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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „South Island”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 2 lutego 2022

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1

Sancho, Leopoldo G., Florian Schulz, Burkhard Schroeter i Ludger Kappen. "Bryophyte and lichen flora of South Bay (Livingston Island: South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)". Nova Hedwigia 68, nr 3-4 (2.06.1999): 301–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/68/1999/301.

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2

Clifford, HT. "Dispersal of Fleshy Diaspores in the Seed Floras of the South Island (New Zealand) and Tasmania". Australian Systematic Botany 6, nr 5 (1993): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9930449.

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The native seed-plant floras of South Island (New Zealand) and Tasmania are similar in size but the former is about twice as rich in species with fleshy diaspores than is the latter. In contrast, South Island has far fewer species with arillate or camnculate seeds than Tasmania. These differences in proportions may be attributed to the differential extinction of bird and ant species on the two islands during the Pleistocene Ice ages. Whereas South Island was relatively isolated at the time, Tasmania was closely connected to the Australian mainland providing refuges not available to South Island species. It is postulated that on both islands plants were less affected by glaciation than were animals. The types, sizes and colours of diaspores are similar in the floras of South Island and Tasmania, indicating that the lack of land mammals on the former island is not reflected in the dispersal biology of fleshy diaspores.

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3

Gardiner, Michael J., J. Cynan Ellis-Evans, Malcolm G. Anderson i Martyn Tranter. "Snowmelt modelling on signy island, South Orkney Islands". Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog26-1-161-166.

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The ability of the Utah energy-balance and snowmelt model (UEB) to simulate decline in snow water equivalent (SWE) at an extreme location was assessed. Field data were collected at Paternoster Valley, Signy Island, South Orkney Islands (60°43′S) during the austral summer of 1996–97. This is the first application of UEB in a maritime Antarctic site. UEB is a physically based snow melt model using a lumped snow-pack representation with primary state variables SWE and snow pack-energy content (U). Meteorological inputs are air temperature, wind speed, humidity, precipitation and total incoming solar and longwave radiation. The Paternoster Valley catchment was subdivided into eight non-contiguous terrain classes for sampling and modelling using a geographical information system (GIS). Simulations of SWE in each of these classes were compared พ with field observations. It is shown that initial U and snow-surface thermal conductance (Ks) affect model simulations. Good approximations of SWE depletion are obtained using measured incoming solar radiation to drive the model but there are shortcomings in the characterization of long wave radiation and sensible-heat fluxes.

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4

Gardiner, Michael J., J. Cynan Ellis-Evans, Malcolm G. Anderson i Martyn Tranter. "Snowmelt modelling on signy island, South Orkney Islands". Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500014749.

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The ability of the Utah energy-balance and snowmelt model (UEB) to simulate decline in snow water equivalent (SWE) at an extreme location was assessed. Field data were collected at Paternoster Valley, Signy Island, South Orkney Islands (60°43′S) during the austral summer of 1996–97. This is the first application of UEB in a maritime Antarctic site. UEB is a physically based snow melt model using a lumped snow-pack representation with primary state variables SWE and snow pack-energy content(U).Meteorological inputs are air temperature, wind speed, humidity, precipitation and total incoming solar and longwave radiation. The Paternoster Valley catchment was subdivided into eight non-contiguous terrain classes for sampling and modelling using a geographical information system (GIS). Simulations of SWE in each of these classes were compared พ with field observations. It is shown that initialUand snow-surface thermal conductance(Ks)affect model simulations. Good approximations of SWE depletion are obtained using measured incoming solar radiation to drive the model but there are shortcomings in the characterization of long wave radiation and sensible-heat fluxes.

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5

Usher, Michael B. "Spiders from Beauchêne Island, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic". Journal of Zoology 200, nr 4 (20.08.2009): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb02817.x.

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6

Spencer, Hamish G., Jonathan M. Waters i Thomas E. Eichhorst. "Taxonomy and nomenclature of black nerites (Gastropoda:Neritimorpha:Nerita) from the South Pacific". Invertebrate Systematics 21, nr 3 (2007): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is06038.

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Members of the genus Nerita are abundant components of the intertidal fauna in many parts of the world and yet Nerita taxonomy remains unsettled. Here, the relationships among black-shelled Nerita populations from Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, the Kermadec Islands and Easter Island are discussed. Four species are recognised: N. atramentosa Reeve, 1855 from the southern half of Australia; N. melanotragus E.A. Smith, 1884 from eastern Australia, northern New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island and the Kermadec Islands; N. morio (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833) from Easter Island and the Austral Islands; and N. lirellata Rehder, 1980 from Easter Island alone. These species are of great importance in studies of intertidal community structure and yet two of them have been consistently confused in the ecological and taxonomic literature. Moreover, the relationships among the species are not at all as implied by recent subgeneric classifications; it is argued that all four species should be placed in the subgenus Lisanerita Krijnen, 2002. The superficially similar N. picea Récluz, 1841 is not closely related. An accurate taxonomy of the genus will almost certainly require considerable genetic analysis. The nomenclature for each species is herein established by complete synonymies, and lectotypes for both N. atramentosa and N. melanotragus are selected.

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7

Nunn, Patrick D., i Felise T. Finau. "Holocene emergence history of Tongatapu island, south Pacific". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 39, nr 1 (24.03.1995): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/39/1995/69.

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8

Lee, Kristen E., Jennifer M. Seddon, Stephen Johnston, Sean I. FitzGibbon, Frank Carrick, Alistair Melzer, Fred Bercovitch i William Ellis. "Genetic diversity in natural and introduced island populations of koalas in Queensland". Australian Journal of Zoology 60, nr 5 (2012): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12075.

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Island populations of animals are expected to show reduced genetic variation and increased incidence of inbreeding because of founder effects and the susceptibility of small populations to the effects of genetic drift. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) occur naturally in a patchy distribution across much of the eastern Australian mainland and on a small number of islands near the Australian coast. We compared the genetic diversity of the naturally occurring population of koalas on North Stradbroke Island in south-east Queensland with other island populations including the introduced group on St Bees Island in central Queensland. The population on St Bees Island shows higher diversity (allelic richness 4.1, He = 0.67) than the North Stradbroke Island population (allelic richness 3.2, He = 0.55). Koalas on Brampton, Newry and Rabbit Islands possessed microsatellite alleles that were not identified from St Bees Island koalas, indicating that it is most unlikely that these populations were established by a sole secondary introduction from St Bees Island. Mitochondrial haplotypes on the central Queensland islands were more similar to a haplotype found at Springsure in central Queensland and the inland clades in south-east Queensland, rather than the coastal clade in south-east Queensland.

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9

Vande Vijver, Bart, Herman Van Dam i Louis Beyens. "Luticola higleri sp. nov., a new diatom species from King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)". Nova Hedwigia 82, nr 1-2 (1.02.2006): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2006/0082-0069.

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10

Hooson, Scott, i Ian G. Jamieson. "The distribution and current status of New Zealand Saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus". Bird Conservation International 13, nr 2 (20.05.2003): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270903003083.

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This paper reviews and updates the distribution and status of two geographically distinct subspecies of New Zealand Saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus, a New Zealand forest passerine that is highly susceptible to predation by introduced mammals such as stoats and rats. The recovery of the North Island and South Island saddleback populations has been rapid since translocations to offshore islands free of exotic predators began in 1964, when both subspecies were on the brink of extinction. South Island saddlebacks have gone from a remnant population of 36 birds on one island to over 1,200 birds spread among 15 island populations, with the present capacity to increase to a maximum of 2,500 birds. We recommend that South Island saddleback be listed under the IUCN category of Near Threatened, although vigilance on islands for invading predators and their subsequent rapid eradication is still required. North Island saddlebacks have gone from a remnant population of 500 birds on one island to over 6,000 on 12 islands with the capacity to increase to over 19,000 individuals. We recommend that this subspecies be downgraded to the IUCN category of Least Concern. The factors that limited the early recovery of saddlebacks are now of less significance with recent advances in predator eradication techniques allowing translocations to large islands that were formerly unsuitable. The only two predators that still cohabit some islands with saddleback are Pacific rats or kiore Rattus exulans and Weka Gallirallus australis, a flightless native rail. Although North Island saddlebacks coexist with kiore, South Island saddlebacks do less well in their presence, possibly because the relict population had no previous history with this species of rat. The impact of Weka as predators of saddlebacks is less clear, but population growth rates appear to be slowed in their presence. It is recommended that while current recovery strategies involving island habitat restoration and translocations be maintained, management effort should also be directed towards returning saddlebacks to selected, “mainland island” sites, where introduced pests are either excluded by predator-proof fences or controlled at very low levels by intensive pest management.

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11

Junaid, Ilham. "Community empowerments strategy for economic opportunities in Selayar Islands Regency, South Sulawesi". Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 34, nr 1 (16.02.2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v34i12021.72-80.

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Indonesia is an archipelagic state with considerable potential as tourism destinations, yet that potential has not been fully maximized. This paper aims to examine the opportunity and potential of Gusung Island as tourism resources and propose possible strategies to manage the tourism resources of Gusung Island, Selayar Islands Regency. The research was conducted in July and August 2019 on Gusung Island, Selayar Islands Regency, South Sulawesi Province by applying qualitative research methods. Methods of data collection are through in-depth interviews with the fishing community and their families, direct observation or observation in Gusung Island, and focused discussions held in Benteng City, Selayar Islands Regency. The research reveals that marine tourism and local community activities have a considerable potential to support Gusung Island as a tourism destination. Strategies for community empowerment include educating and facilitating community for hospitality skills, creating tourism packages by involving the tourism industry and the local community, strengthening the working group’s role in managing the tourism resources of Gusung Island. Sustainable tourism may be booming if the local community organizations play a pivotal role in facilitating the local community to preserve the environment.

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12

Greenslade, Penelope. "Collembola fauna of the South Shetland Islands revisited". Antarctic Science 22, nr 3 (26.01.2010): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200999071x.

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AbstractA review of the collembolan fauna of the South Shetland Islands is presented. Cryptopygus nanjiensis Yue & Tamura is synonymized with C. antarcticus Willem. A record of Tullbergia mediantarctica Wise from King George Island is considered a misidentification of Tullbergia mixta Wahlgren and Tillieria penai Weiner & Najt, described from the same island, is synonymized with T. mixta. The current fauna stands at eleven species, of which at least three are introduced. A checklist of Collembola currently considered to occur in the South Shetland Islands is supplied with distributional data.

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13

Roux, J. P., P. G. Ryan, S. J. Milton i C. L. Moloney. "Vegetation and checklist of Inaccessible Island, central South Atlantic Ocean, with notes on Nightingale Island". Bothalia 22, nr 1 (14.10.1992): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v22i1.828.

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The physiography and climate of Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands are briefly discussed. The vegetation and the major plant associations are described. Notes are given on the ecology and distribution of each taxon. Taxa newly recorded for Inaccessible Island include Agrostis goughensis, A.holgateana, A. wacei, Calamagrostis deschampsiiformis, Carex thouarsii var. recurvata, Conyza albida, Elaphoglossum campylolepium and Uncinia meridensis. One species, C. albida, is alien to the Tristan group. Two native ferns Asplenium platybasis var. subnudum and Blechnum australe were found on Nightingale Island for the first time, and the presence of introduced Malus domestica orchards was recorded. Two unidentified taxa were found that may represent new species: Elaphoglossum sp. at Inaccessible Island and Apium sp. at both Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands. The total number of vascular plant species recorded at Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands now stands at 98 and 43, respectively, of which 26 (28%) and seven (16%) are introduced species. Only Airiplex plebeja and two species of Cotula occur at Nightingale Island but are absent from Inaccessible Island.

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14

Barr, William. "First landings on Zavodovski Island, South Sandwich Islands, 1819". Polar Record 36, nr 199 (październik 2000): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400016806.

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AbstractOn 24 December 1819 landing parties from each of Thaddeus Bellingshausen's ships, Vostok and Mirnyy, went ashore on Zavodovski Island, the most northerly of the South Sandwich group. Bellingshausen's second-hand account of these landings has long been available in English. This article presents (in translation) first-hand accounts of these landings by Professor Ivan Mikhaylovich Simonov, the expedition astronomer (from Vostok), and by Midshipman Pavel M. Novosil'skiy (from Mirnyy). Both writers comment on the vast numbers of macaroni and chinstrap penguins nesting on the island; these are still the two dominant penguin species there.

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15

Bartolini, S., A. Geyer, J. Martí, D. Pedrazzi i G. Aguirre-Díaz. "Volcanic hazard on Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 285 (wrzesień 2014): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.08.009.

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16

Jiawen, Ren, Qin Dahe, J. R. Petit, J. Jouzel, Wang Wenti, Liu Chen, Wang Xiaojun, Qian Songlin i Wang Xiaoxiang. "Glaciological studies on Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Journal of Glaciology 41, nr 138 (1995): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000016270.

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AbstractThe ice cap on Nelson Island in the South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica, was studied between 1985 and 1989. The ice cap has an average thickness of 120 m. it is temperate, exists under the sub-Antarctic maritime climate and almost completely covers the island. Owing to intense percolation of meltwater (and, to some extent, liquid precipitation), the snow-firn layer is in the soaked facies, with a firn-ice transition at a depth of 25-26 m at the summit. A force-balance model suggests that the ice is almost linearly viscous but has a high viscosity. The model further suggests that basal sliding makes a larger contribution to the ice movement than does ice deformation. From 1970 to 1988. the average accumulation rate was 120 kg m−2a−1at the centre, and between 1985 and 1989 the equilibrium-line elevation averaged 110m a.s.l. Analysis of chemical impurities in the surface snow suggests that the precipitation source is mainly local marine air masses and that human activity has already exerted a detectable influence on the local environment.

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17

Vtyurin, B. I., i M. Yu Moskalevskiy. "Cryogenic landforms on King George Island, South Shetland Islands". Polar Geography and Geology 9, nr 1 (styczeń 1985): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889378509377238.

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18

Pearson, Michael, Ruben Stehberg, Andres Zarankin, Maria Ximena Senatore i Carolina Gatica. "Sealer's sledge excavated on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands". Polar Record 44, nr 4 (październik 2008): 362–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247408007687.

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19

Baraldo, Andrés, Augusto E. Rapalini, Harald Böhnel i Mabel Mena. "Paleomagnetic study of Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Geophysical Journal International 153, nr 2 (maj 2003): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2003.01881.x.

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20

Jiawen, Ren, Qin Dahe, J. R. Petit, J. Jouzel, Wang Wenti, Liu Chen, Wang Xiaojun, Qian Songlin i Wang Xiaoxiang. "Glaciological studies on Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Journal of Glaciology 41, nr 138 (1995): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000016270.

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AbstractThe ice cap on Nelson Island in the South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica, was studied between 1985 and 1989. The ice cap has an average thickness of 120 m. it is temperate, exists under the sub-Antarctic maritime climate and almost completely covers the island. Owing to intense percolation of meltwater (and, to some extent, liquid precipitation), the snow-firn layer is in the soaked facies, with a firn-ice transition at a depth of 25-26 m at the summit. A force-balance model suggests that the ice is almost linearly viscous but has a high viscosity. The model further suggests that basal sliding makes a larger contribution to the ice movement than does ice deformation. From 1970 to 1988. the average accumulation rate was 120 kg m−2a−1 at the centre, and between 1985 and 1989 the equilibrium-line elevation averaged 110m a.s.l. Analysis of chemical impurities in the surface snow suggests that the precipitation source is mainly local marine air masses and that human activity has already exerted a detectable influence on the local environment.

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21

Vila, Josep, Joan Marti, Ramon Ortiz, Alicia Garcia i Antoni M. Correig. "Volcanic tremors at Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 53, nr 1-4 (listopad 1992): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(92)90076-p.

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22

Han, Shengsheng, Suxia Liu, Shi Hu, Xianfang Song i Xingguo Mo. "Evapotranspiration on Natural and Reclaimed Coral Islands in the South China Sea". Remote Sensing 13, nr 6 (15.03.2021): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061110.

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Studies of evapotranspiration on remote tropical coral islands are important to explore and sustain scarce freshwater resources. However, there is a significant knowledge gap between research to evaluate evapotranspiration based on remote sensing methods and the influences of different land use types on water dynamics on reclaimed coral islands. This study applied the remote-sensing-based Vegetation Interfaces Processes (VIP-RS) model to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ETa) on Zhaoshu Island, Yongxing Island, and Yongshu Island in the South China Sea from 2016 to 2019. The results showed that the average annual ETa of Zhaoshu Island, Yongxing Island, and Yongshu Island was 685 mm, 530 mm, and 210 mm, respectively. Annual transpiration (Ec) and soil evaporation (Es) exhibited similar patterns on the natural islands; however, Es controlled the water consumption on the reclaimed islands. Water dynamics exhibited seasonal fluctuations due to the uneven distribution of precipitation (PRP). However, ETa of the natural islands was higher than PRP in the dry season, indicating vegetation has to absorb water from the groundwater to sustain growth. The results also agreed with the analysis of dominant driving factors based on partial correlation analysis, which demonstrated that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is the most important factor that influences ETa, while relative humidity (RH) controlled the bare land or sparsely vegetated areas on the reclaimed islands. The setting of different land use types showed that vegetation and built-up or hardened roads took control of evapotranspiration and rainwater collection, respectively, which play important roles in water dynamics on corals islands. The evaluation of ETa based on a remote-sensing-based model overcame the difficulty in fieldwork observation, which improves the certainty and accuracy at a spatial scale. In addition, it gave us a new reference to protect and manage scarce freshwater resources properly.

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Smith, J. M. B., P. Rudall i P. L. Keage. "Driftwood on Heard Island". Polar Record 25, nr 154 (lipiec 1989): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400010834.

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AbstractSamples from 73 pieces of non-structural driftwood on Heard Island (53°06′S, 73°30′E) were identified to genus or species. Thirty-one belonged to South American species of Nothofagus. The remainder, consisting mostly of conifers especially Picea and Larix, probably came from ships' cargoes. The assemblage is similar to those reported, from smaller samples, on other southern islands. Other items of flotsam, including fishing buoys and drift-cards, are also reported from Heard Island. The significance of driftwood transport from South America to the island in accounting for long-distance dispersal of terrestrial and intertidal organisms is discussed.

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Shaughnessy, Peter D., i Margaret Christian. "Seals (Pinnipedia) at Norfolk Island, south-west Pacific". Australian Mammalogy 38, nr 2 (2016): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15035.

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Five seals were observed at Norfolk Island (29°S, 168°E) between 2000 and 2013. Two have been identified as Arctocephalus forsteri on the basis of photographs, a juvenile or weaned pup that weighed 9.5 kg and a subadult male. The nearest known aggregation of these fur seals is at Three Kings Islands (34°S, 172°E), 700 km to the south-east. Because New Zealand fur seals are increasing in abundance in New Zealand and Australia, sightings of vagrant fur seals at Norfolk Island are likely to increase.

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25

Cousin, Jarrad. "Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities". Pacific Conservation Biology 15, nr 1 (2009): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090075.

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The theory of island biogeography revolutionized the study of island colonization and extinction. Since its inception in the 1960?s, it has allowed scientists and historians alike to understand reasons for patterns of species distributions on islands, as well as assisting conservation managers to model extinction risk of species populations on isolated islands. Volcanic islands represent a ?tabula rasa?, or clean slate for the study of island biogeography, as invariably, resultant volcanic activity decimates almost all observable life. As such, they form the ideal study unit for examining colonization of islands. The Krakatua eruption of 1883 is such an example, with the resultant blasts scouring the Krakatua islands of almost all life, thus allowing scientists to track the colonisation and successional stages that followed. Another example is Surtsey Island, which emerged from the sea 40 km south of Iceland in 1963. It represented a unique opportunity to examine colonization of a previously non-existent and thus uninhabited island. Given that there are many influences and avenues governing the origin and colonization of life on islands, Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities, edited by Tim New, represents an important book compiling information on this topic.

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Millar, Alan J. K. "Marine benthic algae of Norfolk Island, South Pacific". Australian Systematic Botany 12, nr 4 (1999): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb98004.

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The marine benthic algae of Norfolk Island are documented and 60 of the 236 species are illustrated. All records are fully referenced, and type localities, local distribution and notes on taxonomic and biogeographic affinities of each species are given. Of the 236 taxa, 41 species are Chlorophyta, 41 are Phaeophyta and the remainder (154) are Rhodophyta. Apart from several undescribed taxa, none is endemic to the island, although Solieria anastomosa and Dasya fruticulosa are apparently restricted to Norfolk and Lord Howe Island, the two islands presently sharing 106 species (almost half the Norfolk marine flora and one-third that of Lord Howe). Although there are some species for which Norfolk Island represents a major range extension into or within the Pacific (Dasycladus ramosus, Halicoryne wrightii, Anotrichium anthericephalum, Herposiphonia arcuata and Polysiphonia japonica), a con- siderable number of the species are shared with the Great Barrier Reef and the New South Wales coastline as well as Lord Howe Island. Major northern range extensions are recorded for the large temperate brown alga Ecklonia radiata, and possibly Phyllospora comosa and Durvillaea antarctica, although the island more typically hosts numerous tropical algae such as Trichogloea requienii and members of the green algal order Dasycladales including Halicoryne wrightii, Bornetella nitida and Neomeris annulata. As a consequence of this survey, the two rhodymeniacean species Chrysymenia ornata and C. digitata are considered to be conspecific.

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Geyer, A., D. Pedrazzi, J. Almendros, M. Berrocoso, J. López-Martínez, A. Maestro, E. Carmona, A. M. Álvarez-Valero i A. de Gil. "Chapter 7.1 Deception Island". Geological Society, London, Memoirs 55, nr 1 (2021): 667–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m55-2018-56.

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AbstractDeception Island (South Shetland Islands) is one of the most active volcanoes in Antarctica, with more than 15 explosive eruptive events registered over the past two centuries. Recent eruptions (1967, 1969 and 1970) and volcanic unrest episodes in 1992, 1999 and 2014–15 demonstrate that the occurrence of future volcanic activity is a valid and pressing concern for scientists, logistic personnel and tourists that are visiting or are working on or near the island. Over the last few decades, intense research activity has been carried out on Deception Island to decipher the origin and evolution of this very complex volcano. To that end, a solid integration of related scientific disciplines, such as tectonics, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, geomorphology, remote sensing, glaciology, is required. A proper understanding of the island's evolution in the past, and its present state, is essential for improving the efficiency in interpreting monitoring data recorded during volcanic unrest periods and, hence, for future eruption forecasting. In this chapter, we briefly present Deception Island's most relevant tectonic, geomorphological, volcanological and magmatic features, as well as the results obtained from decades of monitoring the island's seismic activity and ground deformation.

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Keys, Jennifer, i Henry Guly. "The medical history of South Georgia". Polar Record 45, nr 3 (lipiec 2009): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740800781x.

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ABSTRACTThe first landing on South Georgia was made in 1775. Sealing expeditions arrived soon afterwards, and during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries men plundered the beaches and seas surrounding the island for seals and whales. Sealing and whaling ceased in the 1960s, when declining whale numbers and the increasing use of other forms of oil made the industry uneconomical. Although an isolated island with a small population and a severe climate, South Georgia has a rich history. Its medical history has not been previously studied. This paper aims to look at some aspects of the medical history of the island, from early expeditions of discovery, through to the 20th century whaling industry. Surviving whalers and whaling doctors were interviewed. Published material with any relevance to South Georgia, including academic texts and personal memoirs, were searched for details of hospitals, doctors and medical events on the island. Documents archived in South Georgia, the Falkland Islands and the United Kingdom revealed much useful information, and occasional documents came to light from other sources. Aspects of the provision of medical services over two centuries from 1775 to the beginning of the 1960s are described. Morbidity and mortality are summarised and discussed, as are differences between medical care in South Georgia and standard care.

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DAVENPORT, Tara. "Island-Building in the South China Sea: Legality and Limits". Asian Journal of International Law 8, nr 1 (styczeń 2018): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251317000145.

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AbstractAll the claimants in the South China Sea disputes have engaged in various degrees of island-building on many of the geographic features in the Spratly Islands. However, as noted by the Tribunal in the South China Sea Arbitration, none has been on the scale of Chinese island-building on the features which it occupies, which escalated after the Philippines initiated arbitral proceedings in 2013. While the most important aspect of the Award is that it clarified the extent of the respective maritime rights of China and the Philippines in the South China Sea, the Tribunal’s rulings on the reclamation and island-building activities of China are equally significant. To this end, this paper will examine the findings of the Tribunal on the legality of China’s island-building activities as well as legal constraints on such activities (if any). Last, it will explore the implications of these findings for the Southeast Asian claimants and island-building and fortification of the features that they occupy.

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FRYDAY, Alan M. "New species and combinations in Calvitimela and Tephromela from the southern subpolar region". Lichenologist 43, nr 3 (5.04.2011): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282911000065.

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AbstractThe new species Calvitimela austrochilenis Fryday and Tephromela superba Fryday are described: the former from several collections from southern Chile and one from Marion Island, and the latter from southern South America (including the Falkland Islands), Campbell Island, (New Zealand), and Antarctica. Four new combinations are also made in Tephromela: T. atrocaesia (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Fryday from Îles Kerguelen, Heard Island, South Georgia, and southern South America; T. atroviolacea (Flot.) Fryday from southern South America and Îles Kerguelen; T. lirellina (Darb.) Fryday from only southern South America; and T. skottsbergii (Darb.) Fryday, which is shown to be an earlier name for T. austrolitoralis (Zahlbr.) Kalb & Elix, from throughout the region. Lectotypes are selected for Lecanora atrocaesia and L. atroviolacea. The systematic placement of Tephromela eatonii (Cromb.) Hertel from Kerguelen, Marion Island and Bouvetøya is also discussed but the species is retained in Tephromela.

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Qin, Keyu, Haijun Huang, Jingya Liu, Liwen Yan, Yanxia Liu, Haibo Bi, Zehua Zhang i Yi Zhang. "Impact Mechanism of the Ecological Vulnerability of Highly Developed Islands Based on the Bayesian Network Model—Applied to the Changshan Islands". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 8 (14.04.2021): 4150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084150.

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Islands are one of the most sensitive interfaces between global changes and land and sea dynamic effects, with high sensitivity and low stability. Therefore, under the dynamic coupling effect of human activities and frequent natural disasters, the vulnerability of the ecological environment of islands shows the characteristics of complexity and diversity. For the protection of island ecosystems, a system for the assessment of island ecosystems and studies on the mechanism of island ecological vulnerability are highly crucial. In this study, the North and South Changshan Islands of China were selected as the study area. Considering various impact factors of island ecological vulnerability, the geographical information systems (GIS) spatial analysis, field surveys, data sampling were used to evaluate island ecological vulnerability. The Bayesian network model was used to explore the impact mechanism of ecological vulnerability. The results showed that the ecological vulnerability of the North Changshan Island is higher than that of the South Changshan Island. Among all the indicators, the proportion of net primary productivity (NPP) and the steep slope has the strongest correlation with ecological vulnerability. This study can be used as references in the relevant departments to formulate management policies and promote the sustainable development of islands and their surrounding waters

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32

Goodwin, Claire, Jennifer Jones, Karen Neely i Paul Brickle. "Sponge biodiversity of Beauchêne and the Sea Lion Islands and south-east East Falkland, Falkland Islands, with a description of nine new species". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, nr 2 (8.12.2014): 263–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414001775.

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Sponge samples were taken by scuba diving from six sites around Sea Lion Island (Sea Lion, Sea Lion Easterly and Brandy Islands), three sites south-east of East Falkland (Motley Island, Green Island and Triste Island) and six sites around Beauchêne Island. Nine new species are described:Iophon roseumsp. nov.,Clathria(Microciona)tenebrosasp. nov.,Clathria(Microciona)cheekisp. nov.,Hymedesmia(Hymedesmia)laptikhovskyisp. nov.,Hymedesmia(Hymedesmia)croftsaesp. nov.,Myxilla(Ectyomyxilla)beauchênensissp. nov.,Tedania(Tedania)lividasp. nov.,Amphilectus fimbriatussp. nov. andIsodictya cutisanserinasp nov. Additional information is provided on several species recently described from the Falkland Islands andAmphimedon marseiis newly reported. The biogeography of the sponge fauna of the southern Falkland Islands is discussed.

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33

Headland, R. K., i P. L. Keage. "Activities on the King George Island group, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Polar Record 22, nr 140 (maj 1985): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400005921.

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AbstractKing George Island and Nelson Island, close together in the central South Shetland Islands, were discovered early in the 19th century and often visited by whalers and sealers. Whalers also used their harbours early in the present century. The first permanent station was established in 1947 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. Currently they are the site of scientific stations and depots operated by eight Antarctic Treaty nations (Argentina, Brazil, Britain, Chile, Peoples' Republic of China, Poland, USSR and Uruguay), all of which make use of their accessible harbours and relatively long summer season.

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34

Jacobs, J. U. "Narrating the Island: Robben Island in South African literature". Current Writing 4, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1013929x.1992.9677892.

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Smellie, J. L. "Lithostratigraphy and volcanic evolution of Deception Island, South Shetland Islands". Antarctic Science 13, nr 2 (czerwiec 2001): 188–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102001000281.

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Deception Island is the most active volcano in the Antarctic Peninsula region. It is a large basalt–andesite shield volcano with a 10 km-wide restless caldera (Port Foster) and a complicated history of pre- and post-caldera eruptions. There has been no modern volcanological investigation of the entire island and it remains a largely unknown volcanic hazard. The pre-caldera period on the island began with the low-energy eruption of tephras from multiple centres (Fumarole Bay Formation), possibly by subaqueous fire fountaining during shoaling and likely initial emergence of the volcano. It was followed by subaerial effusive to weakly pyroclastic (Strombolian/Hawaiian) activity that constructed a small basaltic shield (Basaltic Shield Formation), and a large eruption that vented about 30 km3 of magma (Outer Coast Tuff Formation). The latter eruption may have been triggered by an influx of compositionally different magma into the main chamber feeding the volcano, and the evidence suggests that it was associated with a significant involvement with water (seawater?). The eruption was followed by caldera collapse, and there have been several small incremental caldera “collapses” subsequently. Post-caldera eruptions were all small-volume and predominantly phreatomagmatic (Baily Head and Pendulum Cove formations), but magmatic eruptions constructed several small lava deltas around the coast and also produced a local carapace of scoria and thin lavas, particularly around the caldera rim (Stonethrow Ridge Formation). Although the caldera is presently resurging, interpretation of the eruptive history of the island suggests that future eruptions are likely to be small in volume and will have only a limited regional impact.

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36

Martí, J., i A. Baraldo. "Pre-caldera Pyroclastic deposits of Deception Island (South Shetland Islands)". Antarctic Science 2, nr 4 (grudzień 1990): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102090000475.

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The youngest pre-caldera volcanism of Deception Island is represented by a thick sequence of subaerial pyroclastic deposits which has been grouped as the Yellow Tuff Formation. Most of these deposits were related to the explosive activity of a central vent which was destroyed during the formation of the caldera. Two members can be distinguished in this formation. The lower member is mainly composed of 1 to 12 m thick massive pyroclastic flow deposits with interbedded air-fall and surge deposits. The upper member is in stratigraphical continuity with the lower member and consists of base surge deposits with minor air-fall and thin pyroclastic flow deposits. The pre-caldera deposits have undergone a palagonitic alteration which produced crystallization of smectites, Fe-oxides, zeolites and calcite.

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37

Harris, Colin M. "Environmental management on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Polar Record 27, nr 163 (październik 1991): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400013073.

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AbstractThis paper proposes management responses to problems perceived in an earlier paper on King George Island (Polar Record 27(162): 193–204, 1991). Available management instruments and barriers to solutions are reviewed, and new management approaches and tools postulated. The category of Antarctic Protected Area (APA) is proposed for areas needing special protection, with sub-designations of Natural, Scientific and Historic Reserves. Multiple-use Planning Areas (MPAs) are endorsed for areas of high use needing local and regional planning, including station environs, but with sub-designations Environmentally Sensitive Areas, Scientific Research Sites and Facilities Areas. Both APAs and MPAs will require management plans: APAs will be accessible only by entry permit. Also recommended are a scientific and logistic register, scheduled meetings among station commanders, development of an internationally coordinated regional scientific strategy, and an environmental information system. To manage tourism a commercial tourism licence system and tourist levy are recommended, with the industry controlled under management plans developed for APAs and MPAs, plus general Treaty provisions. Workload arising from these revisions would necessitate the Committee on Environmental Protection in the forthcoming Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, with a permanent Treaty secretariat. This framework, requiring a multinational approach to management more sophisticated than has so far been achieved under the Antarctic Treaty, would improve and coordinate management throughout Antarctica.

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38

Baraldo, A., i C. A. Rinaldi. "Stratigraphy and structure of Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 13, nr 8 (grudzień 2000): 785–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-9811(00)00060-2.

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39

Bridger, J. F. D. "The incomplete topographic mapping of Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands". Polar Record 30, nr 172 (styczeń 1994): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400021033.

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40

Pearson, Michael, i Ruben Stehberg. "Nineteenth century sealing sites on Rugged Island, South Shetland Islands". Polar Record 42, nr 4 (październik 2006): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740600564x.

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The South Shetland Islands were discovered in 1819. Almost immediately the fur seal population was intensively exploited and this lasted through the early years of the 1820s, by which time seal numbers had been so depleted that sealing became uneconomic. Sealing was revived for both fur seals and Elephant seals at several periods later in the century. Sealers were put ashore in gangs and built makeshift shelters in which to live. Many of these have been identified on the South Shetlands, and a number have been excavated, though few with archaeological method. Fifty known sites are identified. The paper outlines the survey and excavation of two sites on Rugged Island by archaeologists from Australia and from the Chilean National Natural History Museum. One site relates to the sealing era of the 1820s, while the second may be associated with a marooned sealing gang in the 1870s. The nature of the occupation sites on the South Shetlands is analysed in relation to the social and operational context of the merchant navies of Britain and the USA in the nineteenth century. This is seen as a more directly relevant context for assessing physical evidence than is the application of theories of global capitalist systems.

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41

Lee, Jong Jin, Sung Hi Choi, Jong-Ik Lee i Moon Young Choe. "Petrogenesis of dunites from Gibbs Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Geosciences Journal 19, nr 1 (13.06.2014): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12303-014-0026-6.

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Callaghan, T. V., i Robert Headland. "The Island of South Georgia". Arctic and Alpine Research 18, nr 4 (listopad 1986): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551096.

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Bertram, G. C. L., i Robert Headland. "The Island of South Georgia". Geographical Journal 151, nr 2 (lipiec 1985): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/633557.

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Rivara, Sara Quinn. "South Haven, and: Mackinac Island". Cream City Review 36, nr 2 (2012): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ccr.2012.0000.

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45

Scott, Iris. "South Island high country farming". New Zealand Veterinary Journal 34, nr 4 (kwiecień 1986): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1986.35283.

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46

Holdgate, Martin W. "The Island of South Georgia". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7, nr 12 (grudzień 1992): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(92)90038-d.

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Wadhams, Peter. "The island of South Georgia". Endeavour 9, nr 3 (styczeń 1985): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(85)90120-6.

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48

Hambrey, M. J. "The Island of South Georgia". Earth-Science Reviews 23, nr 3 (maj 1986): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(86)90025-5.

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Mrozińska, T., M. Olech i A. Massalski. "Algae of ponds and a stream on moraines of Ecology Glacier (King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)". Nova Hedwigia 67, nr 1-2 (28.09.1998): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/67/1998/169.

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Minto, L. B., G. J. Shepherd i M. B. Usher. "The cryptostigmatid mite Halozetes belgicae (Michael) in the maritime Antarctic". Antarctic Science 3, nr 1 (marzec 1991): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102091000093.

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Halozetes belgicae is distributed widely in the Subantarctic and maritime Antarctic, with subspecies described from Macquarie Island and the South Sandwich Islands. A morphometrical study, based largely on the development of the setae, indicates that the nominate subspecies is confined to the Antarctic Peninsula and its offshore islands (including the South Shetland Islands), whilst specimens from the South Orkney Islands are probably consubspecific with individuals on the South Sandwich Islands. In comparison with other studies of the Acari, the results strengthen the case for the recognition of a South Orkadian biogeographical zone.

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