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Wilson, Scott J., i Erin M. Bayne. "Songbird community response to regeneration of reclaimed wellsites in the boreal forest of Alberta". Journal of Ecoacoustics 3, nr 1 (13.02.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22261/jea.i4b2lf.
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The boreal forest of Alberta, Canada is important breeding habitat for North American songbirds. Thousands of oil and gas wellsites exist in this region that have been actively reclaimed since the 1960s. Limited information exists on how songbirds respond to regeneration of wellsites following reclamation. Methods that provide spatially accurate data are required to determine impacts of these small disturbances characteristic of energy sector on songbirds. Acoustic localization can be used to determine singing locations, based on time of arrival differences of songs to an array of microphones. We used acoustic localization to determine the assemblage of songbirds on 12 reclaimed wellsites ranging from 7 to 49 years since reclamation, and how the similarity of this assemblage to 12 control mature forest sites (greater than 80 years old) changed with increasing canopy cover on the wellsite. Songbird community composition became more similar to mature forest as canopy cover increased on reclaimed wellsites. Results from this study suggest that wellsite reclamation practices are allowing for initial suitable vegetation recovery, however more research on the effectiveness of different strategies at promoting regeneration of wellsites and subsequent impact on songbird communities is required.
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Farries, Michael A., John Meitzen i David J. Perkel. "Electrophysiological Properties of Neurons in the Basal Ganglia of the Domestic Chick: Conservation and Divergence in the Evolution of the Avian Basal Ganglia". Journal of Neurophysiology 94, nr 1 (lipiec 2005): 454–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00539.2004.
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Although the basal ganglia of birds and mammals share an enormous number of anatomical, histochemical, and electrophysiological characteristics, studies in songbirds have revealed some important differences. Specifically, a specialized region of songbird striatum (the input structure of the basal ganglia) has an anatomical projection and a physiologically defined cell type that are characteristic of the globus pallidus. At present, it is not clear if these differences result from adaptations specific to songbirds and perhaps a few other avian taxa or are common to all birds. We shed some light on this issue by characterizing the morphology and electrophysiological properties of basal ganglia neurons in an avian species that is only distantly related to songbirds: the domestic chick. We recorded neurons in chick basal ganglia in a brain slice preparation, using the whole cell technique. We found that chick striatum, like songbird striatum, contains a pallidum-like cell type never reported in mammalian striatum, supporting the hypothesis that this feature is common to all birds. We also discovered that spiny neurons, the most common cell type in the striatum of all amniotes, possess a diverse set of physiological properties in chicks that distinguish them from both mammals and songbirds. This study revealed an unexpectedly complex pattern of conservation and divergence in the properties of neurons recorded in avian striatum.
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Manegold, Albrecht, Gerald Mayr i Cécile Mourer-Chauviré. "Miocene Songbirds and the Composition of the European Passeriform Avifauna". Auk 121, nr 4 (1.10.2004): 1155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.4.1155.
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Abstract Songbirds (Passeriformes) occur in the fossil record of the Northern Hemisphere around the early Oligocene. It has recently been suggested that the major passeriform lineages diverged in Gondwana in the mid- to late Cretaceous and that the oscines, which include all extant European songbirds, originated on the Australian continental plate. Suboscines are assumed to have originated in western Gondwana. Although there is an abundant fossil record of songbirds in Europe, few attempts have been made to set those remains in a phylogenetic context. Our examination of fossil songbirds from three middle Miocene localities in Germany and France shows that many lack the derived morphology of the hypotarsus that characterizes extant Eupasseres (a taxon that comprises oscines and suboscines). We assume that these fossil taxa are outside the crown-group of Eupasseres, which indicates the presence of an ancient songbird avifauna in the Miocene of Europe, in addition to the few fossil Eupasseres already described in the literature.
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Schmaljohann, Heiko, Felix Liechti i Bruno Bruderer. "Songbird migration across the Sahara: the non-stop hypothesis rejected!" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, nr 1610 (12.12.2006): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0011.
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Billions of songbirds breeding in the Western Palaearctic cross the largest desert of the world, the Sahara, twice a year. While crossing Europe, the vast majority use an intermittent flight strategy, i.e. fly at night and rest or feed during the day. However, it was long assumed that they overcome the Sahara in a 40 h non-stop flight. In this study, we observed bird migration with radar in the plain sand desert of the Western Sahara (Mauritania) during autumn and spring migration and revealed a clear prevalence of intermittent migration. Massive departures of songbirds just after sunset independent of site and season suggests strongly that songbirds spent the day in the plain desert. Thus, most songbirds cross the Sahara predominately by the intermittent flight strategy. Autumn migration took place mainly at low altitudes with high temperatures, its density decreased abruptly before sunrise, followed by very little daytime migration. Migration was highly restricted to night-time and matched perfectly the intermittent flight strategy. However, in spring, when migratory flights occurred at much higher altitudes than in autumn, in cool air, about 17% of the songbird migration occurred during the day. This suggests that flying in high temperatures and turbulent air, as is the case in autumn, may lead to an increase in water and/or energy loss and may prevent songbirds from prolonged flights into the day.
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Mooney, Richard. "Auditory–vocal mirroring in songbirds". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, nr 1644 (5.06.2014): 20130179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0179.
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Mirror neurons are theorized to serve as a neural substrate for spoken language in humans, but the existence and functions of auditory–vocal mirror neurons in the human brain remain largely matters of speculation. Songbirds resemble humans in their capacity for vocal learning and depend on their learned songs to facilitate courtship and individual recognition. Recent neurophysiological studies have detected putative auditory–vocal mirror neurons in a sensorimotor region of the songbird's brain that plays an important role in expressive and receptive aspects of vocal communication. This review discusses the auditory and motor-related properties of these cells, considers their potential role on song learning and communication in relation to classical studies of birdsong, and points to the circuit and developmental mechanisms that may give rise to auditory–vocal mirroring in the songbird's brain.
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Brust, Vera, i Ommo Hüppop. "Underestimated scale of songbird offshore migration across the south-eastern North Sea during autumn". Journal of Ornithology 163, nr 1 (13.10.2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01934-5.
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AbstractFlights over open water can be challenging for migrating songbirds. Despite numerous observations of songbirds migrating over remote islands, virtually nothing is known about the proportion of songbirds risking to fly offshore rather than to follow the coastline. By means of large-scale automated radio-telemetry, we individually tracked songbirds during their autumn migration through the German Bight area in the south-eastern North Sea. Our tracking network facilitated the recording of movement patterns over the bay and, for the first time, the estimation of the proportions of individuals embarking on offshore flights from their coastal stopover sites. Our data are consistent with previous observations of decreasing migration densities from nearshore to offshore, i.e. from east to west in autumn. Still, we revealed a considerable proportion of 25% of birds flying offshore. The tendency to fly offshore decreased from west to south migrants, which is in line with optimal bird migration theory. Among south-west migrating species, which also comprise the vast majority of songbird species migrating through the German Bight area, thrushes showed the highest proportions of offshore flights. Considering the recent and ongoing increase of artificial offshore structures, our results suggest that some species or species groups might especially face an increased risk of being negatively affected.
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Eda-Fujiwara, Hiroko, i Johan Bolhuis. "Bird brains and songs: neural mechanisms of birdsong perception and memory". Animal Biology 53, nr 2 (2003): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075603769700331.
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Abstract The males of songbirds and parrots learn their songs from a tutor. Until recently it was thought that in songbirds, brain nuclei in the so-called 'song system' were involved in song learning, in addition to their role in song perception and production. Experiments involving measurement of the expression of immediate early genes (IEG) showed that exposure to song leads to activation of cells in brain regions outside the song system, notably the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM) and the caudomedial hyperstriatum ventrale (CMHV), suggesting that these regions are involved in auditory perception. In addition, neuronal activation in the NCM correlates with the number of song elements that a male has learned from its tutor, suggesting that NCM may be (part of) the neural substrate for stored tutor song. Songbird females do not usually sing, but nevertheless they can learn the characteristics of tutor song, and they can develop a perceptual preference for tutor song over novel song. When exposed to male song, female songbirds and parrots show increased IEG expression in NCM and CMHV that is related to song complexity. In addition, the IEG response in the NCM (and perhaps in the CMHV) of female songbirds may also be related to song learning.
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Cardinal, Etienne, Jean-Louis Martin, Jean-Pierre Tremblay i Steeve D. Côté. "An experimental study of how variation in deer density affects vegetation and songbird assemblages of recently harvested boreal forests". Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, nr 6 (czerwiec 2012): 704–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-037.
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Intense browsing by abundant large herbivores can threaten the ecological integrity of ecosystems by inducing modifications in the structure and composition of vegetation that trigger trophic cascades affecting plant and animal communities. We investigated the relationships between density of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)), forest succession after clear-cut, and songbird communities on Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada. We hypothesized that lower deer densities would alter the trajectory of forest succession after clear-cutting and lead to a rapid recovery of habitat attributes favorable to songbirds associated with a dense complex shrub layer. Six years after establishing a controlled browsing experiment (0, 7.5, 15, and >27 deer·km–2) in recent clearcuts, reducing deer densities ≤7.5 deer·km–2 initiated the restoration of balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests and increased the regeneration of paper birch ( Betula papyrifera Marshall). Increasing birch ground cover from 10% to 20% increased songbird total abundance, species richness, and diversity by 17%, 39%, and 31%, respectively. Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum Brewster, 1895) was only present at ≤7.5 deer·km–2 and strongly associated with birch regeneration. The regeneration of browse-resistant plants such as white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in some areas at high deer density favored the maintenance of many shrub-dependent songbirds but also species usually associated with forest canopy. Active management of deer populations in Canadian harvested boreal forests will mitigate losses in vegetation and songbirds caused by over-browsing.
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Bordun, T., i B. Iegorov. "INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN THE FORMATION OF COMPOUND FEED RECIPES FOR DECORATIVE BIRDS AND SINGING BIRDS AND TECHNOLOGY OF COMPOUND FEED PRODUCTION FOR THEM". Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 21, nr 3 (16.03.2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v21i3.2231.
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The share of compound feeds for unproductive pets in the compound feed markets of the world is growingevery year. In Europe, decorative and songbird birds are the third largest pet population (cats and dogs being numbersone and two, pectively), according to FEDIAF data, with 51.87 million decorative birds in all of Europe (37.23 millionof those in the European Union) in 2019.Decorative and songbirds need complete feeding to maintain life and health. Today, owners of decorative andsongbirds have a wide range of ready-made food, which allows them to make the right choice of appropriate feedingregime for their pets. Analyzing the market of feed for decorative and songbirds, we saw that a significant part of it isimported feed, while the range of domestic feed in the Ukrainian market is very small and does not always meet marketrequirements and can not compete. However, the presented compound feeds can hardly be called complete, as they aremainly different types of feed mixtures, which include, depending on the price category, different types of components:from cereals and ending with different nuts and dried fruits.Compound feed should contain all the components necessary for energy production, growth, tissueregeneration, as well as to regulate metabolism. Complete feed for decorative and songbirds must contain a certainamount of all nutrients and biologically active substances. Factors such as age, general health, breeding season,growth, molting, housing conditions and even the season should also be considered.To date, there are a number of issues that need to improve our knowledge of the nutrient and biologicallyactive needs of each species of decorative and songbird, including the characteristics of feed materials, the amount ofenergy, digestibility of feed and the content of nutrients and biologically active substances.In this regard, it is necessary to study each class of nutrients and biologically active substances and features ofthe formation of compound feed recipes, taking into account the need for decorative and songbirds. To study in detailthe functional purpose of nutrients and biologically active substances, symptoms that occur in the body of decorativeand songbirds in their absence or excess in the feed, as well as their sources and minimum needs of birds duringreproduction, growth and maintenance of healthy birds.To meet the forage needs of decorative and songbirds when kept in captivity, one of the most effective methodsis to create complete feed by using innovative technologies (for example, in the form of crumbs or a blend of crumbsobtained by extrusion). This will provide an opportunity to meet both the behavioral and feeding needs of birds.
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Ubuka, Takayoshi, i George E. Bentley. "Identification, localization, and regulation of passerine GnRH-I messenger RNA". Journal of Endocrinology 201, nr 1 (9.01.2009): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-08-0508.
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The neuropeptide GnRH-I is critical for the regulation of reproduction in all vertebrates. Study of the regulation of GnRH-I in passerine songbirds has been the focus of studies on subjects as diverse as photoperiodism, puberty, stress, nutrition, processing of auditory information, migration, global climate change, and evolutionary biology. Until now, analysis of GnRH-I in songbirds has been limited to measurement of immunoreactive peptide. Measurement of mRNA regulation has been impossible because of lack of knowledge of the GnRH gene sequence, despite many attempts in the last 20 years to identify it. Thus, the relative roles of environmental, social, physiological, and evolutionary influences upon passerine GnRH regulation have remained enigmatic. Here, we report the first cloning of GnRH-I cDNA from a songbird, Taeniopygia guttata, its localization and regulation. Although the homology of its translated precursor polypeptide between chicken GnRH-I precursor polypeptide was only 54%, zebra finch GnRH-I precursor contained an amino acid sequence that can be processed into chicken GnRH-I peptide (pEHWSYGLQPG-amide). In situ hybridization combined with immunocytochemistry showed co-localization of GnRH-I mRNA and immunoreactive peptide in the preoptic area of sexually mature birds. GnRH-I mRNA signal was greatly reduced in sexually immature birds. Ovary mass of female birds was positively correlated with GnRH-I mRNA level in the brain. These data will now permit molecular analysis of the regulation of songbird reproduction by physical, social, and physiological cues, along with fine scale analysis of selection pressures acting upon the reproductive system of songbirds. (244/250).
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Richmond, S., E. Nol i D. Burke. "Local- versus landscape-scale effects on the demography of three forest-breeding songbirds in Ontario, Canada". Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, nr 7 (lipiec 2012): 815–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-051.
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Reproductive success of songbirds breeding in forest fragments can be influenced by local habitat characteristics and by anthropogenic land uses in the surrounding matrix such as exurban development and agriculture. Effectively managing these songbirds requires an understanding of which spatial scales most strongly influence their demography. We conducted a multiscale study to investigate the relative influence of local vegetation characteristics and landscape composition at two spatial scales (100 and 2000 m) in a predominantly agricultural landscape on songbird demography. Density, pairing success, nest success, and productivity were assessed for Ovenbirds ( Seiurus aurocapilla (L., 1766)), Wood Thrush ( Hylocichla mustelina (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)), and American Robins ( Turdus migratorius L., 1766) in 16 deciduous forest fragments in southeastern Ontario. Demography of Ovenbirds was most strongly associated with local vegetation characteristics, while demography of Wood Thrush and American Robins was most strongly related to landscape composition within a 2000 m buffer. For all three species, cross-scale correlations influenced nest success, although other demographic parameters were less affected. We conclude that relationships between local- and landscape-scale metrics and songbird demography are complex, species-specific, and differ among reproductive parameters, necessitating a multiscale approach to management.
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Leupin, Ernest E., Thomas E. Dickinson i Kathy Martin. "Resistance of forest songbirds to habitat perforation in a high-elevation conifer forest". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, nr 9 (1.09.2004): 1919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-057.
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We examined responses of songbirds breeding in high-elevation Engelmann spruce subalpine fir (Picea englemannii Parry ex Engelm. Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) forests to four perforation harvest patterns near Sicamous, British Columbia. Each treatment removed approximately 30% of the timber volume but varied the size of openings from 10-ha clearcuts to small gaps (<0.01 ha), where individual trees were removed. Abundance and diversity of breeding songbirds were monitored over a 4-year period, including 2 years each of pre- and post-harvest conditions. Two-thirds of the original songbird assemblage consisted of mature forest species that showed only modest changes in relative abundance following harvest. Two species showed significant responses to harvesting: golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa Lichtensteins) declined significantly postharvest, with the largest declines occurring in single-tree and 10-ha treatments; and dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis L.) responded positively to harvest. At high elevations, 30% volume removal allowed much of the songbird community to be accommodated immediately after harvest. Future research should address whether the apparent short-term accommodation of high-elevation birds persists across time and as more of the continuous forest cover is removed.
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Christidis, L., JA Norman, IAW Scott i M. Westerman. "Molecular Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Affinities of Lyrebirds (Menuridae) and Treecreepers (Climacteridae)". Australian Journal of Zoology 44, nr 3 (1996): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960215.
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Within the Australo-Papuan region, DNA-DNA hybridisation studies revealed a major radiation among the oscine songbirds. Although many of the relationships revealed have been corroborated by other molecular evidence, the apparent relationship between lyrebirds, treecreepers and bowerbirds remains controversial. To examine this issue, a 924-bp fragment of the cytochrome-b gene was sequenced from a lyrebird and treecreeper and compared with published sequences of other Australo-Papuan songbirds. Despite possessing several distinctive morphological features, lyrebirds and treecreepers are part of the oscine assemblage. Although less conclusive, the cytochrome-b data also provide some support for a grouping of lyrebirds with treecreepers. These may also be linked with honeyeaters or bowerbirds. On the basis of current molecular evidence, the Australo-Papuan songbird radiation is clearly the most divergent oscine assemblage in terms of morphological adaptations.
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Zimmerman, Gregory, F. Wayne Bell, John Woodcock, Aaron Palmer i Jorma Paloniemi. "Response of Breeding Songbirds to Vegetation Management in Conifer Plantations Established in Boreal Mixedwoods". Forestry Chronicle 87, nr 02 (kwiecień 2011): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-009.
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We examined the response of breeding songbird communities 11 years after four vegetation management treatments were applied. Post-treatment vegetation was characterized by manually interpreting large-scale aerial photography and estimating proportional cover of eight vegetation classes. Songbird abundance was assessed by territory mapping. Using GIS layers, number of registrations and average vegetation proportions were compared among treatments. Ordination of the relative abundance of the 11 most frequent bird species suggested differences between Vision® and untreated areas. These results show that effects of vegetation management on songbirds may be more persistent than previous studies suggest and that monitoring should continue.
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Jensen, Kenneth K., Brenton G. Cooper, Ole N. Larsen i Franz Goller. "Songbirds use pulse tone register in two voices to generate low-frequency sound". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, nr 1626 (28.08.2007): 2703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0781.
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The principal physical mechanism of sound generation is similar in songbirds and humans, despite large differences in their vocal organs. Whereas vocal fold dynamics in the human larynx are well characterized, the vibratory behaviour of the sound-generating labia in the songbird vocal organ, the syrinx, is unknown. We present the first high-speed video records of the intact syrinx during induced phonation. The syrinx of anaesthetized crows shows a vibration pattern of the labia similar to that of the human vocal fry register. Acoustic pulses result from short opening of the labia, and pulse generation alternates between the left and right sound sources. Spontaneously calling crows can also generate similar pulse characteristics with only one sound generator. Airflow recordings in zebra finches and starlings show that pulse tone sounds can be generated unilaterally, synchronously or by alternating between the two sides. Vocal fry-like dynamics therefore represent a common production mechanism for low-frequency sounds in songbirds. These results also illustrate that complex vibration patterns can emerge from the mechanical properties of the coupled sound generators in the syrinx. The use of vocal fry-like dynamics in the songbird syrinx extends the similarity to this unusual vocal register with mammalian sound production mechanisms.
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Searcy, William A., Jill Soha, Susan Peters i Stephen Nowicki. "Variation in vocal production learning across songbirds". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, nr 1836 (6.09.2021): 20200257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0257.
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Songbirds as a whole are considered to be vocal production learners, meaning that they modify the structure of their vocalizations as a result of experience with the vocalizations of others. The more than 4000 species of songbirds, however, vary greatly in crucial features of song development. Variable features include: (i) the normality of the songs of early-deafened birds, reflecting the importance of innate motor programmes in song development; (ii) the normality of the songs of isolation-reared birds, reflecting the combined importance of innate auditory templates and motor programmes; (iii) the degree of selectivity in choice of external models; (iv) the accuracy of copying from external models; and (v) whether or not learning from external models continues into adulthood. We suggest that because of this variability, some songbird species, specifically those that are able to develop songs in the normal range without exposure to external models, can be classified as limited vocal learners. Those species that require exposure to external models to develop songs in the normal range can be considered complex vocal learners. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vocal learning in animals and humans’.
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ten Cate, Carel. "Re-evaluating vocal production learning in non-oscine birds". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, nr 1836 (6.09.2021): 20200249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0249.
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The study of vocal production learning in birds is heavily biased towards oscine songbirds, making the songbird model the reference for comparative studies. However, as vocal learning was probably ancestral in songbirds, interspecific variations might all be variations on a single theme and need not be representative of the nature and characteristics of vocal learning in other bird groups. To assess the possible mechanisms of vocal learning and its evolution therefore requires knowledge about independently evolved incidences of vocal learning. This review examines the presence and nature of vocal production learning in non-songbirds. Using a broad definition of vocal learning and a comparative phylogenetic framework, I evaluate the evidence for vocal learning and its characteristics in non-oscine birds, including well-known vocal learners such as parrots and hummingbirds but also (putative) cases from other taxa. Despite the sometimes limited evidence, it is clear that vocal learning occurs in a range of different, non-related, taxa and can be caused by a variety of mechanisms. It is more widespread than often realized, calling for more systematic studies. Examining this variation may provide a window onto the evolution of vocal learning and increase the value of comparative research for understanding vocal learning in humans. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vocal learning in animals and humans’.
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Scott, John, Kerry Clark, Janet Foley, Bradley Bierman i Lance Durden. "Far-Reaching Dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato-Infected Blacklegged Ticks by Migratory Songbirds in Canada". Healthcare 6, nr 3 (25.07.2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6030089.
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Lyme disease has been documented in northern areas of Canada, but the source of the etiological bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) has been in doubt. We collected 87 ticks from 44 songbirds during 2017, and 24 (39%) of 62 nymphs of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, were positive for Bbsl. We provide the first report of Bbsl-infected, songbird-transported I. scapularis in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia; Newfoundland and Labrador; north-central Manitoba, and Alberta. Notably, we report the northernmost account of Bbsl-infected ticks parasitizing a bird in Canada. DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and DNA sequencing reveal that these Bbsl amplicons belong to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (Bbss), which is pathogenic to humans. Based on our findings, health-care providers should be aware that migratory songbirds widely disperse B. burgdorferi-infected I. scapularis in Canada’s North, and local residents do not have to visit an endemic area to contract Lyme disease.
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Wheatcroft, David, i Anna Qvarnström. "A blueprint for vocal learning: auditory predispositions from brains to genomes". Biology Letters 11, nr 8 (sierpień 2015): 20150155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0155.
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Memorizing and producing complex strings of sound are requirements for spoken human language. We share these behaviours with likely more than 4000 species of songbirds, making birds our primary model for studying the cognitive basis of vocal learning and, more generally, an important model for how memories are encoded in the brain. In songbirds, as in humans, the sounds that a juvenile learns later in life depend on auditory memories formed early in development. Experiments on a wide variety of songbird species suggest that the formation and lability of these auditory memories, in turn, depend on auditory predispositions that stimulate learning when a juvenile hears relevant, species-typical sounds. We review evidence that variation in key features of these auditory predispositions are determined by variation in genes underlying the development of the auditory system. We argue that increased investigation of the neuronal basis of auditory predispositions expressed early in life in combination with modern comparative genomic approaches may provide insights into the evolution of vocal learning.
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Santema, Peter, Mihai Valcu, Michael Clinchy, Liana Zanette i Bart Kempenaers. "Playback of predator calls inhibits and delays dawn singing in a songbird community". Behavioral Ecology 30, nr 5 (21.05.2019): 1283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz075.
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Songbirds sing less and start singing later when faced with an increase in perceived predation risk. Perceived predation risk can have substantial behavioral effects on prey species, but whether or not it affects dawn singing – an important sexual signal - remains unknown. We played back predator calls in a songbird community throughout the breeding season to simulate increased predation risk and found that the majority of species inhibited or delayed their dawn song.
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Thamm, F. P., N. Brieger, K. P. Neitzke, M. Meyer, R. Jansen i M. Mönninghof. "SONGBIRD – AN INNOVATIVE UAS COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF FIXED WING AND MULTI ROTOR UAS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1/W4 (27.08.2015): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w4-345-2015.
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This paper describes a family of innovative fixed wing UAS with can vertical take off and land – the SONGBIRD family. With nominal payloads starting from 0.5 kg they can take off and land safely like a multi-rotor UAV, removing the need for an airstrip for the critical phases of operation. A specially designed flight controller allows stable flight at every point of the transition phase between VTOL and fixed wing mode. Because of this smooth process with a all time stable flight, very expensive payload like hyperspectral sensors or advanced optical cameras can be used. Due to their design all airplanes of the SONGBIRD family have excellent horizontal flight properties, a maximum speed of over 110 km/h, good gliding properties and long flight times of up to 1 h. Missions were flown in wind speeds up to 18 m/s. At every time of the flight it is possible to interrupt the mission and hover over a point of interest for detail investigations. The complete flight, including take-off and landing can be performed by autopilot. Designed for daily use in professional environments, SONGBIRDs are built out of glass-fibre and carbon composites for a long service life. For safe operations comprehensive security features are implemented, for example redundant flight controllers and sensors, advanced power management system and mature fail safe procedures. The aircraft can be dismantled into small parts for transportation. SONGBIRDS are available for different pay loads, from 500 g to 2 kg. The SONGBIRD family are interesting tools combining the advantages of multi-copter and fixed wing UAS.
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Canavan, Sofija V., i Daniel Margoliash. "Budgerigars have complex sleep structure similar to that of mammals". PLOS Biology 18, nr 11 (17.11.2020): e3000929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000929.
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Birds and mammals share specialized forms of sleep including slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM), raising the question of why and how specialized sleep evolved. Extensive prior studies concluded that avian sleep lacked many features characteristic of mammalian sleep, and therefore that specialized sleep must have evolved independently in birds and mammals. This has been challenged by evidence of more complex sleep in multiple songbird species. To extend this analysis beyond songbirds, we examined a species of parrot, the sister taxon to songbirds. We implanted adult budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) electrodes to evaluate sleep architecture, and video monitored birds during sleep. Sleep was scored with manual and automated techniques, including automated detection of slow waves and eye movements. This can help define a new standard for how to score sleep in birds. Budgerigars exhibited consolidated sleep, a pattern also observed in songbirds, and many mammalian species, including humans. We found that REM constituted 26.5% of total sleep, comparable to humans and an order of magnitude greater than previously reported. Although we observed no spindles, we found a clear state of intermediate sleep (IS) similar to non-REM (NREM) stage 2. Across the night, SWS decreased and REM increased, as observed in mammals and songbirds. Slow wave activity (SWA) fluctuated with a 29-min ultradian rhythm, indicating a tendency to move systematically through sleep states as observed in other species with consolidated sleep. These results are at variance with numerous older sleep studies, including for budgerigars. Here, we demonstrated that lighting conditions used in the prior budgerigar study—and commonly used in older bird studies—dramatically disrupted budgerigar sleep structure, explaining the prior results. Thus, it is likely that more complex sleep has been overlooked in a broad range of bird species. The similarities in sleep architecture observed in mammals, songbirds, and now budgerigars, alongside recent work in reptiles and basal birds, provide support for the hypothesis that a common amniote ancestor possessed the precursors that gave rise to REM and SWS at one or more loci in the parallel evolution of sleep in higher vertebrates. We discuss this hypothesis in terms of the common plan of forebrain organization shared by reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Bregman, Micah R., Aniruddh D. Patel i Timothy Q. Gentner. "Songbirds use spectral shape, not pitch, for sound pattern recognition". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, nr 6 (25.01.2016): 1666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515380113.
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Humans easily recognize “transposed” musical melodies shifted up or down in log frequency. Surprisingly, songbirds seem to lack this capacity, although they can learn to recognize human melodies and use complex acoustic sequences for communication. Decades of research have led to the widespread belief that songbirds, unlike humans, are strongly biased to use absolute pitch (AP) in melody recognition. This work relies almost exclusively on acoustically simple stimuli that may belie sensitivities to more complex spectral features. Here, we investigate melody recognition in a species of songbird, the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), using tone sequences that vary in both pitch and timbre. We find that small manipulations altering either pitch or timbre independently can drive melody recognition to chance, suggesting that both percepts are poor descriptors of the perceptual cues used by birds for this task. Instead we show that melody recognition can generalize even in the absence of pitch, as long as the spectral shapes of the constituent tones are preserved. These results challenge conventional views regarding the use of pitch cues in nonhuman auditory sequence recognition.
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Scott, John, Kerry Clark i Lance Durden. "Presence of Babesia odocoilei and Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto in a Tick and Dual Parasitism of Amblyomma inornatum and Ixodes scapularis on a Bird in Canada". Healthcare 7, nr 1 (20.03.2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7010046.
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Wild birds transport ticks into Canada that harbor a diversity of zoonotic pathogens. However, medical practitioners often question how these zoonotic pathogens are present in their locality. In this study, we provide the first report of an Amblyomma inornatum tick cofeeding with a blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, which parasitized a Veery, Catharus fuscescens—a neotropical songbird. Using the flagellin (flaB) gene of the Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and the 18S rRNA gene of the Babesia piroplasm, a malaria-like microorganism, we detected Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Babesia odocoilei, respectively, in an I. scapularis nymph. After the molt, these ticks can bite humans. Furthermore, this is the first documentation of B. odocoilei in a tick parasitizing a bird. Our findings substantiate the fact that migratory songbirds transport neotropical ticks long distances, and import them into Canada during northward spring migration. Health care practitioners need to be aware that migratory songbirds transport pathogen-laden ticks into Canada annually, and pose an unforeseen health risk to Canadians.
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Philson, Conner S., Tara A. Pelletier, Sarah L. Foltz i Jason E. Davis. "Using Machine Learning to Identify Associations between the Environment, Occurrence, and Outcomes of Songbird Displacements at Supplemental Feeders". Birds 3, nr 3 (15.09.2022): 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds3030021.
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The context and outcome of aggressive interactions between individuals has important fitness consequences. Displacements—an aggressive interaction wherein one individual is chased from a location by another—also have implications for social hierarchy formation and geographic distribution in songbirds. Morphological correlates, like body size, and social correlates, such as dominance rank, have been shown to mediate displacements in songbirds. However, the role of the physical environment, namely temperature, humidity, and time of day, which may influence an individual’s energy needs and thus displacement motivation, has remained understudied. We monitored songbird feeding and displacement behaviors using computerized automated feeders. We observed asymmetric differences across species in displacement involvement. To identify the conditions of the social and physical environment that are associated with the occurrence and outcome of songbird displacements at supplemental feeders, we use the machine learning approach, random forest, which is a novel method to the fields of ornithology and animal behavior. From our random forest models, we found that the attributes of the physical environment (i.e., humidity and the time of day) are associated with the occurrence of a displacement event, whereas the attributes of the social environment (i.e., species of the displacer and displaced individuals) are associated with which species are involved. These results provide context to develop further observational and experimental hypotheses to tease apart the inner workings of these multifactorial behaviors on a larger scale and provide a proof of concept for our analytical methods in the study of avian behavior.
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La, Van T., i Thomas D. Nudds. "Effect of Revisitation Surveys on Detection of Wetland Birds with Different Diel Vocalization Patterns". Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 7, nr 2 (1.09.2016): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/082015-jfwm-077.
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Abstract Reliable species distribution data are important for valid scientific conclusions and effective conservation planning. Mismatch between survey timing and animal behaviors that influence detection may result in false absences that can lead to poorly informed management decisions. Birds exhibit a diversity of diel vocalization patterns, but many large-scale multispecies surveys are based on the songbird dawn chorus, indicating the potential for bias to detect birds with other diel vocalization patterns. In this study, we quantified bias in point counts and morning acoustic recordings to measure the number of occupied sites detected for a set of dawn chorusing birds (songbirds) and irregularly vocalizing wetland birds (waterfowl) relative to estimates obtained from 10-min acoustic recordings conducted hourly throughout 24-h periods for three consecutive days. Furthermore, we investigated which revisitation schedule—same day or different day sampling, as well as increased sampling effort—best minimized false-negative detections for songbirds and waterfowl. Morning surveys significantly underestimated the number of occupied sites for 10 of 13 species. No differences were found between same-day and between-day revisitation schedules with identical sampling effort, regardless of whether birds exhibited a dawn chorus or irregular vocalization patterns. Detection improved with increased sampling effort. Subsampled recordings captured the majority of occupied sites for songbirds (up to 87% of occupied sites detected), but less so for waterfowl (up to 60% of occupied sites detected). Accurate detection for irregularly vocalizing species such as waterfowl will require more intensive sampling effort (likely throughout 24-h periods) when using acoustic recordings.
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Dong, Shu, i David F. Clayton. "Habituation in songbirds". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 92, nr 2 (wrzesień 2009): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.009.
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Wohlgemuth, Sandra, Iris Adam i Constance Scharff. "FoxP2 in songbirds". Current Opinion in Neurobiology 28 (październik 2014): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.06.009.
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McKenna, Phil. "Saving our songbirds". New Scientist 225, nr 3008 (luty 2015): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(15)60315-3.
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Rivera-Gutierrez, Hector Fabio, Rianne Pinxten i Marcel Eens. "Songbirds never forget: long-lasting behavioural change triggered by a single playback event". Behaviour 152, nr 9 (2015): 1277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003278.
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Many behavioural studies rely on playback experiments. While it is known that songbirds decrease behavioural responses after short-term repeated stimulation, long-term behavioural changes due to playbacks are unknown. We studied the response to playbacks in a free-living songbird in the long-term, while also studying the repeatability of the behaviour. Locomotor behaviour (a proxy of aggressiveness) decreased one year after first exposure to a single playback. Song response, however, remained consistent, suggesting that these two behaviours may provide different information. Locomotor behaviour was less repeatable than the song response to playback, the latter showing significant between-years repeatability. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to report long-term decrease in response to playbacks in a songbird, and that some aspects of the response to playback are repeatable. Similar studies in other species or populations of the great tit are important, to examine the generality of our findings.
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Powell, Brian F., i Robert J. Steidl. "Nesting Habitat and Reproductive Success of Southwestern Riparian Birds". Condor 102, nr 4 (1.11.2000): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.4.823.
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AbstractVegetation structure and floristic composition strongly influence the structure of bird communities. To assess the influence of vegetation and other environmental characteristics on songbirds, we quantified nest-site characteristics and reproductive success of a riparian songbird community in Arizona. Although we found interspecific variation in characteristics associated with nest sites, we identified two suites of species that chose sites with similar characteristics. These “nest groups” were explained largely by nest height and characteristics of nest trees. Overall, nest success was low for songbirds in this community, and averaged 23%. The most common cause of nest failure was predation (81%), although brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) was highest at nests of Bell's Vireos (Vireo bellii) (29%). No vegetation or environmental features were associated with the likelihood of cowbird parasitism for any species; nest success for Bell's Vireos was negatively associated with the amount of netleaf hackberry (Celtis reticulata) in the understory. Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii) and netleaf hackberry trees contained 41% and 17% of all nests, respectively, and therefore provide critically important nesting substrates for birds in this rare yet diverse vegetation community.
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Murphy, Karagh, Logan S. James, Jon T. Sakata i Jonathan F. Prather. "Advantages of comparative studies in songbirds to understand the neural basis of sensorimotor integration". Journal of Neurophysiology 118, nr 2 (1.08.2017): 800–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00623.2016.
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Sensorimotor integration is the process through which the nervous system creates a link between motor commands and associated sensory feedback. This process allows for the acquisition and refinement of many behaviors, including learned communication behaviors such as speech and birdsong. Consequently, it is important to understand fundamental mechanisms of sensorimotor integration, and comparative analyses of this process can provide vital insight. Songbirds offer a powerful comparative model system to study how the nervous system links motor and sensory information for learning and control. This is because the acquisition, maintenance, and control of birdsong critically depend on sensory feedback. Furthermore, there is an incredible diversity of song organizations across songbird species, ranging from songs with simple, stereotyped sequences to songs with complex sequencing of vocal gestures, as well as a wide diversity of song repertoire sizes. Despite this diversity, the neural circuitry for song learning, control, and maintenance remains highly similar across species. Here, we highlight the utility of songbirds for the analysis of sensorimotor integration and the insights about mechanisms of sensorimotor integration gained by comparing different songbird species. Key conclusions from this comparative analysis are that variation in song sequence complexity seems to covary with the strength of feedback signals in sensorimotor circuits and that sensorimotor circuits contain distinct representations of elements in the vocal repertoire, possibly enabling evolutionary variation in repertoire sizes. We conclude our review by highlighting important areas of research that could benefit from increased comparative focus, with particular emphasis on the integration of new technologies.
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Jones, Todd M., Jeffrey D. Brawn, Ian J. Ausprey, Andrew C. Vitz, Amanda D. Rodewald, Douglas W. Raybuck, Than J. Boves i in. "Parental benefits and offspring costs reflect parent–offspring conflict over the age of fledging among songbirds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, nr 48 (16.11.2020): 30539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008955117.
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Parent–offspring conflict has explained a variety of ecological phenomena across animal taxa, but its role in mediating when songbirds fledge remains controversial. Specifically, ecologists have long debated the influence of songbird parents on the age of fledging: Do parents manipulate offspring into fledging to optimize their own fitness or do offspring choose when to leave? To provide greater insight into parent–offspring conflict over fledging age in songbirds, we compared nesting and postfledging survival rates across 18 species from eight studies in the continental United States. For 12 species (67%), we found that fledging transitions offspring from comparatively safe nesting environments to more dangerous postfledging ones, resulting in a postfledging bottleneck. This raises an important question: as past research shows that offspring would benefit—improve postfledging survival—by staying in the nest longer: Why then do they fledge so early? Our findings suggest that parents manipulate offspring into fledging early for their own benefit, but at the cost of survival for each individual offspring, reflecting parent–offspring conflict. Early fledging incurred, on average, a 13.6% postfledging survival cost for each individual offspring, but parents benefitted through a 14.0% increase in the likelihood of raising at least one offspring to independence. These parental benefits were uneven across species—driven by an interaction between nest mortality risk and brood size—and predicted the age of fledging among species. Collectively, our results suggest that parent–offspring conflict and associated parental benefits explain variation in fledging age among songbird species and why postfledging bottlenecks occur.
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Carter, Wales A., Scott F. Pearson, Adam D. Smith, Scott R. McWilliams i Douglas J. Levey. "Seasonal and Interspecific Variation in Frugivory by a Mixed Resident-Migrant Overwintering Songbird Community". Diversity 13, nr 7 (9.07.2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070314.
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Many temperate passerine bird species switch from diets of mostly invertebrates in the spring and summer to diets that include fruit and seeds in the fall and winter. However, relatively few studies have quantified diet composition or the extent of seasonal shifts during the non-breeding period, particularly among species and across communities with both residents and migrants. We measured carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values in food items (fruits, C3 and C4 seeds, and insects from various trophic levels and plant communities) and in multiple tissues (feathers and plasma/whole blood) from 11 species of songbirds wintering in the southeastern U.S. We combined these diet and tissue values with empirically derived discrimination factors and used concentration-dependent mixing models to quantify seasonal diet shifts. We also validated mixing model results with data from fecal samples. Diets in this bird community, as delineated N and C isotopic space, diverged in the fall and winter relative to the summer as consumption of fruits and seeds increased. Across this songbird community, estimated contributions of fruit to plasma/whole blood increased from 16.2 ± 7.5% in the fall (mean ± SD; range: 4–26%) to 21.7 ± 10.3% (range: 9–37%) in the winter, while contributions of seeds increased from 29.4 ± 2.6% (range: 28–32%) in the fall to 36.6 ± 4.8% (range: 32–42%) in the winter. Fecal data showed qualitatively similar trends to mixing models, but consistently estimated higher contributions of fruit. Our work indicates that fruits and seeds constitute substantial sources of sustenance for non-breeding songbirds, there is considerable separation of resource use among species in the fall and winter, and fecal estimates of contributions to songbird tissues should be interpreted cautiously.
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Chen, Yining, Oliver Clark i Sarah C. Woolley. "Courtship song preferences in female zebra finches are shaped by developmental auditory experience". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, nr 1855 (24.05.2017): 20170054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0054.
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The performance of courtship signals provides information about the behavioural state and quality of the signaller, and females can use such information for social decision-making (e.g. mate choice). However, relatively little is known about the degree to which the perception of and preference for differences in motor performance are shaped by developmental experiences. Furthermore, the neural substrates that development could act upon to influence the processing of performance features remains largely unknown. In songbirds, females use song to identify males and select mates. Moreover, female songbirds are often sensitive to variation in male song performance. Consequently, we investigated how developmental exposure to adult male song affected behavioural and neural responses to song in a small, gregarious songbird, the zebra finch. Zebra finch males modulate their song performance when courting females, and previous work has shown that females prefer the high-performance, female-directed courtship song. However, unlike females allowed to hear and interact with an adult male during development, females reared without developmental song exposure did not demonstrate behavioural preferences for high-performance courtship songs. Additionally, auditory responses to courtship and non-courtship song were altered in adult females raised without developmental song exposure. These data highlight the critical role of developmental auditory experience in shaping the perception and processing of song performance.
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Sutter, G. C., i R. M. Brigham. "Avifaunal and habitat changes resulting from conversion of native prairie to crested wheat grass: patterns at songbird community and species levels". Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, nr 5 (1.05.1998): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-018.
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Many North American grassland songbirds are experiencing significant population declines, partly because of land-use practices associated with agricultural activity. The aim of this study was to compare the habitat correlates of songbirds breeding in native mixed-grass prairie with patterns found in introduced vegetation dominated by crested wheat grass (Agropyron pectiniforme). We assessed plant species composition, habitat structure, and bird species diversity over 2 years to document species- and community-level trends in southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. In addition to having higher plant species richness and diversity, native vegetation consisted of significantly more grass and sedge cover, less bare ground, deeper litter, and higher density within 10 cm of the ground than introduced vegetation. Bird species richness and diversity and the abundance of Baird's Sparrows (Ammodramus bairdii) and Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) increased significantly along a multivariate gradient from open to more sheltered habitat, regardless of vegetation type. Sprague's Pipits (Anthus spragueii) showed a curvilinear increase along the same gradient, occurring in high numbers where habitats offered an intermediate level of cover. Our findings suggest that species richness and diversity within songbird communities and the abundance of some species may be reduced where conversion to crested wheat grass results in more open habitat.
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Gale, Samuel D., i David J. Perkel. "Properties of Dopamine Release and Uptake in the Songbird Basal Ganglia". Journal of Neurophysiology 93, nr 4 (kwiecień 2005): 1871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01053.2004.
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Vocal learning in songbirds requires a basal ganglia circuit termed the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP). The AFP is not required for song production, and its role in song learning is not well understood. Like the mammalian striatum, the striatal component of the AFP, Area X, receives dense dopaminergic innervation from the midbrain. Since dopamine (DA) clearly plays a crucial role in basal ganglia–mediated motor control and learning in mammals, it seems likely that DA signaling contributes importantly to the functions of Area X as well. In this study, we used voltammetric methods to detect subsecond changes in extracellular DA concentration to gain better understanding of the properties and regulation of DA release and uptake in Area X. We electrically stimulated Ca2+- and action potential–dependent release of an electroactive substance in Area X brain slices and identified the substance as DA by the voltammetric waveform, electrode selectivity, and neurochemical and pharmacological evidence. As in the mammalian striatum, DA release in Area X is depressed by autoinhibition, and the lifetime of extracellular DA is strongly constrained by monoamine transporters. These results add to the known physiological similarities of the mammalian and songbird striatum and support further use of voltammetry in songbirds to investigate the role of basal ganglia DA in motor learning.
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Machtans, Craig S. "Songbird response to seismic lines in the western boreal forest: a manipulative experiment". Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, nr 10 (październik 2006): 1421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-134.
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Millions of kilometres of seismic lines have been created for hydrocarbon exploration in the boreal forest and their impact on songbirds is unknown. I conducted a replicated before–after control–impact (BACI) field experiment in southern Northwest Territories to evaluate the impact of 6 m wide seismic lines on songbirds. Territories of all birds on six pairs of 12 ha control and treatment plots were mapped for one year before and one year after seismic lines were cut through the treatment plots. The songbird community was not dramatically affected by seismic lines. At the community level, birds did not decline in abundance or move their territories relative to the seismic lines, and they included the seismic lines in their territories. However, ground and shrub nesting species that had territories spanning the seismic lines increased the size of their territories. At the species level, only the Ovenbird ( Seiurus aurocapilla (L., 1766)) showed a consistent response to seismic lines. Ovenbirds declined in abundance, moved their territories away from seismic lines, and were not observed crossing the lines. Pressure on industry from land managers to reduce the width of seismic lines should continue to minimize the impact of these clearings on all species.
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Lam, Lawrence, Emily A. McKinnon, James D. Ray, Myrna Pearman, Glen T. Hvenegaard, James Mejeur, Lauren Moscar i in. "The influence of morphological variation on migration performance in a trans-hemispheric migratory songbird". Animal Migration 2, nr 1 (1.01.2015): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ami-2015-0005.
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AbstractFor long-distance migratory songbirds, morphological traits such as longer wings and a smaller body size are predicted to increase migration efficiency. Due to previous limitations in our ability to track the long-distance journeys of small-bodied birds, the relationship between morphology and start-to-finish migration performance has never been fully tested in free-living songbirds. Using direct-tracking data obtained from light-level geolocators, we examined the effects of morphological factors (wing and body size) on spring and fall migration performance (flight speed, duration of stopovers, total stopovers taken) of a widely distributed, trans-hemispheric migratory songbird, the purple martin (Progne subis) (n = 120). We found that smaller-bodied birds spent fewer days at stopovers along fall migration, but larger-bodied birds spent fewer days at stopover and took fewer stopovers during spring migration. More of the variation in fall migration performance was explained by morphology, as compared to spring migration, possibly indicating a larger influence of environmental conditions on spring performance. Overall, our results partially support long-standing and previously untested predictions regarding the influence of intrinsic factors on migration performance. Future research should examine the influence of environmental variation on migration performance as well as additional morphological traits that may contribute to migration performance.
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Hanincová, Klára, Veronika Taragelová, Juraj Koci, Stefanie M. Schäfer, Rosie Hails, Amy J. Ullmann, Joseph Piesman, Milan Labuda i Klaus Kurtenbach. "Association of Borrelia garinii and B. valaisiana with Songbirds in Slovakia". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, nr 5 (maj 2003): 2825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.5.2825-2830.2003.
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ABSTRACT In Europe, 6 of the 11 genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato are prevalent in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks. In most parts of Central Europe, B. afzelii, B. garinii, and B. valaisiana are the most frequent species, whereas B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. bissettii, and B. lusitaniae are rare. Previously, it has been shown that B. afzelii is associated with European rodents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify reservoir hosts of B. garinii and B. valaisiana in Slovakia. Songbirds were captured in a woodland near Bratislava and investigated for engorged ticks. Questing I. ricinus ticks were collected in the same region. Both tick pools were analyzed for spirochete infections by PCR, followed by DNA-DNA hybridization and, for a subsample, by nucleotide sequencing. Three of the 17 captured songbird species were infested with spirochete-infected ticks. Spirochetes in ticks that had fed on birds were genotyped as B. garinii and B. valaisiana, whereas questing ticks were infected with B. afzelii, B. garinii, and B. valaisiana. Furthermore, identical ospA alleles of B. garinii were found in ticks that had fed on the birds and in questing ticks. The data show that songbirds are reservoir hosts of B. garinii and B. valaisiana but not of B. afzelii. This and previous studies confirm that B. burgdorferi sensu lato is host associated and that this bacterial species complex contains different ecotypes.
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Vyas, Nimish B., Craig S. Hulse, Carol U. Meteyer i Clifford P. Rice. "Evidence of Songbird Intoxication From Rozol® Application at a Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Colony". Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 4, nr 1 (1.06.2013): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/052012-jfwm-042.
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Abstract Concerns about avian poisonings from anticoagulant rodenticides have traditionally focused on secondary poisoning of raptors exposed by feeding on contaminated mammalian prey. However, ground foraging songbirds can be directly poisoned from operational applications of the anticoagulant rodenticide Rozol® (0.005% chlorophacinone, active ingredient) applied as a grain bait, at black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus colonies. A dead western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta recovered from the study prairie dog colony displayed hemorrhaging in brain and pectoral muscle tissue, and it contained chlorophacinone residue concentrations of 0.59 and 0.49 µg/g (wet weight) in the liver and intestinal contents, respectively. Chlorophacinone residues from two Rozol-colored songbird droppings found at the study colony were 0.09 and 0.46 µg/g (wet weight). The timing of the meadowlark mortality and the occurrence of discolored droppings show that songbird exposure and poisoning can occur weeks after a Rozol application.
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Lawlor, Kelly, i Yunliang Meng. "The changing trend in songbirds’ abundance, variety and physical condition in Connecticut’s forestry habitat". Forestry Studies 70, nr 1 (1.06.2019): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0002.
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Abstract Songbirds are facing rapid population declines in Connecticut due to habitat loss. Man-made habitats such as powerline corridors are one of the few remaining ideal habitats for songbirds in the state. This study aims to determine if the abundance and variety of song-birds in four selected forests (i.e. Naugatuck State Forest, Sharon Audubon Society, Miles Wildlife Sanctuary, and Great Mountain Forest Species Variety) in Connecticut show patterns of decline from 2005 to 2014. This study also compares the physical condition of songbirds captured along a powerline corridor in the Naugatuck State Forest with those captured in the rest three non-fragmented forests in Northwestern Connecticut using Mann-Whitney U tests. Weight and wingspan are used as indicators of bird physical condition. The results demonstrate that the three non-fragmented forests experienced a steady decline in the variety of songbirds between 2005 and 2014. In addition, songbirds’ abundance decreased steadily during the same period, except that of the ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) and wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) in Miles Wildlife Sanctuary. The results from the Mann-Whitney U test have shown that after sex- and age-controlled features, the physical conditions of the three selective songbirds – veery (Catharus fuscescens), ovenbird, and wood thrush – tend to be better in the Naugatuck State Forest than in the three non-fragmented forests – Sharon Audubon Society, Miles Wildlife Sanctuary, and Great Mountain Forest Species Variety. Given are recommendations on how to protect the shrubland habitat along powerline corridors and how to create the shrubland habitat in non-fragmented forests.
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Vignieri, Sacha. "Songbirds reclaim favored frequencies". Science 370, nr 6516 (29.10.2020): 543.7–544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.370.6516.543-g.
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Suthers, Roderick A., John R. Rothgerber i Kenneth Kragh Jensen. "Lingual articulation in songbirds". Journal of Experimental Biology 219, nr 4 (18.12.2015): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.126532.
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ASKINS, ROBERT A. ":Silence of the Songbirds". Condor 110, nr 2 (maj 2008): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2008.8589.
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Solis, Michele M. "Adult Neurogenesis in Songbirds". Neuron 25, nr 2 (luty 2000): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80889-2.
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Kelley, Laura A., Rebecca L. Coe, Joah R. Madden i Susan D. Healy. "Vocal mimicry in songbirds". Animal Behaviour 76, nr 3 (wrzesień 2008): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.04.012.
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Scharff, C. "[PL4]: FoxP2 in songbirds". International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 28, nr 8 (listopad 2010): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.07.006.
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Colvile, K. M., B. Lawson, A. M. Pocknell, M. P. Dagleish, S. K. John i A. A. Cunningham. "Chlamydiosis in British songbirds". Veterinary Record 171, nr 7 (2.08.2012): 177.1–177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.100506.
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Logue, David M., i Michelle L. Hall. "Migration and the evolution of duetting in songbirds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, nr 1782 (7.05.2014): 20140103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0103.
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Many groups of animals defend shared resources with coordinated signals. The best-studied of these signals are the vocal duets produced by mated pairs of birds. Duets are believed to be more common among tropical-breeding species, but a comprehensive test of this hypothesis is lacking, and the mechanisms that generate latitudinal patterns in duetting are not known. We used a stratified sample of 372 songbird species to conduct the first broad-scale, phylogenetically explicit analysis of duet evolution. We found that duetting evolves in association with the absence of migration, but not with sexual monochromatism or tropical breeding. We conclude that the evolution of migration exerts a major influence on the evolution of duetting. The perceived association between tropical breeding and duetting may be a by-product of the migration–duetting relationship. Migration reduces the average duration of partnerships, potentially reducing the benefits of cooperative behaviour, including duetting. Ultimately, the evolution of coordinated resource-defence signals in songbirds may be driven by ecological conditions that favour sedentary lifestyles and social stability.