in a two-dimensional work space was studied in monkeys trained to make targeted arm movements under different behavioral conditions. 2. In each animal, kinematic measures of movement (movement amplitude, movement time, peak velocity, and trajectory curvature) and endpoint spatial position within the target zone varied as a function of the direction of the target from the starting position. Movements made toward the body into the ipsilateral hemispace generally had the smallest amplitude, lowest peak velocity, and longest movement time. 3. Although the directional variation in peak velocity could partially be accounted for by predicted anisotropies in the inertial load imposed by the arm, deviations from these predictions suggest that movement amplitude is controlled more rigorously by the CNS. Adjustments in movement time may be used to compensate for inertial anisotropies. 4. The spatial characteristics of movements (amplitude, trajectory curvature, or endpoint error) were influenced little by the visibility of the target during movement, the advanced knowledge of target location, or the presence or absence of an external trigger cue. However, temporal characteristics (movement time, peak velocity, and for some animals, reaction time) varied more as sensory cues were changed. 5. The time of initial EMG activity in muscles acting around the shoulder varied systematically as a function of target direction. A cosine model accounted for a large fraction of the variability in initial onset time, as determined in a trial-by-trial analysis. The amplitude of the EMG activity was more narrowly tuned, however. Muscles acting at the elbow showed less activity and more variable directional tuning. 6. We conclude that directional variations in the kinematic characteristics of movement, and thus, the dynamic force requirements of the task, must be taken into consideration as contributors to the apparent directional coding described for neuronal populations in different portions of the CNS.

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Hill, Harold, i Frank E. Pollick. "Exaggerating Temporal Differences Enhances Recognition of Individuals from Point Light Displays". Psychological Science 11, nr 3 (maj 2000): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00245.

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Humans are very good at perceiving each other's movements. In this article, we investigate the role of time-based information in the recognition of individuals from point light biological motion sequences. We report an experiment in which we used an exaggeration technique that changes temporal properties while keeping spatial information constant; differences in the durations of motion segments are exaggerated relative to average values. Participants first learned to recognize six individuals on the basis of a simple, unexaggerated arm movement. Subsequently, they recognized positively exaggerated versions of those movements better than the originals. Absolute duration did not appear to be the critical cue. The results show that time-based cues are used for the recognition of movements and that exaggerating temporal differences improves performance. The results suggest that exaggeration may reflect general principles of how diagnostic information is encoded for recognition in different domains.

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Zhou, Weiwei, Justin Fitzgerald, Katrina Colucci-Chang, Karthik G. Murthy i Wilsaan M. Joiner. "The temporal stability of visuomotor adaptation generalization". Journal of Neurophysiology 118, nr 4 (1.10.2017): 2435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00822.2016.

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Movement adaptation in response to systematic motor perturbations exhibits distinct spatial and temporal properties. These characteristics are typically studied in isolation, leaving the interaction largely unknown. Here we examined how the temporal decay of visuomotor adaptation influences the spatial generalization of the motor recalibration. First, we quantified the extent to which adaptation decayed over time. Subjects reached to a peripheral target, and a rotation was applied to the visual feedback of the unseen motion. The retention of this adaptation over different delays (0–120 s) 1) decreased by 29.0 ± 6.8% at the longest delay and 2) was represented by a simple exponential, with a time constant of 22.5 ± 5.6 s. On the basis of this relationship we simulated how the spatial generalization of adaptation would change with delay. To test this directly, we trained additional subjects with the same perturbation and assessed transfer to 19 different locations (spaced 15° apart, symmetric around the trained location) and examined three delays (~4, 12, and 25 s). Consistent with the simulation, we found that generalization around the trained direction (±15°) significantly decreased with delay and distance, while locations >60° displayed near-constant spatiotemporal transfer. Intermediate distances (30° and 45°) showed a difference in transfer across space, but this amount was approximately constant across time. Interestingly, the decay at the trained direction was faster than that based purely on time, suggesting that the spatial transfer of adaptation is modified by concurrent passive (time dependent) and active (movement dependent) processes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Short-term motor adaptation exhibits distinct spatial and temporal characteristics. Here we investigated the interaction of these features, utilizing a simple motor adaptation paradigm (recalibration of reaching arm movements in response to rotated visual feedback). We examined the changes in the spatial generalization of motor adaptation for different temporal manipulations and report that the spatiotemporal generalization of motor adaptation is generally local and is influenced by both passive (time dependent) and active (movement dependent) learning processes.

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Tang, Kin-Ling. "Privatization of Public Space: Spatial Practice in the Umbrella Movement". Space and Culture 22, nr 4 (16.04.2018): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331218769014.

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This article argues that in order to understand the resistance potentials of taking space movements, the temporal dimensions and spatial practices implied cannot be neglected, or else there would be a tendency to be overoptimistic about resistance in these movements. Using the Umbrella Movement that took place in Hong Kong in 2014 as a case study, this article notes that representational space and spatial practice by protesters were guided by a dualistic view of the public and the private, which in turn is the dominant ideology in neoliberalism, and that their acts of resistance were not able to go beyond the confines of conceived space. In the movement, protesters reclaimed public spaces through privatizing them. Based on the work of Lefebvre, this article argues that only with a radical critique of neoliberal values embedded in capitalism including the public-private dualism can any real transformations of everyday life and hence revolution be possible.

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Hartill, B. W., M. A. Morrison, M. D. Smith, J. Boubée i D. M. Parsons. "Diurnal and tidal movements of snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae) in an estuarine environment". Marine and Freshwater Research 54, nr 8 (2003): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02095.

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Using individually coded acoustic transponders and an array of 15 moored receivers (detection range ~300 m), the temporal and spatial movements of the temperate snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) were studied within an estuary. Of the 28 fish initially tagged, 20 were subsequently detected within the study area for up to 70 days. The spatial scale of daily movements was in the order of hundreds of metres for most fish, suggesting relatively restricted home ranges over the period monitored (November–January). The detectability of fish remaining in the estuary was lower at night, probably because of fish moving out of the main channel and onto surrounding shallow banks during darkness. Temporal movement patterns detected using spectral analyses (Fast Fourier Transforms) were predominantly diurnal, with subordinate tidal behaviour also evident in some fish. These results demonstrate that in this system, snapper occupy relatively small (hundreds of metres) and discrete areas of soft sediment seafloor, within which repeated, predictable movements are made. Variability among fish has highlighted the need for a better understanding of the relationship between fish behaviour and fine-scale habitat features (metres).

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Sabharwal, Chaman L., i Jennifer L. Leopold. "Evolution of Region Connection Calculus to VRCC-3D+". New Mathematics and Natural Computation 10, nr 02 (3.06.2014): 103–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793005714500069.

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Qualitative spatial reasoning (QSR) is useful for deriving logical inferences when quantitative spatial information is not available. QSR theories have applications in areas such as geographic information systems, spatial databases, robotics, and cognitive sciences. The existing QSR theories have been applied primarily to 2D. The ability to perform QSR over a collection of 3D objects is desirable in many problem domains. Here we present the evolution (VRCC-3D+) of RCC-based QSR from 2D to both 3D (including occlusion support) and 4D (a temporal component). It is time consuming to construct large composition tables manually. We give a divide-and-conquer algorithm to construct a comprehensive composition table from smaller constituent tables (which can be easily handcrafted). In addition to the logical consistency entailment checking that is required for such a system, clearly there is a need for a spatio-temporal component to account for spatial movements and path consistency (i.e. to consider only smooth transitions in spatial movements over time). Visually, these smooth movement phenomena are represented as a conceptual neighborhood graph. We believe that the methods presented herein to detect consistency, refine uncertainty, and enhance reasoning about 3D objects will provide useful guidelines for other studies in automated spatial reasoning.

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Spencer, Rebecca M. C., Richard B. Ivry, Daniel Cattaert i Andras Semjen. "Bimanual Coordination During Rhythmic Movements in the Absence of Somatosensory Feedback". Journal of Neurophysiology 94, nr 4 (październik 2005): 2901–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00363.2005.

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We investigated the role of somatosensory feedback during bimanual coordination by testing a bilaterally deafferented patient, a unilaterally deafferented patient, and three control participants on a repetitive bimanual circle-drawing task. Circles were drawn symmetrically or asymmetrically at varying speeds with full, partial, or no vision of the hands. Strong temporal coupling was observed between the hands at all movement rates during symmetrical drawing and at the comfortable movement rate during asymmetrical drawing in all participants. When making asymmetric movements at the comfortable and faster rates, the patients and controls exhibited similar evidence of pattern instability, including a reduction in temporal coupling and trajectory deformation. The patients differed from controls on measures of spatial coupling and variability. The amplitudes and shapes of the two circles were less similar across limbs for the patients than the controls and the circles produced by the patients tended to drift in extrinsic space across successive cycles. These results indicate that somatosensory feedback is not critical for achieving temporal coupling between the hands nor does it contribute significantly to the disruption of asymmetrical coordination at faster movement rates. However, spatial consistency and position, both within and between limbs, were disrupted in the absence of somatosensory feedback.

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Delis, Ioannis, Stefano Panzeri, Thierry Pozzo i Bastien Berret. "A unifying model of concurrent spatial and temporal modularity in muscle activity". Journal of Neurophysiology 111, nr 3 (1.02.2014): 675–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00245.2013.

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Modularity in the central nervous system (CNS), i.e., the brain capability to generate a wide repertoire of movements by combining a small number of building blocks (“modules”), is thought to underlie the control of movement. Numerous studies reported evidence for such a modular organization by identifying invariant muscle activation patterns across various tasks. However, previous studies relied on decompositions differing in both the nature and dimensionality of the identified modules. Here, we derive a single framework that encompasses all influential models of muscle activation modularity. We introduce a new model (named space-by-time decomposition) that factorizes muscle activations into concurrent spatial and temporal modules. To infer these modules, we develop an algorithm, referred to as sample-based nonnegative matrix trifactorization (sNM3F). We test the space-by-time decomposition on a comprehensive electromyographic dataset recorded during execution of arm pointing movements and show that it provides a low-dimensional yet accurate, highly flexible and task-relevant representation of muscle patterns. The extracted modules have a wellcharacterized functional meaning and implement an efficient trade-off between replication of the original muscle patterns and task discriminability. Furthermore, they are compatible with the modules extracted from existing models, such as synchronous synergies and temporal primitives, and generalize time-varying synergies. Our results indicate the effectiveness of a simultaneous but separate condensation of spatial and temporal dimensions of muscle patterns. The space-by-time decomposition accommodates a unified view of the hierarchical mapping from task parameters to coordinated muscle activations, which could be employed as a reference framework for studying compositional motor control.

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Larson-Praplan, S., M. R. George, J. C. Buckhouse i E. A. Laca. "Spatial and temporal domains of scale of grazing cattle". Animal Production Science 55, nr 3 (2015): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14641.

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Spatio-temporal patterns of cattle grazing were studied in four annual grassland pastures in California, differing mainly in tree canopy cover. Cows were equipped with global positioning collars that recorded position, temperature and head movements at 5-min intervals during 6 days in each of four seasons repeated during 2 years. The time animals took to traverse areas of varying diameter revealed patches of 6–9-m diameter in the pastures with low, and 18–21-m diameter in the pastures with high tree canopy cover. In agreement with the current model, crookedness of cow paths had two distinct domains. Within distances of 0–40 m, paths were relatively straight and similar, but from 40 to 200 m, they became increasingly tortuous. Correlation of sequential turning angles identified patches of movement with diameters between 40 and 100 m, which correspond to the ‘patch’ level of grazing within grazing sites. Seasonal changes in meal patterns were consistent with changes in temperature and forage quality and interacted with the distribution of shade. Thus, spatial distribution of grazing and temporal distribution of meals were inextricably linked. Low forage quality and high temperatures in summer resulted in highly concentrated grazing around trees. Conversely, winter and early spring forages of very high quality and low availability motivated more widely distributed grazing, with low proportion of areas being re-grazed. Resting sites acted as beginning and end of grazing bouts. We conclude that shade distribution can modulate meal start and duration.

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JACKSON, S., R. NEWPORT, F. OSBORNE, R. WAKELY, D. SMITH i V. WALSH. "Saccade-Contingent Spatial and Temporal Errors are Absent for Saccadic Head Movements". Cortex 41, nr 2 (2005): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70895-5.

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Matsuoka, Norikazu. "Temporal and spatial variations in periglacial soil movements on alpine crest slopes". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30, nr 1 (styczeń 2005): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1125.

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Serwe, Sascha, Konrad P. Körding i Julia Trommershäuser. "Visual-haptic cue integration with spatial and temporal disparity during pointing movements". Experimental Brain Research 210, nr 1 (4.03.2011): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2603-5.

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Pressigout, A., i K. Dore-Mazars. "How does number magnitude influence temporal and spatial parameters of eye movements?" Experimental Brain Research 238, nr 1 (3.12.2019): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05701-0.

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Crammond, Donald J., William A. MacKay i John T. Murphy. "Evoked potentials from passive elbow movements. I. quantitative spatial and temporal analysis". Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 61, nr 5 (listopad 1985): 396–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(85)91031-4.

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