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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Soviet Union. Soviets of People's Deputies"
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Clark, Terry D. "A House Divided: A Roll-call Analysis of the First Session of the Moscow City Soviet". Slavic Review 51, nr 4 (1992): 674–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500131.
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The March 1990 elections to republican and local Soviets in the USSR resulted in the transfer of power from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to the nascent democratic movement in a number of republics and localities. Among these was the Moscow City Soviet (Mossoviet). Of the 472 people's deputies elected to the Mossoviet, the clear majority were elected under the umbrella of the political bloc Democratic Russia. Running on a platform calling for the rejection of continued CPSU control of political life in the Soviet Union and Moscow, Democratic Russia's candidates won decisively in a majority of the electoral districts.
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Sukhonos, V. V. "THE SOVIET MODEL OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE OF THE FATE OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS". Legal horizons, nr 18 (2019): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i18.p20.
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The article is devoted to the constitutional and legal issues of local government organizations. The main attention is paid to the Soviet model of local government, which, in the period of the industrialization of the country, focused on the further strengthening of the Soviet state apparatus, the deployment of the so-called “Soviet democracy” and the fight against bureaucratic defects. However, such a situation as a whole was not typical of the Soviet system. That is why the Bolsheviks attempts to attract the poor sections of the rural population. However, success in this direction was caused not so much by the strengthening of the Soviet economy as a whole, but by the opportunity for the rural poor to plunder wealthy peasants, which had developed because of the dictatorship of the proletariat existing in the USSR. Subsequently, the Bolshevik Party raised the issue of organizing special groups of poverty or factions for an open political struggle to attract the middle peoples to the proletariat and to isolate wealthy peasants (the so-called “kulaks”) during the elections to the Soviets, cooperatives, etc. With the onset of socialist reconstruction, there was a need to organize poverty, because it was an important element and the establishment of “Soviet democracy in the countryside.” The Stalin Constitution of 1936 transformed the Soviets. From 1918, they were called the Soviets of Workers’, Peasants’ and Red Army Deputies, and now, with the entry into force of the Stalin Constitution, the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. This transformation of the Soviets reflected the victory of the socialist system throughout the national economy, radical changes in the class composition of Soviet society, and a new triumph of “socialist democracy”. In addition, the “victory of socialism” in the USSR made possible the transition to universal, equal, and direct suffrage by secret ballot. On December 24 and 29, 1939, citizens of the Soviet Union elected their representatives to the local Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. 99.21 % of the total number of voters took part in the vote. The election results are another testament to the growing influence of the Bolshevik Party on the population of the Soviet Union, which has largely replaced the activities of the Soviets themselves, including the local ones. Holding elections to the regional, regional, district, district, city, village and settlement councils of workers’ deputies completed the restructuring of all state bodies in accordance with the Stalin Constitution and on its basis. With the adoption in 1977 of the last Constitution of the USSR, the councils of workers’ deputies were renamed the councils of people’s deputies. In 1985, the last non-alternative elections were held for 52,041 local councils, and in 1988, their structure became more complicated: there were presidencies organizing the work of regional, regional, autonomous regions, autonomous districts, district, city and rayon in the cities of Soviets. People’s Deputies. Within the framework of the city (city subordination), village, and town councils, this work is carried out directly by the heads of the designated Councils. On December 26, 1990, the Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR introduced regular amendments to the Constitution of the USSR, which formally abolished the Presidencies, but did not prohibit their existence. On September 5, 1991, the Constitution of 1977 was effectively abolished. Finally, it happened after December 26, 1991, when the USSR actually ceased to exist. Thus, existing in the USSR during the period of socialist reconstruction and subsequent transformations that began with the processes of industrialization and ended as a result of the collapse of the USSR, the model of local government organization remained ineffective due to its actual replacement by the activities of the governing bodies of the ruling Communist Party. Keywords: Local Government; the system of Councils; local Councils; Council of Deputies of the working people; Council of People’s Deputies; Soviet local government.
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Mironov, B. N. "Collective Portrait of Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and Union Republics in 1938–1989". Modern History of Russia 13, nr 1 (2023): 141–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.109.
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In 1938–1989, Supreme Soviets of the USSR and Union Republics were the successors of the Congresses of Soviets and performed the same functions assigned to them by the ruling party — to approve and convert the decisions of the Сommunist Party into laws, to support the policy pursued by the party and the government, to legitimize the existing regime. The Soviets performed these functions quite successfully due to the fact that the deputy corps included people from all social groups loyal to the regime and at the same time influential, authoritative, and well-known throughout the country. A simple Soviet citizen believed in the deputies and the real power of the Supreme Soviets, thanks to which the Soviets, having no real power, had great symbolic power, which allowed them until 1989 to maintain the trust of the people in the Soviet system and the communist project. In 1938–1989, the composition of the deputies of the Supreme Soviets of the USSR and the union republics underwent important changes: there was an in increase in the proportion of workers and peasants, women, educated people, and people of mature and senior age; the proportion of employees, Russians and semi-literate people decreased. The deputies’ corps became more balanced in all respects and significantly more educated, but members and candidates of the Communist Party, men, employees, intellectuals, functionaries, were still overrepresented, and non-party workers, peasants and Russians were underrepresented. In general, the deputy corps was comprised of the elite; the Supreme Soviets of the Union and Autonomous Republics — of the national elite of the titular peoples. They were not professional politicians, as in Western parliaments, but the elite. For the majority of deputies, activity in the Soviets was not the main profession, but an honorable part-time job on a voluntary basis.
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Malkhozova, F. V. "Discussions about the state sovereignty of Russia at the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR". Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, nr 4 (15.12.2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/20-4/08.
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This article is devoted to the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Russia. The main result of the first Congress of People's Deputies was the assertion of Russian sovereignty, ensuring economic independence. The issue of sovereignty is one of the most acute and painful topics of the Soviet and post-Soviet times. In the RSFSR, the question of the realization of its sovereignty became aggravated by the end of perestroika, when it became clear that, in comparison with other republics, Russia did not even have limited statehood. Most republics of the Soviet Union had their own communist parties and their nomenclatures, which were quite autonomous in exercising power and their interests. The RSFSR did not have this. With a policy of publicity and open elections, the concept of sovereignty came to the fore in election campaigns and became central to the work of the first congress of people's deputies of the RSFSR.
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Kheifets, Viktor L., i Lazar S. Kheifets. "Boris Sinani: 246 Days in the Life of a Participant in Revolutionary Events in Russia in 1917". RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, nr 3 (15.12.2023): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-3-441-455.
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From the example of Russian officer Boris Semenovich Sinani’s fate, the authors have attempted to reconstruct the events of the first days of the February Revolution, including certain aspects of the work of the “military headquarters of the revolution” - the Military Commission, as well as the reasons for the creation and nature of the functioning of the Union of Republican Officers of the People's Army. Through their research, the authors have revealed the complexity of the relationship between the Provisional Committee of the State Duma and the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, as well as the attitude of the Russian officers to the revolutionary changes in the country. The authors note that the name Sinani was taken as a pseudonym by Georgy Borisovich Skalov, another participant in the revolution and the Civil War, and this choice played a tragic role in the fate of the latter. The study is based on the analysis of the documents of the Union of Socialists of the People's Army stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, memoirs, and their comparison with published scientific works. The authors have also attempted to reconstruct the main lines of interaction and contradictions between officer groups during the Great October Socialist Revolution.
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TSYBAKOV, D. L., i O. V. GARINA. "PARTY AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP OF THE SYSTEM OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF EMPLOYEES OF THE NKVD-MINISTRY OF Internal Affairs OF THE USSR (1920-1980-ies)". JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 10, nr 3 (2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2021-10-3-20-27.
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This article aims to analyse the genesis of the practice of the party leadership of vocational training for the soviet police and State security bodies. The authors trace the process of development of the structure of secondary and higher educational institutions of All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, Joint State Political Directorate, People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security, as well as the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in the period from the early 1920s to the mid-1980s. It argues for the idea that the party and political control over the system of secondary and higher education is carried out by the deputies for political affairs and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The article analyses archive materials of the primary party organization of Orel secondary special police school of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In conclusions it should be noted that the recent strengthening of the party and political control over the activities of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is associated with increasing ideo-logical confrontation between the West and the USSR at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s.
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Антонов, А. С. "Transformation of the model of local self-government during the crisis and subsequent dismantling of the Soviet political system at the end of the 20th century in Ryazan Region". Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, nr 3(80) (29.09.2023): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2023.80.3.005.
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Статья посвящена актуальной на сегодняшний день проблеме формирования новой российской государственности в конце XX века. Этот процесс отличается серьезными потрясениями и уникальным опытом коренного преобразования всей политической системы без тектонических разломов войн и революций, в связи с чем вопрос становления и развития новой системы самоуправления в регионах является одним из самых актуальных. В статье рассматривается трансформация модели местного самоуправления в условиях кризиса и демонтажа советской политической системы в конце ХХ века. Особое внимание уделяется начавшейся в середине 80-х годов ХХ века перестройке, когда внимание сосредотачивалось не на решении нараставших в стране экономических проблем, а на реорганизации политической системы страны — Союза Советских Социалистических Республик. Прослеживаются этапы выполнения одной из важнейших задач реформирования советского общества и государства, в частности эволюция роли Советов в советском государстве. Целью статьи является комплексное исследование процесса создания, становления и развития органов местного самоуправления в Рязанской области в период демонтажа советской политической системы. Анализируются новые, впервые вводимые в научный оборот архивных документы Государственного архива Рязанской области — протоколы заседаний Городского совета народных депутатов за период с 1990 года по 1992 год. The article is devoted to the important issue of formation of the new Russian state at the end of the 20th century. This process is distinguished by serious upheavals and a unique experience of a radical transformation of the entire political system. This happened without destructive wars or revolutions. Due to this circumstance the issue of the formation and development of a new system of self-government in the regions is a major theme to address. The article deals with the transformation of the model of local self-government in the conditions of the crisis and subsequent collapse of the Soviet political system at the end of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to the perestroikathat began in the mid-1980s, when attention was focused not on solving the economic problems that were growing in the country, but on reorganizing the political system of the country, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The research focusses on the stages of reforming the Soviet society and the state, in particular, on the evolution of the role of the Soviets (Councils) in the Soviet state. The article presents a comprehensive study of the process of creation, formation and development of local governments in the Ryazan Region during the dismantling of the Soviet political system. It quotes new archival documents of the State Archives of the Ryazan Region, namely the minutes of meetings of the City Council of People’s Deputies for the period from 1990 to 1992, analyzed here for the first time.
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Elizarov, Sergey A. "Local Soviet nomenclature of the BSSR of late Stalinism (1945–1953)". Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, nr 4 (10.11.2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2021-4-31-43.
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The article examines the process of restoration and development of the nomenclature mechanism of personnel policy in the BSSR in the first post-war decade, which received the name «late Stalinism» in modern historiography. The main attention is paid to the leading employees of local government bodies – the executive committees of the Soviets of Working People’s Deputies. The article describes the main trends in the transformation of the organisation of nomenclature practice – centralisation and decentralisation. The main hierarchical levels of nomenclatures are highlighted (from the Central Committee of the all-Union Communist Party(b) – the CPSU to the district and city committees of the CP(b)B – CPB), their specific content is shown in the time dynamics. It is noted that the existing hierarchy of nomenclature positions in many respects more accurately than their official administrative status determined the real position of an employee in the structure of power and management. Initially the high level of renewal of the composition of the chairmen of local executive committees was replaced in the early 1950s by its relative stabilisation. They tried to appoint Communists with pre-war experience who had already been tested in various leadership positions to senior positions in the local structures of the state administration apparatus. The level of education played a role only at the district and city levels of the local administrative hierarchy, for its highest level – the chairmen of regional executive committees – the main importance was still the experience of leadership work. The work experience in the positions held and the general experience of managerial work increased somewhat, the level of education of the chairmen of district and city executive committees increased, which made it possible to move to a higher level of requirements in the selection of personnel (the availability of specialised higher, technical or agricultural, education).
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Andreev, Alexander Alekceevich, i Anton Petrovich Ostroushko. "Justin Ivlianovich JANELIDZE – Chairman of the all-Union society of surgeons, Chief surgeon of the Soviet Navy, chief editor of the journal "Bulletin of surgery" (135th anniversary of birth)". Vestnik of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 11, nr 3 (28.09.2018): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2018-11-3-230.
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In 1883 in Georgia in a peasant family was born Justin Ivlianovich Janelidze. After graduating from the Kutaisi classical gymnasium (1903) studied in Kharkiv (1903-1905) and Geneva universities (1905 – 1909). Defended his thesis on the topic: "the question of teratoma and testicular tumors" (1909). In 1910 I. I. Dzhanelidze returned to Russia and received the title of doctor with honors, doctor of medicine (1911). From 1911 to 1914 he worked at the St. Petersburg women's medical Institute at the Department of hospital surgery. In 1911 G. I. Janelidze made a successful operation a patient with a wound of the right ventricle of the heart, in 1913 - world's first stitched the wound of the ascending aorta. During the first world war Justin Ivlianovich was a doctor of the field hospital trains. On his return from the army he worked as an assistant Professor, Department of General surgery (1921) the Petrograd medical Institute. In 1927, I. I. Janelidze was elected to the chair of hospital surgery of I Leningrad medical Institute, headed until 1943 1932 he is also scientific Director of the Leningrad Institute of emergency care. In 1939, Justin Ivlianovich - chief surgeon of the Navy of the USSR. In 1943, I. I. Janelidze was appointed chief of the Department of hospital surgery educated in the naval medical Academy.
I. Janelidze is the author of over 100 scientific works, including monographs: "the Wounds of the heart and their surgical treatment", "Free skin grafting in Russia and the Soviet Union," "Bronchial fistula gunshot origin." He developed methods of surgical treatment of wounds of the heart, mediastinum, arterial and arteriovenous aneurysms of the carotid, subclavian and femoral arteries, plastic surgery, methods of reduction of dislocated shoulder and hip.
Most famous was his monograph "Bronchial fistula gunshot origin", for which he was awarded the State prize of the USSR (1948). In 1946 he was elected Chairman of the all-Union society of surgeons and remained in this post until the end of life. He was editor-in-chief of the journal "Bulletin of surgery" (1937-1941 gg.), the editor of "war surgery" in the "Encyclopedic dictionary of military medicine", member of the editorial Board and the author of several chapters of the multivolume work "the Experience of Soviet medicine in great Patriotic war 1941-1945", magazines "Surgery" and "New surgical archive". I. I. Janelidze was elected Deputy of the Leningrad city Council of people's deputies. He was awarded two orders of Lenin, order of the red banner, the Gold medal "hammer and Sickle" and many medals. January 14, 1950 I. I. Janelidze died.
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Sukhonos, V. V. "THE SOVIET MODEL OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS". Legal horizons, nr 17 (2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:42.
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The article is devoted to the political and legal problems of the organization of local authorities. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the Soviet model of local government in the period of its first reform, which falls on the day of the so-called “New Economic Policy”, when the liberalization processes started, called the “Leninist line for the development of socialist democracy”. However, the expansion of this democracy was greatly complicated by the fact that the Soviet state apparatus did not have its own bureaucracy, and therefore, for the most part, relied on the bureaucracy of the old, bureaucracy, raised on the bureaucratic traditions of the royal apparatus. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that many of the workers of the party and Soviet bodies, especially the grassroots, were hardly deprived of previous methods of state administration, which usually had military-administrative character. The transition to a new economic policy (NEP), a certain liberalization of the Soviet system could not but cause a revival in the work of the party, trade unions, and the Soviets. But if the restructuring of the party and trade unions was implemented within a rather short time, then in relation to the Soviets, it was a bit delayed. The newly formed Soviet state apparatus proved to be unprepared for various kinds of social experiments. Among other things, this was due to the inadequate level of farming in the first years of the NEP, the general deterioration of the civil war, the still hard financial situation of the people and the use of all these circumstances by the opponents of the Bolsheviks in the countryside. The most effective means of improving the Soviet apparatus and eliminating bureaucratic “tricks” was the regular campaign in the form of wide involvement in the management of the state of workers and peoples. Particularly relevant was the issue of improving the forms of party leadership by the activities of the Soviet state and economic apparatus. It was necessary to find the right forms of relations between the party and Soviet bodies, to eliminate the practice of substituting Soviets by party bodies not removed from the civil war since the times of civil war. This kind of branching should have provided a more systematic discussion and solution of economic issues by the Soviet authorities while increasing the responsibility of each Soviet worker and the case he was entrusted with. On the other hand, this provided the opportunity for party bodies to focus on the overall management of the work of all state bodies, paying particular attention to the education and organization of working classes. However, despite a certain liberalization of the Soviet system, the model of the organization of local government in the USSR in the period of the New Economic Policy remained ineffective, both as a result of its virtually “curious” character and absolute domination of the members of the Bolshevik Party in the Soviets. Keywords: Local Government; a system of Councils; local Councils; Councils of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies; Soviet local government.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Soviet Union. Soviets of People's Deputies"
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Kim, Seongjin. "Regionalism in the Congresses of People's Deputies of the USSR and Russia : a case study of Siberia and the Russian Far East". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2447/.
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This study is concerned with the influence of regionalism in the Congresses of People's Deputies of the USSR and Russia between 1989 and 1993 and its implications for future reform including the development of federal relations in Russia. In particular, emphasis will be placed on regionalist tendencies developed in Siberia and the Russian Far East. After perestroika, the discussion of federal relations showed varieties of possible developments, ranging from a unitary system to a confederation. Despite these varieties, it appears to be generally perceived that stable and 'genuine' federal relations are required in Russia. However, little attention has been paid to the role of the newly re-emerging political actor, the deputies of the central legislature, who are directly engaged in the establishment of such federal relations. This study reaches three main conclusions. First of all, regional socio-economic disparities affected the attitudes of deputies towards reform, including changes in centre-periphery relations. Secondly, the analysis suggests that at least two main streams of regionalism were developed during 1989-1993: one developed in the Congress by the regional deputy groups, and the other outside the Congresses by regional political leaders. Thirdly, despite growing regionalist tendencies in Russia at that time, regional political actors were not strong enough to initiate a federal structure of their preference, lacking horizontal and vertical coordination. This discussion of regionalism in the Congress leads us to a further conclusion that regional interest articulation was rather chaotic, hampering legislation of policies and thus facilitating the regionalisation of reform. Despite strong regionalist tendencies in some sub-national units, particularly based on ethno-nationalist sentiments, such a development may erode the legacy of reform as well as regional autonomy itself.
Książki na temat "Soviet Union. Soviets of People's Deputies"
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Soviet Union. Sʺezd Narodnykh Deputatov. First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, 25 May-9 June 1989: The stenographic record. [Gulf Breeze, FL]: Academic International Press, 1993.
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Soviet Union. Sʺezd Narodnykh Deputatov. The U.S.S.R. First Congress of People's Deputies: Complete documents and records, May 25, 1989-June 1, 1989. New York, NY: Paragon House, 1991.
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Election procedure in the USSR. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Pub. House, 1986.
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The U.S.S.R. First Congress of People's Deputies : Complete Documents and Records, May 25, 1989-June 10, 1989, Volumes I-IV (4 Vol. Set). Paragon House, 1991.
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The Soviet Empire: Its nations speak out : the first Congress of People's Deputies, Moscow, 25 May to 10 June 1989. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1989.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Soviet Union. Soviets of People's Deputies"
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Brovkin, Vladimir N. "The Making of Elections to the Congress of People's Deputies (CPD) in March 1989". W The Soviet Union, 471–96. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351145206-20.
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Scarborough, Isaac McKean. "1989". W Moscow's Heavy Shadow, 61–81. Cornell University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501771026.003.0005.
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This chapter elaborates on the Soviet Union's unavoidable economic downturn. It highlights the growing societal frustration in the Tajik SSR. Throughout the USSR, the political mobilization allowed by Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost and alternative nodes of political power allowed people the opportunity to voice their frustrations and draw upon increasing social fragmentation. Despite the rising violence, Moscow consistently emphasized the need to allow greater local initiative and democratization. Moreover, instead of addressing the immediate socioeconomic needs that were leading people to protest and violence, Gorbachev and his advisors doubled down on a reorganization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Soviet government and creating the Congress of People's Deputies to debate and pass reform legislation.
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Larson, Deborah Welch, i Alexei Shevchenko. "The Communist Contest for Status". W Quest for Status, 82–133. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300236040.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) pursued social competition with the Western states while at the same time seeking recognition from the states they were trying to subvert. Stalin sought to increase the power and prestige of the Soviet state through coerced industrialization, and Khrushchev made an effort to “catch up and surpass” the West in economic production. The PRC sought to improve its status by allying with the Soviet Union, but the Chinese chafed under their status as “younger brothers” to their senior ally, and eventually Mao challenged the Soviets for leadership of the international communist movement. In the 1970s, China took advantage of the US need to balance Soviet military power by putting aside communist ideology to become a tacit ally of the United States, part of a “strategic triangle.”
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Christensen, Thomas J. "From Escalation in Vietnam to Sino-American Rapprochement, 1964–72". W Worse Than a Monolith. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691142609.003.0006.
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This chapter examines how Sino-Soviet tensions served the United States' regional and global interests and facilitated rapprochement between Washington and Beijing during the period 1964–1972. The competition between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China for the loyalties of the Vietnamese communists would begin in earnest following U.S. escalation in the Vietnam War from late 1964 to early 1965. Ho Chi Minh was able to exploit Chinese and Soviet jealousies of one another to gain maximum support for his revolutionary goals in South Vietnam. From 1965 until early 1968 the rivalry between Beijing and Moscow also served to scuttle multiple Soviet-inspired proposals for peace talks between the Vietnamese communists and the United States. The chapter shows how the intensifying disillusionment and competition between the Soviets and the Chinese rendered the containment of communism through coercive diplomacy more difficult for the United States, particularly in Indochina.
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"President Leonid Kuchma has set about buttressing the executive branch with loyal people … Kuchma signed a decree on further administrative reforms in which he instituted the posts of state secretary of the govern-ment and state secretaries of the ministries. All state secretaries and their deputies will be appointed by the president for five-year terms and will control virtually all the work of their ministries, from staffing to the alloca-tion of funds and the appointment of directors of the ministries’ regional offices. The decree says that the state secretaries ‘shall oversee the partic-ular operations of their ministries’ and ‘shall be responsible for organizational, legal, expert-analytical, informational and technical support for the ministries’ work’. The post of deputy ministries is hence-forth abolished. State secretaries can be fired only by the president … Presidential chief of staff Vladimir Litvin commented … ‘Virtually all levers of influence are concentrated in the hands of the ministry state secretaries’." W The Countries of the Former Soviet Union at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, 556–601. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203647547-33.
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