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Kamthornkittikul, Napol. "Southeast Asia Equity ETFs". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104525.
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Thesis: S.M. in Management Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 47-48).
Southeast Asia countries are forming the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), one of the largest markets in the world with an over $2 trillion economy and population of over 600 million. This represents great opportunities not only for ASEAN citizens but also for foreigners to benefit from the combined economy. As a student from Thailand with strong interest in equity investment, I am interested in exploring equity investment opportunities in the region. I particular I want to look at Southeast Asia Equity ETFs as I believe that ETFs will play an important role in allowing investors to benefit from an exposure to the region's economy. In this thesis, I developed key investment highlights of Southeast Asia. I then explained why ETFs are an attractive tool for investors based on their special characteristics that distinguish them from typical mutual funds. Next, I explored and analyzed currently available Southeast Asia regional-focused ETFs. Finally, I developed several key considerations for new entrants who might consider getting into the market in offering Southeast Asia Equity ETFs.
by Napol Kamthornkittikul.
S.M. in Management Studies
2
Tiffin, Sarah Perry. "Power, progress and the course of Empire : British ruin sentiment in Southeast Asia in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18733.pdf.
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Ahmad, Dzulkarnain. "ASEAN+3 : the institutionalization of Asian values". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FAhmad.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Robert M. McNab, Gaye Christoffersen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-78). Also available online.
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Masilamani, Loganathan 1965. "Regionalism in Southeast Asia : the evolution of the association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)". Monash University, Dept. of Politics, 1998. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8668.
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Hogan, Mary Vivianne. "The development and role of ASEAN as a regional association". Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B16043017.
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Sheridan, Jennifer Ann. "Variation in Southeast Asian anurans". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3296894.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Apr. 7, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-138).
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Egloff, Brian. "Recent prehistory in Southeast Papua /". Canberra : Department of prehistory, Research school of Pacific studies, Australian national university, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb374208161.
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Texte remanié de: Th. Ph. D.--Department of anthropology and sociology, Research school of Pacific studies--Canberra--Australian national university, 1971. Titre de soutenance : Collingwood Bay and the Trobriand Islands in recent prehistory : settlement and interaction in coastal and island Papua.Bibliogr. p. 153-164.
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Chen, Jiang. "Ming dai zhong hou qi de jiang nan she hui yu she hui sheng huo /". Shanghai : Shanghai she hui ke xue yuan chu ban she, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy10pdf02/2008488426.html.
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Chan, Hon-ki, i 陳翰奇. "Phylogeography and cryptic diversity of occidozyga lima (gravenhorst 1829)". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50605835.
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The anuran fauna has been found to harbor substantial cryptic diversity, and chronic, low-level population declines in evolutionarily significant units can be masked by a lack of resolution on this diversity. Numerous species previously believed to be common and widespread have been found to represent cryptic species complexes consisting of distinct genetic lineages with restricted ranges. Most research on cryptic diversity has focused on high elevation areas because they usually harbor higher diversity and levels of endemism; thus cryptic diversity from lowland areas remains poorly understood. This study investigated the population divergence of the pearly-skinned floating frog (Occidozyga lima), a lowland wetland species broadly distributed throughout Southeast Asia and considered common throughout its range. I analyzed six DNA regions (Histone H3, Tyrosinase exon-1, 28S, 16S, ND1 and 12S; a total of 4,650 base pairs) to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among populations. Morphometric analyses were conducted to test for morphological differentiation. Both genetic and morphological data revealed substantial lineage divergence in O. lima. I found that sympatric lineages are not sister lineages, a common feature of cryptic species complexes. The current status of O. lima as a single species should be rejected. Three candidate species were delineated based on 5% mitochondrial 16S genetic divergence. The name O. lima should be restricted to populations in the type locality, Java, Indonesia (candidate species I), and two new species should be assigned to populations from South China to Northern Indochina (candidate species II) and Southern Indochina to Myanmar (candidate species III). Resolving the widely-distributed species complex into three valid species requires reassessment of the IUCN conservation status. Given observed population declines in South China and Indonesia, the new species are likely to belong to a higher threat category.
Species considered to be common and widespread are under-represented in current conservation planning because conservation priority has been biased toward rare and range-restricted species. Increasing evidence suggests that species whose populations are considered stable are declining at rates exceeding those of rare species. Using habitat availability as a proxy for their occurrence, it appears that the three clades are threatened to varying degrees because of habitat loss. Populations from South China and Indonesia are the most threatened due to massive development of lowland habitats. In addition, conversion of wet agriculture to permanent dry crops and the predicted increases in persistent droughts pose threats to amphibian populations in lowland habitats. The extirpated O. lima populations should be restored in Hong Kong by means of reintroduction. A study of the reproductive ecology of O. lima followed by experimental reintroduction is necessary to restore populations and may serve as a model for public education about amphibian conservation. Given the rapid decline of this species in South China, a reintroduction plan and resources to initiate a reintroduction are urgently needed.published_or_final_version
Biological Sciences
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Nugroho, M. Santoso E. "ASEAN and security in Southeast Asia". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA294762.
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Thesis (M.S. in International Resource Planning and Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1994.Thesis advisor(s): Edward A. Olsen. "December 1994." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Engvall, Anders. "Poverty and conflict in Southeast Asia". Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1005.
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This is a collection of papers on three Southeast Asian countries, Cambodia, Lao PDR and Thailand. All four studies rely on household survey data for analyzing topics related to poverty and conflicts. Trust and Conflict in Southern ThailandThe insurgency in Thailand’s southern border provinces has caused thousands of casualties since 2004. This paper investigates the impact of mistrust of the government on the violent conflict. I analyze how failure to address local grievances has led to a breakdown of trust and created conditions for an insurgency. Empirical tests are carried out using a survey of individual trust in government institutions conducted at the beginning of violent conflict. It is shown that sub-districts where the population displayed lower levels of pre-conflict trust experienced higher levels of lethal violence during the conflict. Factors influencing trust in government institutions are analyzed using ordinal logistic analysis. Economic and ethno-linguistic factors are identified as the main determinants of trust towards the government. Political polarization in ThailandThe article traces recent political polarization to earlier institutional reforms opening up the political system to increased electoral competition. The increased influence of the rural majority led new political entrepreneurs to introduce welfare policies. The new polices were opposed by urban tax payers, setting off a process of policy driven polarization that drew on underlying cleavages in Thai society. Empirical tests based on voting patterns in the most recent general election using a seemingly unrelated regression model provide support for the hypothesis of policy driven political polarization. The analysis highlights the vulnerability to increased polarization after introduction of institutional reforms that alter the balance of power between different parts of the electorate. Ethnic Minority Poverty in Lao PDREthnic minorities have a significantly higher poverty incidence than the majority in Lao PDR. Based on survey data the determinants of minority poverty are analyzed, the sources of inequality decomposed, and the expected impact of polices to address minority poverty estimated. When economic factors are controlled for, ethnicity does not have any significant effect on poverty. Decomposition shows that unequal access to resources and demographic variables largely explain the majority-minority poverty gap. Rural Poverty in CambodiaCambodia has been growing rapidly over the past few years, but remains one of the poorest countries in East Asia. This paper analyzes rural poverty in Cambodia to identify the factors that explain its occurrence and persistence. The reduction of rural poverty in Cambodia requires (1) improvements in agricultural productivity and (2) the establishment of other income earning opportunities for the rural population. An econometric analysis of the Cambodian Socio-Economic Survey shows that the main causes of poverty differ between landowners and the landless, and between different regions.
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Poh, Ping Lee. "Southeast Asian Economic Relations with Japan". MIT-Japan Program, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9657.
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Bauer, Mark. "The seismic structure of southeast Alaska". Thesis, Indiana University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3611120.
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The convergent motion of the Pacific and North American Plates in Alaska has produced geologic features associated with subduction zones and has transported displaced terranes along the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather fault system that forms the northeastern boundary of the Pacific Plate. These subduction features stop abruptly at the edge of the Yakutat Block displaced terrane, approximately 300 km from the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather fault. The purpose of this study was to determine the type and geometry of the boundary between the Yakutat Block and North American as well as the cause of the offset volcanic arc and missing Wadati-Benioff zone.
I calculated P and S-wave receiver functions for 57 broadband seismic stations located in southeast Alaska. S-wave data was migrated using a Common Conversion Point procedure. P-wave data was imaged via a three-dimensional, pre-stack migration using plane-wave decomposition weighted by an inverse generalized Radon transform to calculate the scattering potential for each event. I also calculated the temperatures at the top of the Yakutat slab and mantle wedge using three different analytical thermal models.
The 3-D images and animations I produced show that the Yakutat Block is being subducted, continuous with the Pacific slab, and extends to the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather strike-slip fault systems. The subducted slab extends north to the Wrangell Volcanic Field with a dip than increases gradually from 10° in the west to 15° in the east, stripping approximately 15 km of overlying sediments. The location of the Wrangell Volcanic Field and lack of Wadati-Benioff zone are consistent with the temperatures I calculated for the top of slab and mantle wedge after stripping 15 km of sediment.
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Bisht, Deepti. "Structure and geomorphology, southeast Dinarides, Croatia". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708060.
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楊振鴻 i Chun-hung Yeung. "Business network of overseas Chinese". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31268420.
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Li, Hon-leung Francis, i 李漢亮. "The development of containerized intermodalism in South China". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31952161.
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Litzinger, Ralph A. "Crafting the modern ethnic : Yao representation and identity in post-Mao China /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6421.
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Hayashino, Diane Suyeko. "A construct development and preliminary validation study of the parenting stress scale for Southeast Asian immigrant and refugee parents /". view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3080589.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 254-263). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Narine, Shaun. "The evolution of ASEAN". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0001/NQ35264.pdf.
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Karsner, Alexander Armand. "The emerging market for private electric power in Southeast Asia: a comparative survey of prospects andproblems". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31950589.
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Franklin, John K. "The hollow pact : Pacific security and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization /". Fort Worth, Tex. : Texas Christian University, 2006. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/24320.
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Hebert, Jamie Sue. "Event Ecology: An Analysis of Discourses Surrounding the Disappearance of the Kah Shakes Cove Herring (Clupea pallasi)". PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5.
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The conflict over the herring run at Kah Shakes is complicated. In 1991, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) expanded the commercial herring sac roe fishing boundary in the Revillagigedo Channel to include Cat and Dog Islands. Native and non-Native local residents of Ketchikan protested the boundary expansion, as did managers of the neighboring Annette Island Fishery managed by the local reservation. Using cultural anthropological research methods that include ethnographic data, semi-structured, qualitative interviews gathered in southeast Alaska in 2008, and a comprehensive literature review of historic data culled from newspapers and other texts, I examine the many political factors that contribute to this conflict, including the contest between anecdotal and scientific data, the construction of fisheries management boundaries, and issues of collective memory. Using Vayda and Walters' event ecology methodology, bolstered by discourse analysis, I identify three discourses (local ecological knowledge, management and environmental). I use these discourses as comparative units to show that little coincident data can be identified between these discourses. I examine two areas of dissident data, stock definition and measures of abundance, and recommend that local ecological knowledge (LEK) be used to expand the scientific database on which current management techniques depend, to question the accuracy of current ADFG management boundaries and stock identification, and to recalibrate guideline harvest levels by exposing the effects of shifting baselines. I then outline how Geographic Information Systems (GIS) may assist in the validation and integration of LEK into the current fisheries management paradigm to create a more holistic narrative of ecological change.
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Xiao, Lin Jia. "The rhetorical vision of China in Southeast Asian online communities : a fantasy theme analysis on Southeast Asian forums". Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2162046.
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Ketkamon, Mattana Grabill Joseph L. "United States-Southeast Asian relations, 1780s-1980s". Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1988. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p8907676.
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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1988.Title from title page screen, viewed September 22, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Joseph L. Grabill (chair), Robert W. Hunt, Lawrence W. McBride, Louis G. Perez, L. Moody Simms. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-165) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Hill, Catherine E. "Mitochondrial DNA variation in Island Southeast Asia". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2005. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/22331/.
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It is known that Island Southeast Asia was colonised relatively early in the history of modem humans; however, it is still a matter of some debate as to whether the modem inhabitants of Island Southeast Asia are descended from these original inhabitants or are the result of some later migration. Currently, the prevailing theory in both archaeology and linguistics is that the modem inhabitants of Island Southeast Asia are largely descended from an agricultural people who originated in China and Taiwan around 6,000 years ago. From there they are thought to have migrated through the Philippines and into Eastern Island Southeast Asia around 2,500-1,500 B.C. assimilating or replacing the indigenous peoples. However, other researchers have suggested that a model of regional continuity is more suitable for Island Southeast Asia and that the modem inhabitants are the direct descendents of the original Pleistocene inhabitants. Still others have suggested that intermediate models would be more appropriate. This study aimed to use mitochondrial DNA to test the validity of these models. A secondary aim was to look at the mitochondrial DNA of the indigenous Orang AsH groups of the Malay Peninsula in an attempt to reconstruct a picture of the early Pleistocene variation of Southeast Asia. To this end, mitochondrial DNA was obtained and sequenced from 885 individuals from various locations in Island Southeast Asia and also 259 Orang AsHindividuals. This study has demonstrated that the populations of Island Southeast Asia contain a high level of genetic diversity, including a number of novel haplogroups. Significant differences have also been found between Eastern and Western populations suggesting that they have been established long enough to become regionally specific. Most Island Southeast Asian haplogroups date to the Pleistocene or early Holocene which suggests that they are mostly indigenous to the area. Those which could have a connection to Taiwan seem too old to have been part of an 'out of Taiwan' event as it has been traditionally visualised. Only -13% ofmtDNA types (belonging to haplogroups M7clc, D5 and Y2) could be linked to such an event suggesting that if a migration did occur it was demographically minor. xiii A number of novel haplogroups were also found in the Orang Asli which form strong support for the theory that that at least the Semang, if not all Orang Asli groups in part, are descended from the original Pleistocene inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula. These novel haplogroups diverge from the same set of founder types as the haplogroups found across the rest of Eurasia; that they diverge from close to the roots of these founder types suggests they are of considerable antiquity. This, along with expansion dates of -60,000 obtained in this study, suggests that only a single, early 'out of Africa' event took place which led to the peopling of the rest of the world by modem humans.
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Olsson, Bruno. "Iamitives : Perfects in Southeast Asia and beyond". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-91392.
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This study explores grammatical markers with meanings similar to the English perfect tense and words like already, as found in numerous languages across the world, and perhaps especially in languages of Southeast Asia, with the aim of describing the main function of these markers. Such items have previously been treated as belonging to the same category as the perfects of European languages but are tentatively termed "iamitives" in this study (from Latin iam 'already') since they differ from perfects in many respects. The investigation focusses on the semantic and pragmatic factors that determine the use of iamitive-like markers in Indonesian/Malay, Thai, Vietnamese and Mandarin Chinese, based on questionnaire data obtained through work with native speakers of the languages, with additional data coming from a number of languages spoken in other parts of the world. The results highlight the differences and similarities that can be found between iamitives, perfects and 'already', and explicates a number of conditions that are crucial for the use of iamitives, notably involving notions such as change-of-state and speaker expectations
27
Thompson, Chris J. Physical Environmental & Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The geomorphology of Southeast Australian mountain streams". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38681.
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This thesis is a study of the morphology and sediment transport dynamics of mountain streams in southeast Australia. Mountain streams represent important geomorphological and ecological systems in Australia which have hitherto been poorly studied. The variability of mountain stream reach morphology was investigated at the regional scale using topographical surveys and sediment sampling techniques. Study sites were stratified by slope and local lithology. Eight channel-morphologies including Bedrock, Cascade, Step-pool, Planebed, Pool-Riffle, Cascade-pool, Riffle-step and Infilled, were identified using an objective statistical approach. Overall, channel types were found to correspond to existing reach-scale mountain stream templates. Five morphologies were associated with a specific lithology type which controlled the size and shape of grains supplied to the channels. Differences in coarse sediment transport processes between morphologies were investigated using stream monitoring techniques and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. Monitoring results from a 3 year period indicated that channel beds are resistant to entrainment with shear stress thresholds for bedload transport ranging between 64 to 74 N/m2. Transport of reach median grain sizes requires floods that exceed bankfull discharge. Existing competence equations were found to over-predict the hydraulic driving force and consequently, a modified entrainment model was used to account for the regional channel characteristics. OSL dating was investigated as a tool to provide data on long-term sediment transport processes. Minimum age model results from the OSL dates show overall agreement with a selected entrainment model, and indicate differences in sediment transport dynamics between some reach morphology types. A regime model was used to quantify the physical domains of different channel morphologies. Limitations of the model were overcome by modifying the sediment supply surrogate to better reflect the dominant transported bedload size. Morphology types were delineated according to different sediment transport capacity-sediment supply domains. The distribution of channel morphology types within a series of catchments in southeast Australia was modelled within a GIS platform using the diagnostics of reach morphology derived from this study. The model provides a conceptual framework to evaluate the potential link between channel form, potential habitat diversity and aquatic biodiversity within the channel network in mountain streams.
28
Majumdar, Indrajit Teeter Lawrence Dale. "Family forest landowner behavior in the Southeast". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Dissertations/MAJUMDAR_INDRAJIT_51.pdf.
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Kichler, Rachel Danielle Duffy Patricia Ann. "Supply response of crops in the Southeast". Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Agricultural_Economics_and_Rural_Sociology/Thesis/Kichler_Rachel_28.pdf.
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Kobayashi, Tatsuro 1967. "Prospects for nuclear power in Southeast Asia". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9547.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-167).
Southeast Asia needs strong financial and infrastructure bases for continuous development. in the next century. Although the turmoil of the 1997 Asian financial crisis slowed down economic growth the region is recovering gradually, and will need increasing energy supplies in the future. In the electricity sector, which has had to expand more slowly than it did in the 1980s, the main focus has been changing from how to satisfy the growing demand for high reliability to how to cut the cost of electricity. Under these circumstances, we examine the effective role of nuclear power, which can contribute to the stable supply of electricity and still meet the requirement of low emissions. A method of multi-attribute analysis is proposed to assess the feasibility of introducing nuclear power in combination with other generating facilities, such as natural gas, coal, oil and hydro. Capacity expansion plans from the year 2000 through 2020 in Japan Thailand, and Vietnam, which are composed by a technique of dynamic expansion planning, are evaluated on the basis of total costs, emissions, waste and energy security. In addition, the impact of electricity trade in Southeast Asia on the role of nuclear power is examined. This work concludes that nuclear power is compatible with the energy, economic and environmental conditions that may prevail in the region. The factors that promote nuclear power are: its low variable costs, the need for financial stability against unexpected economic disruptions of gas prices low interest rates to finance its capital needs and the limitation on CO2 emissions due to international concerns about global climate change.
by Tatsuro Kobayashi.
S.M.
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Kwok, Jia-Chuan. "Explaining civil-military relations in Southeast Asia". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62468.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-124).
Civil-military relations describe the interactions and balance of power between the civilians and the military in a nation state. Due to the organizational apparatus and capacity for forcible coercion that the military possesses, it can be an important determinant on whether a civilian government survives or falls, as well as what policies are formulated and implemented. This thesis analyses Southeast Asian civil-military relations in a comparative perspective. By looking at seven states in the region - Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam and Myanmar - it finds a rich diversity of such relations, ranging from situations of civilian control to civil-military partnerships to military control. The thesis therefore aims to answer the question: why has there been this variance in civil-military relations in the region? The thesis first examines briefly the history of civil-military relations theory as well as the history of the seven states mentioned above, building an analytical framework and proposing three alternative explanations for variance. Firstly, it asserts that pre-independence legacies created path dependencies that structure the shape of civil-military relations in the region. Secondly, the thesis argues that the structure of the political party environment mattered and assesses the case studies through indicators of concordance and discordance. Finally, the thesis looks at the presence of military entrepreneurship, asserting that variance depends on military capacity to engage in external business activities and civilian willingness to allow such activities. The thesis concludes by assessing the explanatory power of the three factors above and concluding that a combination of pre-independence legacies and party structure best explains civil-military relations in the region.
by Jia-Chuan Kwok.
S.M.
32
Sule, Peter Ojo. "A broadband magnetotelluric investigation in southeast Scotland". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14514.
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Goldsack, Anne Elizabeth. "Oceanographic controls on glaciers in southeast Greenland". Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678487.
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Huang, Rong. "Business cycles in East and Southeast Asia". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844387/.
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The study of an economy's business cycle -defined as a deviation from the long-term output growth rate- is an important task: upward deviations may create inflationary pressures, while downward deviations may be associated with a high unemployment rate. There can be many reasons why an economy may grow at a different rate than the long-term trend. These include government policies, political factors and other internal or external shocks. While it is not possible to eradicate the business cycle -after all a shock is an unexpected development in a relevant variable- the understanding of its statistical properties is helpful in assessing the effects of the various shocks hitting the economy and designing policies to help reduce output variability. The purpose of this thesis is to model empirically business cycles of selected East and Southeast Asian economies. The region is of particular interest as it consists of both developed economies (e.g. Japan and Singapore) and emerging ones (e.g. South Korea and Thailand). In addition, the so-called Asian tigers experienced a fall from grace during the crisis of 1997-98 but they have recently resumed robust growth rates. Given the prominent role that these economies may play in a world emerging from the severe financial crisis of 2007 the investigation of their business cycles becomes an even more valuable endeavour. But how can we model the business cycle to answer pertinent questions? A regime-switching methodology is adopted to examine the following issues; first, the degree of persistence of positive and negative growth rate regimes; second, the extent of correlation of the region's economies conditional on the growth regime; third, the informational content of leading indicators; and fourth, the duration dependence of the business cycle. The selected methodology allows the extraction of the relevant information and pervades the conclusions of the thesis. Following a brief introduction, chapter 2 reviews the modern theory of business cycles, as well as the relevant empirical contributions. The next chapter examines in some depth the economic structure of the sample economies. Understanding the main characteristics of each economy is a prerequisite in appreciating the features of the respective business cycle. Chapter 4 presents the methodology of fixed and time-varying transition probability regime-switching models, which will be used in the Subsequent analysis. Chapters 5 and 6 provide the main answers to the research questions outlined above. A summary of the work is offered in the last chapter.
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Nilsson, Louise. "The biodiversity loss crisis in Southeast Asia". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24000.
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Denna kandidatuppsats gör en ansats till att belysa biodiversitetsproblematiken i Sydostasien, som är ett område med mycket hög artrikedom som samtidigt hotas av en intensifierad förlust av arter. Fyra ’biodiversitet hotspots’ omger Sydostasien, vilka indikerar platser med hög artrikedom vilka sammanfaller med hög förlust av habitat. Det största orsaken till förlust av biologisk mångfald i Sydostasien är omvandlingen utav artrika naturtyper till monokulturodlingar, och expansionen av jordbruk och urbana områden. För att undersöka den pågående biodiversitetsforskningen genomfördes en systematisk litteraturanalys av publicerade artiklar från 2010-2019. Vad litteraturanalysen kom fram till var att flera problem, socioekonomiska samt miljöproblem intensifierar varandra, liksom fattigdom och förlust av biologisk mångfald. Internationellt samarbete krävs för att stoppa exploateringen av de värdefulla arter och naturtyper som går förlorade till fördel för den globala handeln med produkter som kommer från området. Medel för att stoppa denna biodiversitetskatastrof måste riktas till forskning och organisationer som arbetar i området. Vi bör genast agera på ett globalt plan för att förhindra förlusten av biodiversitet samt dess tillhörande ekosystemtjänster, detta skulle kunna tacklas genom att vi rör oss ifrån den antropocentriska och emot den ekocentriska natursynen.This bachelor thesis focuses on the biodiversity loss problematics in Southeast Asia, since it is one of the most species rich places on Earth, coupled with the highest rate of loss of species. Four biodiversity hotspots encompasses Southeast Asia which implies areas of high endemism coupled with high rates habitat loss. This thesis aim to understand what current research in the field focuses on and what ways of protecting biodiversity in the area that exists. The main driver of biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia as well as in the rest of the world, are land-use alterations; forests and natural habitat being converted to monoculture plantations, as well as agricultural- and urban expansions. Through a systematic literature review of scientific material from 2010-2019, the biodiversity research in Southeast Asia is reviewed. What the literature review concluded was that an array of environmental- as well as socioeconomic problems intensifies each other in the area, such as poverty and biodiversity loss. International cooperation to halt biodiversity loss and the global demand for products produced in the area which greatly damages ecosystems needs to be addressed urgently. Actions to halt the mass-extinction of species and their connected ecosystem services needs to be taken by providing means to organizations and to scientists that work in the area and could possibly be addressed by moving from anthropocentrism towards a biocentric nature view.
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Paden, Shelley L., Andrea L. Batson i Rick L. Wallace. "LonesomeDoc and Hospital Libraries in the Southeast". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8698.
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Kalousová, Lada. "Analýza sortimentu společnosti Opel Southeast Europe LLC". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359128.
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The thesis is devoted to product range analysis of Opel Southeast Europe LLC. This paper is focused on Czech and Slovak market. In the first part, author starts with theoretical base, which is followed by a practical part. The next part includes a description of company, analysis of micro and macro environment through Porter's five forces analysis and PESTEL analysis. There is also a description of various Opel models, which are further analyzed in terms of competitive comparison, segment analysis, in which models are offered and price comparison. This part is followed by a summary of major findings arising from analysis of the company's range. At the end of the practical part there is a brief proposal to locate offers that could help increase sales on mentioned markets.
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Terlizzi, Anthony P. "Terrorism and U.S. counterterrorism in Southeast Asia". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/02Sep%5FTerlizzi.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2002.Thesis advisor(s): H. Lyman Miller, Gaye Christoffersen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-100). Also available online.
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Renshaw, Catherine Michelle. "Human rights and regionalism in Southeast Asia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12017.
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I have two aims in this dissertation. The first is to record an extraordinary period of human rights institution-building in Southeast Asia. This period began in 2007, with the signing of the Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The Charter explicitly links the purpose of ASEAN with the strengthening of democracy and the protection of human rights and provides for the establishment of an ‘ASEAN Human Rights Body’. This body was established in 2009, as the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights. The Commission’s first task was to draft the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration, which was completed and adopted by ASEAN Heads of State in November 2012. In the context of the political diversity of Southeast Asia, the region’s historical resistance to international human rights law, and the long shadow cast by the ‘Asian Values’ debate of the 1990s, I ask the following questions: What factors explain the establishment of these institutions? How deep is ASEAN’s new commitment to human rights and democracy? What do these institutions augur for the way rights are realised in Southeast Asia? My second aim is to explore and test my theory that regional institutions possess a particular legitimacy in the promotion and protection of human rights. The theory is driven by a simple observation. Since the end of World War II, the discourse of human rights has become, to borrow a phrase used by Charles Beitz, ‘the common moral language of global society.’ Yet the original post-World War II vision of a legalised international human rights order (with judicial oversight, mechanisms for enforcement, and sanctions for non-compliance) has faded. The global human rights system works by setting standards, which are then invoked (by domestic and international non-governmental organisations, members of civil society, political oppositions, the international community) to persuade, shame or coerce states into compliance. The problems are: change is very slow, many states (both predatory and decent) are resistant to influence, and in circumstances of exception (civil conflict, war, political crisis) when human rights are most vulnerable to abuse, the system is least effective. The failures of the global system are many and patent. On the other hand, states seem more willing to subscribe to binding norms promoted by regional organs of restricted membership. Regional systems now exist under the auspices of the Council of Europe, the Organisation of American States, the Organisation of African Unity, the League of Arab States and most recently, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Scholars have observed that there seems to be a ‘directness of association’ between members of regional organisations, which positively influences (or has the potential to influence) causal processes such as socialisation, binding, monitoring and enforcement. My theory is that regional factors such as smaller numbers, deeper levels of integration, greater consensus around the importance of certain societal values, similar geographic characteristics and shared economic and security interests, create the conditions for legitimate governance. I test my theory using a case study of Southeast Asia and its new institutions. In the end, my conclusion is that in circumstances where regions possess low levels of democracy, then regional human rights systems do not possess a particular legitimacy. The nature of democracy, the relationship between democracy and human rights, and the deficit of democracy in Southeast Asia are at the heart of my explanation about why Southeast Asia’s nascent human rights system (currently) lacks legitimacy.
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Hsieh, Huey-Hong. "Stochastic daily thunderstorm generation in southeast Arizona". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280114.
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Thunderstorm rainfall in semi-arid areas has very high spatial and temporal variability. Knowledge of the spatial characteristics of thunderstorm rainfall is important for the increasing demands of distributed hydrological modeling. Rainfall data from the semiarid USDA-ARS Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) were used to investigate the spatial characteristics of thunderstorm rainfall in southeast Arizona and to develop a daily thunderstorm rainfall generator. WGEW has a very dense rain-gage network (1 gage per 2 km²) and very comprehensive historical records (over 40 years). These data were used to identify the following physical characteristics of thunderstorm rainfall: the transition probabilities, thunderstorm cell size, orientation, maximum rainfall depth within a storm cell and storm center location. The following statistical characteristics were identified through an analysis of the WGEW data: the storm center locations on WGEW have a Poisson distribution, the maximum depth within a storm cell has a lognormal distribution, the shape of a storm cell is elliptical with an average major axis length to the minor axis length ratio of 1.55 and the orientation of a storm cell is primarily NW or NE. The storm coverage and the maximum rainfall depth within a storm cell have a linear relationship after a logarithmic transformation. Storm occurrences have higher frequencies during the last two weeks of July and the first two weeks of August than other wet periods (July ∼ September). The stochastic daily summer rainfall generator being developed based on the statistical characteristics above was tested by comparing the simulation results with long-term historical records of representative gages on WGEW.
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Stelbrink, Björn. "A biogeographic view on Southeast Asia's history". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17094.
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Das tropische Südostasien, und besonders der Indo-Australische Archipel, ist bekannt für seine bemerkenswerte floristische und faunistische Diversität, besonders konzentriert in vier der identifizierten Biodiversitäts-Hotspots (Indochina, Sundaland, die Philippinen und Wallacea). In dieser Arbeit wird die biogeographische Geschichte Südostasiens beleuchtet, um Regionen mit einer erhöhten Biodiversität zu identifizieren und zu testen, ob dies mit Diversifikationen innerhalb der Region und Einwanderungen und/oder Auswanderungen korreliert und ob sich diese Faktoren über die Zeit hinweg ausgleichen. Ein besonderer Augenmerk wird auf Sulawesi und seine besondere Fauna gelegt, um zu testen, ob ein Ursprung durch Vikarianz für verschiedene Tiergruppen plausibel erscheint und wann Diversifikationen innerhalb der Fisch- und Schnecken-Radiationen im Malili-Seensystem begannen. Dabei wird auf Meta-Analysen und mehrere Disziplinen zurückgegriffen für eine integrative biogeographische Geschichte Südoastasiens und seiner Fauna, indem molekulare Uhr-Analysen, Berechnungen zur Ermittlung des Ursprungsortes mit tektonischen, paläogeographischen und klimatischen Rekonstruktionen verbunden werden, um potentielle Ursachen für die heutige Verbreitung zu finden.Tropical Southeast Asia, and particularly the Indo-Australian Archipelago, is known for its tremendous floral and faunal biodiversity, mainly accumulated in four of the world’s biodiversity hotspots identified (Indochina, Sundaland, the Philippines, and Wallacea). Here, Southeast Asia’s biogeographic history is examined to identify areas being characterized by high levels of biodiversity (number of lineages, species richness) through time and to test whether the respective biota is mainly due to in situ diversification, immigration and/or emigration, or equilibrium dynamics. Moreover, this thesis focuses particularly on Sulawesi and its peculiar fauna to test if a vicariant origin appears plausible for certain groups and when the remarkable fish and snail radiations found in the Malili Lakes system started to diversify. To achieve this, meta-analytical and multi-disciplinary approaches are considered for an integrative historical biogeographic history of Southeast Asia and its biota by using molecular clock analyses and ancestral area estimations together with tectonic, palaeogeographic and climatic reconstructions to reveal potential causes for present-day distribution.
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Manser, Gwyneth Genevieve McKee. "Food Access Narratives in Southeast Portland, Oregon". PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3510.
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Since the late 1990's, "food deserts" have dominated the academic and policy literature on food access and food security. Food deserts are defined as areas that lack easy access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food, and are typically measured using Geographic Information Systems and spatial data sets. However, while food deserts may provide a useful measure for identifying food insecurity at a broad scale, they fail to account for individual definitions and perceptions of food access (Barnes et al. 2015; McEntee 2009). Furthermore, the food desert model assumes a lack of agency on the part of low-income populations (Alkon et al. 2013), and ignores other factors of food access, such as walkability, grocery store safety, customer service, and personal preference.
In this research, I examine the food access perceptions of residents, non-profit employees, and business owners in the Lents neighborhood of Portland, Oregon. Although Lents is classified as a food desert, there is also an abundance of ethnic grocers and specialty markets within the neighborhood. These grocers reflect the neighborhood's racial and cultural diversity, and are often overlooked by the spatial datasets typically used to measure food access. The research that I conducted in Lents revealed a disconnect between how the residents I interviewed perceive their food environment, and how government, non-profits employees, and business owners within the neighborhood view local food access. The findings underscore the importance of factors other than physical proximity when measuring food access, and also show the importance of ethnic and specialty markets in the landscape. These findings support the assertion that binary measures of food access often fail to capture the complexities of individual perceptions of food access (Alkon et al. 2013).
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Fenton, Damien Humanities & Social Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "SEATO and the defence of Southeast Asia 1955-1965". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/39436.
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Despite the role played by the South East Treaty Organisation (SEATO) in the defence of Western interests in that region during the Cold War, there has to date been no scholarly attempt to examine the development and performance of the organisation as a military alliance. This thesis is thus the first attempt to do so and as such seeks to take advantage of the recent release of much SEATO-related official material into the public domain by Western governments. This material throws new light upon SEATO???s aims and achievements, particularly in regard to the first ten years of its existence. Because SEATO was eventually rendered irrelevant by the events of the Second Indochina War (1965-1975) a popular perception has arisen that it was always a ???Paper Tiger??? lacking in substance, and thus easily dismissed. This thesis challenges this assumption by examining SEATO???s development in the decade before that conflict. The thesis analyses SEATO???s place in the wider Cold War and finds that it was part of a rational and consistent response within the broader Western strategy of containment to deter, and if need be, defeat, the threat of communist aggression. That threat was a very real one for Southeast Asia in the aftermath of the First Indochina War and one that was initially perceived in terms of the conventional military balance of power. This focus dominated SEATO???s strategic concepts and early contingency planning and rightly so, as an examination of the strength and development of the PLA and PAVN during this period demonstrates. SEATO developed a dedicated military apparatus, principally the Military Planning Office (MPO), that proved itself to be perfectly capable of providing the level of co-ordination and planning needed to produce a credible SEATO deterrent in this regard. SEATO enjoyed less success with its attempts to respond to the emergence of a significant communist insurgent threat, first in Laos then in South Vietnam, but the alliance did nonetheless recognise this threat and the failure of SEATO in this regard was one of political will rather than military doctrine. Indeed this thesis confirms that it was the increasingly disparate political agendas of a number of SEATO???s members that ultimately paralysed its ability to act and thus ensured its failure to meet its aims, at least insofar as the so-called ???Protocol States??? were concerned. But this failure should not be allowed to completely overshadow SEATO???s earlier achievements in providing a modicum of Western-backed stability and security to the region from 1955-1965.
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Lourie, Sara Anne. "Phylogeography of Southeast Asian seahorses in a conservation context". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84284.
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This thesis investigates the potential role of historical isolation of ocean basins in promoting diversification among marine organisms in Southeast Asia. It also questions the possible effects of Pleistocene exposure of the Sunda Shelf on present day marine distributions and genetic diversity. Four species of exploited seahorses (genus Hippocampus), with differing ecological parameters, are used to test historical hypotheses. The results (based on cytochrome b DNA sequencing) suggest that significant phylogeographic structure does exist among seahorse populations in Southeast Asia, but that the patterns are only partially concordant across species. Distinct phylogeographic breaks are seen in H. barbouri, H. kuda, and H. trimaculatus, whereas greater spatial overlap of haplotypes in H. spinosissimus indicates more extensive gene flow. The phylogeographic history of the two shallow water species (H. barbouri and H. kuda) appears to have been primarily shaped by fragmentation and/or long-distance colonisation events. Both species show patterns consistent with hypotheses of divergence mediated by ocean basins separations. The deeper water species (H. spinosissimus and H. trimaculatus) show more evidence of range expansion and isolation by distance. Hippocampus trimaculatus shows a deep east-west phylogeographic division at right angles to that predicted by the separation of the Indian versus Pacific Ocean basins and instead parallels the terrestrial division known as Wallace's Line. Different species have also responded differently to the reflooding of the Sunda Shelf at the end of the last Ice Age: the two deeper water species have colonised it extensively suggesting limited barriers to movement, whereas the shallow water species have not. It is possible that the populations of H. kuda now inhabiting the shelf may stem from populations that found refuge in brackish water lakes when the shelf was exposed to the air. All four species are heav
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Roshanravan, Shireen. "South Asian American identity formation and the politics of women of color". Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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Khamchoo, Chaiwat. "Japan's Southeast Asian policy in the post-Vietnam era (1975-1985)". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10767.
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Lou, Kai-bun, i 劉啓彬. "Chinese banking activities: two bankers in Southeast Asia". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195148X.
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Bawihrin, Thla-Awr. "The impact of missionary Christianity on the Chins". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2002. http://www.tren.com.
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Ariffin, Anuar. "The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy". Thesis, Ariffin, Anuar (2007) The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/117/.
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This thesis examines a number of issues concerning the free trade doctrine, regionalism and Regional Free Trade Areas (FTAs), with a special focus on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This study is broadly divided into three parts. The first part examines the doctrine of free trade from the perspectives of ideological belief as well as theoretical expositions, and how these influence trade policies of many countries throughout the history of trade. The second part of the study analyses the forces that influence the formation of regionalism and regional FTAs all over the world. In the first and second parts, an extensive survey of the existing literature is undertaken to unearth relevant ideas and events, which are important to policy makers and the general public.
The third part of the study deals primarily with empirical investigation of the economic effects brought about by the formation of regional FTAs. Two main issues are examined in this part. The first issue is the assessment of the effects that regional FTAs have on trade of members against other countries that do not become members of any economic groupings. The second issue is the examination of the effect of AFTA on trade of member vis-a-vis non-member countries. In addition, this part also examines the question of whether AFTA 'creates' or 'diverts' trade. For the purpose of addressing issues grouped in this part of the study, a gravity model is employed to answer the questions of interest. This part of the study covers a period of 24 years (1980-2003). Cross sectional data involving 990 pairs of countries, which trade with each other, are used in regression analysis based on the Ordinary Least Square technique.
Findings from the first and second parts of the study indicate that trade between countries during the era of mercantilism (1500s-1750s) was carried out under enormous restrictions in consonance with the thinking of that time. However, by the end of eighteenth century the economic arguments in favour of free trade began to be accepted, resulting in the adoption of the free trade idea into the commercial policies of many countries, particularly in Europe in the middle of nineteenth century. The period characterized by unilateral free trade regimes lasted only about three decades, as protectionist elements made a return into trade policy formulation in the 1870s. The period of liberal trade policy regimes came to a complete end at the breakout of the First World War in 1914, and the protectionist trade policies of many countries continued to strengthen their grip until the Second World War.
After WW2 ended in 1945, many countries realised that security and the orderly conduct of international trade were important to ensure continuous prosperity of the world. This led to series of negotiations involving major trading countries that resulted in the establishment of the GATT in 1947. The main thrust behind this initiative was that all trading nations must cooperate to liberalize their trade policies, reflecting the idea that countries should move towards adopting 'freer' trade policy than the regime they adopted in the 1930s and the early 1940s.
At the end of 1990s the world once again observed agreement amongst prominent trade economists for the case of pursuing free trade policy. This is due to the renewed recognition by economists of two important propositions: (1) if market failures remain unfixed, then pursing free trade policy can harm rather that help, and (2) if market failures are fixed through suitable policy interventions, then free trade can be used to exploit the potential gains from trade. Within the second proposition, economists emphasis that if market failures arise in domestic markets, then the most appropriate policy interventions would be to devise policies targeting at correcting those domestic market failures, while free trade is maintained externally.
Findings from empirical assessment of the effects of regional FTAs on trade indicate that economic theory might be able to approximate reality. One important result of this part of the study suggests that three regional FTAs, AFTA, CER and MERCUSOR have had an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s. This implies that trade among members of these economic groupings is higher than their trade with other countries. Meanwhile, the EU and NAFTA do not show an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect for any part of the study period. The other important result obtained by this study suggests that although AFTA member countries trade with each other, comparatively, more than their trade with the rest of the world, the intensity of trade between them is less pronounced for the period after the formation of AFTA. This implies that AFTA has the characteristic of an 'open trading bloc'. Lastly, the finding of this part of the study also suggests that AFTA essentially creates rather than diverts trade. This means that AFTA's establishment does not only increase trade among member countries but it also boosts trade with the rest of the world.
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Ariffin, Anuar. "The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy". Ariffin, Anuar (2007) The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/117/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis examines a number of issues concerning the free trade doctrine, regionalism and Regional Free Trade Areas (FTAs), with a special focus on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This study is broadly divided into three parts. The first part examines the doctrine of free trade from the perspectives of ideological belief as well as theoretical expositions, and how these influence trade policies of many countries throughout the history of trade. The second part of the study analyses the forces that influence the formation of regionalism and regional FTAs all over the world. In the first and second parts, an extensive survey of the existing literature is undertaken to unearth relevant ideas and events, which are important to policy makers and the general public.
The third part of the study deals primarily with empirical investigation of the economic effects brought about by the formation of regional FTAs. Two main issues are examined in this part. The first issue is the assessment of the effects that regional FTAs have on trade of members against other countries that do not become members of any economic groupings. The second issue is the examination of the effect of AFTA on trade of member vis-a-vis non-member countries. In addition, this part also examines the question of whether AFTA 'creates' or 'diverts' trade. For the purpose of addressing issues grouped in this part of the study, a gravity model is employed to answer the questions of interest. This part of the study covers a period of 24 years (1980-2003). Cross sectional data involving 990 pairs of countries, which trade with each other, are used in regression analysis based on the Ordinary Least Square technique.
Findings from the first and second parts of the study indicate that trade between countries during the era of mercantilism (1500s-1750s) was carried out under enormous restrictions in consonance with the thinking of that time. However, by the end of eighteenth century the economic arguments in favour of free trade began to be accepted, resulting in the adoption of the free trade idea into the commercial policies of many countries, particularly in Europe in the middle of nineteenth century. The period characterized by unilateral free trade regimes lasted only about three decades, as protectionist elements made a return into trade policy formulation in the 1870s. The period of liberal trade policy regimes came to a complete end at the breakout of the First World War in 1914, and the protectionist trade policies of many countries continued to strengthen their grip until the Second World War.
After WW2 ended in 1945, many countries realised that security and the orderly conduct of international trade were important to ensure continuous prosperity of the world. This led to series of negotiations involving major trading countries that resulted in the establishment of the GATT in 1947. The main thrust behind this initiative was that all trading nations must cooperate to liberalize their trade policies, reflecting the idea that countries should move towards adopting 'freer' trade policy than the regime they adopted in the 1930s and the early 1940s.
At the end of 1990s the world once again observed agreement amongst prominent trade economists for the case of pursuing free trade policy. This is due to the renewed recognition by economists of two important propositions: (1) if market failures remain unfixed, then pursing free trade policy can harm rather that help, and (2) if market failures are fixed through suitable policy interventions, then free trade can be used to exploit the potential gains from trade. Within the second proposition, economists emphasis that if market failures arise in domestic markets, then the most appropriate policy interventions would be to devise policies targeting at correcting those domestic market failures, while free trade is maintained externally.
Findings from empirical assessment of the effects of regional FTAs on trade indicate that economic theory might be able to approximate reality. One important result of this part of the study suggests that three regional FTAs, AFTA, CER and MERCUSOR have had an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s. This implies that trade among members of these economic groupings is higher than their trade with other countries. Meanwhile, the EU and NAFTA do not show an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect for any part of the study period. The other important result obtained by this study suggests that although AFTA member countries trade with each other, comparatively, more than their trade with the rest of the world, the intensity of trade between them is less pronounced for the period after the formation of AFTA. This implies that AFTA has the characteristic of an 'open trading bloc'. Lastly, the finding of this part of the study also suggests that AFTA essentially creates rather than diverts trade. This means that AFTA's establishment does not only increase trade among member countries but it also boosts trade with the rest of the world.