Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Spalling

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Spalling”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 4 maja 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Spalling"

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Lee, Chang Soon, In Shik Cho, Young Shik Pyoun i In Gyu Park. "Study of Inner Micro Cracks on Rolling Contact Fatigue of Bearing Steels Using Ultrasonic Nano-Crystalline Surface Modification". Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (styczeń 2011): 979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.979.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of ultrasonic nano-crystalline surface modification (UNSM) treatment on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) characteristics of bearing steels. It was found that severe plastic deformation occurred at surface by over 100 µm after UNSM treatment. The micro surface hardness was increased by 18%, and the measured compressive residual stress was as high as -700~-900MPa. The polymet RCF-2 roller type RCF test showed over 2 times longer fatigue lifetime after UNSM treatment under Hertzian contact stress of 425.2kg/mm2 and 8,000 rpm. And SEM study showed a spalling phenomenon at the samples which went through the RCF test after UNSM treatment. Samples before UNSM treatment produced surface initiated spalls and multi shear lips by progressive spalling at the end along the rolling direction, but sub-surface initiated spalls were formed without multi shear lips after UNSM treatment. The spalling occurred at once, and the size and depth of spalls were larger than those before UNSM treatment. And micro cracks were found to form within the spallings after UNSM treatment, and stress distribution at the maximum Herzian shear stress through these micro cracks is thought to improve the fatigue lifetime of bearing materials.
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Figueiredo, B., J. Vatcher, J. Sjöberg i D. Mas Ivars. "Effects of the initial stress and spalling strength on spalling around deposition holes and tunnels". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1124, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 012110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012110.

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Abstract Spalling in the deposition holes and tunnel stability are of concern for the design of deep geological repositories for spent nuclear fuel. A 3D numerical stress model, including a single deposition tunnel and multiple deposition holes to analyse the potential for spalling resulting from the excavation phase, was developed for the proposed repository location at the Forsmark site. Several potential initial stress field cases and spalling strengths of the intact rock were considered. The magnitudes of the factor of safety, the spalling depth, the minor principal stress, and the differential stress were evaluated. The results showed that no spalling in the central deposition hole is indicated for the most likely stress field, and the occurrence of spalling and the spalling depth are minimised for a maximum horizontal stress aligned approximately parallel to the tunnel axis. For spalling occurrence and depth of spalling, the magnitude of the maximum horizontal stress is more critical than its orientation, and the spalling strength is more critical than the magnitude of the maximum horizontal stress. No instability problems were indicated in the vicinity of the roof for all analysed stress cases.
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Qiao, Rujia, Yinbo Guo, Hang Zhou i Huihui Xi. "Explosive Spalling Mechanism and Modeling of Concrete Lining Exposed to Fire". Materials 15, nr 9 (26.04.2022): 3131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093131.

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Traditional heat transfer analysis has been adopted to predict the damage in a tunnel under fire without considering the effect of concrete spalling, which leads to underestimation of the fire damage of concrete. However, accounting for the spalling effect of concrete under high temperature in an analytical heat transfer model is difficult because of the complexity of the spalling mechanism. This study aims to establish an analytical model to estimate the influence of concrete spalling on the fire-damage depth prediction. To overcome this challenge, first, a series of fire tests were conducted in a unidirectional heating system. The spalling phenomenon and spalling characteristics were observed. Based on the experimental test results, the moisture content of concrete is one of the key factors of spalling. Obvious layered spalling characteristics of concrete samples without drying could be observed under the unidirectional heat conduction system. The critical temperature of spalling is 600 °C, and the thickness of the spalling layer is 2 cm~2.5 cm. These two parameters are critical spalling conditions. Second, a multilayer model for the heat transfer analysis considering the spalling effect of tunnel lining under fire was proposed. By using Laplace transform and the series solving method for ordinary differential equations, the time-dependent temperature and stress fields of concrete lining during tunnel fire could be obtained, which are the basis of damage evolution. The analytical results agreed with the experimental data. The spalling depth of tunnel lining related to the temperature rise of tunnel fire could be predicted by using the proposed analytical model. The results of this research can be used to provide a better damage evaluation of tunnel lining under fire.
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Zhao, Jie, Jian Jun Zheng i Gai Fei Peng. "Modeling of Vapor Pressure Build-Up in Heated High-Performance Concrete". Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (październik 2012): 3691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3691.

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Under high temperature conditions, such as fire, high-performance concrete will undergo material degradation or even spalling. Spalling is the most detrimental to concrete structures. To prevent concrete from spalling, the mechanism should be understood. Since the build-up vapor pressure in concrete is supposed to play a dominant role in spalling, a vapor pressure prediction model is proposed in this paper to quantitatively analyze the vapor pressure, which can be used for the spalling mechanism study.
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Tian, Kai Pei, Yang Ju, Hong Bin Liu, Jin Hui Liu, Li Wang, Peng Liu i Xi Zhao. "Effects of Silica Fume Addition on the Spalling Phenomena of Reactive Powder Concrete". Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (maj 2012): 1090–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1090.

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The explosive spalling of high-strength concrete due to fire is a problem that has garnered increasingly widespread attention, particularly the explosive spalling of reactive powder concrete (RPC). For years, based on the vapor pressure mechanism, the addition of fibers has been demonstrated to be somewhat effective in protecting against spalling. However, relevant experiments indicate that fibers are not effective for dense concrete, which is a challenge for the simple vapor pressure mechanism in providing spalling resistance for RPC. The authors found that silica fume plays an important role in the explosive spalling of RPC. Thus, four classes of RPCs with different ratios of silica fume were prepared, and the spalling phenomena and the inner temperature distribution during heating were investigated. The results show that silica fume content has a prominent effect on the spalling process of RPC.
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PRESTON, F. W. "THEORY OF SPALLING*". Journal of the American Ceramic Society 16, nr 1-12 (17.10.2006): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1933.tb19208.x.

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Buravova, Svetlana. "Erosion spalling mechanism". Wear 157, nr 2 (wrzesień 1992): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(92)90072-g.

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Zhao, Jie, Jian Jun Zheng i Gai Fei Peng. "Fire Spalling Modeling of High Performance Concrete". Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (marzec 2011): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.378.

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Under high temperature conditions, such as fire, high performance concrete will undergo material degradation or even spalling. Spalling is the most detrimental damage to concrete structures. To prevent concrete from spalling, the mechanism should be understood. In this paper, an anisotropic damage model, in which both the thermal stress and vapor pressure are incorporated, is presented to analyze the spalling mechanism. The spalling phenomenon is studied based on two cases of different moisture contents. It is concluded that when the vapor pressure is present, concrete will behave much more brittlely.
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Wang, Kaiyun, Wanming Zhai, Kaikai Lv i Zaigang Chen. "Numerical Investigation on Wheel-Rail Dynamic Vibration Excited by Rail Spalling in High-Speed Railway". Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9108780.

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Spalling in contact surface of rail is a typical form of rolling contact fatigue, which is a difficult problem to solve in railway. Once the spalling occurs in the rail, the wheel-rail dynamic interaction will become more severe. The wheel-rail dynamic interaction is investigated based on the theory of vehicle-track coupled dynamics in this paper, where the excitation modes of the rail spalling failure are taken into consideration for high-speed wheel-rail system. A modified excitation model of rail spalling failure is proposed. It can enable the investigations on two kinds of excitation modes in wheel-rail system due to the rail spalling, including the pulse and the harmonic excitation modes. The excitation mode can be determined by the ratio of the spalling length to its critical length. Thus, the characteristics of wheel-rail dynamic vibration excited by two kinds of excitation are simulated in detail. Consequently, the limited value of the spalling length is suggested for high-speed railway.
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Chen, Jun. "Effect of Transient Creep on the Structural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Walls under Fire". Buildings 14, nr 2 (2.02.2024): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020406.

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This paper investigates and reveals the effect of the high-temperature transient creep on the structural performance of RC walls under fire. A theoretical model is established, which explicitly includes the transient creep and accounts for the explosive spalling, the material, and geometric nonlinearities under fire. The effects of the transient creep on the structural response and fire resistance of RC walls with little spalling and with explosive spalling are investigated, respectively, with elucidation of the mechanisms. The influences of wall geometries, concrete properties, and the eccentricity of load on the effect of the transient creep are quantitatively studied. Finally, the results are validated through comparison with tests in the literature. It is revealed that the transient creep significantly reduces the fire resistance of RC walls with little spalling by up to and greater than 60%, by decreasing the deflection toward the heated side. However, it increases the fire resistance of RC walls with explosive spalling by up to about 40% by reducing the spalling extent due to the stress relaxation effect. The stress relaxation effect of the transient creep has a crucial role in determining the spalling manner. The load level, the eccentricity of load, and the wall geometries are key influencing factors which have contrary influences on the effect of the transient creep on the fire resistance of RC walls with little spalling and with explosive spalling.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Spalling"

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MOTTA, BERNARDO HEISLER. "THE CONTEMPORARY NARRATIVE AND INTERACTIVE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES: SPALLING, DECENTRALIZATION, SLIDING AND MULTIPLICATION OF CHARACTERS` SPALLING". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7661@1.

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FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a descentralização, fragmentação, deslizamento e multiplicação da identidade dos personagens na ficção literária e cinematográfica contemporânea. A hipótese que norteia o trabalho é a de que estas transformações, na forma em que vêm se apresentando, estão intimamente relacionadas a um outro fenômeno, decorrente das possibilidades criadas pelas novas tecnologias digitais, o da interatividade. Assim, a pesquisa debruça-se sobre a inter-relação entre as narrativas de ficção digitais e as narrativas de ficção na literatura e no cinema contemporâneo.
This research has as objective to analyze the decentralization, spalling, sliding and multiplication of the identity of the characters in contemporary literary and cinematographic fiction. The hypothesis that guides this work is of that these transformations are intimately related to another phenomenon, linked to the possibilities created by the new digital technologies, the interactivity. The research then leans over the relations between the fictional digital narratives and the fictional narratives in contemporary literature and cinema.
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Connolly, Raymond J. "The spalling of concrete in fires". Thesis, Aston University, 1995. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14310/.

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The occurrence of spalling is a major factor in determining the fire resistance of concrete constructions. The apparently random occurrence of spalling has limited the development and application of fire resistance modelling for concrete structures. This Thesis describes an experimental investigation into the spalling of concrete on exposure to elevated temperatures. It has been shown that spalling may be categorised into four distinct types, aggregate spalling, corner spalling, surface spalling and explosive spalling. Aggregate spalling has been found to be a form of shear failure of aggregates local to the heated surface. The susceptibility of any particular concrete to aggregate spalling can be quantified from parameters which include the coefficients of thermal expansion of both the aggregate and the surrounding mortar, the size and thermal diffusivity of the aggregate and the rate of heating. Corner spalling, which is particularly significant for the fire resistance of concrete columns, is a result of concrete losing its tensile strength at elevated temperatures. Surface spalling is the result of excessive pore pressures within heated concrete. An empirical model has been developed to allow quantification of the pore pressures and a material failure model proposed. The dominant parameters are rate of heating, pore saturation and concrete permeability. Surface spalling may be alleviated by limiting pore pressure development and a number of methods to this end have been evaluated. Explosive spalling involves the catastrophic failure of a concrete element and may be caused by either of two distinct mechanisms. In the first instance, excessive pore pressures can cause explosive spalling, although the effect is limited principally to unloaded or relatively small specimens. A second cause of explosive spalling is where the superimposition of thermally induced stresses on applied load stresses exceed the concrete's strength.
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Jansson, Robert. "Fire Spalling of Concrete : Theoretical and Experimental Studies". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-128378.

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Fire spalling of concrete is not a new phenomenon. To some degree there has always been a risk during rapid heating of concrete. Therefore, to a certain degree the effect of fire spalling is included in the bank of data from fire tests and fires on which our understanding of the fire resistance of concrete is based. However, the development and modern use of more dense concrete mixes have produced cases of very severe fire spalling which have increased the urgency to understand this phenomenon. In this context, the use of an addition of polypropylene (PP) fibres to the mix to limit the amount of spalling has been one topic of interest for this thesis. During fire tests on a post-tensioned concrete structure made of spalling sensitive concrete, it has been shown that substantially lower amounts of PP fibres than 2 kg/m3, which is recommended in the Eurocode (1992-1-2:2004), can be used with successful results. As part of this study, another important aspect has emerged, i.e. the impact the test method used can have on the fire spalling depths observed in concrete specimens. This has been known for many years but is seldom discussed in the scientific literature. In this thesis it has been shown that results from tests on unloaded cubes do not necessarily correspond to results seen on larger loaded slabs. In the results presented, none of the tested cubes spalled whereas some of the large slabs spalled to the degree that the reinforcement became fire exposed. Further, the difference in spalling depths between small and large post-tensioned slabs was shown to be substantial; although in general the ranking in severity from least to greatest spalling correlated between these two specimen sizes. The correlation to larger specimens was much vaguer in the case when the small slabs were not loaded in compression as there sometimes was no spalling in the small slabs. From time to time the randomness of the fire spalling of concrete has been mentioned. To investigate this further, an analysis of 110 fire tests performed on small slab type specimens was performed. This analyse showed that the spalling behaviour had a good repeatability between two identical tests, which proved that the so called “random factor” relating to spalling depth was low for the chosen data set. It was also possible to make a multiple least squares fit of test parameters that could be used to predict the spalling behaviour which also underlines that a substantial stochastic factor was not present. Regarding the influence of different factors, the results compiled on the influence of ageing show that for three of the tested Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) mixes, the amount of spalling was reduced with age whereas for the fourth mix (which included the highest amount of limestone filler, 140 kg/m3) the spalling was not reduced with age. In this test series no systematic influence of the intensity of the fire, between standard fire exposure and the more severe hydrocarbon fire, on the spalling depth was detected for this type of specimen. The only major difference was that spalling started earlier during the more severe fire exposure. Pressure measurements conducted as part of the work within this thesis, supported by results from the literature, indicate that there is no relationship between pressure rise due to moisture and fire spalling. Based on this and the fact that the spalling event in many cases happens at relatively low temperatures where the saturation vapour pressure is low two alternative factors to explain the function of PP fibres have been presented: (i) PP fibres reduce the moisture content in the critical zone close to the heated surface which affects the mechanical properties advantageously, and (ii) PP fibres amplify moisture movement leading to larger drying creep and shrinkage which locally relax the thermal stresses. To  investigate  the  influence  of  the  presence  of  moisture  on  the  compressive  strength, specimens were tested after being boiled for varying periods of time in a water bath. The study showed a remarkable reduction of strength due to boiling of the mortar specimens. After boiling mortar in a water bath for 3, 10 or 20 minutes, i.e. approximately the same time span as the initiation of fire spalling during fully developed fires, the strength was only 64% of the corresponding value for a dry specimen. As no strength change was detected between the specimens  boiled  3, 10 or 20 minutes,  and that the corresponding  saturation  pressure  for steam at 100ºC is negligible compared with the tensile strength of concrete, it was concluded that pore pressure is not a significant  contributor  to the measured reduction in strength.  It appears that the presence of moisture itself rather than an increased pressure is the most important factor reducing strength. This is a clear indication that moisture plays a key role in the fire spalling of concrete but in a different way from previously assumed.

QC 20130911

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Nguyen, Thang Dinh. "Theoretical study of thermal spalling of brittle materials". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77905.

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In this work several problems related to thermal spalling are considered. First, a novel approximate technique to solve general linear heat-conduction problems with changing boundary conditions and locations is proposed. The technique is based on the concept of linear superposition and the possibility to transform the initial condition into a time-varying boundary condition. The proposed technique is evaluated and compared_to some of the existing techniques. The individual contribution of several stress components and their combined effects on the risk of failure are then considered for a theoretical axi-symmetric body subjected to uniform unconfined heating. The results indicate that using a single stress component in the prediction of failure for brittle materials is not justified in general. Finally, the thermal spalling process in jet piercing operations is studied. The finite element model consists of a large axi-symmetric object subjected to a confined heat flux. The numerical results are used to study the combined effects of several stress components and the influence of material properties and heat flux intensity on the spalling rate and spallability of brittle materials. The results compare favorably with experimental results reported in the literature. A set of plots are offered for use in design. Possible extensions and variations of the present work are also discussed.
Ph. D.
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Jansson, Robert. "Material properties related to fire spalling of concrete /". Lund : Division of Building Materials, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, 2008. http://www.byggnadsmaterial.lth.se/.

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Jerabek, Jakub, Allessandra Keil, Jens Schoene, Rostislav Chudoba, Josef Hegger i Michael Raupach. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Spalling Effect in TRC Specimens". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1244046893347-05461.

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The paper presents the study of spalling effect occurring under tensile loading in thin-walled TRC specimens. The experimentally observed failure patterns are first classified and the performed experiment design is explained and discussed. A parameter study of spalling effect with varied thickness of concrete cover and reinforcement configurations including both the textile fabrics and the yarns provided the basis for numerical analysis of the effect. The applied numerical model was designed in order to capture the initiation and propagation of longitudinal cracks leading to the separation of concrete blocks from the textile fabrics. A meso-scopic material resolution in a single crack bridge is used for the simulation exploiting the periodic structure of the crack bridges both in the lateral and in the longitudinal direction of the TRC specimens. The matrix was modeled using an anisotropic damage model falling in the microplane-category of material models. The bond between yarn and matrix follows a non-linear bond-law calibrated using pull-out tests. The epoxy-impregnated reinforcement is considered as a homogeneous bar.
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Thiruchelvam, Chellathurai. "Deterioration and spalling of high strength concrete at elevated temperatures". Thesis, City University London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274476.

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Lopes, Christian Raposo. "Spalling e DoP em alvos metálicos : estudos analíticos e numéricos". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2493.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica
As constantes formas de ameaça requerem o desenvolvimento constante de mecanismos de protecção, capazes de suster ataques de diversos tipos. Estes mecanismos devem possuir qualificações de segurança elevadas, visando a protecção de pessoas, veículos ou infraestruturas. O desenvolvimento tecnológico de sistemas de protecção inovadores permite acompanhar a evolução do tipo, tecnologia e performance das ameaças (armas, projécteis, explosivos, etc.). Consequentemente, é de grande importância o desenvolvimento de meios capazes de avaliar a capacidade de absorção de impacto dos referidos sistemas de protecção, sistemas esses que devem fornecer a resistência necessária ao impacto de ameaça. Neste trabalho procura-se estudar o comportamento ao impacto balístico de sistemas de protecção metálicos. Estudam-se numericamente os factores que influenciam a capacidade de absorção de energia de um alvo. Apresenta-se uma investigação detalhada das características de absorção de impacto de alvos com diferentes espessuras, impactados por projécteis com forma de ponta cilíndrica, hemisférica, cónica e ogival. Analisa-se a influência de vários parâmetros que afectam a capacidade de absorção de energia do alvo, tais como, a energia cinética de impacto, a forma de ponta do projéctil, as espessuras e os modos de cedência dos alvos. Faz-se a caracterização do comportamento mecânico ao impacto do aço Weldox 460 E, recorrendo ao programa de elemento finitos Abaqus. Evidencia-se, através da análise dos resultados numéricos, a dependência do modo de cedência do alvo em relação ao tipo de projéctil utilizado. Verifica-se um aumento da velocidade de limite balístico com o aumento da espessura do alvo, induzindo um aumento da capacidade de protecção deste. Denota-se a influência da forma de ponta do projéctil e da velocidade inicial de impacto na variação da velocidade residual do projéctil. Ilustra-se o aumento de absorção de energia por parte do alvo, com o aumento de espessura deste. É ainda notória uma absorção de energia de forma mais rápida para projécteis com configuração cilíndrica, verificando-se o inverso em projécteis de configuração ogival. ABSTRACT: The constant forms of threat require the constant development of protection systems capable of sustaining various types of attacks. These mechanisms should have high safety qualifications concerning the protection of people, vehicles or buildings. The development of innovative security systems can follow the evolution of type, technology and performance of the threats (weapons, projectiles, explosives, etc.). Therefore it is of extreme importance the development of means capable of evaluating the impact absorption capability of the before mentioned protection systems, which should be able to provide the resistence needed for the impact of a threat. This work presents a study of the behavior of metal protection systems against a ballistic impact where the afecting factors of the energy absorption capability of a target are numerically analysed. A detailed investigation of the impact absorption characteristics of a target with different thickness when collided by projectiles with blunt, hemispherical, conical and ogival noses is presented. Influence of various parameters afecting the energy absorption capability of the target, such as the kinetic energy of the impacting projectile, its nose shape, failure mode and thickness is studied. The mechanical behavior under an impact loading of Weldox 460 E steel is analysed using the finite element program Abaqus. It is possible to verify the dependence of the failure mode of the target on the type of projectile being used. Along with the increasement of the thickness of the target it is observed that the same happens to its energy absorption and to the ballistic limit velocity. The projectile nose shape and the initial velocity of impact affect its residual velocity. It is also noticed a faster absorption of energy by the target for projectiles with blunt noses, with the opposite happening for the ones with ogival noses.
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Yanko, William Andrew. "Experimental and numerical evaluation of concrete spalling during extreme thermal loading". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0006380.

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Khoylou, Naysan. "Modelling of moisture migration and spalling behaviour in non-uniformly heated concrete". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7317.

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Książki na temat "Spalling"

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Connolly, Raymond John. The spalling of concrete in fires. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Civil Engineering, 1995.

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Center, NASA Glenn Research, red. A deterministic interfacial cyclic oxidation spalling model. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2002.

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Center, NASA Glenn Research, red. A deterministic interfacial cyclic oxidation spalling model. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2002.

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Kelkar, Ajit Dhundiraj. Analyses of quasi-isotropic composite plates under quasi-static point loads simulating low-velocity impact phenomena. Norfolk, Va: Old Dominion University, 1985.

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Center, Lewis Research, red. The effect of 0.1 atomic percent Zirconium on the cyclic oxidation behavior of Ý-NiAl for 3000 hours at 1200⁰C. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1988.

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Center, Lewis Research, red. The effect of 0.1 atomic percent Zirconium on the cyclic oxidation behavior of Ý-NiAl for 3000 hours at 1200⁰C. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1988.

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Center, Lewis Research, red. The effect of 0.1 atomic percent Zirconium on the cyclic oxidation behavior of b□-s□gbb□-s□s-NiAl for 3000 hours at 1200b□-s□p0b□-s□sC. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1988.

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Blickensderfer, Robert. Laboratory tests of spalling, breaking, and abrasion of wear-resistant alloys used in mining and mineral processing. Avondale, MD: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1985.

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BV, Hoogovens Groep. Mathematical model for the determination of thermal spalling in refractory material on basis of the practical relationship of the appearance of rupture, physical properties and physical conditions. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1985.

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D, Sheffler K., Ortiz Milton i Lewis Research Center, red. Thermal barrier coating life prediction model development: Phase 1, final report. Cleveland, Ohio: NASA Lewis Research Center, 1989.

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Części książek na temat "Spalling"

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Silverton, Craig D., i Paul Dougherty. "Spalling". W Encyclopedia of Trauma Care, 1492–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29613-0_401.

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Han, Baoguo, Liqing Zhang i Jinping Ou. "Anti-Spalling Concrete". W Smart and Multifunctional Concrete Toward Sustainable Infrastructures, 191–222. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4349-9_10.

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Hu, Huan, Renwei Mao i Katsuyuki Sakuma. "Controlled Spalling Technology". W Flexible, Wearable, and Stretchable Electronics, 173–84. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020. | Series: Devices, circuits, & systems: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429263941-7.

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Bidžević, Irfan, Sanin Džidić i Ahmed El Sayed. "Spalling of Concrete". W Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 75–91. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43056-5_7.

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Lo Monte, F., i R. Felicetti. "Spalling Sensitivity Test on Concrete". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 512–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78936-1_37.

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Woodburn, Peter, Mike Deevy, Ivy Wang, Jiajie Zhu, Michael Boyd i Nicole Hoffman. "Train fire spalling risk assessment". W High Speed Two (HS2): Infrastructure Design and Construction (Volume 1), 193–215. London: ICE Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/hs2.65765.193.

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Rawat, S., Y. X. Zhang i C. K. Lee. "Spalling Resistance of Hybrid Polyethylene and Steel Fiber-Reinforced High-Strength Engineered Cementitious Composite". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 321–25. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_33.

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AbstractWe analyzed the effect of elevated temperatures on the integrity of high-strength engineered cementitious composite (ECC) made with a hybrid combination of polyethylene (PE) and steel fibers. The 50 mm cube specimens were subjected to temperature ranging from 200 to 800 °C at three different heating rates: 1, 5, and 10 °C/min. Five different types of mixes with varying content of supplementary cementitious materials and fibers were evaluated. No spalling was observed at 1–5 °C/min heating rate and <400 °C. However, at a heating rate of 10 °C/min for temperature 600–800 °C, all ECC specimens with a PE fiber volume of 1.25 and 1% steel fiber spalled explosively. Moreover, cementitious matrix with silica fume was more prone to spalling at 800 °C and the use of slag or quaternary blend of slag and dolomite at an optimum content was effective in maintaining the integrity of the ECC specimens even at very high heating rates. Thus, the type of cementitious matrix is equally important to consider, as well as fiber type and content, while analyzing the spalling resistance of ECC.
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Both, C., G. M. Wolsink i A. J. Breunese. "Spalling of concrete tunnel linings in fire". W (Re)Claiming the Underground Space, 227–31. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203741184-41.

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Smialek, James L. "Predicting Material Consumption by Cyclic Oxidation Spalling Models". W Materials Lifetime Science & Engineering, 147–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118788035.ch14.

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Dawood, T., Z. Zhu i T. Zayed. "Detection and Quantification of Spalling Distress in Subway Networks". W Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, 607–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6190-5_55.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Spalling"

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Cummings, Scott M., i Cameron P. Lonsdale. "Wheel Spalling Literature Review". W ASME 2008 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2008-74010.

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As a means of determining the conditions under which a patch of martensite (and eventually a spall) is formed on a wheel tread, the Wheel Defect Prevention Research Consortium (WDPRC) has conducted a review of wheel slide test reports and analytical models for the prediction of contact patch temperature due to wheel slide. The relative merits of the analytical models are discussed and applied to the known/assumed conditions, i.e., speed, axle load, and wheel/rail coefficients of friction (COF) for each of the wheel slide tests. The accuracy of the analytical models is evaluated with respect to test data under a variety of conditions from multiple sources. After selecting the most appropriate analytical model, wheel slide temperature predictions are given for empty cars at a variety of speeds and wheel/rail COF levels. It is concluded that the potential exists to create martensite on sliding wheels with almost any realistic combination of axle load, wheel slide duration, train speed, and wheel/rail adhesion level. Additionally, sources of wheel spalling are discussed with a focus on misapplied hand brakes and malfunctioning air brake systems. Multiple authors noted the presence of tread damage on one wheel of a wheelset with no damage at the corresponding circumferential location of the mate wheel. The accompanying theories to explain this seemingly counterintuitive finding are restated in this literature review. At the end of the paper, the actions of the WDPRC to reduce wheel spalling are briefly outlined.
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Zhang, Xuhui, Bowen Liu, Wei Zhang, Qiuchi Chen i Caiqian Yang. "Shear Behavior of Corroded RC Beams Considering Concrete Spalling Damage". W IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1485.

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<p>Corrosion-induced concrete spalling damage and its effects on shear behavior of RC beams are investigated in the present study. An experimental test is proposed firstly to investigate the cracking and spalling of concrete covers induced by corrosion. Then, the effects of concrete spalling damage on shear capacity are clarified. Following, a simple model is proposed to quantify the section damage of concrete. And, a FE method is proposed to predict the shear behavior by considering the concrete spalling damage and bond degradation. Results show that steel corrosion induces firstly the cracking of concrete and then the spalling of concrete as the corrosion loss exceeds about 20%. The spalling angles is found to vary from 17° to 22° in present test. The slight corrosion loss less than 10% in stirrups and inclined bars has little effect on the degradation of shear capacity. The further corroded stirrups and inclined bars, and the accompanied concrete spalling damage decreases the shear capacity significantly. The proposed FE model by considering corrosion-induced steel area loss, concrete spalling damage and bond degradation has reasonable accuracy for shear behavior prediction of beams.</p>
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Sakuma, Katsuyuki, Huan Hu, Stephen W. Bedell, Bucknell Webb, Steven Wright, Ken Latzko, Marlon Agno i John Knickerbocker. "Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors Fabricated by Spalling Technique". W 2018 International Flexible Electronics Technology Conference (IFETC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifetc.2018.8583971.

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Pel, L. "Spalling of concrete as studied by NMR". W 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Advances in Concrete through Science and Engineering. RILEM Publications, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/2351580028.107.

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Coll, Pablo Guimera, Rico Meier i Mariana Bertoni. "Dynamics of Crack Propagation during Silicon Spalling". W 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2018.8548314.

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Dedmon, Steven L. "The Process of Spalling in Railroad Wheels". W ASME 2011 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2011-67030.

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Although the term “Spalling” means different things to different disciplines and product types, for railroad wheels the term is used for the process by which tread cracks form as a result of a sliding event. The process includes rapid heating and austenitizing of the tread surface during a slide followed by rapid cooling and transformation to untempered martensite. Preexisting cracks in the area of a slide can grow from shallow and harmless cracks into cracks of greater significance due to high thermal and transformation stresses. Case crushing of the tread caused by high loads can also develop into spalls. Lastly, rolling contacts can cause fatigue cracks to form at the edges of a martensite patch in the heat affected zone. A complex combination of lower material strength and higher residual and applied stresses and the limiting hardenability of carbon steel produce conditions ideal for the formation of fatigue cracks. This investigation uses finite element analyses and laboratory tests to characterize the process of spalling.
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O'Connor, B. M., E. S. Akucewich i D. R. Clark. "Development of a Laboratory Hypoid Gear Spalling Test". W International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/973252.

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AVERBACH, B., S. VAN PELT i P. PEARSON. "Initiation of spalling in aircraft gas turbine bearings". W 26th Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-2291.

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Gailly, B., i J. Petit. "Influence of the microstructure on armor steel spalling". W Proceedings of the conference of the American Physical Society topical group on shock compression of condensed matter. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.50639.

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Cummings, Scott M., i Patricia Schreiber. "Wheel Spalling: Simulation of High Speed Wheel Slip". W ASME 2008 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2008-74011.

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The Wheel Defect Prevention Research Consortium (WDPRC) conducted an analysis of the possibility of wheel spall creation under revenue service conditions when a car traverses perturbed and/or lubricated track with the brakes applied. When the brake retarding force acting on a wheelset is greater than the wheelset vertical load multiplied by the wheel/rail coefficient of friction (COF), the wheelset rotational speed will begin to decrease, because the braking force has exceeded the available wheel/rail traction. Due to its large rotational inertia, the wheelset will not immediately stop rotating. As the wheelset slows rotationally, a relative motion (slip) between the contact patch of the wheel and the rail will be introduced due to the continued forward motion of the vehicle. Any sliding action generates heat in the contact patch. If sufficient heat is generated, martensite can form and spalling problems can be initiated. However, as long as the wheelset is rotating, the contact patch is cooled by continually moving circumferentially around the wheel and the tread surface temperature is limited. A NUCARS® multi-body computer simulation model was used to determine wheel normal forces at a variety of speeds across perturbed track. The wheel slip rate was then calculated for each discreet output time step of the NUCARS model. The resulting wheel tread temperature due to the wheel slip was calculated. The predicted contact patch temperature was compared to the austenitic transformation temperature to form a prediction about whether or not martensite would be created. Based on the results of this analysis, it does appear to be possible to create martensite on the wheels of loaded cars under heavy braking while traversing track surface irregularities. However, most operating conditions would not provide the required conditions and this is probably not a major source of spalling.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Spalling"

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Bertoni, Mariana. Sound Assisted Low Temperature Spalling: Upscaling and Throughput. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1963713.

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Varma, Amit H., Jan Olek, Christopher S. Williams, Tzu-Chun Tseng, Dan Huang i Tom Bradt. Post-Fire Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Bridges in Indiana. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317290.

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This project focused on evaluating the effects of fire-induced damage on concrete bridge elements, including prestressed concrete bridge girders. A series of controlled heating experiments, pool fire tests, material tests, and structural loading tests were conducted. Experimental results indicate that the portion of concrete subjected to temperatures higher than 400°C loses significant amounts of calcium hydroxide (CH). Decomposition of CH increases porosity and causes significant cracking. The portion of concrete exposed to temperatures higher than 400°C should be repaired or replaced. When subjected to ISO-834 standard fire heating, approximately 0.25 in. and 0.75 in. of concrete from the exposed surface are damaged after 40 minutes and 80 minutes of heating, respectively. Prestressed concrete girders exposed to about 50 minutes of hydrocarbon fire undergo superficial concrete material damage with loss of CH and extensive cracking and spalling extending to the depth of 0.75–1.0 in. from the exposed surface. These girders do not undergo significant reduction in flexural strength or shear strength. The reduction in the initial stiffness may be notable due to concrete cracking and spalling. Bridge inspectors can use these findings to infer the extent of material and structural damage to prestressed concrete bridge girders in the event of a fire and develop a post-fire assessment plan.
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Tseng, Tzu-Chun, i Amit H. Varma. Synthesis Study: Repair and Durability of Fire-Damaged Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317378.

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Recent research results from INDOT research project SPR-4221 indicate that the damage to prestressed concrete bridge girders from an intense hydrocarbon fire is limited to concrete material degradation up to a depth of 1 inch from the surface. Additionally, concrete cracking and spalling occur in the fire-damaged region, but the structural strength (flexure and shear) of fire-exposed prestressed concrete bridge girders is not compromised. The findings open the possibility for repairing damaged bridge girders and answers questions regarding the durability of damaged-unrepaired and damaged-repaired girders.
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Schulte, Kevin. High-Efficiency, Low-Cost III-V Solar Cells by Dynamic Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy Coupled with Rapid, Polishing-Free Wafer Reuse through Orientation-Optimized (110) Spalling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1806554.

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Robinson, W., Jeremiah Stache, Jeb Tingle, Carlos Gonzalez, Anastasios Ioannides i James Rushing. Naval expeditionary runway construction criteria : P-8 Poseidon pavement requirements. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), kwiecień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46857.

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A full-scale airfield pavement test section was constructed and trafficked by the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center to determine minimum rigid and flexible pavement thickness requirements to support contingency operations of the P-8 Poseidon aircraft. Additionally, airfield damage repair solutions were tested to evaluate the compatibility of those solutions with the P-8 Poseidon. The test items consisted of various material thickness and strengths to yield a range of operations to failure allowing development of performance predictions at a relatively lower number of design operations than are considered in traditional sustainment pavement design scenarios. Test items were trafficked with a dual-wheel P-8 test gear on a heavy-vehicle simulator. Flexible pavement rutting, rigid pavement cracking and spalling, instrumentation response, and falling-weight deflectometer data were monitored at select traffic intervals. The results of the trafficking tests indicated that existing design predictions were generally overconservative. Thus, minimum pavement layer thickness recommendations were made to support a minimum level of contingency operations. The results of full-scale flexible pavement experiment were utilized to support an analytical modeling effort to extend flexible pavement thickness recommendations beyond those evaluated.
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Baah, Prince. Implementing Epoxy Injection in Concrete Overlaid Bridge Decks. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317588.

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Concrete overlays have proven to be an effective maintenance treatment as they slow de-icing chemical and water penetration into the original deck surface. Typically, due to vibration, structural flexibility, and weak bond between the concrete overlay and deck concrete potentially due to poor construction, de-bonding develops at the boundary between the original deck and overlay. This de-bonding creates voids, providing reservoir for chloride laden water to fill after it penetrates cracks in the surface. Displacing this liquid solution and filling these cracks with epoxy helps reduce freeze/thaw cycling and reduces spalling. The epoxy material protects the bridge deck from moisture and helps support the overlay and prevent it from failing under traffic loads. This leads to an extension of the asset life span and life cycle cost benefit increase. Overall, the bridge infrastructure performance improves significantly with greater mobility and less traffic interruptions due to repairs to bridges on our roadway infrastructures. Epoxy injection helps extends the service life of bridge decks and reduces the need for emergency bridge deck patching and as a result improves safety of road users. Epoxy injection has been added to INDOT’s Maintenance Work Performance Standards during the course of this study.
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Ko, Yu-Fu, i Jessica Gonzalez. Fiber-Based Seismic Damage and Collapse Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Single-Column Pier-Supported Bridges Using Damage Indices. Mineta Transportation Institute, sierpień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2241.

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Near-fault earthquakes can have major effects on transportation systems due to the structural damage they impose on bridges. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the seismic damage of bridges appropriately, and this research focuses on reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. This research advances the seismic performance assessment of RC single-column pier-supported bridges with flexural failure under near-fault ground motion by use of ductility coefficients and damage indices. The methodology included modeling fiber-based nonlinear beam-column elements to simulate the damage development process of RC bridge piers under earthquake loadings, considering the global buckling of longitudinal steel bars, examining the cracking and spalling of cover concrete, and analyzing the effects of bond-slip. The tensile strain represented the damage of the longitudinal bars while the compression strain represented the cover concrete damage. Two innovative nonlinear fiber-based finite element models (FEMs) were developed: Model 1 (bond-slip excluded) and Model 2 (bond-slip included). Nonlinear static cyclic pushover analyses and nonlinear response history analyses were conducted. The simulation results were compared with available pseudo-dynamic test results. Model 1 provided a more ideal prognosis on the seismic performance of RC single-column pier-supported bridges under near-fault ground motion. The proposed damage indices can indicate the damage state at any stage and the gradual accumulation of damage in RC bridge piers, which are more convincing than most other indices in the literature. The proposed fiber-based nonlinear FEMs, together with the use of ductility coefficients and proposed damage indices, can also assist engineers and researchers in simulating the seismic behavior and assessing the damage state of RC bridge columns in a computationally effective manner which can empower engineers to identify and prioritize RC bridges for seismic retrofit and maintenance.
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Gilkey, Amy P., Clifford W. Hansen, John F. Schatz, David Keith Rudeen i David L. Lord. DRSPALL :spallings model for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant 2004 recertification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/883469.

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Brosnahan i DeVries. PR-317-10702-R01 Testing for the Dilation Strength of Salt. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), grudzień 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010026.

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A laboratory testing program on rock salt specimens was performed using test conditions that are consistent with the stresses that are experienced near the surfaces of salt caverns during storage operation. The proposed work effort focuses on improving the methodology for defining the onset of dilation for rock salt. Geomechanical studies use dilation criteria to assess the potential for salt damage that can lead to spalling in the cavern roof and/or walls and subsequent damage to the cavern or hanging string. This constraint is often the one that limits the minimum gas pressure in a natural gas storage cavern. This report documents the PRCI funded follow-on activities to the recently completed Gas Storage Technology Consortium project [DeVries, 2010]. The work activities completed include the following: Laboratory dilation strength testing of eight specimens having preconditioning durations longer than 10 days. Numerical modeling to identify and optimize an appropriate specimen shape for dilation testing in triaxial extension states of stress. Laboratory constant mean stress extension testing on the optimized specimen shape. DeVries [2010] documented the effects of the preconditioning durations on the dilation strength of salt specimens. Preconditioning of specimens is the process whereby specimens are subject to a relatively high hydrostatic stress for a specified period of time. It is believed that preconditioning mitigates some of the damage to the specimens induced by coring, transporting, and specimen preparation. The study documented by DeVries [2010] suggests that increasing the preconditioning duration increases the dilation strength of salt, with the maximum precondition duration limited to 10 days. This project expands upon these findings through additional testing to determine if preconditioning durations longer than 10 days has any additional benefit. In addition to the preconditioning task, this study will also investigate the variability issues observed during dilation strength tests performed under triaxial extension states of stress. It is hypothesized that the high variability seen in extensional test results might be attributed to end effects caused by (1) the friction at the specimen-platen interface and (2) specimens breaking outside the range measured by gages. To help reduce frictional effects and breakage location issues, numerical models of alternate specimen shapes were created to provide a basis for testing a new specimen geometry. Laboratory tests were performed on the new specimen geometry to validate any of its possible benefits.
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Kicker, Dwayne Curtis, Courtney G. Herrick, Todd Zeitler, Bwalya Malama, David Keith Rudeen i Amy P. Gilkey. DRSPALL: Impact of the Modification of the Numerical Spallings Model on Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Performance Assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1235212.

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