Artykuły w czasopismach: „Somalia Basin”

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PAJĄK, Krzysztof. "Współpraca państw UE w realizacji polityki akwenowej na przykładzie pierwszej, morskiej, militarnej operacji EUNAVFOR ATALANTA". Przegląd Politologiczny, nr 4 (2.11.2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2010.15.4.4.

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The uncontrollable outbreak of piracy attacks off the Somali coast has lately made the East African coast the area where the majority of all global maritime crimes occur. Located in East Africa, Somalia borders one of the most important maritime communication routes on Earth: the Suez Canal – the Red Sea – the Gulf of Aden. EU states could be acutely affected by the disruption of sea trade in this area, therefore they have become actively involved in fighting piracy off the Somali coast. As a result of political, organizational and legal activity, the Council of the EU established the first maritime military operation under the auspices of the European Union – EUNAVFOR Somalia – Operation Atalanta. The efficient operation of EU naval forces, hundreds of miles from European shores would not have been possible had it not been for an extensive and comprehensive maritime policy. Not only has its implementation enabled the EU to chase pirates in the Somali basin, or helped bring any criminals detained before the courts, but is has also influenced countries outside the European Union.

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Ali, M. Y., i A. B. Watts. "Crustal structure of the Nogal basin, northern Somalia". Journal of African Earth Sciences 184 (grudzień 2021): 104385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104385.

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Ismail Dhaqane, Abdirahman, Mohamad Fared Murshed, Khaldoon A. Mourad i Teh Sabariah Binti Abd Manan. "Assessment of the Streamflow and Evapotranspiration at Wabiga Juba Basin Using a Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) Model". Water 15, nr 14 (17.07.2023): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15142594.

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Rapid population growth, industrialization, and agricultural activities have impacted water resources in the arid and semi-arid areas of Somalia. The Lower Juba region in Somalia has been the most affected region. Therefore, an analysis of the hydrological patterns is essential. This paper assesses streamflow and evapotranspiration in the Wabiga Juba basin in Somalia using a hydrological simulation model, namely, the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) system via the soil moisture method. The datasets included 53 (average precipitation) and 13 (streamflow) year periods from two meteorological stations. The estimated values for potential evapotranspiration (11,921.98 to 20,775.39 MCM) were higher than the actual evapotranspiration (4904.10 to 8242.72 MCM) by 50 to 79.5%, respectively. The annual streamflow in Juba Dolow and runoff proportion of the Wabiga Juba River was estimated to be 10% of the annual precipitation. Most of the surface runoff occurred in April (47%), May (31%), October (5%), and November (14%). The streamflow variation responded to the pattern of precipitation. The model performance achieved a Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) coefficient of 0.71, coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.91, and percent bias (PBIAS) of 14%. The WEAP model of the Wabiga Juba basin is a baseline study for water resource management in Somalia to mitigate water shortage impacts due to limited water resources.

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Tchie, Andrew E. Yaw. "Waging Peace, towards an Africa Union Stabilisation Strategy for Somalia". Journal of International Peacekeeping 25, nr 3 (25.10.2022): 236–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-25030004.

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Abstract Over the last few years, successful military operations across Somalia have helped to unshackle towns south of Mogadishu from al Shabaab, demonstrating the capacity of the African Union Mission to Somalia (amisom) to achieve parts of its mandate. However, friction between the Federal Government of Somalia and the Federal Member States have heightened tensions and rifts over elections, state management and overall security, despite significant international support. Despite amisom s efforts, the legacies of the 1990s civil war have remained unresolved, and state restoration has been disrupted by political, clannish, environmental and structural challenges. In contrast, al Shabaab remains adaptable, resilient and exploits grievances, local dynamics, and competition over resources. This paper argues, the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council needs to re-mandate and reinforce amisom in conjunction with an AU stabilisation strategy for Somalia which exploits experiences from the AU’s Regional Stabilisation Strategy for the Lake Chad Basin.

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Jansky, Okiya Jimmy. "Improving Adaptive Capacity of Riverine Communities in Responding to Floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia". Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU) 1, nr 2 (9.10.2023): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.59336/9kdzm360.

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This study aimed at improving the adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne district, Somalia. The objectives of the study were to examine the factors that determine flood vulnerability of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia, to assess the indicators of adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia and to evaluate the adopted strategies for improving adaptive capacities to flood hazards by riverine communities of Beledweyne District, Somalia. The study employed quantitative research approach using descriptive research design to analyse the adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia. The research used data collection tools like questionnaire, interview and documentary review to collect the data. The main findings of the study were that there are many factors determining flood vulnerability of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia like staying very close to the river increases community members’ vulnerability to floods in the areas, staying near the estuary to flood, staying near the high-water mark, staying near the river defense walls, staying near the basin bridge with poor condition and many others. Secondly, the findings of the study indicate that there are indicators of adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia which they encompass: low level of emergency and preparedness plan and resources, low level of emergency and preparedness plan and resources, low improvement of livelihoods and rural economy in the flood prone areas and low improvement of livelihoods and rural economy in the flood prone areas. Furthermore, the findings of the study indicate that the recommend strategies for improving adaptive capacities to flood hazards by riverine communities of Beledweyne District, Somalia entail: continuous assessment of the sector and infrastructure vulnerability in the riverine communities, executing early actions to increase economic resilience in livelihoods, assessment of the critical infrastructure (roads, bridges, utilities, prevention of ad hoc basin defenses, favor non-structural solutions and preparation and implementation of effective early warning messages that reach marginalized groups of people. The study recommends that there should be preparation of medium-term development and spatial plans, there should be proper preparation of medium-term development and spatial plans in Beledweyne district, preparation of proper local plans and the district authority or leaders in collaboration with the national leaders should prepare proper local plans for riverine communities.

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Sagri, M., E. Abbate i P. Bruni. "Deposits of ephemeral and perennial lakes in the tertiary Daban Basin (Northern Somalia)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 70, nr 1-3 (kwiecień 1989): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90092-8.

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Conan, S. M. H., i G. J. A. Brummer. "Fluxes of planktic foraminifera in response to monsoonal upwelling on the Somalia Basin margin". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 47, nr 9-11 (styczeń 2000): 2207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(00)00022-9.

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Ali, M. Y., i J. H. Lee. "PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF THE NOGAL BASIN AND SURROUNDING AREA, NORTHERN SOMALIA, PART 2: HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL". Journal of Petroleum Geology 42, nr 3 (11.06.2019): 233–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12732.

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Houghton-Carr, H. A., C. R. Print, M. J. Fry, H. Gadain i P. Muchiri. "An assessment of the surface water resources of the Juba-Shabelle basin in southern Somalia". Hydrological Sciences Journal 56, nr 5 (lipiec 2011): 759–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2011.585470.

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Sembroni, Andrea, i Paola Molin. "Long-term drainage system evolution in the Wabe Shebele River basin (SE Ethiopia - SW Somalia)". Geomorphology 320 (listopad 2018): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.08.001.

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Singer, A., K. Stahr i M. Zarei. "Characteristics and origin of sepiolite (Meerschaum) from Central Somalia". Clay Minerals 33, nr 2 (czerwiec 1998): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985598545525.

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AbstractNearly pure sepiolite clay crops out in a playa-like depression near El Bur, Central Plateau region of Somalia. The deposit is associated with the Lower to Mid-Eocene Taleh Formation that includes, besides limestone, dolomite and gypsiferous marls, extensive anhydrite and various evaporites, primarily gypsum. The material was examined by XRD, DTA, IR and EM. The XRD and DTA analyses indicated that from 40 cm down to a depth of 300 cm, the material consists of well crystallized sepiolite, accompanied in some layers by minor calcite and traces of quartz and halite. The chemical composition, determined by XRF, indicated a low-Fe mineral, with the formula: (Si11.888Al0.l12)(Mg7.313Al0.154Fe0.084)O30(OH2)4(OH2)4.x8H2O.The fibres, arranged in the form of interwoven mats, are straight and have lengths varying between 2-6 µm and widths of 20-40 nm. Commonly, they are aggregated into units of two parallel-lying fibres, with a random orientation against each other, creating a dense network of pores. The high viscosity and external surface area (306-346 m2g-1) of the material, compared to those of the Spanish Vallecas sepiolite, suggest the high industrial suitability of this clay. The extent of the deposit is not known. Lithology and geomorphology indicate a lacustrine, closed basin evaporative environment of formation for this deposit. In contrast to the palaeolacustrine environments of formation of Spanish and Turkish sepiolite deposits, the E1 Bur sepiolite apparently is more recent.

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Wyatt, Lee. "Teaching History In The Army". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 19, nr 1 (1.04.1994): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.19.1.26-32.

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The dramatic world events since the late 1980s have altered fundamentally the assumptions that military planners had embraced after World War II. The Persian Gulf War; collapse of the Soviet Union; realignment of basic security arrangements in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and the Pacific Basin; apprehension about nuclear proliferation; prospects for global economic change; and the resurgence of regional instabilities, ethnic disputes, and nationalism-all these events offer challenges to U.S. interests not faced even during the darkest days of the Cold War. Indeed, the deployment and use of American armed forces over the past decade in such areas as Latin America, the Middle East, Caribbean Basin, Libya, Southwest Asia, Liberia, Somalia, and Bangladesh emphasize that U.S. military leaders must understand more so than at any time in the recent past not only operations and tactics but also strategic implications regarding regions with diverse historical, political, economic, social, and cultural traditions. Despite the claims of some optimists that the prospects for conflict have diminished, the post-Cold War era will be fraught with danger and require recognition of the tensions created by the trends of continuity and change.

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Lemenkova, Polina, i O. Debeir. "Satellite Altimetry and Gravimetry Data for Mapping Marine Geodetic and Geophysical Setting of the Seychelles and the Somali Sea, Indian Ocean". Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 12, nr 2 (1.12.2022): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2022-0026.

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Abstract Evaluation of the representative cartographic techniques demonstrated that there are still considerable challenges facing the methods of marine geodetic, geophysical and bathymetric data visualisation. In an oceanic seafloor formation, the interaction between the geological structural elements and topographical relief can be analysed by advanced mapping. In present study, a correlation between geodesy, geophysics and topography has been examined including the following variables: geological structure, coastal topography and bathymetry, geophysical fields, free-air gravity anomalies and geoid undulation, sediment thickness, bathymetric patterns, and extension of the transform faults. The variables were visualised on the high-resolution raster grids using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) scripting toolset. The study area is located in the Seychelles and the Somali Sea segment of the Indian Ocean. The data incorporates satellite-derived gravity grid, EGM-2008, geological structures, topography from GEBCO grid and GlobSed sediment thickness, processed by GMT scripts. The results demonstrated that western continental slope of Somalia is wide, gently declining to the seafloor at depths exceeding -5000 m. Kenya and Tanzania present a wide continental foot with depths ranging from -3500 to -5000 m. The Somali Sea basin shows low sedimentation lower than 500 m, while ridges and island chains have higher sediment influx (1,000-2,000 m). The Mozambique Channel has dominating values at 2,500-3,500 m. Higher values are noted near the Reunion and Mauritius islands until the Seychelles via the Mascarene Plateau (500-1,000 m) against the <500 m in the areas of the Mid-Indian Ridge, Carlsberg Ridge and open water.

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Bushozi, Pastory M., Cassian T. Mumbi, Veronica M. Muiruri i Musa S. Mwitondi. "The Reconstruction of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene Vegetation Dynamics in Lake Eyasi Basin, Northern Tanzania". Tanzania Journal of Science 48, nr 2 (17.06.2022): 352–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v48i2.11.

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Lake Eyasi Basin of northern Tanzania plays a pivotal role in the study of human-environment interactions and in understanding human flexibility and adaptability through technological innovations over time and space. In this study, phytoliths from ancient soils and fossil pollen proxies from radiocarbon-dated sequences from Kisimangeda on the north-eastern edge of the Lake Eyasi Basin, are used to interpret trends in climatic changes recorded since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present. We used pollen and phytolith abundances from a core that was recovered on the northern margin of saline Lake Eyasi at the depth of five metres. The application of principal component and cluster analysis, together with linear regression provides insight into dataset structure and grouping with reference to the modern comparative datasets that in turn allow us to classify the various palaeoenvironments and paleohabitats occupied by the late Later Stone Age, Pastoral Neolithic, and Iron Age inhabitants of Kisimangeda. The chronological order, pollen and phytolith records in the studied part of the basin signify palaeoenvironments analogous to the Somalia-Maasai bushland and grassland ecosystems of today. Keywords: Palaeoenvironments; Late Pleistocene; Holocene; pollen; phytoliths; human adaptation

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Ali, M. Y., i J. Lee. "PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF THE NOGAL BASIN AND SURROUNDING AREA, NORTHERN SOMALIA: PART 1, STRATIGRAPHY AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION". Journal of Petroleum Geology 42, nr 1 (10.12.2018): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12726.

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Ogata, Tomomichi, i Shang-Ping Xie. "Semiannual Cycle in Zonal Wind over the Equatorial Indian Ocean". Journal of Climate 24, nr 24 (15.12.2011): 6471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4243.1.

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Abstract The semiannual cycle in zonal wind over the equatorial Indian Ocean is investigated by use of ocean–atmospheric reanalyses, and linear ocean–atmospheric models. In observations, the semiannual cycle in zonal wind is dominant on the equator and confined in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Results from a momentum budget analysis show that momentum advection generated by the cross-equatorial monsoon circulation is important for the semiannual zonal-wind cycle in the equatorial Indian Ocean. In experiments with a linearized primitive model of the atmosphere, semiannual momentum forcing due to the meridional advection over the central equatorial Indian Ocean is important to simulate the observed maxima of the semiannual cycle in equatorial zonal wind. Off Somalia, diabatic heating and surface friction over land weaken the semiannual response to large momentum forcing there. Results from a linear ocean model suggest that the semiannual zonal wind stress over the central equatorial Indian Ocean generates large semiannual variability in zonal current through a basin-mode resonance.

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Brown, J., C. A. Clayson, L. Kantha i T. Rojsiraphisal. "North Indian Ocean variability during the Indian Ocean dipole". Ocean Science Discussions 5, nr 2 (9.06.2008): 213–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-5-213-2008.

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Abstract. The circulation in the North Indian Ocean (NIO henceforth) is highly seasonally variable. Periodically reversing monsoon winds (southwesterly during summer and northeasterly during winter) give rise to seasonally reversing current systems off the coast of Somalia and India. In addition to this annual monsoon cycle, the NIO circulation varies semiannually because of equatorial currents reversing four times each year. These descriptions are typical, but how does the NIO circulation behave during anomalous years, during an Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) for instance? Unfortunately, in situ observational data are rather sparse and reliance has to be placed on numerical models to understand this variability. In this paper, we estimate the surface current variability from a 12-year hindcast of the NIO for 1993–2004 using a 1/2° resolution circulation model that assimilates both altimetric sea surface height anomalies and sea surface temperature. Presented in this paper is an examination of surface currents in the NIO basin during the IOD. During the non-IOD period of 2000–2004, the typical equatorial circulation of the NIO reverses four times each year and transports water across the basin preventing a large sea surface temperature difference between the western and eastern NIO. Conversely, IOD years are noted for strong easterly and westerly wind outbursts along the equator. The impact of these outbursts on the NIO circulation is to reverse the direction of the currents – when compared to non-IOD years – during the summer for negative IOD events (1996 and 1998) and during the fall for positive IOD events (1994 and 1997). This reversal of current direction leads to large temperature differences between the western and eastern NIO.

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Cook, Kerry H., i Edward K. Vizy. "Projected Changes in East African Rainy Seasons". Journal of Climate 26, nr 16 (6.08.2013): 5931–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00455.1.

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Abstract A regional climate model with 90-km horizontal resolution on a large domain is used to predict and analyze precipitation changes over East Africa caused by greenhouse gas increases. A pair of six-member ensembles is used: one representing the late twentieth century and another the mid-twenty-first century under a midline emissions scenario. The twentieth-century simulation uses boundary conditions from reanalysis climatology, and these are modified for the mid-twenty-first-century simulation using output from coupled GCMs. The twentieth-century simulation reproduces the observed climate well. In eastern Ethiopia and Somalia, the boreal spring rains that begin in May are cut short in the mid-twenty-first-century simulation. The cause is an anomalous dry, anticyclonic flow that develops over the Arabian Peninsula and the northern Arabian Sea as mass shifts eastward near 20°N in response to strong warming over the Sahara. In Tanzania and southern Kenya, the boreal spring's long rains are reduced throughout the season in the future simulation. This is a secondary response to precipitation enhancement in the Congo basin. The boreal fall “short rains” season is lengthened in the twenty-first-century simulation in the southern Kenya and Tanzania region in association with a northeastward shift of the South Indian convergence zone.

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Menkhaus, Ken. "State Failure, State-Building, and Prospects for a “Functional Failed State” in Somalia". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 656, nr 1 (9.10.2014): 154–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716214547002.

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Over two decades of external efforts at institution-building in Somalia have failed to revive a functional central government there. There are many reasons for this, not least of which are powerful local interests in perpetuating weak government institutions, facilitating corruption and other illicit activities. But some notable successes have occurred at the local level, both with formal and informal governance mechanisms. Municipalities have been particularly effective sources of formal governance in Somalia’s failed state, providing basic security and services via legitimate and responsive local authorities. In addition, informal hybrid governance arrangements, drawing on a combination of customary authority, sharia courts, business leaders, women’s market groups, and professionals, have been a critical source of routinized, legitimate governance and rule of law in Somalia. External actors have struggled to understand these arrangements and their place in wider state-building efforts. Where external aid has helped with local and informal governance in Somalia, it has been carefully calibrated and based on close contextual knowledge, not template-driven projects.

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Hussain, Mahbub, Lameed O. Babalola i Mustafa M. Hariri. "Heavy minerals in the Wajid Sandstone from Abha-Khamis Mushayt area, southwestern Saudi Arabia: implications on provenance and regional tectonic setting". GeoArabia 9, nr 4 (1.10.2004): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia090477.

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ABSTRACT The Wajid Sandstone (Ordovician-Permian) as exposed along the road-cut sections of the Abha and Khamis Mushayt areas in southwestern Saudi Arabia, is a mediun to coarse-grained, mineralogically mature quartz arenite with an average quartz content of over 95%. Monocrystalline quartz is the dominant framework grain followed by polycrystalline quartz, feldspar and micas. The non-opaque heavy mineral assemblage of the sandstone is dominated by zircon, tourmaline and rutile (ZTR). Additional heavy minerals, constituting a very minor fraction of the heavies, include epidote, hornblende, and kyanite. Statistical analysis showed significant correlations between zircon, tourmaline, rutile, epidote and hornblende. Principal component R-mode varimax factor analysis of the heavy mineral distribution data shows two strong associations: (1) tourmaline, zircon, rutile, and (2) epidote and hornblende suggesting several likely provenances including igneous, recycled sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. However, an abundance of the ZTR minerals favors a recycled sedimentary source over other possibilities. Mineralogical maturity coupled with characteristic heavy mineral associations, consistent north-directed paleoflow evidence, and the tectonic evolutionary history of the region indicate a provenance south of the study area. The most likely provenances of the lower part (Dibsiyah and Khusayyan members) of the Wajid Sandstone are the Neoproterozoic Afif, Abas, Al-Bayda, Al-Mahfid, and Al-Mukalla terranes, and older recycled sediments of the infra-Cambrian Ghabar Group in Yemen to the south. Because Neoproterozic (650-542 Ma) rocks are not widespread in Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia, a significant source further to the south is not likely. The dominance of the ultrastable minerals zircon, tourmaline and rutile and apparent absence of metastable, labile minerals in the heavy mineral suite preclude the exposed arc-derived oceanic terrains of the Arabian Shield in the west and north as a significant contributor of the sandstone. An abundance of finer-grained siliciclastic sequences of the same age in the north, is consistent with a northerly transport direction and the existence of a deeper basin (Tabuk Basin?) to the north. The tectonic and depositional model presented in this paper differs from the existing model that envisages sediment transportation and gradual basin filling from west to east during the Paleozoic.

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Edtbauer, Achim, Christof Stönner, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Matias Berasategui, David Walter, John N. Crowley, Jos Lelieveld i Jonathan Williams. "A new marine biogenic emission: methane sulfonamide (MSAM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl sulfone (DMSO<sub>2</sub>) measured in air over the Arabian Sea". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, nr 10 (25.05.2020): 6081–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6081-2020.

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Abstract. We present the first ambient measurements of a new marine emission methane sulfonamide (MSAM: CH5NO2S), along with dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) over the Arabian Sea. Two shipborne transects (W → E, E → W) were made during the AQABA (Air Quality and Climate Change in the Arabian Basin) measurement campaign. Molar mixing ratios in picomole of species per mole of air (throughout this paper abbreviated as ppt) of DMS were in the range of 300–500 ppt during the first traverse of the Arabian Sea (first leg) and 100–300 ppt on the second leg. On the first leg DMSO2 was always below 40 ppt and MSAM was close to the limit of detection. During the second leg DMSO2 was between 40 and 120 ppt and MSAM was mostly in the range of 20–50 ppt with maximum values of 60 ppt. An analysis of HYSPLIT back trajectories combined with calculations of the exposure of these trajectories to underlying chlorophyll in the surface water revealed that most MSAM originates from the Somalia upwelling region, known for its high biological activity. MSAM emissions can be as high as one-third of DMS emissions over the upwelling region. This new marine emission is of particular interest as it contains both sulfur and nitrogen, making it potentially relevant to marine nutrient cycling and marine atmospheric particle formation.

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Naumann, G., P. Barbosa, L. Garrote, A. Iglesias i J. Vogt. "Exploring drought vulnerability in Africa: an indicator based analysis to be used in early warning systems". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, nr 5 (6.05.2014): 1591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1591-2014.

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Abstract. We propose a composite drought vulnerability indicator (DVI) that reflects different aspects of drought vulnerability evaluated at Pan-African level for four components: the renewable natural capital, the economic capacity, the human and civic resources, and the infrastructure and technology. The selection of variables and weights reflects the assumption that a society with institutional capacity and coordination, as well as with mechanisms for public participation, is less vulnerable to drought; furthermore, we consider that agriculture is only one of the many sectors affected by drought. The quality and accuracy of a composite indicator depends on the theoretical framework, on the data collection and quality, and on how the different components are aggregated. This kind of approach can lead to some degree of scepticism; to overcome this problem a sensitivity analysis was done in order to measure the degree of uncertainty associated with the construction of the composite indicator. Although the proposed drought vulnerability indicator relies on a number of theoretical assumptions and some degree of subjectivity, the sensitivity analysis showed that it is a robust indicator and hence able of representing the complex processes that lead to drought vulnerability. According to the DVI computed at country level, the African countries classified with higher relative vulnerability are Somalia, Burundi, Niger, Ethiopia, Mali and Chad. The analysis of the renewable natural capital component at sub-basin level shows that the basins with high to moderate drought vulnerability can be subdivided into the following geographical regions: the Mediterranean coast of Africa; the Sahel region and the Horn of Africa; the Serengeti and the Eastern Miombo woodlands in eastern Africa; the western part of the Zambezi Basin, the southeastern border of the Congo Basin, and the belt of Fynbos in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The results of the DVI at the country level were compared with drought disaster information from the EM-DAT disaster database. Even if a cause–effect relationship cannot be established between the DVI and the drought disaster database, a good agreement is observed between the drought vulnerability maps and the number of persons affected by droughts. These results are expected to contribute to the discussion on how to assess drought vulnerability and hopefully contribute to the development of drought early warning systems in Africa.

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Alawa, Jude, Samir Al-Ali, Lucas Walz, Eleanor Wiles, Nikhil Harle, Mohamed Abdullahi Awale, Deqo Mohamed i Kaveh Khoshnood. "Knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19, prevalence of pre-existing conditions and access to essential resources in Somali IDP camps: a cross-sectional study". BMJ Open 11, nr 6 (czerwiec 2021): e044411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044411.

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ObjectivesThis study examined knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19, prevalence of pre-existing conditions and access to essential resources among residents of internally displaced person (IDP) camps in Somalia, where overcrowded settlements with weakened infrastructure, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities, and limited access to health services make this vulnerable population particularly susceptible to a COVID-19 outbreak.DesignA descriptive, cross-sectional survey.SettingTwelve IDP camps across six areas of the Lower Shabelle region in Somalia.Participants401 adult Somali IDP camp residents.ResultsThe majority of participants were female (86%) and had received no formal education (89%). While 58% reported being in ‘good’ health, half of the participants reported having one or more pre-existing conditions. Though 77% of respondents reported taking at least one COVID-19 preventative public health measure, respondents reported a lack of access to adequate sanitation, an inability to practice social distancing and nearly universal inability to receive a COVID-19 screening exam. Questions assessing knowledge surrounding COVID-19 prevention and treatment yielded answers of ‘I don’t know’ for roughly 50% of responses. The majority of participants were not familiar with basic information about the virus or confident that they could receive medical services if infected. 185 (47%) respondents indicated that camp living conditions needed to change to prevent the spread of COVID-19.ConclusionThis study highlights low levels of COVID-19 knowledge and limited access to essential prevention and treatment resources among individuals living in Somali IDP camps. A massive influx of additional resources is required to adequately address COVID-19 in Somalia, starting with codesigning interventions to educate those individuals most vulnerable to infection.

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Naumann, G., P. Barbosa, L. Garrote, A. Iglesias i J. Vogt. "Exploring drought vulnerability in Africa: an indicator based analysis to inform early warning systems". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, nr 10 (8.10.2013): 12217–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-12217-2013.

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Abstract. Drought vulnerability is a complex concept that includes both biophysical and socio-economic drivers of drought impact that determine capacity to cope with drought. In order to develop an efficient drought early warning system and to be prepared to mitigate upcoming drought events it is important to understand the drought vulnerability of the affected regions. We propose a composite Drought Vulnerability Indicator (DVI) that reflects different aspects of drought vulnerability evaluated at Pan-African level in four components: the renewable natural capital, the economic capacity, the human and civic resources, and the infrastructure and technology. The selection of variables and weights reflects the assumption that a society with institutional capacity and coordination, as well as with mechanisms for public participation is less vulnerable to drought; furthermore we consider that agriculture is only one of the many sectors affected by drought. The quality and accuracy of a composite indicator depends on the theoretical framework, on the data collection and quality, and on how the different components are aggregated. This kind of approach can lead to some degree of scepticism; to overcome this problem a sensitivity analysis was done in order to measure the degree of uncertainty associated with the construction of the composite indicator. Although the proposed drought vulnerability indicator relies on a number of theoretical assumptions and some degree of subjectivity, the sensitivity analysis showed that it is a robust indicator and hence able of representing the complex processes that lead to drought vulnerability. According to the DVI computed at country level, the African countries classified with higher relative vulnerability are Somalia, Burundi, Niger, Ethiopia, Mali and Chad. The analysis of the renewable natural capital component at sub-basin level shows that the basins with high to moderate drought vulnerability can be subdivided in three main different geographical regions: the Mediterranean coast of Africa; the Sahel region and the Horn of Africa; the Serengeti and the Eastern Miombo woodlands in eastern Africa. Additionally, the western part of the Zambezi basin, the south-eastern border of the Congo basin and the belt of Fynbos in the Western Cape should also be included in this category. The results of the DVI at the country level were compared with drought disasters information from the EM-DAT disaster database. Even if a cause effect relationship cannot be established between the DVI and the drought disaster database, a good agreement is observed between the drought vulnerability maps and the number of persons affected by droughts. These results are a valuable contribution to the discussion on how to assess drought vulnerability and should contribute to the development of drought early warning systems in Africa.

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Peng, Shiqiu, Yu-Kun Qian, Rick Lumpkin, Ping Li, Dongxiao Wang i Yan Du. "Characteristics of the Near-Surface Currents in the Indian Ocean as Deduced from Satellite-Tracked Surface Drifters. Part II: Lagrangian Statistics". Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, nr 2 (luty 2015): 459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0049.1.

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AbstractLagrangian statistics of the surface circulation in the Indian Ocean (IO) are investigated using drifter observations during 1985–2013. The methodology isolates the influence of low-frequency variations and horizontal shear of mean flow. The estimated Lagrangian statistics are spatially inhomogeneous and anisotropic over the IO basin, with values of ~6–85 × 107 cm2 s−1 for diffusivity, ~2–7 days for integral time scale, and ~33–223 km for length scale. Large diffusivities (>20 × 107 cm2 s−1) occur in the central-eastern equatorial IO and the eastern African coast. Small diffusivities (~6–8 × 107 cm2 s−1) appear in the subtropical gyre of the southern IO and the southeastern Arabian Sea. The equatorial IO has the largest zonal diffusivity (~85 × 107 cm2 s−1), corresponding to the largest time scale (~7 days) and length scale (~223 km), while the eastern coast of Somalia has the largest meridional diffusivity (~31 × 107 cm2 s−1). The minor component of the Lagrangian length scale is approximately equal to the first baroclinic Rossby radius (R1) at midlatitudes (R1 ~ 30–50 km), while the major component equals R1 in the equatorial region (R1 > 80 km). The periods of the energetic eddy-containing bands in the IO in Lagrangian spectra range from several days to a couple of months, where anticyclones dominate. A significant result is that the drifter-derived diffusivities asymptote to constant values in relatively short time lags (~10 days) for some subregions of the IO if they are correctly calculated. This is an important contribution to the ongoing debate regarding drifter-based diffusivity estimates with relatively short Lagrangian velocity time series versus tracer-based estimates.

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Salad, Mustafe. "BASIC EDUCATION IN SOMALIA: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS". International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, nr 9 (1.01.2022): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v06i09.008.

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The paper discussed the problems facing basic education in Somalia and proposes solutions. The article shows that the basic education budgets of the national and regional governments increase every year. However, the budget is only allocated for the management and educational policies, not for increasing the enrolment in basic education. The point of the article is that special consideration should be given to basic education. The study indicates that basic education in Somalia is very low and the number of children out of school is very high. The paper indicates that there are many problems confronting basic education in Somalia. Some of these are budget shortages, philosophical and curriculum problems, the shortage of qualified teachers, traditional teaching methods, and the decreasing literacy rate. The paper shows that overcoming these problems requires increasing the number of schools, mobilizing finance, privatization, education promotion, and community support.

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Cochran, James R. "Somali Basin, Chain Ridge, and origin of the Northern Somali Basin gravity and geoid low". Journal of Geophysical Research 93, B10 (1988): 11985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb093ib10p11985.

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Dengler, M., D. Quadfasel, F. Schott i J. Fischer. "Abyssal circulation in the Somali Basin". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49, nr 7-8 (styczeń 2002): 1297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(01)00167-9.

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Tesfa, Getanew Aschalew, Delelegn Emwodew Yehualashet, Addisu Getnet, Kirubel Biweta Bimer i Binyam Tariku Seboka. "Spatial distribution of complete basic childhood vaccination and associated factors among children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia. A spatial and multilevel analysis". PLOS ONE 18, nr 1 (6.01.2023): e0279399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279399.

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Background Complete childhood vaccination considerably aids in the reduction of morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable childhood diseases. Understanding the geographical disparity of complete basic childhood vaccination and Identifying associated factors is vital to designing appropriate interventions. This study aimed to assess the spatial distribution and associated factors of complete basic childhood vaccination among children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia. Methods A two-stage stratified sampling technique was used based on the 2019 Ethiopian mini demographic and health survey data. A total weighted sample of 1,028 children was included in the analysis. ArcGIS version 10.8 software was used to visualize the spatial distribution of complete basic childhood vaccination. The Bernoulli-based model was used to detect significant clusters of areas using SaTScan version 9.6 software. To identify associated factors, multilevel logistic regression analyses were used, and all variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were reported as statistically significant predictors. Results Complete basic childhood vaccination among children aged 12–23 months had a significant variation in Ethiopia (Moran’s I = 0.276, p<0.001). The spatial scan analysis identified the most likely significant primary clusters with low complete basic childhood vaccination coverage in the Somali region’s Afder, Liben, Shabelle, and Nogobe zones; the Southern Nation Nationality and Peoples Region’s (SNNPR) Gedeo and Sidama zones; and the Oromia region’s Bale and Guji zones. The second significant cluster was found in the Afar region’s zones 1, 4, and 5, as well as the northern Somali region’s Siti zone. In the multivariable multilevel analysis, maternal age 20–24, 25–29, 35–39, and 40–44 years, delivery at a health facility, four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits, orthodox religion fellowship, maternal primary education, Muslim religion fellowship, living in the Afar, Somalia, and Oromia regions, and living in rural areas were all found to be significantly associated with complete basic childhood vaccination. Conclusion A geographically significant variation of complete basic childhood vaccination was observed. Maternal age, maternal education, religion, place of delivery, ANC visit, region, and residence were significantly associated with complete basic childhood vaccination. Developing immunization campaigns targeting areas that had low basic vaccination coverage and designing healthcare programs that can motivate facility-based delivery and ANC follow-up is recommended.

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Rucha, Kingsford M., i Amina Nassor Abdallah. "Effect of Supplier Relationship Management on Humanitarian Supply Chain Performance at the World Food Programme in Somalia". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, nr 16 (30.06.2017): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n16p250.

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The study sought to unfold the relationship between Supplier Relationship Management on supply chain in humanitarian organizations which is often difficult because of the multi-groups involved (military, government, Non-governmental Organizations). In humanitarian organizations the “customer” is the donor or supplier of goods. The study was conducted at the World Food Programme (WFP) which started operating in Somalia in 1967 and focusing on rural agricultural development and school feeding projects. At the onset of WFP operations, the conflict escalated and the humanitarian needs expanded as well. Today the WFP Somalia goal is to address basic food needs, strengthen coping mechanisms and support the efforts to achieve food security of vulnerable Somalis. The organization has its regional office in charge of operations and supply chain in Nairobi as well as the Somalia liaison office. There are rare studies focusing on supply chain relationship among humanitarian organizations particularly on the challenges of getting supplies on time due financial and other supply chain constraints. This is the gap this study sought to address. In order to achieve the objectives, the population of the study was the WFP employees (senior and the supply chain staff) in both the regional and the liaison office and the WFP food suppliers based in Nairobi. The sample comprised of 87 WFP employees and 7 personnel from the WFP food supplier family. Data was collected from 63 respondents who filled and returned the questionnaires representing a response rate rate of 72%. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the data collected in order to meet the objectives of the study. The results revealed that WFP continuously trains employees from the supply chain department and has mechanisms for ensuring suppliers conform to quality standards. It was also found that ICT is used in the execution and management of purchase orders. On WFP humanitarian supply chain performance, results indicated that WFP Somalia delivers defect free food supplies to beneficiaries by working closely with the internal staff and the logistics operators. The study recommends that WFP’s management should begin rewarding suppliers who share information for effective supply chain management. The organization should not only have multiple supply tiers but should also be well vast with each tiers risk profile to enable the organization mitigate any unforeseen events that may affect delivery of supplies especially during emergencies.

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Tecle, Aster S., Kara Byrne, Kimberly Schmit, Mary Beth Vogel-Ferguson, Naima Mohamed, Abdulkhaliq Mohamed i Rosemarie Hunter. "Seeking Refuge: An Exploration of Unaccompanied Women, Minors from Somalia and Families from Pakistan Experiences of Services in Bangkok, Thailand". Advances in Social Work 18, nr 3 (18.09.2018): 1005–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/21639.

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The number of unprotected urban refugees in Bangkok has grown over the past few years with new migrations of young women, men and families from Somalia and Pakistan. An urban environment can mean opportunity for some but for many the environment can increase vulnerability to exploitation and detention. This study aimed to explore refugees’ experiences in Bangkok, assess agencies’ service delivery models, and strengthen their capabilities to address service gaps. Participants were recruited using purposeful sampling and snowball. Using CBPR, focus groups discussion with Somali and Pakistani refugees (n=63) and individual interviews (n=42) were conducted. Agencies’ staff (n=23) were interviewed regarding challenges in providing services to refugees. Qualitative data analysis revealed four major themes: lack of basic need, problems with legal services, agencies revealed urgent need for shifting from emergency services towards long-term strategies given the protracted immigration status of urban refugees, and the need for a collaborative approach in service provision emerged as an urgent call. Implications to social work practice with urban refugees focusing on potentials for innovative service provision and collective agency responses are discussed.

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Beal, Lisa M., Robert L. Molinari, Teresa K. Chereskin i Paul E. Robbins. "Reversing bottom circulation in the Somali Basin". Geophysical Research Letters 27, nr 16 (15.08.2000): 2565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999gl011316.

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Coffin, M. F., P. D. Rabinowitz i R. E. Houtz. "Crustal structure in the Western Somali Basin". Geophysical Journal International 86, nr 2 (1.08.1986): 331–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1986.tb03832.x.

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Culek, Martin. "Geological And Morphological Evolution of The Socotra Archipelago (Yemen) from the Biogeographical View". Journal of Landscape Ecology 6, nr 3 (1.12.2013): 84–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2014-0005.

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Abstract Some misunderstandings persist in the biological literature, concerning the geological evolution of the Socotra Archipelago. The aim of this paper is to interpret new information about the Gulf of Aden geology, from the view of possible methods of terrestrial biota species migration to the Socotra Islands. An overview of the Socotra Platform with the Socotra Archipelago topography is given. Present-day geological publications are mostly oriented towards tectonic structure of the Gulf and its tectonic evolution, and thus information concerning the elevation of the land surface and the sea level was necessary to deduce. The first biogeographically relevant emergence of a land mass in the area of present-day Socotra Archipelago commenced during the late Eocene Epoch (38-34 Ma BP). Some islands persisted after later transgressions of the sea, before the time of the opening of the Gulf of Aden rift (ca 20-17 Ma), accompanied by substantial uplift and large-scale uplift of the land. This was the last time when terrestrial biota could, relatively easily, reach the area of the Socotra Archipelago on land from the African mainland, and also with medium probability from present-day Arabia. The total evaporation of the Red Sea from 11-5 Ma BP enabled the migration of terrestrial species from and to Arabia via Somalia. Nevertheless, channels in Guardafui and Brothers basins made important, but perhaps nonfatal, barriers. The last and most important uplift of Haggier Mts. on Socotra occurred at the end of the Miocene Epoch (9-6 Ma BP). That was probably the time of the last Tertiary emergence of the Socotra Platform, potentially enabling some species to migrate across narrowed abovementioned channels. Great changes in sea level occurred during the Quaternary Period, periodically exposing the surface of the Socotra platform. Two channels persisted, preventing the invasion of modern species onto the Socotra Archipelago. Channels within the Brothers basin between Abd al-Kuri Isl. and other islands of the Archipelago formed some barriers to dispersal, and probably led to important biota differences in the scope of the Archipelago. Finally, a scenario of the “facilitation” provided by tsunami and sea currents for the immigration of biota onto the Archipelago is presented.

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Fieux, M., i J. C. Swallow. "Flow of deep water into the Somali Basin". Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 35, nr 2 (luty 1988): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90041-6.

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Johnson, Gregory C., Bruce A. Warren i Donald B. Olson. "Flow of bottom water in the Somali Basin". Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 38, nr 6 (czerwiec 1991): 637–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(91)90003-x.

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Cochran, James R. "Correction to “Somali Basin, Chain Ridge, and origin of the Northern Somali Basin gravity and geoid low” by James R. Cochran". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 93, B12 (10.12.1988): 15344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb093ib12p15344.

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Coban, Hasan Huseyin, Aysha Rehman i Abdullah Mohamed. "Technical and Economical Investigation of a Centralized and Decentralized Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Cadaado, Somalia". Processes 10, nr 4 (29.03.2022): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10040667.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of a wind–solar hybrid system on and off-grid power system for electricity generation at a selected location in Somalia using the renewable energy optimization software HOMER. The simulation model was successfully applied to find the best simulation results based on the energy-efficient system for the specific load. The technical and economic performance of an on-grid and stand-alone combination of 25 kW wind power and 60 kW solar photovoltaic was investigated. Since the city of Cadaado has not yet installed its own standard modern electricity grid and due to the great need to reduce energy costs in Somalia, a feasibility study was conducted on how to supply electricity to a sampled residential consumption. Based on the basic characteristics of renewable energy sources in central Somalia, the on-grid wind and solar photovoltaic systems could be economically feasible.

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Koltai, Mihaly, Abdihamid Warsame, Farah Bashiir, Terri Freemantle, Chris Reeve, Chris Williams, Mark Jit i in. "Date of introduction and epidemiologic patterns of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Mogadishu, Somalia: estimates from transmission modelling of satellite-based excess mortality data in 2020". Wellcome Open Research 6 (18.02.2022): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17247.2.

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Background: In countries with weak surveillance systems, confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths are likely to underestimate the pandemic’s death toll. Many countries also have incomplete vital registration systems, hampering excess mortality estimation. Here, we fitted a dynamic transmission model to satellite imagery data of cemeteries in Mogadishu, Somalia during 2020 to estimate the date of introduction and other epidemiologic parameters of the early spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in this low-income, crisis-affected setting. Methods: We performed Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) fitting with an age-structured compartmental COVID-19 model to provide median estimates and credible intervals for the date of introduction, the basic reproduction number (R0) and the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) up to August 2020. Results: Under the assumption that excess deaths in Mogadishu March-August 2020 were attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infections, we arrived at median estimates of November-December 2019 for the date of introduction and low R0 estimates (1.4-1.7) reflecting the slow and early rise and long plateau of excess deaths. The date of introduction, the amount of external seeding, the infection fatality rate (IFR) and the effectiveness of NPIs are correlated parameters and not separately identifiable in a narrow range from deaths data. Nevertheless, to obtain introduction dates no earlier than November 2019 a higher population-wide IFR (≥0.7%) had to be assumed than obtained by applying age-specific IFRs from high-income countries to Somalia’s age structure. Conclusions: Model fitting of excess mortality data across a range of plausible values of the IFR and the amount of external seeding suggests an early SARS-CoV-2 introduction event may have occurred in Somalia in November-December 2019. Transmissibility in the first epidemic wave was estimated to be lower than in European settings. Alternatively, there was another, unidentified source of sustained excess mortality in Mogadishu from March to August 2020.

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Koltai, Mihaly, Abdihamid Warsame, Farah Bashiir, Terri Freemantle, Chris Reeve, Chris Williams, Mark Jit i in. "Date of introduction and epidemiologic patterns of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Mogadishu, Somalia: estimates from transmission modelling of satellite-based excess mortality data in 2020". Wellcome Open Research 6 (6.10.2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17247.1.

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Background: In countries with weak surveillance systems, confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths are likely to underestimate the pandemic’s death toll. Many countries also have incomplete vital registration systems, hampering excess mortality estimation. Here, we fitted a dynamic transmission model to satellite imagery data of cemeteries in Mogadishu, Somalia during 2020 to estimate the date of introduction and other epidemiologic parameters of the early spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in this low-income, crisis-affected setting. Methods: We performed Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) fitting with an age-structured compartmental COVID-19 model to provide median estimates and credible intervals for the date of introduction, the basic reproduction number (R0) and the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) up to August 2020. Results: Under the assumption that excess deaths in Mogadishu March-August 2020 were attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infections, we arrived at median estimates of November-December 2019 for the date of introduction and low R0 estimates (1.4-1.7) reflecting the slow and early rise and long plateau of excess deaths. The date of introduction, the amount of external seeding, the infection fatality rate (IFR) and the effectiveness of NPIs are correlated parameters and not separately identifiable in a narrow range from deaths data. Nevertheless, to obtain introduction dates no earlier than November 2019 a higher population-wide IFR (≥0.7%) had to be assumed than obtained by applying age-specific IFRs from high-income countries to Somalia’s age structure. Conclusions: Model fitting of excess mortality data across a range of plausible values of the IFR and the amount of external seeding suggests an early SARS-CoV-2 introduction event may have occurred in Somalia in November-December 2019. Transmissibility in the first epidemic wave was estimated to be lower than in European settings. Alternatively, there was another, unidentified source of sustained excess mortality in Mogadishu from March to August 2020.

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De Wilde, Hein P. J., i Willem Helder. "Nitrous oxide in the Somali Basin: the role of upwelling". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 44, nr 6-7 (styczeń 1997): 1319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(97)00011-8.

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Singh, A. D., i S. M. H. Conan. "Aragonite pteropod flux to the Somali Basin, NW Arabian Sea". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 55, nr 5 (maj 2008): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.02.008.

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Hills, Alice. "Police, clans and cash in Somalia". Culture Unbound 13, nr 3 (19.01.2022): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.1696.

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This article explores the ways in which emergent police forces in conflict-affected Southern societies are shaped by cultural practices operating through social phenomena. It uses the record of the prototypical police forces found in the Somali cities of Kismayo and Baidoa, 2014-2017, to explore the ways in which culture, power relations and local realities — in this case, clan-based calculations, Somali and international politics, and physical insecurity — influence police development. It draws on the cities' experience of a donor-funded 'basic policing' programme to identify the motivating forces shaping police evolution in a society familiar with many aspects of conventional policing operations and vocabulary but positioned at the opposite end of the technical and institutional spectrum to those shaping police studies' canonical literature.

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Abdusselam, Tepe. "On the Policy of the Republic of Turkey in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa Region in the Context of its Rivalry With Other Islamic States". Islamovedenie 12, nr 1 (30.03.2021): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2077-8155-2021-12-1-55-67.

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The article is devoted to the Turkish foreign policy in the region of the African Horn. It provides: historical research of the Turkish relations with Somalia, the Sudan, Ethiopia; analysis of the basic priorities which precondition Turkish relations with the states of the Red Sea region; research of the economic and military constituents of the Turkish cooperation and strategic part-nership with Somalia; analysis of the conflict between Turkey from one side and Saudi Arabia, UAE and Egypt from the other on the ground of rivalry for regional influence. The author con-siders that during the last ten years Turkey pursues a successful policy in the African Horn. This policy is in line with political agenda to turn Turkey into global power. Thus, Turkish leadership secured national interests employing the principle of Islamic solidarity and choosing as a partner Somalia – the poorest and most unstable state of the region. At the same time, Turkish expansion in the region provoked tensions and conflicts in the Turkish relations with Saudi Arabia, UAE and Egypt

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Sheikh Ali, Ali Yassin, Mohamed Saney Dalmar i Ali Abdulkadir Ali. "Effects of Foreign Debt and Foreign Aid on Economic Growth in Somalia". International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, nr 11 (28.10.2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n11p95.

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This paper aims to assess the effects of foreign debt and foreign aid on economic growth in Somalia from 1970 to 2014. The ordinary least squares (OLS) method was used and basic model assumption tests were also employed. We used the Augmented Dickey−Fuller (ADF) and Philip-Perron (PP) tests for the unit root and the Johansen cointegration test to determine the long-run relationship between the variables. The results of the study show that, in Somalia, foreign debt has an insignificant effect on economic growth, while the foreign aid has positive significant effect on economic growth. The results also indicate that the cointegration method confirms the incidence of long-run association among the variables. There is little research regarding the exact relationship between increasing foreign debt and foreign aid on economic growth in Somalia. This study is also different from previous studies as we used ADF and PP tests for the unit root and the Johansen cointegration test for the long-run relationship between the variables. Additionally, the study used multivariate techniques. The paper concludes that foreign aid is essential in economic growth and several policy implications are proposed.

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Ahmed, Abdiaziz Abukar. "Youth Participation in Peacebuilding in Somalia: Challenges and Opportunities". Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU) 2, nr 1 (15.03.2024): 126–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.59336/e9b1z095.

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This study focuses on the analysis of the challenges and opportunities of youth participation in peacebuilding in Somalia. The main objectives of the study were: to analyse the challenges of youth participation in peacebuilding related to the power dimensions of levels and spaces in Banadir region, Somalia and to explore the opportunities of youth participation in peacebuilding related to the power dimensions of levels and spaces in Somalia. The researcher used a qualitative approach of research to collect and analyse secondary data. The secondary data was collected through documentary review of books, articles, journals, reports that involved visiting the libraries and internet for the analysis of important documents in the search for topic issues. The information gathered from secondary data was resourceful in preparing the study and giving the research a more defined perspective. The secondary data were edited to check the accuracy, consistency and completeness of the information. The main findings of the study were that that the challenges hindering youth participation in Somalia include: poverty, lack of access to quality basic services like education, lack opportunities for youth to participate in peacebuilding, rigid culture, corruption, weak governance, prevalence of violence and insecurity and lack of resources and funding. And the key opportunities available for youth to participate in peacebuilding entail: increase youth opportunities for employment with entrepreneurship, market-focused, and public-private efforts, increase youth access to and use of high-quality education, increase youth engagement in community and government, conduct nation-wide campaign awareness on youth participation in peacebuilding and open space for youth to be leaders in the public sphere to strengthen the rule of law. The study recommended that the Federal Government of Somalia should promote, promote positive change to steer youth participation in peacebuilding, put in place mechanisms that engage youth in a collaborative fashion at all stages, include conflict analysis modules in the curriculum at appropriate levels, make education inclusive of all minority groups, including those people with disabilities, maintain contact with the trained youth facilitators, ensure that education is both inclusive and relevant to local needs and dedicate funding streams for peacebuilding in order to promote youth participation in peacebuilding in Somalia

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Banakar, V. K., R. R. Nair, M. Tarkian i B. Haake. "Neogene oceanographic variations recorded in manganese nodules from the Somali Basin". Marine Geology 110, nr 3-4 (marzec 1993): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(93)90096-e.

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Miles, P. R., M. Munschy i J. Ségoufin. "Structure and early evolution of the Arabian Sea and East Somali Basin". Geophysical Journal International 134, nr 3 (wrzesień 1998): 876–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00625.x.

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Del Pero, Claudio, Oscar Eugenio Bellini, Maricla Martire i Davide di Summa. "Sustainable Solutions for Mass-Housing Design in Africa: Energy and Cost Assessment for the Somali Context". Sustainability 13, nr 9 (24.04.2021): 4787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094787.

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Today, the main issue of providing adequate and affordable housing is to go beyond the mere offer of basic shelters, intending to create sustainable and durable settlements. Due to the fragile and uncertain nature of its social, political and economic context, characterized by the lack of common shared legislative references and business strategies in the housing sector, Somalia is a challenging reality to be explored and improved. This paper describes the outcomes of the BECOMe project, intending to propose sustainable solutions for mass-housing design for new sustainable settlements in Mogadishu, involving local entrepreneurs, social organizations and renewable energy. In detail, social, environmental and economic key sustainability requirements (KSRs) for mass-housing are identified first. Then, the most appropriate climate-responsive design and construction technologies at the building level, tailored to the Mogadishu context, are selected; the outcomes are applied to a specific case-study building, assessing energy and cost performances to pave the way for implementation projects in Somalia.

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Smart, C. W. "Diversity Patterns of Miocene Benthic Foraminifera in the Somali Basin, Northwestern Indian Ocean". Micropaleontology 44, nr 3 (1998): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1486048.

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