Rozprawy doktorskie: „South east Australia”

1

Muller, Kerri. "Methane production at Bool Lagoon, South-East, South Australia /". Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbm958.pdf.

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King, Rob. "Promoting revegetation : lessons from the Upper South East of South Australia /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envk54.pdf.

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3

Taffs, Kathryn Helen. "Surface water hydrological change in the upper South East of South Australia /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht124.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geography, 1997.
"Conducted as a cross-institutional student between the University of Adelaide and the Australian National Universiity." Includes bibliographical references.

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4

Esfandiari, Baiat Mansour, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, of Science Technology and Agriculture Faculty i School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "Evaluation of furrow irrigation models for south-east Australia". THESIS_FSTA_ARD_EsfandiariBaiat_M.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/739.

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The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of selected furrow irrigation models for field conditions in south-east Australia. The other important aspects which were examined during this study include: developing a methodology for estimating of infiltrating characteristics, assessing the applicability of the Manning and other similar equations for flows in furrow irrigation, investigating the variation of shape factor during irrigation developing methodology for estimation of recession time and exploring the sensitivity of the models to the input parameters. Field experiments were conducted at Walla Park in northern N.S.W. and on two selected paddocks at the University Farm, Richmond, in western Sydney,Australia, over a period of three years. The validity of the assumption that the shape factor of advancing water front during furrow irrigation varies between 0.7 and 0.8 was investigated using field data collected from irrigation events monitored in the study. It was found that the average values of the shape factor varied from 0.96 to 1.80 at Walla Park site, from 0.56 to 0.80 at Field Services unit paddock site and from 0.78 to 0.84 at Horticulture Farm paddock site. The value of shape factor was affected by uniformity of furrow cross section along the length, the value and uniformity of furrow slope, furrow length and infiltration characteristics of soil. This means it is difficult to recommend a typical value for the shape factor for a given field situation.The performance of the models for prediction of advance and recession characteristics and runoff were evaluated using different indices of performance. In general, it was found that the Walker-HD and ZI model was the most satisfactory for the field conditions encountered in this study. This finding can provide a basis for initiating work on developing design criteria and management strategies for furrow irrigation in south-east Australia.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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5

Lowe, David Michael. "Australia, South East Asia and the Cold War, 1948-54". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283670.

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Brownlow, Marcus D. "Water regime and the aquatic vegetation of Bool Lagoon, South Australia /". Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb8852.pdf.

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7

Mensforth, Lisa. "Water use strategy of Melaleuca halmaturorum in a saline swamp /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm548.pdf.

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8

Tiver, Fleur. "Vegetation patterns of eastern South Australia : edaphic control and effects of herbivory /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht623.pdf.

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9

De, Remy De Courcelles Vivien. "Studies of soil respiration in eucalypt forests of south east Australia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10422.

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This thesis addresses gaps in knowledge of soil respiration in forests of south-east Australia. Soil respiration plays a major part in the cycle of carbon between soils - the biggest pool of terrestrial carbon - and the atmosphere. Despite its global significance, we have only a limited understanding of the magnitude and responses of soil respiration, and especially of its components, to abiotic (temperature, moisture, soil fertility) and biotic (photosynthesis, seasonality of belowground C allocation patterns and root growth, quality and quantity of above and belowground litter) controls. Furthermore, vegetation type may modulate the influences of these abiotic and biotic controls and with soil respiration research having been based mostly in the northern hemisphere, it is crucial that regional studies be conducted further afield. This thesis also considers the context of the current increase in atmospheric [CO2] and resulting predicted climate change that will directly or indirectly impact on soil respiration through extreme weather events, changes in the frequency and intensity of fires or increase in growth. Using both field and laboratory based techniques I measured respiration from soils supporting a variety of Eucalypts. Elevated atmospheric [CO2] did not have an effect on rates of soil respiration in a Eucalyptus saligna plantation, contrary to usual findings. Drought on the other hand slowed rates of respiration, owing to a slowing of the transfer of photosynthates from leaves to roots. The impact of an increase in above-ground litter deposition, a possible consequence of extreme weather events, or continuous increase in primary production can be subdued by the nature and quality of the litter in Eucalyptus pauciflora woodlands. No effect was recorded in the field but ground litter added to soils in the laboratory triggered a response including a priming effect. Root priming effect was also found to increase basal heterotrophic respiration by 54% on average in Eucalyptus regnans. The study on the contribution of roots to total soil respiration showed that it is necessary to use hybrid techniques to separate and estimates the contribution of components of soil respiration; in this thesis’ case the use of collars and chambers in the field and respirometer in the laboratory was determinant in identifying root priming effect. Great spatial variation in respiration rates was measured both in the simple ecosystem of a Eucalyptus saligna plantation and as a result of fire disturbance at the Messmate 1 site supporting Eucalyptus obliqua and Eucalyptus radiata. Finally, a synthesis of the results of the whole thesis considered the effect of soil temperature on soil respiration and showed that contrary to what is commonly agreed by the Q10 model, respiration rates reached a plateau for temperatures between 16°C to 23°C.

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10

Giles, Andrew. "The lithology and petrography of the 39 NH51 South East Decline, Roxby Downs, South Australia /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbg4715.pdf.

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11

Pierson, Braden James. "Applications of Landsat MSS data to wetland areas of the south east of South Australia /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arp624.pdf.

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12

Hawke, Bruce. "Vegetation analysis with biogeographic implications in North-East Eyre Peninsula, South Australia /". Title page, summary and contents only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbh392.pdf.

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13

Mohammed, Syed. "Dodonaea viscosa complex in South East Australia :seed bank and germination studies". Thesis, Federation University Australia, 1996. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/164886.

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A study was undertaken over one year of the habitat of Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima at Hattah in north west Victoria. These studies, combined with further investigations, indicated significant differences in the germination requirements and behavior of the three species studied.

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14

Murugaian, M. "A study of cultural assimilation and cultural maintenance among tertiary students of Indian origin in South Australia /". Title page, summary and table of contents only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EDM/09edmm984.pdf.

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15

Thomson, Danielle, i n/a. "Arsenic and Selected Elements in Marine Photosynthetic Organisms,South-East Coast, NSW, Australia". University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental and Heritage Sciences, 2006. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20070521.120826.

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The cycling of arsenic in the marine photosynthetic plants and algae was examined by analysing total arsenic concentrations and arsenic species in selected marine photosynthetic organisms from the south-east coast, NSW, Australia. A range of elements required for metabolism in photosynthetic organisms were also analysed to determine if any relationship between these elements and arsenic concentrations occurred. Organisms were selected from salt marsh and mangrove ecosystems, marine inter-tidal and estuarine environments, and two species of marine phytoplankton cultured, to represent the different marine environments that primary producers inhabit. Organisms selected were compared to species within their own environment and then a comparison made between the varying ecosystems. In the salt marsh and mangrove ecosystems, the leaves of four species, the mangrove Avicennia marina, the samphire Sarcocornia quinqueflora, the seablight Suaeda australis, and the seagrass Posidonia australis were sampled from three locations from the south-east coast of NSW using nested sampling. Mean total arsenic concentrations (mean � sd) dry mass for all locations were A. marina (0.38 � 0.18 �g g-1 to 1.2 � 0.7 �g g-1), S. quinqueflora (0.13 � 0.06 �g g-1 to 0.46 � 0.22 �g g-1), S. australis (0.03 � 0.06 �g g-1 to 0.05 � 0.03 �g g-1)and P. australis (0.34 � 0.10 �g g-1 to 0.65 � 0.26 �g g-1). Arsenic concentrations were significantly different between species and locations but were consistently low compared to marine macroalgae species. Significant relationships between As and Fe concentrations for A. marina, S. quinqueflora and P. australis and negative relationship between As and Zn concentrations for S. quinqueflora could partially explain arsenic concentrations in these species. No relationship between As and P concentrations were found in this study. All terrestrial species contained predominantly inorganic arsenic in the water extractable and residue fractions with minor concentrations of DMA in the water-soluble fraction. P. australis also contained dimethylated glycerol and phosphate arsenoriboses. The presence of arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and trimethylated glycerol arsonioribose is most likely due to the presence of epiphytes on fronds on P. australis. In contrast, macroalgae contained higher total arsenic concentrations compared to marine terrestrial angiosperms. Total arsenic concentrations also varied between classes of algae: red macroalgae 4.3 �g g-1 to 24.7 �g g-1, green macroalgae 8.0 �g g-1 to 11.0 �g g-1 and blue green algae 10.4 �g g-1 and 18.4 �g g-1. No significant relations were found between As concentrations and concentrations of Fe, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Mg, P and Zn concentrations, elements that are required by macroalgae for photosynthesis and growth. Distinct differences between algal classes were found for the proportion of arsenic species present in the lipid and water-soluble fractions, with green algae having a higher proportion of As in lipids than red or estuarine algae. Acid hydrolysis of the lipid extract revealed DMA, glycerol arsenoribose and TMA based arsenolipids. Within water-soluble extracts, red and blue-green algae contained a greater proportion of arsenic as inorganic and simple methylated arsenic species compared to green algae, which contained predominantly glycerol arsenoribose. Arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and tetramethylarsonium was also present in water-soluble extracts but is not normally identified with macroalgae and is again likely due to the presence of attached epiphytes. Residue extracts contained predominantly inorganic arsenic, most likely associated with insoluble constituents of the cell. Mean arsenic concentrations in the green microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta were 13.3 �g g-1 to 14.5 �g g-1, which is similar to arsenic concentrations found in green macroalgae in this study. Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum arsenic concentrations were 1.62 �g g-1 to 2.08 �g g-1. Varying the orthophosphate concentrations had little effect on arsenic uptake of microalgae. D. tertiolecta and P. tricornutum metabolised arsenic, forming simple methylated arsenic species and arsenic riboses. The ratio of phosphate to glycerol arsenoriboses was higher than that normally found in green macroalgae. The hydrolysed lipid fraction contained DMA arsenolipid (16-96%) with minor proportions of phosphate arsenoribose (4-23%). D. tertiolecta at f/10 phosphate concentration, however, contained glycerol arsenoribose and another arsenic lipid with similar retention as TMAO as well as DMA. The similarities between arsenic species in the water-soluble hydrolysed lipids and water-soluble extracts, especially for P. tricornutum, suggests that cells readily bind arsenic within lipids, either for membrane structure or storage, releasing arsenic species into the cytosol as degradation of lipids occurs. Inorganic arsenic was sequestered into insoluble components of the cell. Arsenic species present in D. tertiolecta at lower phosphate concentrations (f/10) were different to other phosphate concentrations (f/2, f/5), and require further investigation to determine whether this is a species-specific response as a result of phosphate deficiency. Although there are similarities in arsenic concentrations and arsenic species in marine photosynthetic organisms, it is evident that response to environmental concentrations of arsenic in uncontaminated environments is dependent on the mode of transfer from the environment, the influence of other elements in arsenic uptake and the ability of the organism to metabolise and sequester inorganic arsenic within the cell. It is not scientifically sound to generalise on arsenic metabolism in �marine plants� when species and the ecosystem in which they exist may influence the transformation of arsenic in higher marine organisms. There is no evidence to suggest that angiosperms produce AB as arsenic is mostly present as inorganic As, with little or no arsenic present in the lipids. However, marine macro- and microalgae both contain lipids with arsenic moieties that may be precursors for AB transformation. Specifically, the presence of TMA and dimethylated arsenoribose based arsenolipids both can transform to AB via intermediates previously identified in marine organisms. Further identification and characterization of As containing lipids is required.

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16

Fluin, Jennie 1972. "A diatom-based palaeolimnological investigation of the lower Murray River (south east Australia)". Monash University, School of Geography and Environmental Science, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8544.

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17

Laceby, John Patrick. "The Provenance of Sediment in Three Rural Catchments in South East Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367963.

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Moreton Bay, in South East Queensland, Australia, is a Ramsar wetland of international significance. A decline of the bay’s ecosystem health has been primarily attributed to sediments and nutrients from catchment sources. The Healthy Country (HC) project, a Queensland Government funded ‘proof of concept’ initiative, is dedicated to reducing rural diffuse sediments and nutrients entering waterways and ultimately Moreton Bay. Three focal catchments, Blackfellow Creek, Knapp Creek and the Upper Bremer River, were selected to trial rehabilitation techniques for the region. Sediment budgets for these focal catchments, developed using catchment scale modelling (SedNet), indicated gully erosion dominates the supply of sediment in Knapp Creek (90%) and the Upper Bremer River (80%) whereas erosion from cultivated soils is the primary sediment source in Blackfellow Creek (40%). These sediment budgets, that include predictions of both the spatial sources of sediment and the primary erosion processes, form a series of hypotheses in each focal catchment that are tested in this thesis. Fallout-radionuclide activity concentrations (137Cs and 210Pbex) of in-stream sediment sampled in each focal catchment were used in conjunction with regional source data to test hypotheses pertaining to dominant erosion processes, specifically the relative sediment contributions from surface and subsoil (gully and channel bank) sources. Distribution modelling results indicated subsoil erosion processes dominate the supply of sediment in both Knapp Creek (100%) and the Upper Bremer River (100%). In Blackfellow Creek, the similarity of cultivated (surface) and subsoil source fallout-radionuclide activity concentrations resulted in no discrimination between these sources that were modelled in combination to contribute >90% of sediments. Importantly there was no discrimination between gully and channel bank erosion sources in Knapp Creek and the Upper Bremer River.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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18

Owen, Peter. "A comparison of nutrient levels in the Lower Murray, Coorong and Upper South East of South Australia /". Title page, abstract and contents, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09aro968.pdf.

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19

Hunter, David, i n/a. "Conservation Management of Two Threatened Frog Species in South-Eastern New South Wales, Australia". University of Canberra. Applied Science, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081020.142239.

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The decline and extinction of amphibian species over the past three decades is widely acknowledged as one of the greatest biodiversity crises of modem time. Providing convincing data to support hypotheses about these declines has proved difficult, which has greatly restricted the development and implementation of management actions that may prevent further amphibian declines and extinctions from occurring. In this thesis, I present research that was undertaken as part of the recovery programs for the southern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne corroboree), and the Booroolong frog (Litoria booroolongensis); two species that underwent very rapid declines in distribution and abundance during the 1980's. More specifically, I investigated potential causal factors in the declines of both species using experimental and correlative studies, and examined the mechanisms by which one threatening process (chytridiomycosis) may be causing continued decline and extinction in P. corroboree. I also examined the implications of population dynamics for monitoring L. booroolongensis, and suggest a possible monitoring strategy that may reliably facilitate the implementation of recovery objectives for this species. I also tested one possible reintroduction technique aimed at preventing the continued decline and extinction of P. corroboree populations. In Chapters 2 and 3, I present the results from a series of experiments in artificial enclosures designed to examine whether the tadpoles of L. booroolongensis are susceptible to predation by co-occurring introduced predatory fish species; brown trout (Salmo trutta), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), European carp (Cyprinus carpio), redfin perch (Percafluviatilis), and mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki). I demonstrated that the tadpoles of L. booroolongensis, and a closely related species Litoria lesueuri, were palatable to non-native trout species, but not to two native predatory fish species, Gadopsis bispinosus and Galaxias olidus. A pond breeding frog species included in this experiment, Limnodynastes tasmaniensis, was palatable to both the native and non-native fish species. In a separate experiment I also demonstrated that the tadpole of L. booroolongensis is palatable to the three other introduced fish species examined in this study; C. carpio, P. fluviatilis, and G. holbrooki. In three of the experiments, the provision of rock within enclosures as a potential refuge habitat did not afford protection to L. booroolongensis tadpoles from predation by any of the five introduced fish species examined. While all the introduced fish species tested here did consume L. booroolongensis tadpoles, the results also suggested that chemical unpalatability might afford some level of protection against some of these fish species. Firstly, the addition of alternative prey items in one of the experiments reduced the proportion of tadpoles consumed, suggesting that L. booroolongensis may not be a preferred prey item. Secondly, the proportion of tadpoles consumed varied greatly among the different fish species examined, suggesting differing levels of palatability. Overall, this study supports previous research in suggesting that chemical unpalatability may be an important strategy for the tadpoles of riverine frog species in south-eastern Australia to avoid predation by native fish species, and that this strategy is less effective against introduced fish species. While L. booroolongensis currently persists in streams inhabited by a number of introduced fish species, this study supports the likelihood that these species are having a negative impact on populations of L. booroolongensis in the wild. In Chapter 4, I present the results of a study aimed at examining potential monitoring techniques for L. booroolongensis. The results of a mark-recapture exercise demonstrated that L. booroolongensis may exhibit large fluctuations in abundance from one year to the next, and through a prospective power analysis approach, I demonstrated that it would be difficult to confidently identify population trends of interest using either indices or estimates of abundance for this species. An assessment of the capacity to identify the presence or absence of L. booroolongensis using nighttime spotlight surveys demonstrated the high detectability of this species using this technique, at both the scale of 300-meter sections of stream and individual breeding areas (typically less than 10-meters of stream). This study suggests that the monitoring objectives of the L. booroolongensis recovery program would be most effectively achieved using presence/absence surveys at different scales. In Chapter 5, I present the results of a field survey aimed at determining the current distribution and habitat requirements of L. booroolongensis in the South West Slopes region of New South Wales. Of the 163 sites I surveyed across 49 streams,I located L. booroolongensis along 77 of these sites from 27 streams. Based on population and habitat connectivity, this study identified 18 populations of L. booroolongensis that are likely to be operating as independent populations. Twelve of these populations are not represented in conservation reserves, but rather occur along streams that flow through the agricultural landscape. A broad scale habitat analysis identified a positive relationship between extent of rock structures along the stream and the occurrence of L. booroolongensis, and a negative relationship between the proportion of canopy cover and this species' occurrence. At the breeding habitat scale, this study identified a positive relationship between the presence of breeding males and; number of rock crevices in the aquatic environment, extent of emergent rocks, and proportion pool. This analysis also detected a negative relationship between occupancy and water depth. These results confirm previous work suggesting the importance of rocky stream habitats to the persistence of L. booroolongensis, but also suggest how disturbance processes, such as increasing sedimentation and weed invasion, may reduce the suitability of rocky structures as breeding sites. In Chapter 6, I investigated current levels of amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) infection in corroboree frog populations, and used retrospective screening of museum specimens to assess the possibility that this pathogen was implicated in the initial decline of the corroboree frogs. Using histology, I did not detect any B. dendrobatidis infections in corroboree frog populations prior to their decline, however using the same technique, moderate levels of infection were detected in post-decline populations of both species. Real-time PCR screening of skin swabs identified much higher overall infection rates in post-decline populations of P. corroboree (between 44% and 59%), while significantly lower rates of infection were observed in P. pengilleyi populations (14%). These results suggest that the initial and continued decline of the corroboree frogs may well be attributed to the emergence of B. dendrobatidis in populations of these species. In Chapter 7, I investigated how B. dendrobatidis may be causing the continued decline of P. corroboree through the presence of an abundant reservoir host for this pathogen. I found that populations of adult C. signifera in sub-alpine bogs carry high B. dendrobatidis infection rates (86%), but appear unaffected by this infection. An experiment involving the release of P. corroboree tadpoles into 15 natural pools resulted in metamorphs from seven of these pools testing positive for B. dendrobatidis, with all these individuals dying soon after metamorphosis. These results support the possibility that B. dendrobatidis infection in P. corroboree populations is being facilitated by the presence of large numbers of infected C. signifera in the shared environment. Chapter 8 presents the results of a population augmentation study for P. corroboree. I investigated the extent to which increasing recruitment to metamorphosis may result in population recovery in this species. This was undertaken by harvesting eggs from the field and rearing them through to mid stage tadpoles over the winter period prior to being released back to their natal ponds in spring. While I was able to increase recruitment to metamorphosis by an average of 20 percent, this did not result in a noticeable influence on the subsequent adult population size, as both manipulated and non-manipulated sites declined over the course of this study by an average of 80 percent. I observed a positive relationship between natural recruitment to a late tadpole stage and subsequent adult male population size, however there was considerable variation associated with this relationship. The relationship between recruitment and subsequent population size at the augmentation sites was consistent with the relationship observed at the non-manipulated sites. These results suggest that recruitment to metamorphosis may not be the most important life stage restricting the population recovery of P. corroboree, but that mortality during post-metamorphic stages may be more important in regulating current population size. Hence, further attempts to use captive rearing to increase P. corroboree populations in the wild should focus on the release of post-metamorphic frogs. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the value of quantitative research to the implementation and progress of threatened species recovery programs. While this research will specifically contribute to the recovery programs for L. booroolongensis and P. corroboree, it more broadly contributes to the understanding and capacity to respond to the concerning levels of amphibian extinctions currently occurring throughout the world.

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Gorey, Phil, i p. gorey@strategen com au. "MONITORING AND MODELLING NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC INPUTS OF NITROGEN INTO AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER IN THE SOUTH EAST OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA". Flinders University. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Science, 2008. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20081209.091635.

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The aim of this study was to apply a variety of investigative methods to identify the causes of elevated concentrations of nitrate reported in an unconfined aquifer around the township of Coonawarra in the South East region of South Australia. For nearly 30 years elevated nitrate concentrations have been of concern to Government Departments, however the source of these elevated nitrate concentrations remained unknown. Examination of an extensive historical water quality dataset for the study area identified that while nitrate concentrations were elevated during the late 1970s early 1980s, they have declined since this time. The study demonstrates a variety of inherent biases that can exist within nitrate groundwater datasets, and presents methods that can be used for determining temporal trends in concentration that minimise the impacts of these characteristics. The quantification and spatial variability of diffuse recharge was investigated using groundwater tritium concentrations measured in the aquifer during the late 1970s. The modelling produced estimated recharge rates that were generally below those now adopted for the study area, and the methodology may not be appropriate in areas where high irrigation rates are occurring. The assessment of the variability of recharge illustrates that the high recharge areas corresponded to the previously identified areas of higher nitrate concentrations in groundwater. This correlation was further investigated statistically, and used a dual isotopic technique that applied the natural variability of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes (of nitrate) to source determination. The statistical approach was only able to explain 39% of the variability observed in groundwater nitrate concentrations using field observations. This approach indicated that there was a significant spatial relationship between bores located in close proximity to septic tanks and elevated nitrate concentrations in groundwater. The applications of the dual nitrate isotopic method further demonstrated that nitrate in the groundwater is from multiple sources, with septic tanks being a probable source of nitrate. This isotopic method is shown to be effective in source determination, with the results comparing well to literature and field observations. Modelling of diffuse inputs from the main landuse types supports the conclusion that the elevated nitrate levels are most likely due to localised sources. It is concluded that while high nitrate concentrations have existed within the Coonawarra area, the data interpretation methods previously used to report the plume of nitrate contamination have over-estimated the extent of nitrate in groundwater. The elevated nitrate concentrations in the groundwater are primarily the result of anthropogenic sources (e.g. septic tanks) and natural sources (e.g. the mineralisation of soil organic nitrogen).

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Mullett, Trudi, i mikewood@deakin edu au. "The ecology of Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (Puttosporaceae) an environmental weed in south east Australia". Deakin University. School of Ecology, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050615.150347.

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Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (Sweet Pittosporum) is a densely foliaged tall shrub or small tree, native to the wet forests of south east Australia, This species now functions as a serious environmental weed in a range of habitats in Australia and on other continents and islands throughout the temperate, sub-tropical and tropical zones. This study investigated some of the ecological causes and consequences of P. undulatum invasion across a range of habitat types in south east Australia. Key aspects of P. undulatum biology and ecology investigated in the current study include; patterns of morphological variation across the range of habitats occupied (as a measure of the species plasticity), dispersal ecology and seed germinability, population structure and spatial pattern, community relationships and the ecological impacts of invasion. Phenotypic plasticity is considerable in P. undulatum. No clear patterns of geographic variation emerged from a study of leaf morphological attributes across the current range of this species on mainland south east Australia. The pattern of morphological variation is particularly complex in Victoria, where the invasion of this species is most advanced. The species adaptability to a range of environments and environmental conditions will likely promote further range expansion. The abundant winter fruit crop produced by functionally female P. undulatum plants attracts a suite of generalist opportunistic frugivores, which feed on P. undulatum fruits and seeds at various stages of fruit dehiscence, thereby enhancing dispersal opportunities for this species. P. undulatum seed collected from natural and invasive populations, at two stages of fruit maturity and from the scats and pellets of dispersal agents, displayed high germinability. European Blackbirds and Pied Currawongs are implicated as the main avian dispersal agents of P undulatum in south east Australia. The broader ecological implications of developing relationships between invasive fleshy-fruited bird-dispersed plant species and adaptive frugivores are likely to be considerable. The distribution of P. undulatutn seedlings was significantly negatively correlated with adult conspecifics and significantly positively correlated with trees and shrubs of other genera. This pattern reflects the importance of both firugivorous dispersal agents and the species germination and establishment requirements, in shaping the contagious distribution pattern typical of this species. These analyses suggest that recruitment opportunities for conspecific seedlings are limited beneath the canopy of adult conspecifics. Densities of P. undulatum were on average, 2.7 times higher in invaded populations, compared to the natural populations sampled. A male-bias was evident in all populations and no relationships between reproductive activity and the density of seedlings and juveniles were evident. Invading populations of P. undulatum impose substantial changes on ecosystem-level properties and functions. Mean species richness and cover-abundance declined notably once P. undulatum cover-abundance exceeded 20% at the invaded sites and 60% at the natural sites sampled. The natural communities sampled displayed comparatively greater resilience to the competitive effects of P. undulatum, but community attributes were affected at high densities and cover-abundance of this species. The cover-abundance of herbs and grasses declined most substantially with increasing P. undulatum at invaded sites, whereas, at the natural sites sampled, the species structural analogues appeared to be most affected by increasing P. undulatum cover-abundance. This study has demonstrated that the ecological consequences of P. undulatum population expansion are substantial and contribute to changes in the composition and successional trajectory of affected communities. These processes ultimately lead to the loss and simplification of biodiversity values and the homogenisation of affected habitats. P. undulatum has the potential to emerge as one of south east Australia's most serious environmental weed species.

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Whittaker, William Joshua, i joshua whittaker@rmit edu au. "Vulnerability to bushfires in south-eastern Australia: a case study from East Gippsland, Victoria". RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090401.122025.

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This thesis is an analysis of human vulnerability to bushfires in the Wulgulmerang district of East Gippsland, Victoria, in south-eastern Australia. On January 30, 2003, bushfires devastated the small population of this isolated farming district. The fires destroyed homes, livelihood assets and public infrastructure. They also adversely affected the health, livelihoods and social lives of many local people. Australian bushfire research has traditionally focused on the geophysical dimensions of fire hazards and disasters, with little consideration of how cultural, economic, political and social factors shape people's exposure to hazards and their capacities to cope and adapt to bushfire impacts. To date, there have been no systematic, social science analyses of human vulnerability to bushfires. The vulnerability analysis presented in this thesis concentrates on two key research questions: (1) How and why were people exposed to hazards during the bushfires? and (2) How and why were people differentially capable of coping and adapting to the fires' impacts? Qualitative methods were primarily used to investigate these questions, including semi-structured interviews with residents and landholders of the Wulgulmerang district, representatives of government departments and authorities, and others who participated in responses to the fires. The thesis develops a multifaceted understanding of how and why people were vulnerable to the January 30 fires. Vulnerability is shown to arise from the circumstances of people's day to day lives, which are shaped by factors both within and beyond their control. Local pressures and challenges - such as drought, declining farm incomes, depopulation, limited access to essential services, and political marginality - are shown to increase people's exposure to bushfire hazards and reduce their capacities to cope and adapt. The thesis demonstrates the fundamental importance of sustainable livelihoods and regional economic and social vitality to the long-term goal of vulnerability reduction.

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Loan, Lisien. "The response of native vegetation to rising groundwater and salinity levels in the upper south east of South Australia /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arl795.pdf.

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Merrin, Kelly Leeann. "New Zealand and south-east Australian ilyarachninae (isopoda: asellota: munnopsidae) and their worldwide relationships". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1355.

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The diversity of New Zealand and Australian asellote isopods remains largely unknown. Even less is known about how this fauna is related to the rest of the world. This study focuses on the munnopsid subfamily Ilyarachninae Hansen, 1916, to explore the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of the local fauna to others from this group worldwide. To analyse the relationships within the Ilyarachninae, a suitable outgroup, in this case, the sister group, was needed to be determined. To do this, a cladistic analysis of the Munnopsidae was undertaken. In addition to determining a suitable outgroup, the family level analysis also served to test the monphyly of the nine subfamilies and to resolve the placement of the three genera, Munneurycope Stephensen, 1913, Munnicope Menzies and George, 1972 and Munnopsurus Richardson, 1912b which were not placed in any exsiting subfamily. The cladistic analysis of the Munnopsidae included 72 species representing all munnopsid genera, including where possible, the type species and was based on 122 morphological characters. A well resolved strict consensus tree was found. The results show Munnopsurus to be the sister group of the Ilyarachninae and the Munnopsinae to be the most ancestral group of the Munnopsidae. Of all the subfamilies, the Betamorphinae is not a monophyletic. The results show that although some subfamily names are upheld, others show no congruence to the topology of the results, and therefore the use of subfamily names are abandoned. Four families are instead recognized, the Munnopsidae (restricted to the former Munnopsinae), Acanthocopidae Wolff, 1962, the Syneurycopidae Wolff, 1962 and the Lipomeridae Tattersall, 1905a, with the latter including the former Ilyarachninae ('Ilyarachna-group'). Within the Ilyarachna-group, two new genera and 28 species were described, including 25 species new to science. Two genera, Notopais and Epikopais n. gen. are found exclusively in the southern hemisphere. Of the more cosmopolitan genera, some New Zealand and south-east Australian species display close affinities to each other and with Antarctic species. These relationships were tested using cladistic phylogenetic methods, and in addition to this, the analysis also served to test the monophyly of the genera. The analysis used 59 species, representing all genera and 61 morphological characters. The strict consensus tree was well resolved, however Aspidarachna Sars, 1897b, Ilyarachna Sars, 1870 and Echinozone Sars, 1897b were not monophyletic. The results also showed that the Ilyarachna-group fauna of New Zealand and south-east Australia are closely related to each other and to species from Antarctica.

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Makki, Anas Ahmad. "Development of a Domestic Urban Water End-Use Demand Statistical Forecasting Model for South-East Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366422.

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Water is one of the most vital resources on earth. Changing climate conditions coupled with growing populations has resulted in an escalating urban water demand thereby making water a scarce resource in many regional and urban centres. Scarcity of water and the ability to meet future water demands is one of the greatest concerns for many governments and public utilities. Residential water consumption represents a significant component of overall water demand. A deeper understanding of residential water consumption variability and its determinants at an end-use level enables the design and implementation of better targeted and more effective urban water conservation strategies, programs and policies. Specifically, it allows for the development of more accurate forecasting models and decision support tools for ensuring urban water security over the long term.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering.
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Wormington, Kevin Ray. "The habitat requirements of arboreal marsupials in dry sclerophyll forests of south-east Queensland, Australia /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17558.pdf.

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Burdack, Doreen. "The economic impact of water restrictions on water-dependent business in South East Queensland, Australia". Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5594/.

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Coulibaly, Souleymane. "Understanding African migrants' and refugees' experiences of digital health technologies in south east Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/236175/1/Souleymane%2BCoulibaly%2BThesis%282%29.pdf.

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This thesis focuses on the African migrant and refugee community in South East Queensland to investigate how community members use digital technologies for accessing health information. It demonstrates that African community members in Australia access and use digital technologies differently to non-African members of the community. The thesis highlights that an information sharing culture, especially via instant messaging apps such as WhatsApp, prevails in the African community. The thesis also shows that digital technologies, which convey health information and services around the world, are not equally experienced by people and this has implications for health providers and policy makers.

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Perveen, Sajida. "Modelling the transport impacts of urban growth scenarios: A perspective from South East Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/122902/1/Sajida_Perveen_Thesis.pdf.

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This research aimed to evaluate alternative urban growth scenarios by using representative transport impact indicators at different spatial and temporal scale. The assessment of key indicators at multi-scale level helped for ranking the alternative scenarios in terms of their suitability for promoting sustainable urban growth with least environmental externalities. In addition to the key transport impact indicators and alternative scenario of the future urban growth as major contributions to knowledge, this research provides an empirical approach to inform and assist decision-makers, practitioners and stakeholders in applying the meta-narrative of sustainable development at regional, city and local level.

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Islam, R. "Genetic structure and life history variation in a cryptic fish species complex, Australian smelt (Retropinna semoni) across south-east Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/379294.

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Generally freshwater fish exhibit higher levels of genetic structuring between spatially distinct populations than marine species due to the presence of natural and artificial barriers to dispersal in freshwater ecosystems. In addition, freshwater species are not able to move between populations that are separated by either terrestrial or marine habitat. Diadromy constrains the development of genetic structuring, even among geographically isolated populations due to potential connectivity via movement through the sea. As a result, higher levels of gene flow and lower population structuring tend to be observed in diadromous fishes than freshwater species. The Australian smelt (Retropinna semoni) is a native fish species complex widely distributed across coastal and inland drainages of south-eastern Australia. Recently, a complex of five or more cryptic species of Australian smelt has been recognized throughout their geographic range based on genetic studies. Variation in life history strategies has been observed in many cryptic fish species and multiple life history patterns were also found in southern smelt lineages (Retropinna sp.) where mainland Australian populations contain diadromous and wholly freshwater individuals and Tasmanian populations contain estuarine individuals. Despite the populations of southern smelt containing diadromous individuals, strong genetic structuring and low levels of connectivity were reported in at least some populations, which were suggested to result from apparently diadromous individuals being retained in the estuaries. It is possible that the different cryptic species may differ in life history. In the present study, I examine the genetic structure and life history variation of the South-east Queensland (SEQ) lineage of Australian smelt which was further subdivided into northern and southern lineages (SEQ-N, SEQ-S). I used both molecular and ecological approaches to understand the pattern of genetic structure and life history variation in this species to compare with other members of the species complex. Prior to this task, twenty one polymorphic microsatellite primers were developed (Chapter 2), which were then used for species delimitation and population structure analysis. In chapter 3, I used one mitochondrial gene (cyt b) and ten microsatellite loci to investigate patterns of genetic structuring in Australian smelt (R. semoni) and describe the genetic differences between these two cryptic lineages (SEQ-N and SEQ-S). These two lineages formed monophyletic clades in the mtDNA gene tree and among river phylogeographic structure was also evident within each clade. There was clear genetic divergence between the two lineages, suggesting that they have been separated historically by a hard barrier. Strong genetic structuring was observed from microsatellite analysis in both lineages (SEQ-S FST = 0.13; SEQ-N FST = 0.23) suggesting limited dispersal among rivers. Slightly lower levels of genetic structuring were observed in the SEQ-S lineage than the SEQ-N lineage. This might be the result of different microhabitat preferences between these two cryptic lineages (SEQ-N and SEQ-S), for example intolerance to water quality parameters. Another plausible explanation is that SEQ-S catchments may have been connected more recently and /or more often than those in the SEQ-N group during flood events. Contemporary movement of individuals only occurred between nearby sites within a river, but not between rivers, suggesting that if local extinctions occur in one or more of these rivers, then recolonization from elsewhere is unlikely to occur rapidly. Similarly, extinctions within a site are only likely to be recolonised from nearby sites in the same river. In chapter 4, I used otolith micro-chemistry analysis to examine the life history patterns of smelt at the northern extent of their range and to identify any differences in migratory behaviour of the two lineages (SEQ-N and SEQ-S) in this region. Based on otolith core-to-edge transects of Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca, there was no evidence of marine residence for either lineage suggesting that both are non-diadromous. This contrasts with the two southern smelt species, in which both exhibit evidence of diadromous movement of individuals within some populations. Significant differences in multi-elemental otolith chemistry signatures were observed among rivers and between paired sites within some rivers, suggesting no exchange of individuals among catchments and limited dispersal of individuals over large spatial scales within a river. This is almost certainly the result of the marine habitat conditions along the coastal drainages which isolate rivers and restrict movement of fish between them, combined with some limited dispersal within a river. In addition, movement of fish may also be precluded due to anthropogenic migration barriers within river catchments. This study has presented a holistic view of population structure using ecological and genetic markers and revealed that R. semoni is highly structured across south-east Queensland from the Mary River to Currumbin Creek. Genetic analysis delivers the general framework for applying ecological methods and substantial information regarding exchange between populations. Sensitive ecological methods such as otolith chemistry provide resolution of the fine-scale spatial separation within and between sample collection locations because movements within an individual lifetime can be inferred. The results of the present study emphasise the advantages of using complementary methods to evaluate the connectivity of fish populations. The combination of otolith chemistry and molecular markers provided insights into the role of migration in structuring smelt populations over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Overall, the current study furnished new insights into the population genetic structure and life history patterns of Australian smelt, which has significant implications for the sustainable management and conservation of this ecologically variable species along coastal drainages in south-east Queensland.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Granmayeh, Assadollah. "Petrology and provenance of Permian glaciogenic sediments of southern Australia /". Title page and table of contents only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg759.pdf.

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Nair, Gordon S. "Market entry of Australian firms into South-East Asia : a study of Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia markets". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.

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Gharun, Mana. "Improving the Quantitive linkage between ecological processes and hydrologic dynamics in high country forests of South-East Australia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10063.

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High country catchments in south-east Australia rank perhaps as the most important of all ecosystems in terms of water supply in Australia. A large proportion of the water supply to millions of people is sourced from mountainous catchments, forested with mixed-species native eucalypts, where stream flow is strongly leveraged to tree water use given that most of the incoming rainfall is returned to the atmosphere via transpiration. So far, understanding of tree water use in response to the environment, topography and forest disturbance have focused on wetter mesic eucalypt forests (Mountain Ash and Alpine Ash, known as ‘ash-type’), that are largely confined to Victoria and Tasmania. We have little knowledge of the patterns and drivers, or base-level estimates of tree water use, for the millions of hectares of mixed species eucalypt forests. In the context of climate change, rising temperature and increasing frequency of high intensity bushfires, an improved understanding of how plant structure and physiology control water use is necessary for assessing the consequences of climate change on the terrestrial water cycle. Such information is valuable in guiding hydrological models that are relied upon by those who manage the large water basins and catchments in south-east Australia. In this thesis, water relations of high country catchments were studied at the leaf, tree, stand and catchment scale, using a range of measurements and modelling frameworks. A large proportion of the analyses in this study rely on sap flow measurements collected using the Heat Ratio Method (HRM). HRM probes inserted into the hydro-active sapwood combined with species-specific estimates of total sapwood area were used to derive rates of tree and stand transpiration. This thesis linked variations in plant water use to aspects of stomatal structure, and found those species growing on less water-limited parts of the catchment to display more conservative, lower-risk strategies in their physiology and leaf structure, compared to drought tolerant species growing on a range of elevations and aspects. Eucalypt water use in the high country was largely governed by the atmospheric environment, mainly vapour pressure deficit and radiation, compared to soil moisture and wind speed, with species-specific sensitivity to atmospheric drought that were supported by species distribution patterns within the landscape. In addition to water relations in response to soil and atmospheric drought, it appeared that in case of disturbance by bushfires, rates of water use in resprouting mixed-species forests, is similar to those for adjacent unburnt forests three years after the fire. These results strongly contrast post-fire patterns of water use in seeder (ash-type) eucalypt forests, and are consistent with catchment-scale observations that show no significant change in water yield, three years after bushfires in catchments forested with mixed-species eucalypts. This clear difference between resprouters and seeders corresponds to slower sap flow in resprouting trees and a comparatively limited increase in sapwood area index and a decrease in total leaf area of the resprouting forests. In terms of predicting forest water use, this thesis shows that biological representation of transpiration in SPA (a process based soil-plant-atmosphere model) is adequately representative of the real world conditions for eucalypt forests, with leaf area index being the most important predictor of water use. SPA has proved to provide a valuable tool for a range of purposes including predicting the hydrology of mixed-species forests. At the catchment scale, biological constraints of transpiration were included to describe variations in stream flow within a conceptual framework, and based on empirical data and theory. The results inform hydrological modelling with improved understanding of how evapotranspiration affects catchment water yield, which is of paramount importance in ecosystems where transpiration is a major part of the evapotranspiration flux. In order to find a generic tool that is able to predict tree water use for a range of eucalypts, a model was developed using data-driven techniques, which predicts sap flux from potential radiation and atmospheric demand. Subsequently, this model was used to upscale tree sap flux across the catchment and to visualize variations in rates of sap flux with topography. Directly from the investigations carried out here, there are opportunities for further work in terms of addressing shortcomings that were only highlighted in the thesis, and for answering a number of important questions that remain open. For example measurements of sap flow and soil moisture in this study were not sufficient for identification and quantification of water sources used by plants. Stable isotopes in combination with sap flow information can make a powerful tool to determine sources of water used by trees. Overall, investigations carried out in this thesis provide the base for better integrating of plant physiology and ecology with catchment hydrology in order to improve management practices, in south-east Australia. The thesis directly contributes knowledge that advances both the basic understanding of the scientific community while at the same time is beneficial to those managers working with water issues in the face of a changing climate.

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Ticehurst, Kathryn Louise. "Interactions in the field: three women anthropologists in Aboriginal communities in south-east Australia, 1944-1963". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28745.

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Between 1944 and 1963, three young white women set out to conduct anthropological field work in Aboriginal communities in towns and cities in south-eastern Australia. Marie Reay visited many towns across western New South Wales from 1944 to 1948, Ruth Fink stayed for four months at Brewarrina Mission in 1954 and Diane Barwick sought out Aboriginal people in Melbourne and surrounding country towns between 1960 and 1963. This thesis examines their field notes to describe and analyse their interactions with the people they met during their field work: Aboriginal people, white townspeople, station managers and matrons, school teachers, police sergeants, religious ministers, AWB welfare officers, welfare workers, political activists and various white people who took an interest in Aboriginal people. These interactions were shaped by the social history of the places they visited, by racial segregation in country towns, by the interventions of the AWB into Aboriginal communities and the historical and political consciousness of Aboriginal people. Reading these field notes in the light of the history of these communities makes it possible to examine the complex dynamics that produced these encounters. Reading them against the grain, the interactions themselves become sources of information about this social history, about the communities this history had produced, and the different perspectives of people who lived in them. The power relations which structured field work, and the frequent experience of field work as a kind of intrusion related to the interventions of social welfare, makes it especially important to read the sources through the lens of social history. The field notes reveal the ongoing dynamics of interaction between different groups and individuals: the AWB, white and Aboriginal people, and anthropologists. They shed light on their different perspectives and their conflicts about expertise. Aboriginal people raised issues they had with the AWB and with local and legal discrimination; their analysis was grounded in a strong historical and political consciousness. These understandings of history differed from the historical narratives that shaped anthropological discourse of the time.

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Cooper, Leanne Rosa. "The emergence of a mixed economy : the Buandig of the lower South-East of South Australia in the mid-19th century /". Title page, contents and introduction only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arc7776.pdf.

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Voigt-Graf, Carmen 1970. "The construction of transnational spaces : travelling between India, Fiji and Australia / Carmen Voigt-Graf". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27931.

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This thesis examines the comparatively recent concept of transnationalism by undertaking an empirical study in a context that has so far not been systematically studied in this way. The transnationalism concept was pioneered in the early 19905 by scholars in the United States. The argument is that migrants and their kin construct transnational spaces which permeate various spheres of their daily life. Studies that fail to take these transnational spaces into consideration, risk overlooking important aspects of the migrant adaptation process and the lives of migrants and their kin. This study underlines the importance of applying a transnational perspective to migration and migrant adaptation. While being credited with adding valuable new perspectives and insights, transnationalism scholars have overlooked continuities with earlier migration concepts.

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Tan, Benjamin L. L. "Chemical and Biological Analyses of Selected Endocrine Disruptors in Wastewater Treatment Plants in South East Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365603.

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Studies in North America, Europe, Japan and Australia have reported the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluent could affect physiological and reproductive function in exposed fish consistent with exposure to hormonally active chemicals. The occurrence of EDCs in rivers and receiving environments situated near WWTPs raises concern over the removal efficacy of these compounds by conventional treatment processes. The main aim of this study was to utilize chemical analyses to assess concentrations of selected endocrine disruptors as well as a biological assay to measure the potential estrogenic effects of EDCs present in water discharged from wastewater treatment plants in South East Queensland, Australia. Currently, there are few reported studies on the estrogenic effects of EDCs released from WWTPs into receiving environments in Australia. Two field sampling methods were used. Grab sampling with subsequent extraction using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique and passive sampling utilizing EmporeTM (styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer) disk were used in this study. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method was successfully developed to simultaneously analyze 15 environmentally ubiquitous EDCs including phthalates, alkylphenols, tamoxifen, androgens and estrogens. Application of these methods for the determination of target EDCs in wastewater samples in this study showed 80 – 99% removal of most EDCs from influent to effluent, despite the wastewater treatment plants having different treatment processes. It was observed that the passive samplers accumulated less EDCs than predicted when compared to the grab samples. This is probably caused by, but may not be limited to, biofouling, low flow rate, biodegradation and temperature which can progressively reduce the uptake of compounds into the sampler. A future challenge would be to improve the reliability of passive samplers by reducing or controlling the environmental conditions that may impact on the passive sampler performance. Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) in combination with thermal desorption coupled to GC-MS was successfully applied to analyze a range of EDCs in wastewater, biosolids and sludge. The technique was shown to be very versatile, shortening extraction time, reducing sample volume needed as well as being sensitive for the analysis of a wide range of EDCs. The results showed that there were high amounts of phthalates, alkylphenols and female hormones present in the raw influent wastewater and biosolids of the WWTP samples. For the complimentary bioassay, a proliferation assay using human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (E-Screen assay) was used to determine estrogen equivalents (EEqs) in grab and passive samples from five municipal WWTPs. EEq concentrations derived by E-Screen assays for the grab samples were between 108 – 356 ng/L for the influents and <1 – 14.8 ng/L for the effluents with the exception of one effluent sample which was at 67.8 ng/L EEq. In most wastewater samples, the natural estrogens contributed to 60% or more of the EEq value. Based on the chemical and in vitro biological analyses results and coupled with reported no observed effect concentration (NOEC) in vivo studies (mainly based on fish vitellogenin studies), the risk of EDCs found in effluents of the monitored WWTPs having a significant impact on the receiving environment is reasonably low. Furthermore, a fugacity-based analysis was employed to model the fate of selected industrial chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties in a conventional activated sludge WWTP. Using mass balance principles, a fugacity model was developed for correlating and predicting the steady state-phase concentrations, the process stream fluxes, and the fate of four phthalates and four alkylphenols in a WWTP. The relative amounts of chemicals that are likely to be volatilized, sorbed to sludge, biotransformed, and discharged in the effluent water was assessed. Results obtained by applying the model for the eight compounds compared satisfactorily with data from the WWTP. All eight EDCs modelled in this study had high removal efficacy from the WWTP. Apart from benzyl butyl phthalate and bisphenol A, the majority is removed via biotransformation followed by a lesser proportion removed through primary sludge. Fugacity analysis provides useful insight into compound fate in a WWTP and with further calibration and validation the model should be useful for correlative and predictive purposes. In conclusion, the complementary chemical and biological analyses used in this study provided a comprehensive assessment which showed that the EDCs discharged from the monitored WWTPs would be expected to have a low impact on the receiving environments.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Faculty of Environment and Planning
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Atazadeh, Ehsan. "Algae-based models to configure consumptive flows for ecological benefit in the highly regulated MacKenzie River, south-east Australia". Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2017. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/162587.

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Many river ecosystems, especially those in arid and semi-arid, are experiencing severe stress due to the increasing demands on the ecosystem services they provide, coupled with anthropogenic catchment impacts and factors associated with climate change and weather extremes. The flow regime of the Mackenzie River was substantially modified since the construction of a water supply reservoir on its upper reach in 1887. Water is now regulated at several locations downstream of the reservoir, creating a substantially modified flow regime, impacting key environmental values of the river. The river receives an environmental flow allocation and the river channel is used to transfer water dedicated for consumptive use. Water Quality and algal monitoring formed the basis of models that were developed evaluate the ecological condition of this working river under base flow and before, during and after freshes that deliver water to users. Samples of diatoms, soft algae and measurements of water quality were analysed at ten sampling sites for three years (between February 2012 and November 2014) along the MacKenzie River in different seasons and under different flow regimes to understand the spatial and temporal variation in the relationship between algal communities and water quality, and so stream condition. Baseline information on algal communities and water quality was collected during base flow conditions, while experiments on the effect of water releases on algal communities were based on flow regime variations (manipulated flow regimes), specifically on the algae community structure, water quality and ecosystem function. These comprised cease to flow (0 ML/day), low flows (10-15 ML/day), freshes (35-40 ML/day) and high flow (55ML/day) conditions. Physical and chemical characteristics of water, including pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, phosphorus and cations and anions were measured. Biological properties of the algal periphyton communities, including dry mass, ash-free dry mass, chlorophyll-a concentration and species composition, were also measured. Furthermore, the DSIAR (Diatom Species Index for Australian Rivers) score was calculated to classify the condition of the waterway. The results showed the algal species composition changed under different flow regimes along the river. The sensitivity of diatoms to changes in water quality and flow rates deemed them useful indicators of river condition. The results indicated that flows tended to improve DSIAR scores and diatoms versus green algae and cyanobacteria biomass measures in the mid and lower reaches. The biological properties of the algal periphyton communities, and the species composition, varied between sites under different flow regimes. The accumulation of dry mass (not ash-free) decreased downstream during freshes, however the accumulation of AFDM (ash-free dry mass) gradually increased downstream. The results showed that the concentration of chlorophyll-a decreased downstream under water release events. The Pearson’s correlation matrix revealed flow regimes had a significant influence on the water chemistry characteristics and biological properties. The principal component analysis (PCA) illustrated that upstream species of algae were associated with low pH and temperature and higher DO. In contrast downstream species were associated with higher turbidity, TSS, conductivity, TN, and TDS. The correspondence analysis (CA) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) showed a split between algal assemblages during water release events in comparison with before and after water release. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) identified five significant environmental variables including pH, TSS, Turbidity, TN and TP explaining algal assemblage and structure along the river. The collected data were used to develop ecological response models based on algae communities living under different flow regimes in the MacKenzie River. The algae-based models across a hydraulic gradient may be useful in water management efforts to find sustainable solutions in the river by balancing environmental and human values. The empirical data and models showed the lower reaches of the river to be in poor condition under low flows, but this condition improved under flows of 35 ML/day, as indicated by the reduction in green algae and cyanobacteria and improvement in DSIAR scores. The results are presented to tailor discharge and duration of the river flows by amalgamation of consumptive and environmental flows to improve the condition of the stream thereby supplementing the flows dedicated to environmental outcomes. Ultimately the findings can be used by management to configure consumptive flows to enhance the for ecological condition of the MacKenzie River.
Doctor of Philosophy

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Pietsch, Samuel, i sam pietsch@gmail com. "Australia's military intervention in East Timor, 1999". The Australian National University. School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20091214.122004.

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This thesis argues that the Australian military intervention in East Timor in 1999 was motivated primarily by the need to defend Australias own strategic interests. It was an act of Australian imperialism understood from a Marxist perspective, and was consistent with longstanding strategic policy in the region.¶ Australian policy makers have long been concerned about the security threat posed by a small and weak neighbouring state in the territory of East Timor. This led to the deployment of Australian troops to the territory in World War Two. In 1974 Australia supported Indonesias invasion of the territory in order to prevent it from becoming a strategic liability in the context of Cold War geopolitics. But, as an indirect result of the Asian financial crisis, by September 1999 the Indonesian governments control over the territory had become untenable. Indonesias political upheaval also raised the spectre of the Balkanisation of the Indonesian archipelago, and East Timor thus became the focal point for Australian fears about an arc of instability that arose in this period.¶ Australias insertion of military forces into East Timor in 1999 served its own strategic priorities by ensuring an orderly transfer of sovereignty took place, avoiding a destabilising power vacuum as the country transitioned to independence. It also guaranteed that Australias economic and strategic interests in the new nation could not be ignored by the United Nations or the East Timorese themselves. There are therefore underlying consistencies in Australias policy on East Timor stretching back several decades. Despite changing contexts, and hence radically different policy responses, Australia acted throughout this time to prevent political and strategic instability in East Timor.¶ In addition, the intervention reinforced Australias standing as a major power in Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific. The 1999 deployment therefore helped facilitate a string of subsequent Australian interventions in Pacific island nations, both by providing a model for action and by building a public consensus in favour of the use of military intervention as a policy tool.¶ This interpretation of events challenges the consensus among existing academic accounts. Australias support of Indonesias invasion and occupation of East Timor from 1974 was frequently criticised as favouring realpolitik over ethical considerations. But the 1999 intervention, which ostensibly ended severe violence and secured national independence for the territory, drew widespread support, both from the public and academic commentators. It has generally been seen as a break with previous Australian policy, and as driven by political forces outside the normal foreign policy process. Moreover, it has been almost universally regarded as a triumph for moral conduct in international affairs, and even as a redemptive moment for the Australian national conscience. Viewing the intervention as part of the longstanding strategy of Australian imperialism casts doubt on such positive evaluations.

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40

Van, Holst Pellekaan Sheila M. "Craniometrics, clines and climate : a study of environmental adaptation in holocene aborigines from the east coast of Australia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1990. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26448.

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Statistically significant correlations between anthropometric land environmental variables havel I been demonstrated in samples of Holocene Aboriginal crania and mandibles from the east coast of Australia. In testing for variation that may be attributed to climatic adaptation, the model of decreased nasal breadth in colder climates is not supported, but increased cranial breadth is included in principal component scores which correlate with increased latitude and decreased temperatures. Thus the model of increased brachycephalization as a response to decreased temperature is not refuted by these results, but the support demonstrated is secondary to more impressive results for the face and mandibles, for which thermoregulatory explanations have not hitherto been suggested.

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Bentley, Andrew I. "Contemporary and Historical Influences on the Taxonomy and Distributions of Cherax Species in South Eastern Quensland, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366838.

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Freshwater crayfish are a highly diverse group of decapod crustaceans that are distributed across all but the Indian and Antarctic continents. Their broad distribution suggests a strong ability to disperse and adapt to a wide range of habitats and environmental niches. In particular, freshwater crayfish have been discovered in caves, burrows, streams, lakes and sometimes even terrestrial habitats. This dispersed distribution across a range of habitats is particularly evident for the genus Cherax, with at least 47 species identified from throughout Australia. With some species highly diverse and others widely distributed, it is unclear what effect geographic, behavioural and ecological isolation has had on the current biogeographic structure of Australian Cherax. By investigating variation across a nested series of scales, the primary aim of this study was to distinguish the historical and contemporary drivers that may have caused and maintained the high level of biodiversity observed in Australian and more specifically South-East Queensland (SEQ) Cherax.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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42

Anorov, Julie Margaret, i n/a. "Integrated Study of Coastal Wetland Characteristics and Geomorphic Processes in a South East Queensland Catchment". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060223.153104.

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Coastal wetlands are dynamic ecosystems that are highly susceptible to change due to natural and human factors. The study area, located within the Native Dog Creek sub-catchment of the Logan River - which drains into Moreton Bay, south east Queensland - holds a detailed history of environmental change spanning most of the Holocene epoch. This history is preserved in the estuarine sedimentary record and is a valuable indicator of natural environmental change. More recently, human-induced changes within the study area have been superimposed on the natural process of environmental change. In order to develop a conceptual bio-geomorphic model of the coastal wetlands of Native Dog Creek, this thesis examined - on an integrated catchment basis - the evolution and connectivity of four coastal wetland community types (Melaleuca, Casuarina, saltmarsh and mangroves). The research consisted of four discrete studies within the study area: a geomorphic investigation that provided a framework for understanding how the wetlands evolved during the Holocene epoch; an acid sulfate soil (ASS) study that surveyed the distribution and concentration of sulfides; a palynological study that examined the natural directions of ecosystem change; and an investigation of the impact of specific human activities on these ecosystems. Detailed stratigraphic modelling found that the Logan River system (and its Native Dog Creek sub-catchment) has evolved from an infilling estuary since the peak of the Holocene transgression 6500 years before present. Recognition of the major controls that influenced geomorphic coastal development during the Holocene, provided important insights into the distribution and genesis of estuarine pyritic sediments which strongly influence the soils within the study area. In general, the estuarine central basin and fluvial delta sediments posed the greatest risk to the environment from acidification if disturbed. The major focus of the ASS study was to survey the distribution of ASS and to identify other areas most vulnerable to acidification. A predictive approach that combined chemical and stratigraphic analysis was used. Results showed that these areas are intrinsically related to their environment of deposition. The study found, for example, that the alternation of excessively wet and dry conditions - combined with high organic carbon levels and variations in microtopography - provided ideal conditions for the re-formation of pyrite in the stream channel within the Melaleuca wetlands. The palaeo-environmental study reconstructed the evolution of Holocene coastal wetland vegetation during the marine transgression and subsequent shoreline progradation. Pollen records from the four representative wetland communities (previously mentioned) were examined. The results found the mid-late Holocene vegetation history was controlled by the development of geomorphic features that have affected freshwater input, drainage and salinity. In response to the progradation of the shoreline after sea level stabilised, changes in fossil pollen from mangroves and saltmarsh taxa during the early-mid Holocene, to freshwater taxa during the late Holocene, are estimated to have taken 800 years. Thus, pollen analysis when used in combination with stratigraphic modelling, provided an important point of reference for rates of natural ecological change in response to evolutionary changes to the physical environment. The wetlands within the study area have suffered varying degrees of disturbance since European settlement in the 1820s. The most significant changes occurred during early European settlement, when vast areas of coastal lowlands were cleared for timber, sheep and cattle grazing and for agricultural purposes. A second period of change occurred from 1989 to 1995, when the Melaleuca community suffered dieback in response to hydrological modifications to Native Dog Creek for the development of a golf course. Results indicate that human-induced changes over the past 170 years have occurred at a rate far beyond the ability of the natural ecosystem to adapt or move to a more ecologically sustainable state, at least in the short-term. Hence the current environment is experiencing degradation through both decline in health and loss of indigenous species. The development of a conceptual bio-geomorphic model was based on the integration of results from all four studies, in an effort to provide a holistic understanding of the coastal wetland environment and of the impact of human-induced changes upon that environment. If these vulnerable ecosystems are to be maintained, successful and sustainable coastal management strategies must rely on a sound scientific understanding of the response of a coastal ecosystem to both human and environmental changes.

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43

Anorov, Julie Margaret. "Integrated Study of Coastal Wetland Characteristics and Geomorphic Processes in a South East Queensland Catchment". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365955.

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change due to natural and human factors. The study area, located within the Native Dog Creek sub-catchment of the Logan River - which drains into Moreton Bay, south east Queensland - holds a detailed history of environmental change spanning most of the Holocene epoch. This history is preserved in the estuarine sedimentary record and is a valuable indicator of natural environmental change. More recently, human-induced changes within the study area have been superimposed on the natural process of environmental change. In order to develop a conceptual bio-geomorphic model of the coastal wetlands of Native Dog Creek, this thesis examined - on an integrated catchment basis - the evolution and connectivity of four coastal wetland community types (Melaleuca, Casuarina, saltmarsh and mangroves). The research consisted of four discrete studies within the study area: a geomorphic investigation that provided a framework for understanding how the wetlands evolved during the Holocene epoch; an acid sulfate soil (ASS) study that surveyed the distribution and concentration of sulfides; a palynological study that examined the natural directions of ecosystem change; and an investigation of the impact of specific human activities on these ecosystems. Detailed stratigraphic modelling found that the Logan River system (and its Native Dog Creek sub-catchment) has evolved from an infilling estuary since the peak of the Holocene transgression 6500 years before present. Recognition of the major controls that influenced geomorphic coastal development during the Holocene, provided important insights into the distribution and genesis of estuarine pyritic sediments which strongly influence the soils within the study area. In general, the estuarine central basin and fluvial delta sediments posed the greatest risk to the environment from acidification if disturbed. The major focus of the ASS study was to survey the distribution of ASS and to identify other areas most vulnerable to acidification. A predictive approach that combined chemical and stratigraphic analysis was used. Results showed that these areas are intrinsically related to their environment of deposition. The study found, for example, that the alternation of excessively wet and dry conditions - combined with high organic carbon levels and variations in microtopography - provided ideal conditions for the re-formation of pyrite in the stream channel within the Melaleuca wetlands. The palaeo-environmental study reconstructed the evolution of Holocene coastal wetland vegetation during the marine transgression and subsequent shoreline progradation. Pollen records from the four representative wetland communities (previously mentioned) were examined. The results found the mid-late Holocene vegetation history was controlled by the development of geomorphic features that have affected freshwater input, drainage and salinity. In response to the progradation of the shoreline after sea level stabilised, changes in fossil pollen from mangroves and saltmarsh taxa during the early-mid Holocene, to freshwater taxa during the late Holocene, are estimated to have taken 800 years. Thus, pollen analysis when used in combination with stratigraphic modelling, provided an important point of reference for rates of natural ecological change in response to evolutionary changes to the physical environment. The wetlands within the study area have suffered varying degrees of disturbance since European settlement in the 1820s. The most significant changes occurred during early European settlement, when vast areas of coastal lowlands were cleared for timber, sheep and cattle grazing and for agricultural purposes. A second period of change occurred from 1989 to 1995, when the Melaleuca community suffered dieback in response to hydrological modifications to Native Dog Creek for the development of a golf course. Results indicate that human-induced changes over the past 170 years have occurred at a rate far beyond the ability of the natural ecosystem to adapt or move to a more ecologically sustainable state, at least in the short-term. Hence the current environment is experiencing degradation through both decline in health and loss of indigenous species. The development of a conceptual bio-geomorphic model was based on the integration of results from all four studies, in an effort to provide a holistic understanding of the coastal wetland environment and of the impact of human-induced changes upon that environment. If these vulnerable ecosystems are to be maintained, successful and sustainable coastal management strategies must rely on a sound scientific understanding of the response of a coastal ecosystem to both human and environmental changes.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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44

Schwenke, Andrew C. "Riparian vegetation condition influences movement and microhabitat use by Mixophyes fasciolatus in South East Queensland". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/102339/4/Andrew_Schwenke_Thesis.pdf.

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Riparian vegetation has been impacted by urbanisation in many parts of Australia, resulting in population declines of numerous species of stream-associated frogs. This study was the first to investigate movement and microhabitat use of the stream-associated frog, Mixophyes fasciolatus, in sites that differed in the ecological condition of riparian vegetation in south-east Queensland. Twenty-nine frogs were tracked over a 48-hour period and their fine-scale movements and microhabitat use were examined and found to be related to riparian vegetation condition. These results have significant implications for the conservation management of this species.

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Schmitt, Andrea V., i n/a. "The Influence of Nutrients on Aquatic Primary Production and Food Webs in Subtropical Streams of South East Queensland, Australia". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20061010.135700.

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The increasing world population and with it the increased pressure on food production are likely to challenge the availability of quality fresh water resources in the near future. To compound the looming water crisis, caused by an increased demand for water available for agricultural production, the quality of our fresh water resources is also likely to suffer from the consequences of increased population pressure, i.e. urbanization of land and growth of industries, and food production, i.e. agricultural use of land. Moreton Bay, South East Queensland, Australia, is listed under the United Nations Convention on Wetlands and is also a declared Marine Park. The Moreton Bay area, however, is already one of the five fastest growing urban areas in the developed world. Prognoses about future population growth and urban and industrial development in the area, have hence given rise to growing concerns about the future water quality in this international environmentally important area. Therefore the aim of the current study was to investigate the fate of nutrients in freshwater streams in the Moreton Bay area in order to gain a better understanding of nutrient pathways in aquatic systems and assist in refining the National Water Quality Management Strategy to provide better management of our waterways. To achieve this, the effects of land use on water quality were determined at 22 study sites in the Brisbane River Catchment. Within the catchment five main types of land use were identified, including urban, rural residential, cropping, grazing and mixed types of land use. Water quality was sampled during three seasons: the pre-wet (October - November), wet (December - March) and dry (April - August) season. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in ambient stream water varied significantly spatially, i.e. types of land use, and temporally, i.e. seasons. At some sites, during certain times of the year, nutrient concentrations were found to exceed the range recommended by the Australian Water Quality guidelines. Nutrient concentrations were particular high in urban areas, especially during the dry season. It was also found that the 15N signatures in aquatic plants, i.e epipelic algae, correlated strongly with in-stream nitrogen concentrations. The large variability of in-stream nutrient concentrations, and the related changes in nitrogen isotopic signatures in aquatic plants, made it obvious to suggest that changes in land use may significantly impact on water quality in the catchment. Other changes in land use, for example riparian vegetation clearing, are also commonly observed in areas under urban, industry and/or agricultural growth pressure. This is of particular concern, given riparian vegetation is important not only in controlling nutrient and other organic matter input into streams, but also in regulating light levels for in-stream primary production. Previously riparian zones have been shown to be a prime source of carbon and energy for aquatic food webs in some studies, whereas other studies suggested the main driver of food webs is in-stream primary production. The current study used stable isotope analysis track carbon and nitrogen pathways through aquatic systems and determine the primary source of carbon and energy in aquatic food webs. Despite large spatial and temporal variability of 13C, aquatic consumers were closely tracking the carbon isotope signatures of plants and it was suggested that epilithic and epipelic algae are the main contributors to the carbon and energy budget of aquatic consumers.In realizing this importance of algae in aquatic systems, the next step in this study was to examine the relative importance of light and nutrient availability to periphyton and the effects of changes of these variables on plant biomass and primary production. In an in-situ experiment the levels of light and nutrients available to periphyton, were altered. Although nutrients and light may have colimited standing crop of periphyton, other variables were clearly limited by light. Parallel to this experiment on periphyton, the nutrient availability to Vallisneria spp. was experimentally altered to investigate the effects of changes in nutrient availability and nutrient limitation on other aquatic plants. The biomass of this submerged macrophyte increased three-fold in nitrogen and phosphorus sufficient areas over nutrient limited treatments. The physiological response, i.e. changes in concentrations of amino acids, of periphyton to changes in environmental conditions was also investigated on a large scale, i.e. spatial and temporal variability of amino acids, and a local scale, i.e. amino acid changes in artificially altered light and nutrient availability. This response was of particular interest in this study, as it was previously shown that physiological changes in plants impact on the quality of plants as food for consumers. The physiological changes in aquatic plants could thus provide an important link between nutrient input into streams (e.g. from terrestrial sources), impacts on aquatic plants (e.g.. nutrient uptake and physiological responses in plants) and effects on aquatic consumers (e.g. changes in food quality of plants and therefore impacts on biomass, growth and overall health of aquatic consumers).

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46

Schmitt, Andrea V. "The Influence of Nutrients on Aquatic Primary Production and Food Webs in Subtropical Streams of South East Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367645.

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The increasing world population and with it the increased pressure on food production are likely to challenge the availability of quality fresh water resources in the near future. To compound the looming water crisis, caused by an increased demand for water available for agricultural production, the quality of our fresh water resources is also likely to suffer from the consequences of increased population pressure, i.e. urbanization of land and growth of industries, and food production, i.e. agricultural use of land. Moreton Bay, South East Queensland, Australia, is listed under the United Nations Convention on Wetlands and is also a declared Marine Park. The Moreton Bay area, however, is already one of the five fastest growing urban areas in the developed world. Prognoses about future population growth and urban and industrial development in the area, have hence given rise to growing concerns about the future water quality in this international environmentally important area. Therefore the aim of the current study was to investigate the fate of nutrients in freshwater streams in the Moreton Bay area in order to gain a better understanding of nutrient pathways in aquatic systems and assist in refining the National Water Quality Management Strategy to provide better management of our waterways. To achieve this, the effects of land use on water quality were determined at 22 study sites in the Brisbane River Catchment. Within the catchment five main types of land use were identified, including urban, rural residential, cropping, grazing and mixed types of land use. Water quality was sampled during three seasons: the pre-wet (October - November), wet (December - March) and dry (April - August) season. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in ambient stream water varied significantly spatially, i.e. types of land use, and temporally, i.e. seasons. At some sites, during certain times of the year, nutrient concentrations were found to exceed the range recommended by the Australian Water Quality guidelines. Nutrient concentrations were particular high in urban areas, especially during the dry season. It was also found that the 15N signatures in aquatic plants, i.e epipelic algae, correlated strongly with in-stream nitrogen concentrations. The large variability of in-stream nutrient concentrations, and the related changes in nitrogen isotopic signatures in aquatic plants, made it obvious to suggest that changes in land use may significantly impact on water quality in the catchment. Other changes in land use, for example riparian vegetation clearing, are also commonly observed in areas under urban, industry and/or agricultural growth pressure. This is of particular concern, given riparian vegetation is important not only in controlling nutrient and other organic matter input into streams, but also in regulating light levels for in-stream primary production. Previously riparian zones have been shown to be a prime source of carbon and energy for aquatic food webs in some studies, whereas other studies suggested the main driver of food webs is in-stream primary production. The current study used stable isotope analysis track carbon and nitrogen pathways through aquatic systems and determine the primary source of carbon and energy in aquatic food webs. Despite large spatial and temporal variability of 13C, aquatic consumers were closely tracking the carbon isotope signatures of plants and it was suggested that epilithic and epipelic algae are the main contributors to the carbon and energy budget of aquatic consumers.In realizing this importance of algae in aquatic systems, the next step in this study was to examine the relative importance of light and nutrient availability to periphyton and the effects of changes of these variables on plant biomass and primary production. In an in-situ experiment the levels of light and nutrients available to periphyton, were altered. Although nutrients and light may have colimited standing crop of periphyton, other variables were clearly limited by light. Parallel to this experiment on periphyton, the nutrient availability to Vallisneria spp. was experimentally altered to investigate the effects of changes in nutrient availability and nutrient limitation on other aquatic plants. The biomass of this submerged macrophyte increased three-fold in nitrogen and phosphorus sufficient areas over nutrient limited treatments. The physiological response, i.e. changes in concentrations of amino acids, of periphyton to changes in environmental conditions was also investigated on a large scale, i.e. spatial and temporal variability of amino acids, and a local scale, i.e. amino acid changes in artificially altered light and nutrient availability. This response was of particular interest in this study, as it was previously shown that physiological changes in plants impact on the quality of plants as food for consumers. The physiological changes in aquatic plants could thus provide an important link between nutrient input into streams (e.g. from terrestrial sources), impacts on aquatic plants (e.g.. nutrient uptake and physiological responses in plants) and effects on aquatic consumers (e.g. changes in food quality of plants and therefore impacts on biomass, growth and overall health of aquatic consumers).
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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47

Menpes, Robert. "Structural evolution of a tanspression zone in the southern Adelaide fold belt, north-east Dudley Peninsula, Kangaroo Island, South Australia /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbm547.pdf.

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Thesis (B. Sc. (Hons))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1993.
On title page: "National Grid reference (51-54) 6526 - III & IV (1:50000). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-44).

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48

Barr, Cameron. "The effects of European landuse practices on the hydrology of a wetland in the upper south east of South Australia and its implications for wetland management /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AEVH/09aevhb268.pdf.

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49

Klaussner, Miriam. "An examination of communication across cultures in news media and at informal/personal levels : with concentration on relations among two South East Asian countries and Australia and those two countries and Germany". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002.

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In the age of globalisation dominated by mass communication, the flow of information contributes to a big extent to the worldviews of its "global citizens". From this point of view the mass media can be seen as one of the most salient sources of cross-cultural communication. This study investigates mass communication across cultures, focusing on South East Asia (Malaysia and Singapore), Australia and Germany. The centre of attention is the Western media coverage of South East Asia and vice versa. In this context a content analysis of newspapers of the three regions has been conducted. In addition, working practices and conditions of Western foreign correspondents in South East Asia have been examined. Apart from the investigation of inter-cultural media coverage, another focus of attention will be the examination of two levels of communication: The business level, concentrating on issues like e.g. the Asian business etiquette; and the private level, looking into the transition to a different culture from the perspective of Australian and German expatriates. Apart from investigating mass communication across cultures and to provide a written analysis of the findings, a series of radio documentaries in English and in German has been produced. They cover the following issues: Foreign correspondents in South East Asia, the expatriate-lifestyle of Australians and Germans in South East Asia, business etiquette in Asia, student exchange Germany-Asia, image and prejudices East-West and Tourism.

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50

Al-Saadi, Amaal Ghazi Yasser. "Ecological divergence of cryptic species of the atyid freshwater shrimps: Caridina indistincta and Paratya australiensis species complexes at different spatial scales in South-East Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/391077.

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Freshwater ecosystems represent hotspots for the world’s total diversity and human well-being. However, they are also subjected to threats across the globe as a result of localised human activities, broad scale catchment clearance, climate change and invasive species. The increased degradation of freshwater habitats and their ecological functions as a consequence of these threats, at local and global scales, has led to significant freshwater problems for human existence and the world’s biodiversity. There is growing evidence that the loss of biodiversity is one of the most complex environmental issues facing the world; however, the importance of understanding species distribution patterns and the ecological differentiation among species that are reflected as species-specific responses or tolerances to environmental drivers is less well understood. In particular, when a morphological approach is used as a taxonomic tool for investigating species diversity and species level responses to environmental drivers, the diversity of responses hidden within species complexes may not be realized, and the conclusion of generality may mask specific cryptic species responses. In South-East Queensland, Australia, European occupation since the mid 1800’s has seen large scale clearing of native vegetation along streams and rivers in nearly all catchments. As a consequence of this land-use change catchment hydrology has been substantially altered, which, combined with the presence of dams and weirs, has resulted in a decline in water quality of streams in some catchments, which is of growing concern for conservation of species biodiversity. This study aimed to explore cryptic diversity in two species complexes of freshwater aytid shrimps common in South-East Queensland and elucidate species level responses to environmental variation that could explain their spatial distribution. This broad aim was met through three specific studies. First, using regional scale data of cryptic species diversity and water quality, the importance of species-specific responses to environmental conditions in determining spatial distribution patterns and environmental relationships of cryptic species in the Caridina indistincta and Paratya australiensis species complexes was examined. To accomplish this aim, DNA sequences were used to identify shrimp specimens from 89 sites in 17 catchments spanning the study area. In addition, an assessment of eight morphological traits was used to test whether these cryptic species could be morphologically identified. Use of these eight traits did allow species level identification, at least in South-East Queensland. However, caution is suggested in the use of these morphological traits for recognising species, due to the probability of morphological plasticity within a species across broad spatial scales. Ordination analysis of presence-absence data showed that the five cryptic species within the two species complexes showed spatially distinct distributions across streams in SEQ, with each cryptic species displaying different relationships with individual environmental variables. For species in the Caridina indistincta complex, C. indistincta sp. B was significantly associated with elevation, C. indistincta sp. D was significantly correlated with dissolved oxygen range, whilst, individuals of C. indistincta sp. A were negatively associated with elevation and dissolved oxygen range. This may indicate that C. indistincta sp. A tended to inhabit sites with low elevation and perhaps having a higher tolerance to a low range of dissolved oxygen. For the Paratya australiensis species complex, P. australiensis lineage 4 and 6 showed significant correlations with elevation and conductivity, respectively. The second broad aim of the study was to explore these spatial patterns at smaller geographical scales and with greater detail about water quality to understand and quantify the fundamental environmental factors (e.g., physical chemical water parameters and concentrations of heavy metals) that are potentially shaping the current distribution patterns and abundance of cryptic species within the two species complexes. To explore this aim, sediment samples from 22 sites in 13 catchments in SEQ were analysed to determine concentrations (mg/kg dry weight) of 11 heavy metals. Additionally, a number of water quality variables were measured in situ, including: elevation, stream width, stream temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, and turbidity. Also, a water sample was taken from each site for laboratory analysis of: Ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), Dissolved oxidized nitrogen (Nitrate+Nitrite) (NOX-N), Total nitrogen (TN), Total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), Total kjeldahl phosphorus (TKP), Orthophosphate-P (PO4-P). Shrimps were collected from each site and identified to species using both morphology and DNA sequencing. The morphological identification of each adult individual (except juveniles which were genetically analysed) was used as a measure of absolute abundance and the genetic ‘checking’ of a set number of individuals in each sample was used to compute relative abundance. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the spatial distribution and absolute and relative abundance of C. indistincta sp. D and sp. B were significantly positively influenced by elevation, while the relative abundance of P. australiensis Lin.6 was significantly positively affected by the concentration of manganese (Mn). Stream Total nitrogen (TN) was significantly positive driver of the spatial distribution and relative abundance of C. indistincta sp. A, while Orthophosphate-P (PO4-P) was significantly positive driver for the absolute and relative abundance of this species. Further analysis, this study confirms that P. australiensis Lin.6 was more tolerant of heavy metal concentrations compared with other cryptic species, as its distribution and absolute and relative abundance were significantly positively correlated with the concentrations of manganese, iron and cobalt. In contrast, C. indistincta sp. A was more sensitive to these metals than other study species. These results demonstrated that cryptic species of freshwater atyid shrimps of the C. indistincta and P. australiensis species complexes were different in their environmental requirements. As well, the cryptic species of both complexes were identified to have different associations with heavy metal concentrations, indicating that these species were different in their tolerance to toxicants. Finally, the third aim of the study was to further examine the differences in sensitivity to heavy metals (Copper and Zinc) among cryptic species of the two study complexes experimentally in the laboratory. Two cryptic species of each complex were used as study species, C. indistincta sp. A and sp. D and P. australiensis Lin.4 and Lin.6. The field studies showed differences among these species in their correlations with metal concentrations, and therefore they were seen as good candidate species for testing differences in the sensitivity to metal toxicants. Each cryptic species was exposed to six concentrations of each metal Cu or Zn using an acute (96-h) toxicity test. The results from this study were generally showed contrasting correlation between species and heavy metals; P. australiensis Lin.6 was the most tolerant species to both study metals, while C. indistincta sp. A was more sensitive to copper, and C. indistincta sp. D was more sensitive to Zn compared with the other tested species. Furthermore, the exposure of individuals of each species to the heavy metals caused changes in both their behaviour and their colour during exposure time. Overall, this study has shown cryptic species within broad species complexes can vary in their spatial distribution and their tolerance and response to water quality parameters. This highlights the advantage of using analyses of biotic and abiotic variables for ecological management and biodiversity conservation and the need to understand true species diversity when looking at species level responses to environmental degradation.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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