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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Sols – Composition"

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Carcaillet, Christopher, i Brigitte Talon. "Aspects taphonomiques de la stratigraphie et de la datation de charbons de bois dans les sols : exemple de quelques sols des Alpes". Géographie physique et Quaternaire 50, nr 2 (30.11.2007): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033091ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Les phénomènes d'enfouissement et de fragmentation des charbons de bois des sols de montagne sont mis en évidence par l'analyse anthracologique et par des datations absolues au14C de quatre profils pédologiques provenant des Alpes françaises. Ces dernières s'avèrent indispensables mais insuffisantes pour comprendre le mode de stratification. Les datations doivent être précédées d'une analyse des assemblages anthracologiques à la fois qualitative (composition taxonomique) et quantitative lorsque les sols sont suffisamment riche en charbons. Le processus de stratification dans les sols n'est pas comparable à celui que l'on observe dans un lac ou une tourbière; les racines, la pédofaune et les processus d'érosion contribuent à créer une vitesse différentielle d'enfouissement des charbon dans les sols. Cela conduit à une stratification dite « en écailles » des charbons appartenant à un même taxon. Les assemblages et les datations permettent d'identifier des phases d'incendies subies par la végétation sur la station MAUR 6 située en moyenne altitude (1770 m). Quant à QUEYRAS 2, en haute altitude (2670 m), il ne semble pas approprié pour révéler, de par sa composition en charbon, différentes phases d'incendies et surtout les plus anciennes; le réseau racinaire mais surtout les alternances de gel-dégel participent à la réduction de taille des fragments dans les sols.
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Dumoulin, Matthieu, Wael Hamd, Elsa Thune, Cyrille Rochas i René Guinebretiere. "In situ time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering observation of the fractal aggregation process in tin alkoxide polymeric solution". Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, nr 2 (10.02.2016): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576716000297.

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SnO2 transparent gels have been synthesized from alkoxide precursor in toluene-2-propanol solvents. The chemical reactivity of transition metal alkoxides must be controlled in order to obtain sols and gels. In tin alkoxide based systems, this control can be achieved through complexation by a chelating agent such as acetylacetone. The gelation of the sols has been studied by in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble on the BM02 beamline. After the addition of water, primary particles are created and stick progressively together to form fractal aggregates. The primary particles are continually created during the aggregation process, which causes an evolution of the fractal dimension of the aggregate during gelation. This evolution is similar whatever the chemical composition is, meaning that the aggregation is ruled by one process which has been identified as reaction-limited cluster aggregation. Nevertheless, the final size of the aggregates is dependent on the chemical composition of the sols.
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Смагин, В. П., А. П. Худяков i А. А. Бирюков. "Люминесценция ионов Eu-=SUP=-3+-=/SUP=- в матрице фторированной алюмоиттриевой композиции". Физика твердого тела 62, nr 2 (2020): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2020.02.48879.566.

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The optical spectra of fluorinated yttrium aluminum compositions activated by Eu3+ ions were studied. The compositions were synthesized by thermal decomposition at 800 °C of fluorine-containing complexes of yttrium, europium, and aluminum nitrate, isolated as sols from ethyl acetate (EA). The main phases of the compositions are (Y1-xEux)OF and (Y1-xEux)AlO3. Photoluminescence is associated with 5D1,2 → 7F0,1,2 and 5D0 → 7F0,1,2,3,4 electronic transitions of 4f - electrons of Eu3+ ions, replacing yttrium ions in its oxide and oxyfluoride. The dependences of luminescence on the composition and synthesis conditions of the compositions, the wavelength of the exciting radiation, and other factors are established.
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Calzada, M. L., M. Algueró, A. Santos, M. Stewart, M. G. Cain i L. Pardo. "Piezoelectric, ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 thin films with compositions around the morphotropic phase boundary prepared by a sol-gel process of reduced thermal budget". Journal of Materials Research 24, nr 2 (luty 2009): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0045.

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Single perovskite polycrystalline Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) thin films with PMN to PT ratios around the morphotropic phase boundary composition (070PMN-0.30PT, 0.65PMN-0.35PT, and 0.60PMN-0.40PT) have been prepared by chemical solution deposition (CSD). Air-stable and precipitate-free PMN and PT precursor sols were separately synthesized, and PMN-PT sols were obtained by the simple mixture in air of the former. The PMN-PT sols were deposited onto Pt-coated Si substrates and dried on a hot-plate. Crystallization of the films was carried out by rapid thermal processing (RTP) in oxygen, using different temperatures, soaking times, and heating rates. Single perovskite PMN-PT thin films were obtained at low temperatures (650 °C) with short soaking times (6s) and rapid heating rates (200 °C/s). The films show a columnar growth and a uniform thickness. Both the evolution of the perovskite distortion and the electrical properties with the PMN to PT ratio indicate the correct formation of the solid solution. The temperature and frequency dependences of the permittivity and the ferroelectric loops also indicate an increase of the relaxor characteristic of the films as compared with bulk materials. Piezoelectric coefficients were measured across the ferroelectric loop by optical interferometry, and an enhancement of piezoelectricity at the MPB composition was found. A piezoelectric d33 coefficient of ∼55 pC/N was measured in ∼300-nm-thick films of this composition with a saturation polarisation of Ps ∼25 μC/cm2.
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Ko Zaw, Aung, O. Yarovaya, Nyan Htet Lin i M. Donina. "Synthesis and colloidal-chemical properties of manganese dioxide hydrosols synthesized in the presence of sodium thiosulfate". E3S Web of Conferences 376 (2023): 01080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337601080.

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In this paper, the possibility of obtaining manganese dioxide hydrosols by condensation in the presence of sodium thiosulfate is considered. The main properties of hydrosols, including particle size and shape, phase composition, electrophoretic mobility, and the pH range of the dispersion medium in which sols are aggregatively stable, are determined. The sol coagulation thresholds in the presence of potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, and potassium sulfate were determined. It was found that the hydrosols coagulation is reversible. The nature of the aggregative stability of obtained manganese dioxide sols is discussed.
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Skorodumova, Olga, Olena Tarakhno i Olena Chebotaryova. "Improving the Fire-Retardant Properties of Cotton-Containing Textile Materials Through the Use of Organo-Inorganic SiO<sub>2</sub> Sols". Key Engineering Materials 927 (29.07.2022): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-jbv49r.

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The effect of fire-retardant compositions based on organo-inorganic SiO2 sols without the use of flame retardants on increasing the fire resistance of cotton-containing textile materials has been studied. Previous studies have shown that the combined use of silicate coatings and flame retardants of simple structure prevents the ignition of impregnated samples of cotton-containing fabric and the proposed chemistry of this process. These studies did not use flame retardants to obtain more information on the effect of the composition and concentration of experimental organo-inorganic SiO2 sols on the fire resistance of treated tissues. The compositions were prepared by the sol-gel method using a technical product – liquid glass – with a silicate modulus of 2,5 and acetic acid solution. The influence of sols concentration in terms of conditioned SiO2 on their rheological features has been studied. It was found that the optical density, fluidity and survivability of experimental sols depend on the concentration of SiO2 in the sol. The compositions were applied to the fabric by the bath method in layers: each layer of the coating was fixed on the surface of the fabric by thermal shock in an oven at temperatures of 80-100 °C. Untreated cotton fabric caught fire under the influence of fire after 7 seconds. Impregnated tissue samples did not ignite under the action of fire, but gradually charred. To determine the effect of coating thickness and SiO2 concentration in the sol on the fire resistance of impregnated fabric samples, fire tests at a gas pressure of 0,2 MPa were performed for 8 s and the area of damage to the reverse side of the fabric was determined. Prolonged exposure to the flame resulted in a crack in the center of the charred spot. In the absence of flame retardants in the fire-retardant composition after removal of the fire source, decay was observed. The time for which a crack is formed in the sample under the action of fire was determined at the time of onset of tissue destruction. It is shown that in the case of using a sol of 10% concentration it is necessary to apply three layers of coating, which doubles the fire resistance (from 7 s for untreated fabric to 15 s for impregnated fabric), the start time of destruction increases 5 times (from 1 min to 5,5 min). The area of damage to the reverse side of the fabric not treated and impregnated with the experimental coating is reduced from 632 mm2 to 0, respectively.
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Scheurell, Kerstin, i Erhard Kemnitz. "Fluorolytic Sol–Gel Synthesis of Nanometal Fluorides: Accessing New Materials for Optical Applications". Inorganics 6, nr 4 (3.12.2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6040128.

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The potential of fluorolytic sol–gel synthesis for a wide variety of applications in the field of optical materials is reviewed. Based on the fluorolytic sol–gel synthesis of nanometal fluorides, sols of complex fluorometalates have become available that exhibit superior optical properties over known classical binary metal fluorides as, for instance, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, or strontium fluoride, respectively. The synthesis of transparent sols of magnesium fluoroaluminates of the general composition MgxAlFy, and fluoroperovskites, [K1−xNax]MgF3, is reported. Antireflective coatings fabricated from MgF2, CaF2, MgxAlFy, and [K1−xNax]MgF3 sols and their relevant properties are comprehensively described. Especially the heavier alkaline earth metal fluorides and the fluorperovskites crystallizing in a cubic crystal structure are excellent hosts for rare earth (RE) metals. Thus, the second chapter reflects the synthesis approach and the properties of luminescent systems based on RE-doped alkaline earth metal fluorides and [K1−xNax]MgF3 phases.
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Steudel, Ralf, Thomas Göbel i Gabriele Holdt. "The Molecular Composition of Hydrophilic Sulfur Sols Prepared by Acid Decomposition of Thiosulfate [1]". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 43, nr 2 (1.02.1988): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1988-0212.

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Hydrophilic sulfur sols prepared from sodium thiosulfate and concentrated sulfuric acid and purified by repeated NaCl precipitation and peptization in water have been studied by chemical analysis, vibrational spectroscopy, ion-pair chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. The composition of the sol is Na1.64S28.6O6 · 5.9/n Sn · 1.0 NaCl. The elemental sulfur Sn (n = 6-14; mainly S 8) accounts for 17% the total sulfur; 83% of the S are present as long-chain polythionates which form micelles in which the Sn molecules are dissolved. On aging of the sol at 20 °C the polythionate micelles decompose to give water-soluble short-chain polythionates and elemental sulfur which precipitates from the solution. The micelle structure of hydrophilic sulfur sols may serve as a model for the so-called sulfur globules (S°) formed intra- or extracellularly by many sulfur bacteria which oxidize reduced sulfur compounds to S°. - ᴛ∙nfrared and Raman spectra of K2SmO6 (m = 3-6) are reported. The photodecomposition of aqueous tetrathionate yields sulfite, thiosulfate, and polythionates with up to 9 sulfur atoms
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Qu, Dan Ni, Hai Feng Cheng, Yong Jiang Zhou, Xin Xing i Dong Qing Liu. "Effect of Templates on the Electrochromic Properties of Tungsten Oxide Thin Films". Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (styczeń 2012): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.519.

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The mesoporous tungsten oxide (WO3) films were derived from the peroxotungstic acid (PTA) sol with templates through sol-gel method. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and tri-block polymer P123 (HO(CH2CH2O)20(CH2CH(CH3)O)70(CH2CH2O)20H) were chosen as templates. The structural, morphological, optical and electrochromic properties of the WO3 thin films derived from different sols were studied. The composition and crystal phase of the films change at different annealing temperatures. The films derived from the sols containing templates have higher crystallization temperature than those without templates. And the morphologies are distinctly different from different sols. The addition of the templates can improve the electrochromic properties of the WO3 films, and those prepared from the 3% of P123 sol show the best electrochromic properties. The highest transmittance modulation is near 60%, and the largest ion inserted and deinserted diffusion coefficient can reach 5.706×10-12 cm2/s and 1.271×10-11 cm2/s, respectively.
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HARTRIDGE, A., i A. K. BHATTACHARYA. "PREPARATION AND HOMOGENEITY OF LANTHANIDE-DOPED CERIA NANOCRYSTAL DISPERSIONS". Modern Physics Letters B 14, nr 03 (10.02.2000): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900000136.

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Aqueous sols of solid solutions of the general formula Ce 1-x Ln x O 2-x/2□x/2 (Ln=entire lanthanide range, x = 0–0.50 and =anion vacancy) were synthesized using inorganic materials. The sols contained single-phase nanocrystals with particle sizes between 7–20 nm from photon correlation spectroscopy and crystallite sizes around 5 nm from X-ray diffraction. The nanocrystals were dispersed on an amorphous silica support and individual crystals examined for composition and structure by high-resolution TEM/EDAX. High-resolution pictures showed the nanocrystals to be between 4–6 nm in size, in agreement with X-ray diffraction results. Conical dark field and bright field pictures of the same area highlighted nanocrystals to be analyzed and microdiffraction of these crystals showed spot patterns of various individual planes of the fcc fluorite lattice giving lattice parameters, depending on dopant, between 5.6–5.9 Å. EDAX analysis of individual crystals compared closely to each other, to that of an average over a large area and to that of the nominal composition.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Sols – Composition"

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Shahnavaz, Bahar. "Communautés bactériennes de sols alpins et filtres environnementaux". Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10331.

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Les bactéri es jouent un rôle clé dans les cycles biogéochimiques. Bien que l'effet du manteau neigeux en hiver dans la fonction et la composition des communautés bactériennes du sol ait été signalé, l'effet de la variation spatio-temporelle du manteau neigeux reste à étudier. Dans cette étude, nous avons caractérisé la dynamique spatio-temporelle des communautés bactériennes à partir de deux sites extrêmes selon un gradient de couvert neigeux. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des approches moléculaires (SSCP et clonage / séquençage) et traditionnel (isolation par culture bactérienne). Les résultats présentés montrent que l'ensemble de la diversité bactérienne, sa composition et sa structure phylogénétique sont fortement liés à la durée de la couverture de neige. En outre, ces effets sont détectables au cours de la saison de végétation des plantes. Les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques (i. E. La sénescence des plantes et le pH du sol) jouent un rôle essentiel conduisant au regroupement de certaines bactéries en clades spécifiques (Acidobactéries, Actinobactéries, α-et β-Proteobactéries). Au cours de la saison de végétation des plantes, les clades de bactéries sont plus dispersés. La présente étude montre que, à un niveau taxonomique fin, la variation temporelle est un facteur plus important que la variation spatiale sur la diversité bactérienne. A un niveau taxonomique supérieur (i. E. Sousphylum), la conclusion est inverse. Seule une petite fraction du total de la diversité bactérienne est cultivable et il se peut que certains groupes bactériens soient surreprésentés dans les plaques de culture. Cette étude apporte un nouvel éclairage sur le rôle de l’hiver et de la couverture neigeuse dans les distributions des communautés bactériennes. Cette étude peut-être utile pour prédire le comportement des bactéries dans les cycles des éléments nutritifs dans un contexte de réchauffement de la planète
Bacteria play a key role in biogeochemical cycles. While the effect of winter snow cover in function and composition of soil bacterial communities has been reported, the effect of spatiotemporal variation of snow cover remains to be studied. In this study, we characterised the spatio-temporal dynamics of bacterial communities from two sites at the extremes of a snow cover gradient. We used molecular (SSCP and cloning/sequencing) and traditional (bacterial isolation by culture) approaches. The presented results show that the overall bacterial diversity, composition and phylogenetic structure are strongly related to snow cover duration. Moreover, these effects are also detectable during the plant productive season. The biotic and abiotic factors (i. E. Plant senescence and soil pH) play an essential role leading to the clustering of certain bacterial clades (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, α- and β-Proteobacteria). During the plant productive season, the bacterial clades are overdispersed. The preset study shows that, at a fine taxonomic level, the temporal variation is more important than the change over space. At higher taxonomic levels (i. E. Sub-phylum), the space are more important than temporal variations. Only a minor fraction of the total bacterial diversity is cultivable, and may bacterial groups be overrepresented in culture plates. This study provides new insights in role of snow cover in bacterial communities’ distribution and role of winter. This study may be useful in predicting of bacterial behaviour in nutrient cycle in a context of global warming
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Al, Majou Hassan. "Etude et prédiction des propriétés de rétention en eau des sols : prise en compte de la composition et de l'état structural du sol". Orléans, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00286622.

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Les propriétés de rétention en eau et leur relation avec les caractéristiques du sol ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études ces trente dernières années. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser la validité des fonctions de pédotransfert (FPT) établies avec des sols du territoire national, et de les comparer à celles développées à l’échelle de l’Europe. Les résultats montrent que les FPT établies avec des sols du territoire national conduisent à des prédictions de qualité meilleure ou similaire à celles obtenues avec les FPT établies à l’échelle de l’Europe. Il a été aussi montré que pour des sols du territoire national, des classes de pédotransferts établies par classe de texture (CFPT texturales) ou par classe de texture et de structure (CFPT texturo-structurales) conduisaient à de prédictions de meilleure qualité que celles obtenues avec des FPT beaucoup plus élaborées et réclamant une connaissance détaillée de la composition des sols. La prédiction des propriétés de rétention en eau est améliorée significativement lorsque la teneur en eau volumique à la capacité au champ in situ est utilisée comme prédicteur par classe de texture. Enfin, Les propriétés de rétention en eau ont été discutées pour les sols argileux en fonction de leur état structural à l’échelle des constituants élémentaires (mode d’assemblage des particules d’argile). Les résultats montrent que les propriétés de rétention en eau peuvent s’expliquer par les différences de teneur en argile et de mode d’assemblage des particules composant la phase argileuse.
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Lesturgez, Grégory. "Densification des sols sableux sous culture mécanisée : cas du Nord-Est Thaïlandais". Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0008_LESTURGEZ.pdf.

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La thèse aborde le cas des sols sableux du Nord-Est Thaïlandais. La présence à faible profondeur d'un horizon dense et résistant est une contrainte majeure pour l'agriculture. Trois volets sont traités : (i) analyse de l'état physique de ces sols dans différentes situations sous végétation naturelle et sous culture, (ii) identification des principaux mécanismes à l'origine des différents états physiques enregistrés et (iii) recherche de méthodes de réhabilitation des sols dégradés. Les résultats montrent que ces sols proviennent de dépôts éoliens. Ce mode de transport leur confère une grande homogénéité texturale et des propriétés mécaniques particulières. Ils sont très sensibles au tassement et s'effondrent à de faibles teneurs en eau et sous de faibles contraintes mécaniques. Les labours conventionnels sont à proscrire en raison de l'instabilité structurale qu'ils induisent. En revanche, des techniques alternatives telles que le rainurage ou la bio-perforation y sont efficaces
The thesis focuses on sandy soils of Northeast Thailand. A compact and resistant layer developed at low depth is a main constraint for agriculture. The thesis follows a sequence of studies that investigates (i) the physical properties of these soils in various situation natural or cultivated, (ii) the main mechanisms explaining the different physical states recorded and (iii) the research of methods for rehabilitation of damaged soils. Results highlighted the aeolian origin of the soils. This origin gives them a striking textural homogeneity and unique mechanical characteristics. Very sensitive to compaction, they collapse at low water content and under low mechanical pressure. Conventional tillage practices are not suitable as they induce structural instability. However alternative techniques as slotting or biological drilling are efficient
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Hracherrass, Ahmed. "Etude des peuplements de Teline linifolia (L. ) Webb. Et Berth. En forêt de la Mamora (Maroc) : organisation spatiale, biométrie, biomasse, productivité et composition phytochimique". Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX30055.

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Le present travail a mis l'accent sur 4 volets principaux: 1) l'influence des facteurs stationnels (epaisseur du sable, couvert du chene liege) sur les differents parametres biometriques de teline linifolia en general et sur sa phytomasse en particulier. Ce volet nous a permis de degager les points suivants: a) les differents parametres mesures de teline linifolia montrent leur optimum d'efficience dans la classe ii (100-200 cm) en ce qui concerne l'epaisseur du sable et dans la classe ii en ce qui concerne le couvert du chene liege (25-50%); b) l'influence de la profondeur du sol est plus marquee que celle du couvert, sur les parametres morphometriques de teline linifolia; c) des equations de regressions pour l'estimation et la prediction de la phytomasse de teline linifolia ont ete developpees en tenant compte de la profondeur du sol et du couvert du chene liege, comme variables explicatives; 2) des recherches de correlation entre la biomasse totale et ses composantes et les parametres biometriques mesures de teline linifolia (dg, hg, diag, rg) ont ete engagees; 3) l'etude de la composition chimique et de la mineralomasse de teline linifolia a montre que les feuilles sont les organes les plus riches en elements mineraux (4,687% dont 2,341% d'azote), suivies des fruits et du bois avec des teneurs respectives de 3,207% et 2,090% d'elements doses. De meme, l'azote est l'element le plus represente quel que soit l'organe envisage. Compare a d'autres especes, teline linifolia presente en general une concentration en azote superieure aux autres especes et qui reste voisine de celle des papilionacees. Les resultats obtenus montrent que la biomasse seche totale du peuplement de teline linifolia est en moyenne de 779,735 gr/m2 soit 7,8 t/ha (975 kg/ha/an). La mineralomasse globale accumulee est en moyenne de 21,589 gr. Les feuilles, les fruits et le bois accumulent respectivement 35,8%, 12,6% et 51,6% de la mineralomasse globale; 4) la prise en compte des parametres abiotiques (epaisseur de la couche de sable) et biotiques (densite du couvert du chene liege) montre, en premier lieu le role, pour la composition chimique en elements mineraux et azotee, de la profondeur du sable et en second lieu l'influence du couvert arbore
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BOUABDALLAN, EL-HADI. "La vegetation steppique sur sols sales des hautes-plaines sud-algeroises. Composition, structure et production". Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112472.

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Ce travail a pour but de promouvoir une demarche permettant l'evaluation de la production des communautes vegetales steppiques sur sols sales des hautes-plaines sud-algeroises, a des fins d'applications pastorales. Cette vegetation, de type mosaique, est formee par la combinaison de communautes vivaces et annuelles. Les releves de ces composantes ont ete soumis separement a une analyse factorielle des correspondances. Les resultats obtenus ont permis, au plan fondamental, une hierarchisation syntaxonomique distincte des groupements vegetaux vivaces et annuels, et au niveau applique, la definition d'une typologie fonctionnelle des phytocenoses observees, permettant les operations d'evaluation et de gestion pastorale de ces milieux. Huit types de phytocenoses ont ete reconnus selon la nature humide ou xerique des biotopes echantillonnes, et secondairement, selon les positions biogeographiques et les caracteres texturaux de ces derniers. Au plan de la production herbagere, les phytocenoses des biotopes xeriques, marques par un profil salin de type descendant, presentent deux pics de production. L'un therophytique, est printanier, et le second, vivace, est estival. Les phytocenoses des biotopes humides, dont le profil salin est par contre de type ascendant, ne presentent qu'un seul pic de production, vivace et estival
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Salvador-Blanes, Sébastien. "Déterminisme de la distribution spatiale des éléments majeurs et traces dans les sols en contexte métamorphique : plateau d'Aigurande, nord du Massif central, France". Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR4014.

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L'objectif est de comprendre les processus de la pédogénèse à l'origine de la distribution des teneurs naturelles des sols en éléments traces à l'échelle du paysage. L'approche est multiéchelles combinant une approche spatiale à une étude multiélementaire détaillée sur profils pédologiques. Le site d'étude a été sélectionné pour sa richesse en éléments traces (Cr et Co), et sa diversité géologique (amphibolite, gneiss) et topographique. L'étude des différents matériaux est abordée selon leur degré de transformation. Les résultats montrent que les roches et les altérites plus ou moins évoluées présentent : des teneurs plus élevées en Ca, Fe, Co dans les zones sur amphibolite attribuées à la présence de hornblende ; des teneurs plus élevées en Si, K, Cr dans les zones sur gneiss attribuées à la présence de quartz, orthose et micas. L'analyse spatiale des altérites révèle une très forte variabilité des teneurs. Un lien étroit existe entre les propriétés chimiques des horizons pédologiques et celles des altérites sous-jacentes en contexte topographique convexe, alors que celui-ci est beaucoup plus ténu en contexte concave. Les différences alors constatées sont essentiellement dues à des processus physiques de redistribution de matière dépendant du degré d'altération initial des altérites. Dans toutes les situations, la forte variabilité des teneurs observées dans les altérites est fortement gommée dans les horizons de surface, indiquant une homogénéisation attribuée pour partie aux activités agricoles. On constate par ailleurs que le réseau de haies est à l'origine du stockage des produits de l'érosion le long des versants, surimposant ainsi un autre type d'hétérogénéité. Ainsi, la nature du matériau parental et son degré d'altération, ainsi que les redistributions physiques de matière le long du versant sont les deux principaux processus permettant d'expliquer la distribution spatiale des teneurs en éléments majeurs et traces en contexte métamorphique valloné.
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Balasoiu, Florina Cristina. "Influence de la composition des sols sur la spéciation et la toxicité du chrome, du cuivre et de l'arsenic dans des sols contaminés par du CCA". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ65556.pdf.

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Ben, Hassine Habib. "Etude de l'évolution des propriétés chimiques et physico-hydriques des principaux types de sols céréaliers du Nord-Ouest tunisien : effets sur les productions céréalières". Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11038.

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La céréaliculture est pratiquée régulièrement, sous conditions pluviales, sur des sols de texture argileuse dans le Nord et le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie. Ces sols occupent les plaines alluviales et les bas reliefs en forme de croupe. Les sols les plus aptes à cette spéculation appartiennent aux classes pédogénétiques suivantes : sols peu évolués, vertisols et sols isohumiques. Elles sont soumises à des régimes hydriques des étages bioclimatiques subhumide et semi-aride. Quatre unités représentatives de ces types de sols sont sélectionnées puis caractérisées du point de vue morphologique, analytique et minéralogique. Elles sont ensuite suivies par un double prélèvement mensuel chacune au cours des campagnes agricoles 1996-1997 et 1997-1998, puis trimestriel au cours des campagnes 1998-1999 et 1999-2000. Sur les échantillons prélevés, sont déterminés, outre les paramètres de caractérisation physico-chimique, les éléments les plus influents sur la production céréalière. L'étude de l'évolution de ces éléments a été menée par illustration graphique puis par analyse multivariée. Les principaux résultats obtenus sont : - De fortes réserves en phosphore et en potassium se trouvent dans les sols. Les teneurs assimilables des sols en phosphore sont améliorées par la fertilisation et ont tendance à diminuer progressivement ce qui justifie l'apport d'engrais par des quantités modérées au début de la campagne agricole. Du potassium échangeable se trouve en excès dans le sol avec des teneurs dépassant largement les normes conseillées pour la spéculation céréalière en sec. L'appauvrissement hivernal en azote minéral justifie des apports faibles d'engrais. La structure plus compactée des sols peu évolués ralentit la nitrification. - Les réserves hydriques sont proportionnelles aux pluviométries annuelles et les sols s'épuisent prématurément après une culture de blé. L'insuffisance des réserves hydriques en zone méridionale du milieu semi-aride justifie le choix d'espèces céréalières précoces comme l'orge. - L'équilibre nutritif des céréales est meilleur et plus visible dans les sols du milieu subhumide, phénomène mis en évidence par les analyses multivariées. L'amélioration de la structure des sols est le facteur édaphique primordial qui agit sur les rendements des espèces céréalières cultivées en sec dans le Nord-Ouest tunisien.
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Kedi, Atolé Brice. "Fonctionnement des phosphatases dans les sols tropicaux : influence de la composition organo-minérale sur l'expression de l'activité enzymatique". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0049/document.

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La prédiction de l'activité des phosphatases fongiques dans l'amélioration de la nutrition phosphatée doit prendre en compte les facteurs qui influencent leur fonctionnement dans les sols. L'objectif de cette thèse a été d'étudier divers facteurs qui pouvaient influencer l'efficacité des phosphatases de champignons ectomycorhiziens dans les sols. L'adsorption et l'activité à l'état adsorbé des phosphatases de Suillus collinitus et de Hebeloma cylindrosporum ont été étudiées avec plusieurs fractions de différents sols tropicaux. La persistance de l'activité de ces enzymes immobilisées sur les sols a également été étudiée. Ces phosphatases ont montré une diversité d'affinité avec les colloïdes des sols, liée surtout à leur origine et leurs caractéristiques. En outre, aucune relation n'a été établie entre l'adsorption et l'activité catalytique résultante, car il n'y avait généralement pas de perte d'activité à l'état adsorbé. L'une des enzymes qui à montré une dégradation rapide en solution suivant le temps d'incubation, a été protégée par les sols ferrallitiques mais pas par les vertisols. Des essais de purification et de caractérisation ont été faits sur ces échantillons de phosphatases fongiques. Les fractions de phosphatases de S. collinitus purifiées et retenues sur une colonne hydrophobe de chromatographie ont montré une activité en contact avec des argiles fortement supérieure à celle en solution. L'hypothèse d'une dimérisation produite à la surface des argiles a été avancée pour expliquer l'amplification inattendue d'activité catalytique à l'état adsorbé des fractions purifiées
The role of catalytic activity of fungal phosphatases in the improvement of the phosphorus nutrition cannot be reliably predicted without taking into account the factors which influence their behaviour in the soil. The objective of this thesis was to study various factors which could influence the effectiveness of ectomycorrhizal fungal phosphatases in soils. Adsorption and the activity in the adsorbed state of phosphatases produced by Suillus collinitus and Hebeloma cylindrosporum were studied in contact with several fractions of various tropical soils. The persistence of the activity of these enzymes immobilized on the soils was also studied. These phosphatases showed a diversity of affinity for soil colloids, due to their origin and their characteristics. Moreover, no relation was found between adsorption and the resulting catalytic activity; there was generally no loss of activity in an adsorbed state. One of the enzymes which underwent rapid degradation in solution was protected by the presence of ferrallitic soils but not by the vertisols. These fungic phosphatase samples were purified and partially characterized. The fractions of S. collinitus phosphatases retained on hydrophobic chromatography column showed enhanced activity in contact with mineral clays with respect to solution. The hypothesis of dimeerisation on the clay surfaces was advanced to explain the unexpected enhancement of catalytic activity in an adsorbed state of the purified fractions
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Angeli, Nicolas Dambrine Etienne. "Evolution de la composition chimique des ruisseaux vosgiens Analyse rétrospective et effet d'un amendement calco-magnésien /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2006_0096_ANGELI.pdf.

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Książki na temat "Sols – Composition"

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Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations (Canada), red. Western prairie soils: Their nature and composition. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1996.

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Ballif, Jean Louis. Eléments d'agronomie Champenoise: Connaissance des sols et de leur fonctionnement rendzines sur craie et sols associes : esquisse géomorphopédologique. Paris: Institut national de la recherche agronomique, 1995.

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G, Gregorich E., i Carter Martin R, red. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Wyd. 2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2007.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Soil Resources, Management, and Conservation Service. Management of gypsiferous soils. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990.

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Saha, Niharendu. Soils of Tripura: An overview. New Delhi: New Delhi Publishers, 2017.

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Capucho, Frazão Dilson Augusto, i Fundação Cargill, red. Minerais secundários em solos brasileiros. Campinas, Estado de São Paulo: Fundação Cargill, 1985.

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Henryk, Pendias, red. Trace elements in soils and plants. Wyd. 2. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1992.

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Henryk, Pendias, red. Trace elements in soils and plants. Wyd. 3. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2001.

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Massachusetts. Division of Food and Drugs. Survey of bottled water sold in Massachusetts. Boston: The Division, 1987.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. [Analysis of soil and species composition]: Final technical report. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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Części książek na temat "Sols – Composition"

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Ibbeken, Hillert, i Ruprecht Schleyer. "Composition of Rocks and Soils". W Source and Sediment, 89–109. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76165-2_9.

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Huma, Zille, Christian Gerth, Gregor Engels i Oliver Juwig. "Automated Service Composition for on-the-Fly SOAs". W Service-Oriented Computing, 524–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45005-1_42.

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Dennett, Jacinta. "“Conjuring Up the Magic”: Helen Gifford’s Compositional Passage to the Creation of Fable for Solo Harp". W A Century of Composition by Women, 115–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95557-1_6.

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Green, Phoebe. "“It Gently Makes Itself Known…”: A Composer and Performer Discuss the Genesis and Practice of Cranes for Solo Viola". W A Century of Composition by Women, 367–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95557-1_20.

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Ugwoke, Tochukwu A. S., i Chukwuebuka Emeh. "Effect of Chemical Composition of Woodash and Lime on Stabilization of Expansive Soil". W Recent Advancements on Expansive Soils, 56–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01914-3_5.

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Wänke, H., J. Brückner, G. Dreibus, R. Rieder i I. Ryabchikov. "Chemical Composition of Rocks and Soils at the Pathfinder Site". W Space Sciences Series of ISSI, 317–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1035-0_11.

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McCracken, R. J., S. B. Weed i E. F. Goldston. "Planosolic Piedmont Soils of North Carolina: I. Morphology and Composition". W Selected Papers in Soil Formation and Classification, 122–35. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub1.c11.

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Cao, Xiangyun, Wuding Liu i Meimei Pi. "Composition of root exudates and root bleeding sap of a boron-efficient and inefficient oilseed rape genotype". W Boron in Soils and Plants, 171–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5564-9_33.

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Orem, William H., i Anne L. Bates. "Characterization of Sulfur Forms and Isotopic Compositions in Wetland Soils". W Methods in Biogeochemistry of Wetlands, 741–64. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser10.c38.

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Merkusheva, M. G., A. N. Baldanova, G. D. Chimitdorzhieva i B. M. Klenov. "Humus Composition of Saline Soils as Affected by Long-Term Irrigation". W Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment, 847–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5634-2_154.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Sols – Composition"

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Avakyan, A. A. "ABOUT THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF STIBNITE FROM THE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE AND ABOUT THE COMPOSITION OF THESE SOLUTIONS". W Проблемы минералогии, петрографии и металлогении. Научные чтения памяти П. Н. Чирвинского. ПЕРМСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/chirvinsky.2022.3.

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The aqueous solutions of the amorphous Sb2S3 is not the hydrophobic sols. The amorphous Sb2S3 reacts with H2O and/or H2S (in aqueous solutions); result: – hy-drophilic thioacids, same as the As2O3 reacts with H2O (As2O3 + 3H2O ⇄ 2H3AsO3); this is a reversible reaction. The arsenous acid decomposes to give crystals of the As2O3 (this is a recrystallization process). The solution of the amorphous Sb2S3 in the H2O with H2S give the crystals of the stibnite, and this process can proceed at room conditions. H2CO3 does not decompose this solutions. H2CO3 + insoluble carbonates – this is a buffering system, which stabilizes the solutions of antimonous thioacids and, consequently, stabilizes the process of crystallization of stibnite. Therefore, the insoluble carbonates — this is a common associates of stibnite
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Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert F. "Lunar soils: A long-term archive for the galactic environment of the heliosphere?" W SOLAR AND GALACTIC COMPOSITION: A Joint SOHO/ACE Workshop. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1434029.

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Jones, Steven M. "Gradient composition sol-gel materials". W Symposium on Integrated Optoelectronics, redaktorzy Bruce S. Dunn, Edward J. A. Pope, Helmut K. Schmidt i Masayuki Yamane. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.384345.

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Ciobanu-Suhomlin, Irina. "Works for solo instruments from the perspective of the 21st century: the new opuses by the composer Gh. Ciobanu". W Valorificarea și conservarea prin digitizare a colecțiilor de muzică academică și tradițională din Republica Moldova. Academy of Music, Theatre and Fine Arts, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55383/digimuz2023.06.

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The 2000s were marked by Gh. Ciobanu's persistent interest in the field of music for solo instruments: these are compositions for woodwinds and keyboards. The author explores the reasons for the composer’s increased attention to this area of modern music, as well as the factors that contributed to the concert demand for new works. Annotations to the works reveal the special attention that the composer pays to the study of the possibilities of the musical sound. It is concluded that the compositions for solo instruments were the result of a holistic understanding of this area by the composer, including an understanding of the nature of various instruments, knowledge of their technical capabilities and features of modern interpretation, deep penetration into the very essence of instrumental performance, as well as understanding their potential from the standpoint of modern compositional techniques.
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Kallas, E. V., i L. V. Matveeva. "THE CONDITION OF THE SOILS OF THE KRASNOYARSK STATE NATURE RESERVE «STOLBY»". W Prirodopol'zovanie i ohrana prirody: Ohrana pamjatnikov prirody, biologicheskogo i landshaftnogo raznoobrazija Tomskogo Priob'ja i drugih regionov Rossii. Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-954-9-2020-40.

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The morphological features, chemical and physico-chemical properties and the qualitative composition of the humus of some soils of the Krasnoyarsk State Nature Reserve “Stolby” are considered. The specificity of the fractional composition of the humus of soils with a close group composition reflecting the macroclimatic conditions of humus formation is shown.
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Yu, Xin, Thomas Weise, Ke Tang i Steffen Bleul. "QoS-aware semantic web service composition for SOAs". W 2010 IEEE International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications (SOCA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soca.2010.5707192.

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Glaser, Donald, i Hilairy Hartnett. "Mineral Composition Affects Water Vapor Adsorptionin Unsaturated Soils". W Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.18333.

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Lekstutytė, Ieva, Gintaras Žaržojus, Saulius Gadeikis, Gisela Domej i Šarūnas Skuodis. "Composition and Strength of Middle Pleistocene till in Lithuania". W The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.26.

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In Lithuania, the upper part of the Earth's crust was formed during the Pleistocene. Only a small part of Lithuania is a relic of the previous Medininkai stage (Lonian) glaciation in the Middle Pleistocene (Chibanian Age), which occur on the surface only in the southeastern area. Medininkai glacial period till soils are an almost unstudied soil type in Lithuania. Due to geotechnical investigations on new construction sites, an opportunity appeared to provide experimental investigations with Medininkai glacial period till soils.
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Zhang, Qi-wen, i Qi Xu. "Supply chain collaboration based on Web Services Composition". W 2010 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2010.5551575.

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Chen, Feng, Changrui Ren, Jin Dong, Qinhua Wang, Jinfeng Li i Bing Shao. "Modeling cross-organizational services composition with Pi-calculus". W 2011 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2011.5986527.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Sols – Composition"

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Cicero, C. A., D. F. Bickford i W. O. Crews. Defining the Glass Composition Limits for SRS Contaminated Soils. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/113806.

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Bailey, Scott W., James W. Hornbeck i James W. Hornbeck. Lithologic composition and rock weathering potential of forested, glacial-till soils. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-662.

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Doroshkevich, S. G., O. K. Smirnova i R. A. Filenko. Mineral and chemical composition of soils of geotechnogenic landscapes of Transbaikalia sulphide-tungsten deposits. ЗабГУ, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/978-5-9293-2170-2-2018-140-143.

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Gonzalez, Logan, Christopher Baker, Stacey Doherty i Robyn Barbato. Ecological modeling of microbial community composition under variable temperatures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), luty 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48184.

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Soil microorganisms interact with one another within soil pores and respond to external conditions such as temperature. Data on microbial community composition and potential function are commonly generated in studies of soils. However, these data do not provide direct insight into the drivers of community composition and can be difficult to interpret outside the context of ecological theory. In this study, we explore the effect of abiotic environmental variation on microbial species diversity. Using a modified version of the Lotka-Volterra Competition Model with temperature-dependent growth rates, we show that environmentally relevant temperature variability may expand the set of temperature-tolerance phenotype pairs that can coexist as two-species communities compared to constant temperatures. These results highlight a potential role of temperature variation in influencing microbial diversity. This in turn suggests a need to incorporate temperature into predictive models of microbial communities in soil and other environments. We recommend future work to parameterize the model applied in this study with empirical data from environments of interest, and to validate the model predictions using field observations and experimental manipulations.
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Перерва, Віталій Григорович, Олексій Миколайович Сметана, Вікторія Вікторівна Перерва i Вікторія Вікторівна Прилипко. Вміст, запаси та груповий склад гумусу в грунтах промділянки металургійного комбінату ВАТ „Міттал Стіл Кривий Ріг. Інститут екології Карпат НАН України, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4234.

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У статті розглядаються особливості накопичення гумусу в грунтах промислових майданчиків промислового підприємства. Визначено концентрацію, запаси та груповий склад гумусу в досліджуваних ґрунтах. Показники гумусового стану досліджених ґрунтів свідчать, що вони розвиваються за наближеним до зонального типом, хоча й мають ряд специфічних рис, пов’язаних з особливостями морфології профілю ґрунту. In the article the features of humus accumulation in soils of industrial area of large industrial enterprise were considered. Concentration, supplies and group composition of humus in the explored soils were determined. The indexes of the humus state of investigational soils testify that they develop after close to zonal by type, and have the row of specific lines of tied-up by the features of morphology of type of soil.
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Borgman, Erin, i Jason Smith. Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site vegetation composition, structure, and soils: 2009–2019 status and trend. National Park Service, maj 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293402.

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Leis, Sherry, Mike DeBacker, Lloyd Morrison, Gareth Rowell i Jennifer Haack. Vegetation community monitoring protocol for the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network: Narrative, Version 4.0. Redaktor Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, listopad 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294948.

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Native and restored plant communities are part of the foundation of park ecosystems and provide a natural context to cultural and historical events in parks throughout the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN). Vegetation communities across the HTLN are primarily of three types: prairie, woodland, and forest. Park resource managers need an effective plant community monitoring protocol to guide the development and adaptation of management strategies for maintaining and/or restoring composition and structure of prairies, woodland, and forest communities. Our monitoring design attempts to balance the needs of managers for current information and the need for insight into the changes occurring in vegetation communities over time. This monitoring protocol consists of a protocol narrative (this document) and 18 standard operating procedures (SOPs) for monitoring plant communities in HTLN parks. The scientific objectives of HTLN plant community monitoring are to (1) describe the species composition, structure, and diversity of prairie, woodland, and forested communities; (2) determine temporal changes in the species composition, structure and diversity of prairie, woodland, and forested communities; and (3) determine the relationship between temporal and spatial changes and environmental variables, including specific management practices where possible. This protocol narrative describes the sampling design for plant communities, including the response design (data collection methods), spatial design (distribution of sampling sites within a park), and revisit design (timing and frequency of monitoring visits). Details can be found in the SOPs, which are listed in the Revision History section and available at the Integrated Resource Management Applications (IRMA) website (irma.nps.gov). Other aspects of the protocol summarized in the narrative include procedures for data management and reporting, personnel and operating requirements, and instructions for how to revise the protocol.
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Yordanov, Stancho I., Irina D. Stambolova, Luben I. Lakov, Sasho V. Vassilev i Bojidar T. Jivov. Sol-gel CeO2 and ZrO2 Coatings on CeO2: Study of the Phase Composition, Morphology and Corrosion Resistance. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, luty 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.01.07.

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Johnson, David, Robert Boyd, Anthony Bednar, Cynthia Banks, Charles Weiss, Jessica Coleman, Burton Suedel i Jeffery Steevens. Terrestrial fate and effects of nanometer-sized silver. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43800.

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Although engineered nanomaterials are active components in a wide variety of commercial products, there is still limited information related to the effects of these nanomaterials once released into the terrestrial environment. A high number of commercial applications use silver nanoparticles (nAg) due to its anti-microbial activity. This may be of concern for waste management since nAg could be applied to soil (e.g., biosolids) or disposed of in traditional landfills, which could lead to possible leaching into surrounding soil. This report aims to provide additional insight into the fate and effects of nAg in terrestrial systems. The studies in this report examine the leachability of nAg in field soil and compares the soil migration to bulk (i.e., micron-sized) silver; examine the ecotoxicity of nAg to earthworms in four field soils spanning several different soil orders; and examine the behavioral effects of earthworms when exposed to engineered nanoparticles in field soil. These data provide additional insight into engineered nanoparticle fate and effects to terrestrial receptors in field soils, an important distinction from laboratory-generated soils. These data will also assist ecological risk assessors to better determine the acute environmental risks of nAg in terrestrial ecosystems with different soil compositions.
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Minz, Dror, Eric Nelson i Yitzhak Hadar. Ecology of seed-colonizing microbial communities: influence of soil and plant factors and implications for rhizosphere microbiology. United States Department of Agriculture, lipiec 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587728.bard.

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Original objectives: Our initial project objectives were to 1) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities on seeds, 2) Determine the dynamics of development of microbial communities on seeds, and 3) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities with the composition of those in the soil and rhizosphere of the plants. Revisions to objectives: Our initial work on this project was hampered by the presence of native Pythium species in the soils we were using (in the US), preventing us from getting accurate assessments of spermosphere microbial communities. In our initial work, we tried to get around this problem by focusing on water potentials that might reduce damage from native Pythium species. This also prompted some initial investigation of the oomycete communities associated seedlings in this soil. However, for this work to proceed in a way that would allow us to examine seed-colonizing communities on healthy plants, we needed to either physically treat soils or amend soils with composts to suppress damage from Pythium. In the end, we followed the compost amendment line of investigation, which took us away from our initial objectives, but led to interesting work focusing on seed-associated microbial communities and their functional significance to seed-infecting pathogens. Work done in Israel was using suppressive compost amended potting mix throughout the study and did not have such problems. Our work focused on the following objectives: 1) to determine whether different plant species support a microbial induced suppression of Pythium damping-off, 2) to determine whether compost microbes that colonize seeds during early stages of seed germination can adequately explain levels of damping-off suppression observed, 3) to characterize cucumber seed-colonizing microbial communities that give rise to the disease suppressive properties, 4) assess carbon competition between seed-colonizing microbes and Pythium sporangia as a means of explaining Pythium damping-off suppression. Background: Earlier work demonstrated that seed-colonizing microbes might explain Pythium suppression. Yet these seed-colonizing microbial communities have never been characterized and their functional significance to Pythium damping-off suppression is not known. Our work set out to confirm the disease suppressive properties of seed-colonizing microbes, to characterize communities, and begin to determine the mechanisms by which Pythium suppression occurs. Major Conclusions: Compost-induced suppression of Pythium damping-off of cucumber and wheat can be explained by the bacterial consortia colonizing seeds within 8 h of sowing. Suppression on pea was highly variable. Fungi and archaea play no role in disease suppression. Potentially significant bacterial taxa are those with affinities to Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Current sequencing efforts are trying to resolve these taxa. Seed colonizing bacteria suppress Pythium by carbon competition, allowing sporangium germination by preventing the development of germ tubes. Presence of Pythium had a strong effect on microbial community on the seed.
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