Rozprawy doktorskie: „Soldier fly”

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Zimri, Monushia Natasha. "Preparation and electrospinning of chitosan from waste Black Soldier Fly biomass". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6477.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Black soldier flies are important in sustainability because of their ability to voraciously degrade organic waste without constituting a nuisance to the environment. In South Africa, Agriprotein Ltd, a company producing high-protein animal feed is rearing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF) larvae on organic waste that would otherwise go into landfills. During the process of mass rearing large quantities of dead adult BSF flies and pupae shells are being generated. This motivated the extraction of chitin from the waste materials generated by Agriprotein. This waste can be utilised as an economic source of chitin and its derivative chitosan. Hence, this is the first study to be focused on the chemical extraction of chitin from the pupae shells and adult BSF biomass waste, the conversion of the extracted chitin to chitosan and to fabricate nanofibers from the commercial chitosan by electrospinning technique. Chitin was optimally extracted from both the pupae shells and adult BSF through demineralisation, deproteinisation and decolouration processes. The extracted chitins were optimally converted to chitosan by deacetylation process. The commercial chitosan were electrospun into nanofibers by optimising the concentration, voltage, flow rate and tip-to-collector distance. The synthesised and fabricated products were characterised using different analytical techniques such as FTIR to examine the spectral patterns and peaks corresponding the stretching and vibrations of various functional groups, XRD to examine the crystalline structure, SEM to examine the morphology and TGA to investigate the thermal stability. Elemental analysis was carried out to determine the degree of acetylation and degree of deacetylation. The commercial shrimp chitin and chitosan were compared to determine the purity of the extracted products. The electrospun chitosan nanofibers were compared to the bulk chitosan to determine how the structure, crystallinity and thermal stability had been altered after the electrospinning process. The best optimum conditions obtained at 1 M HCl, 100 min and 50 ºC for demineralisation and 1 M NaOH, 10 h and 85 ºC for deproteinisation yielded the highest final dry weight yield of 13% and 5% for pupae shells and adult BSF chitin respectively. The best optimum conditions obtained at 70% NaOH, 5 h and 100 ºC for deacetylation yielded the highest final dry weight http://etd.uwc.ac.za ii yield of 11% and 2% for pupae shells and adult BSF chitosan respectively. The elemental analysis results revealed that both chitins with a degree of acetylation of 115.1% for pupae shells and 91.5% for adult BSF are of acceptable purity. In addition, both chitosans with a degree of deacetylation of 67% for pupae shells and 69% for adult BSF are of acceptable purity. FTIR, TGA and XRD analysis results demonstrated that the chitins from both pupae shells and adult BSF were in the α-form. Both chitins extracted proved to be fibrous in nature with no porosity, whereas the pupae shells and adult BSF chitosan were characterised without any nanofibers and/or nanopores. The MW of chitosan samples was 217 kDa for pupae shells and 216 kDa for adult BSF. The optimum conditions of the electrospun commercial chitosan nanofibers were obtained at 6 wt% commercial chitosan in TFA, an applied voltage of 25 kV, a tip to collector distance of 10 cm and a flow rate of 0.1 mL/h. The morphology of the optimised commercial chitosan nanofibers had a regular smooth morphology with some small variations in fiber diameter in a bead free network with an average diameter of 130 nm in a range of 60 nm to 200 nm. FTIR analysis revealed that the chemical nature of the polymer during the electrospinning process was not altered. The XRD analysis revealed that the electrospun nanofibers are amorphous and TGA showed that the bulk chitosan (310 °C) was more thermally stable than the electrospun commercial chitosan nanofibers (272 °C).
2018-12-14

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Joly, Gabrielle. "Valorising Organic Waste using the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens), in Ghana". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-225841.

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Ghana as a rapidly growing and urbanizing middle-income country is facing a number of challenges, including (1) implementing a sanitary, environmental-friendly, and economically-sound waste management system; (2) increasing its agricultural productivity in a sustainable way to meet the growing domestic food demand; and (3) providing livelihood opportunities in both rural and urban areas. Using the black soldier fly (BSF), a particularly beneficial insect, to locally and cost-effectively valorise abundant, high-impacting, and nutrient rich organic waste streams, such as food waste (FW) and faecal sludge (FS), into affordable and sustainable farming inputs like organic fertilizer and animal feed products, could tackle all these challenges at the same time. Therefore, this study aimed at (1) providing a comprehensive overview of BSF technology; (2) investigating the technical feasibility of valorising food waste and faecal sludge using a low-tech BSF bioconversion system; and (3) assessing the economic viability of such system in the Ghanaian context. First, through an extensive literature review and field visits of BSF units, the different dimensions of the BSF technology were discussed, BSF waste treatment method was compared to other options for organic waste valorisation, case studies of implementation were documented, the status of the research was highlighted, and research gaps were identified. In a second step, a 10-week field work consisting of establishing a BSF colony and recording rearing performance in the one hand, and running two waste treatment trials using a low-tech BSF system on the other hand, enabled demonstrating the technical feasibility of co-digesting FW and FS with the BSF, as well as artificially rearing the BSF in Ghana using a low-tech system. However, further research is needed to characterize the bioconversion products, determine the optimal FW/FS ratio, and optimize the rearing performance of the system. Finally, a costbenefit analysis was conducted to compare three scenarios: (1) co-composting FW and FS into fertilizer; (2) co-digesting FW and FS with BSF into only animal feed; and (3) co-digesting FW and FS with BSF into both animal feed and fertilizer. By building financial models for each scenario and performing a sensitivity analysis, it was established that, in the Ghanaian context, scenario (3) was the most likely to be viable, as well as the most profitable, followed by scenario (1). On the other hand, scenario (2) was associated with a much lower likelihood to be viable. Eventually, the choice of the optimal valorisation option for FW and FS should consider the local context and priorities.
Ghana, ett snabbväxande medelinkomstland med kraftig urbanisering, står inför ett antal utmaningar, bland annat att (1) införa ett sanitärt, miljövänligt och ekonomiskt avfallshanteringssystem; (2) öka sin jordbruksproduktivitet för att möta den växande inhemska efterfrågan på livsmedel på ett hållbart sätt, och (3) erbjuda möjligheter till försörjning både på landsbygden och i städerna. Genom att använda den svarta soldatflugan (SSF), en särskilt fördelaktig insekt, för att lokalt omvandla rikligt förekommande och näringsrika organiska avfallsströmmar, såsom matavfall (MA) och fekalslam (FS) till prisvärda och hållbara jordbruksinsatsvaror, såsom organiskt gödselmedel och djurfoder, skulle man på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt kunna ta itu med alla dessa utmaningar samtidigt. Därför syftade denna studie till (1) att ge en övergripande översikt över SSF-teknik; (2) undersöka den tekniska möjligheten att skapa värdefulla produkter av matavfall och fekalslam med hjälp av ett biotekniskt system med lågteknologisk SSF i Ghana; och (3) bedöma det ekonomiska systemets bärkraft. Först, baserat på en omfattande litteraturstudie och fältbesök, diskuterades SSF-teknikens olika dimensioner, jämfördes SSF-avfallshanteringsmetoden med andra alternativ för organiska avfallsvalorisationer, dokumenterades fallstudier, redovisades forskningsläget och identifierades kunskapsluckor. I ett andra steg genomfördes ett 10 veckors fältarbete som bestod dels av att etablera en SSF-koloni och dokumentera uppfödningsprestanda, dels att göra två avfallsbehandlingsförsök med hjälp av ett SSF-system med lågteknologi. Därigenom visades att det är tekniskt möjligt att sambehandla MA och FS med SSF, liksom att föda upp SSF i Ghana med hjälp av ett lågteknologiskt system. Det behövs dock ytterligare forskning för att karakterisera slutprodukterna, bestämma det optimala MA/FS-förhållandet och optimera systemets uppfödningsprestanda. Slutligen genomfördes en kostnadsnyttoanalys för att jämföra tre scenarier: (1) kompostering av MA och FS till gödselmedel; (2) sambehandling av MA och FS med SSF till endast djurfoder; och (3) sambehandling av MA och FS med SSF till både djurfoder och gödningsmedel. Genom att bygga modeller för varje scenario och genomföra en känslighetsanalys fastställdes att för Ghana var scenario (3) mest sannolikt livskraftigt, liksom det mest lönsamma, följt av scenario (1). Scenario (2) förknippat med en mycket lägre sannolikhet att vara genomförbart. Till sist bör valet av det optimala behandlingsalternativet för MA och FS ta hänsyn till lokala förhållanden.
Le Ghana, pays en voie de développement connaissant une forte croissance et urbanisation, est confronté à un certain nombre de défis, parmi lesquels (1) la mise en place d’un système de gestion des déchets performant du point de vue sanitaire, environnemental, et économique ; (2) l’augmentation durable de sa productivité agricole afin de répondre à la demande alimentaire croissante dans le pays ; et (3) la création d’opportunités économiques pour ses populations rurales et urbaines. Utiliser la mouche soldat noire (MSN), un insecte particulièrement bénéfique, pour valoriser localement et à moindre coût des déchets organiques abondants, riches en nutriments, et responsables d’importants dommages sanitaires et environnementaux, tels que les déchets alimentaires (DA) et boues de vidange (BV), en intrants agricoles écologiques et bon marché, comme des produits alimentaires pour animaux ou de l’engrais organique, contribuerait à relever tous ces défis à la fois. Ainsi, cette étude visait à (1) réaliser un état de l’art de la technologie liée à la MSN ; (2) étudier la faisabilité technique de valoriser les DA et BV à l’aide d’un system à faible technologie reposant sur la MSN ; (2) analyser la viabilité économique d’un tel system dans le contexte Ghanéen. Dans un premier temps, un examen approfondi de la littérature scientifique et des visites d’unités de recyclage utilisant la MSN ont permis d’analyser les différentes dimensions de cette technologie, de la comparer à d’autres options de valorisation pour les déchets organiques, de présenter des études de cas, de donner un aperçu de l’état actuel de la recherche, ainsi que de d’identifier les principales lacunes et besoins en matière de recherche. Dans un second temps, dans le cadre d’une étude de terrain réalisée sur une période de dix semaines, un système d’élevage en captivité de MSN a été mis en place et son efficacité analysée, tandis qu’en parallèle deux séries d’expériences de traitement des déchets ont été réalisées. Ces différentes activités ont permis de démontrer que le co-traitement des DA et BA, ainsi que l’élevage en captivité de la MSN à l’aide d’un system low-tech est techniquement réalisable dans le contexte Ghanéen. Toutefois, des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires afin d’analyses les propriétés des produits de valorisation, d’établir le ratio DA/BV optimal, et d’optimiser les performances d’élevage. Enfin, une analyse coûts-bénéfices a été réalisée afin de comparer trois scenarios : (1) co-compostage des DA et BV afin de produire de l’engrais ; (2) co-traitement des DA et BV à l’aide de la MSN débouchant sur la production d’aliments pour animaux ; et (3) co-traitement des DA et BV à l’aide de la MSN pour produire à la fois des aliments pour animaux et de l’engrais. La construction de modèles financiers et la réalisation d’une analyse de sensibilité ont permis de démontrer que dans le contexte Ghanéen, le scenario (3) présentait la plus grande probabilité d’être viable et était le plus rentable, suivi par le scenario (1). En revanche, la probabilité que le scenario (2) soit viable s’est révélée beaucoup plus faible. Ultimement, la sélection de la meilleure méthode de valorisation devrait tenir compte du contexte et des priorités locaux.

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Mutafela, Richard Nasilele. "High Value Organic Waste Treatment via Black Soldier Fly Bioconversion : Onsite Pilot Study". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-176835.

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The desire for value addition to the organic waste management chain at Högbytorp using the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) process, as well as the problem of the escalating demand for protein in livestock feed motivated this study. Good quality crop land is devoted to growing feed for animals at the expense of human food, and ironically with a full understanding of the associated environmental footprints. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) feed on organic waste voraciously while building their body composition of 40% protein and 30% fat. Their protein can be used in animal feedstock and pet food, replacing the more expensive but nutritionally comparable fishmeal, while their fat can be used for biodiesel production. They can also reduce a waste pile significantly, minimizing possible pollution. In this study, the process was tried on various waste streams (fruits, manure and ‘slurry reject’) at Högbytorp. Biomass conversion, larval fat and protein content, compost by-product characteristics and residence time requirements for each stream were assessed. The study involved literature review, chemical analyses and experimental design (rearing BSFL on waste through their lifecycle). The study yielded waste reduction up to 83% and fat and protein contents up to 42% and 41% respectively, depending on the waste stream. The residence time depended on the age at which the larvae started feeding, but ranged between 8-11 days. If applied in organic waste management chain, the process could contribute to greener energy provision (biodiesel) as well as sustainable protein provision to the animal, fish and pet industries. It could further reduce waste amounts significantly and generate income while contributing to the saving of Earth’s limited resources.

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Lundgren, Kristina. "Impact of fly specific bacteria on fly larvae composting". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-377636.

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About one third of all edible food is wasted globally each year. This calls for improvements in resource and waste management. An interesting solution for organic waste is fly larvae composting, which both produces protein in the form of larvae and a nutrient rich residue. The larvae can be used as animal feed while the residue can be applied as an organic fertilizer, thus recycling the nutrients. Fly larvae composting with the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is relatively new, but there is extensive research on how the treatment is affected by different parameters, e.g. temperature, moisture and type of organic waste that is treated. The role of bacteria has only been the topic of a few studies in recent years but has shown promising positive effects on larval growth. This study investigated the impact of bacteria isolated from BSF eggs on fly larvae composting of food waste by BSF larvae. The study was done in two experimental phases. In phase I, groups of three bacteria were added to each treatment together with the larvae and only single treatments were executed; in phase II triplicates of promising groups of three, two or single bacteria were evaluated. The results of phase I suggested that selected groupings of bacteria could either decrease or increase the bioconversion ratio and in general decrease the reduction ratio of the food waste, while the survival ratio did not seem to be impacted. However, in phase II no significant difference (p<0.05) between the treatments with bacteria and the control were found for any evaluated variables. Interestingly, the variation in resulting bioconversion ratio and reduction ratio (on a VS basis) was found to be reduced when one or more bacteria were present. The coefficient of variation in bioconversion ratio was 9.5% for the control compared to between 2.5% and 6.1% for treatments with bacteria. For the reduction ratio the variation was reduced from 5.6% and to between 0.9% and 4.6% for the bacteria treatments. Hence, seeding with bacteria may improve stability of the process, which is especially interesting when scaling up the process.
Globalt slängs ungefär en tredjedel av all ätbar mat. Därmed finns ett stort behov av säker och hållbar avfallshantering. En intressant lösning för organiskt avfall är fluglarvskompostering, som både producerar protein i form av larver och en näringsrik behandlingsrest. Larverna kan exempelvis användas som djurfoder medan behandlings-resten kan användas som gödselmedel, vilket innebär att näring kan återvinnas. Fluglarvskompostering med amerikansk vapenfluga (BSF), Hermetia illucens, är en relativt ny teknik men det finns redan omfattande forskning på hur olika processparametrar, t.ex. temperatur och vattenhalt, påverkar processen. Bakteriers roll har studerats endast i ett fåtal studier men de indikerar att tillsats av bakterier kan ha en positiv inverkan på larvernas tillväxt. Den här studien har därför undersökt hur tillsats av bakterier isolerade från BSF ägg påverkar fluglarvskompostering av matavfall med BSF larver. Studien gjordes i två experimentella delar. I fas I undersöktes effekten av tillsats av bakteriegrupper om tre bakterier till matavfallet samtidigt med larverna; i fas II utfördes triplikat av lovande bakteriegrupper med tre, två eller enstaka bakterier. Resultaten från fas I indikerade att olika bakteriegrupper antingen kunde höja eller sänka bioomvandlingskvoten och generellt gav en minskning i materialreduktions-kvoten medan överlevnadsgraden inte verkade påverkas i samma utsträckning. I fas II observerades däremot ingen signifikant skillnad (p<0,05) mellan någon av bakteriebehandlingarna och kontrollen för samtliga processvariabler. Variationen i resulterande bioomvandlingskvot och materialreduktionskvot (på VS basis) var dock lägre för bakteriebehandlingarna jämfört med kontrollen. Variationen i bioomvandlings-kvot var 9,5% för kontrollen jämfört med 2,5-6,1% för bakteriebehandlingarna. För materialreduktionskvoten minskade variationen från 5,6% till mellan 0,9% och 4,6%. Detta tyder på att tillsats av bakterier kan förbättra stabiliteten hos fluglarvskompostering, vilket är särskilt intressant vid uppskalning av processen.

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Ingram, Ty (Ty L. ). "Evaluating the feasibility of using screw conveyors as a means to continuously grow black soldier fly larvae". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119951.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 38).
This research attempted to assess the feasibility of using screw conveyors as a means of continuously rearing black soldier fly larvae. Farming of the black soldier fly (BSF) has gained popularity in recent years as means to supply protein for animal feed and recycle food waste. However current methods for BSF farming are labor intensive and costly. This is due partly from the batch system in which BSFs are grown. It is also a factor of space inefficiency, as BSF larvae can only live in the first 7-10 cm of the substrate they are grown in due to oxygen depletion. Screw conveyors in theory could solve both these problems by allowing for continuous production and mixing which could aerate the substrate preventing oxygen depletion. In order to test the feasibility of using screw conveyors an analysis was done to predicted energy cost. Based on the calculations done in this work energy cost would be trivial, on the order of 0.01 US dollars or less per pound of dry weight BSF larvae. Physical experiments were also done on the effectiveness of mixing in aerating the substrate and allowing BSF larvae to live deeper. This involved filling a tube with substrate and BSF larvae to various depth between 15 and 45 cm and measuring oxygen levels at the bottom depth. The tube was also flipped to simulate mixing. While there is a high level of uncertainty, the results in general indicate oxygen was depleted in the substrate on the order of 5-10 minutes for depths bellow 15 cm. This does not support the feasibility of using screw conveyors for BSF farming as the conveyor would have to be running almost constantly to prevent the development of anaerobic conditions. However many factors in this research where high conservative and the development of anaerobic zones in BSF substrate and the effects of mixing warrant further research.
by Ty Ingram.
S.B.

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Banks, I. J. "To assess the impact of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae on faecal reduction in pit latrines". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2014. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1917781/.

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On-site sanitation solutions are an economically feasible method of improving sanitation, and for reducing the burden of diarrhoeal diseases, in low- and middle-income countries. However, suitable faecal sludge management (FSM) solutions are severely lacking in these countries. Black solider fly larvae (BSFL) efficiently reduce food-waste and animal manure, and produce valuable prepupae, high in protein and fat, supporting investigation into a novel BSFL FSM method. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using BSFL as a FSM method, by evaluating their faecal matter reduction (FMR), and prepupal production capacity, when reared on FS under different conditions. Black soldier fly larvae were found to develop successfully on fresh human faeces, effectively reducing waste and converting it to prepupal biomass. A survey of pit latrines in South Africa found physical and chemical characteristics of faecal sludge (FS) similar to previous studies in countries requiring novel FSM methods, with characteristics falling within a range suitable for BSFL development. Key rearing parameters, moisture content, feeding rate, and larval density, significantly influence FMR and prepupal production of BSFL reared on “top layer” homogenised FS. Black soldier fly larvae were found to effectively reduce FS from a variety of depths, each with a range of physical and chemical characteristics, and produce prepupae with nutritious values comparable to previous research, excepting crude fats. The study also demonstrated that reported cleaning chemicals in FS do not affect BSFL mortality at manufacturer recommended, or user reported concentrations. It is proposed that the use of a novel BSFL FSM method is an economically feasible method of improving sanitation in low- and middle-income countries, and may help reduce the burden of diarrhoeal diseases.

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Larouche, Jennifer, i Jennifer Larouche. "Processing methods for the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae : From feed withdrawal periods to killing methods". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37923.

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Les larves de mouches soldats noires représentent un ingrédient alternatif prometteur pour le bétail, mais les étapes de transformation peuvent affecter leur qualité. Les périodes de vidange gastrique utilisées pour évacuer les excréments du tractus digestif afin de réduire sa charge microbienne, et les méthodes d’abattage sont variables et peu documentées. Ce projet vise à optimiser la vidange gastrique et l’abattage des larves pour en maximiser la qualité. En effet, un jeûne prolongé et une méthode d’abattage inadéquate pourraient altérer la composition et la microbiologie du produit. Le temps d’évacuation du tractus digestif des larves alimentées de Gainesville a été déterminé en suivant l’excrétion des fèces aux douze heures. Puis, l’impact du temps de jeûne sur la composition et la contamination ont été mesurés quotidiennement pendant quatre jours. Également, les effets de dix méthodes d’abattage sur la composition, la microbiologie et la coloration ont été comparés : ébouillantage (40 s), dessiccation (60 °C, 30 min), congélation (-20 °C et -40 °C, 1 h; azote liquide, 40 s), hautes pressions hydrostatiques (3 min, 600 MPa), broyage (2 min) et asphyxie (CO2 et conditionnement sous vide, 120 h; N2, 144 h). Bien que le temps d’évacuation du tractus digestif médian fût de 72 h, un jeûne de 96 h n’a pas permis de réduire la contamination. Certaines méthodes d’abattage ont affecté le pH, la stabilité de la couleur ainsi que la charge microbienne. De plus, ébouillantage, asphyxie et dessiccation ont affecté la composition proximale et l’oxydation des lipides. Malgré l’incapacité de la vidange gastrique à réduire la contamination des larves, l’ébouillantage apparait comme la méthode la plus appropriée en réduisant la charge microbienne et l’humidité tout en minimisant l’oxydation des lipides. Nous proposons donc un protocole pour abattre les larves répondant aux exigences réglementaires canadiennes en matière de transformation des insectes.
Les larves de mouches soldats noires représentent un ingrédient alternatif prometteur pour le bétail, mais les étapes de transformation peuvent affecter leur qualité. Les périodes de vidange gastrique utilisées pour évacuer les excréments du tractus digestif afin de réduire sa charge microbienne, et les méthodes d’abattage sont variables et peu documentées. Ce projet vise à optimiser la vidange gastrique et l’abattage des larves pour en maximiser la qualité. En effet, un jeûne prolongé et une méthode d’abattage inadéquate pourraient altérer la composition et la microbiologie du produit. Le temps d’évacuation du tractus digestif des larves alimentées de Gainesville a été déterminé en suivant l’excrétion des fèces aux douze heures. Puis, l’impact du temps de jeûne sur la composition et la contamination ont été mesurés quotidiennement pendant quatre jours. Également, les effets de dix méthodes d’abattage sur la composition, la microbiologie et la coloration ont été comparés : ébouillantage (40 s), dessiccation (60 °C, 30 min), congélation (-20 °C et -40 °C, 1 h; azote liquide, 40 s), hautes pressions hydrostatiques (3 min, 600 MPa), broyage (2 min) et asphyxie (CO2 et conditionnement sous vide, 120 h; N2, 144 h). Bien que le temps d’évacuation du tractus digestif médian fût de 72 h, un jeûne de 96 h n’a pas permis de réduire la contamination. Certaines méthodes d’abattage ont affecté le pH, la stabilité de la couleur ainsi que la charge microbienne. De plus, ébouillantage, asphyxie et dessiccation ont affecté la composition proximale et l’oxydation des lipides. Malgré l’incapacité de la vidange gastrique à réduire la contamination des larves, l’ébouillantage apparait comme la méthode la plus appropriée en réduisant la charge microbienne et l’humidité tout en minimisant l’oxydation des lipides. Nous proposons donc un protocole pour abattre les larves répondant aux exigences réglementaires canadiennes en matière de transformation des insectes.
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae represents a promising alternative ingredient for animal feed, but post-production processing can affect their quality. Feed withdrawal periods (FWP) used to evacuate fecal matter from the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the microbial load (ML), and killing methods are variable and poorly documented. This project aims to optimize the FWP and killing methods of BSF larvae to maximize product quality. Indeed, a prolonged FWP and an inappropriate killing method could alter larvae composition and ML. The gastrointestinal evacuation time (GET) of BSF larvae fed on coloured Gainesville diet was determined by following frass excretion every 12 h for 108 h. Then, FWP impact on the proximate composition and ML was measured daily over four days. Finally, the effects on the chemical composition, ML and colour of 10 killing methods were compared, i.e., blanching (B = 40 s), desiccation (D = 60 °C, 30 min), freezing (F20 = − 20 °C, 1 h; F40 = − 40 °C, 1 h; N = liquid nitrogen, 40 s), high hydrostatic pressure (HHP = 3 min, 600 MPa), grinding (G = 2 min) and asphyxiation (CO2 = 120 h; N2 = 144 h ; vacuum conditioning, V = 120 h). Although, the median GET was 72 h, a 96 h FWP did not reduce larvae ML. Certain killing methods affected the pH (B, asphyxiation), total moisture (B, asphyxiation and D), ash (B), lipid content (asphyxiation) and lipid oxidation (B, asphyxiation and D), as well as the colour stability during freeze-drying. FWP were ineffective in reducing the ML. Blanching appeared as the most appropriate method since it minimizes lipid oxidation, reduces ML and total moisture (78.1 ± 1.0%). Our studies propose a standardize protocol to kill BSF that meet the Canadian regulatory requirements of the insect production and processing industry.
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae represents a promising alternative ingredient for animal feed, but post-production processing can affect their quality. Feed withdrawal periods (FWP) used to evacuate fecal matter from the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the microbial load (ML), and killing methods are variable and poorly documented. This project aims to optimize the FWP and killing methods of BSF larvae to maximize product quality. Indeed, a prolonged FWP and an inappropriate killing method could alter larvae composition and ML. The gastrointestinal evacuation time (GET) of BSF larvae fed on coloured Gainesville diet was determined by following frass excretion every 12 h for 108 h. Then, FWP impact on the proximate composition and ML was measured daily over four days. Finally, the effects on the chemical composition, ML and colour of 10 killing methods were compared, i.e., blanching (B = 40 s), desiccation (D = 60 °C, 30 min), freezing (F20 = − 20 °C, 1 h; F40 = − 40 °C, 1 h; N = liquid nitrogen, 40 s), high hydrostatic pressure (HHP = 3 min, 600 MPa), grinding (G = 2 min) and asphyxiation (CO2 = 120 h; N2 = 144 h ; vacuum conditioning, V = 120 h). Although, the median GET was 72 h, a 96 h FWP did not reduce larvae ML. Certain killing methods affected the pH (B, asphyxiation), total moisture (B, asphyxiation and D), ash (B), lipid content (asphyxiation) and lipid oxidation (B, asphyxiation and D), as well as the colour stability during freeze-drying. FWP were ineffective in reducing the ML. Blanching appeared as the most appropriate method since it minimizes lipid oxidation, reduces ML and total moisture (78.1 ± 1.0%). Our studies propose a standardize protocol to kill BSF that meet the Canadian regulatory requirements of the insect production and processing industry.

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Shumo, Marwa Abdel Hamid Ibrahim Hassan [Verfasser]. "Use of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) in bioconversion and feed production / Marwa Abdel Hamid Ibrahim Hassan Shumo". Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1228978956/34.

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Beniers, Julian. "Enzyme localization in the digestive tract of black soldier fly larvae, by freeze-substitution and glycol methacrylate inclusion". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69802.

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Barry, Tami. "Evaluation of the Economic, Social, and Biological Feasibility of Bioconverting Food Wastes with the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4639/.

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Food waste in the waste stream is becoming an important aspect of integrated waste management systems. Current efforts are composting and animal feeding. However, these food waste disposal practices rely on slow thermodynamic processes of composting or finding farmers with domestic animals capable of consuming the food wastes. Bioconversion, a potential alternative, is a waste management practice that converts food waste to insect larval biomass and organic residue. This project uses a native and common non-pest insect in Texas, the black soldier fly, which processes large quantities of food wastes, as well as animal wastes and sewage in its larval stage. The goal of this research is to facilitate the identification and development of the practical parameters of bioconversion methods at a large cafeteria. Three major factors were selected to evaluate the practicality of a bioconversion system: (1) the biological constraints on the species; (2) the economic costs and benefits for the local community; (3) the perception of and interaction between the public and management agencies with respect to the bioconversion process. Results indicate that bioconversion is feasible on all levels. Larvae tolerate and consume food waste as well as used cooking grease, reducing the overall waste volume by 30-70% in a series of experiments, with an average reduction of 50%. The economical benefits are reduced collection costs and profit from the sale of pupae as a feedstuff, which could amount to as much as $1,200 per month under optimal conditions. Social acceptance is possible, but requires education of the public, specifically targeting school children. Potential impediments to social acceptance include historical attitudes and ignorance, which could be overcome through effective educational efforts.

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Alattar, Manar Arica. "Biological Treatment of Leachates of Microaerobic Fermentation". PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/905.

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Microaerobic fermentation (MF) is a process of controlled degradation of organic waste material that occurs in enclosed fermentors under micro-aerobic conditions at near-room temperature. MF processing of vegetal materials progresses to endpoints in about 2-5 weeks. During MF processing, an acidic leachate rich in organic acids and alcohols is produced. The research presented in this thesis focuses on the efficiency of MF pre-processing of feedstock containing fibrous lignocellulosic (FLC) materials; efficiency of microbial and insect larvae-based treatments of MF leachate; tolerance of the Black Soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to various biological inhibitors common in leachate; and effectiveness of using MF and BSFL solid and liquid processing products as agricultural fertilizers. Results indicate that MF is unsuitable for pre-processing of FLC materials. Enhanced MF leachate treatment may increase efficiency of FLC processing though. Leachate can be efficiently treated using BSFL which decrease overall leachate toxicity. BSFL are able to tolerate increased levels of many of the biological inhibitors within the leachate including ethanol, acetate, pH extremes and temperature. MF solid residues increased corn plant growth when amended into soil, but residues resulting from BSFL processing of solid organics stunted corn plant growth. Short-term phytotoxicity of MF leachate was eliminated by diluting it 10 - 10,000 times or through BSFL processing. It can be concluded that MF processing of organics is beneficial for producing solid soil amendments from non-FLC materials and that dilution or BSFL treatment of MF leachate leads to a beneficial liquid fertilizer.

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Uche, Cosmas Chinedu. "Fabrication of nanomaterials from biomass for adsorption and antimicrobial applications". University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7330.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The Black soldier fly (BSF) is an environmentally friendly and sustainable insect utilised in the decomposition of organic waste. This is due to its voracious consumption capability, disruptive functions and economic importance. The sustained global increase in commercial BSF farming has resulted in an expanded waste generation from its carcases to which beneficial uses ought to be developed. This study focused on the beneficial use of the generated waste by extracting chitosan from waste pupae and commercially reared BSF adult carcases. The study also considered the conversion of the extracted chitosan to nanofibres and nanoparticles for application in adsorption of inorganic Pb2+ or Cd2+ and antimicrobial studies, respectively. To achieve the aim of this study, the optimal extraction conditions of chitin and chitosan from both pupal exuviae and adult BSF waste materials were attained after a series of experiments. The extraction process involved three stages which were demineralisation, deproteination and deacetylation. The extracted adult and pupal chitin and chitosan were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and solid-state carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR). Additionally, the adult (ACH20_9) and pupal (PCH21_9) chitosan samples, due to their solubility, were further characterised to determine their molecular weight, fat and water binding capacities, solubility and ash contents.
2021-09-30

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Hammarsten, Hanna. "Miljösystemanalys av amerikansk vapenfluga (Hermetia illucens) som fiskfoder : En studie av ett insektsbaserat fiskfoder i ett akvaponiskt system". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254466.

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Förenta nationerna förutser en global befolkningsökning med 2 miljarder människor till 2050, vilket motsvara en total befolkningsmängd på nära 10 miljarder människor. Dessutom förväntas ökningen ske oproportionerligt över jorden och koncentreras i delar av världen där livsmedelssäkerheten är låg och produktionen otillräcklig. FN:s livsmedels- och jordbruksorganisation (FAO) uppskattar att det kommer krävas en produktionsökning med 70% för att möta livsmedelsbehovet för den globala populationen. Att odla fisk som alternativ till konventionellt fiske är en möjlighet att möta den ökande efterfrågan på animaliskt protein då de naturliga fiskbestånden minskar. Akvaponiska odling är ett kombinerat odlingssystem av hydroponisk odling och vattenbruk som möjliggör minskade risker kopplade till övergödning och smitning. Dock är fiskodlingarnas konsumtion av foderfisk problematisk. Insekter är ett av många foderalternativ som ofta nämns som en klimatsmart lösning då insekter är platseffektiva att odla och har en hög förmåga att omvandla biomassa till högvärdigt protein. En art som fått extra mycket uppmärksamhet inom detta område är den amerikanska vapenflugan (Hermetia illucens). Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om implementeringen av ett insektsbaserat fiskfoder med vapenflugelarver kan sänka klimat- och miljöpåverkan från en fiskodling jämfört med att använda ett konventionellt fiskfoder baserat på ingredienser från vildfångad havsfisk. Detta har gjorts genom utförandet av en litteraturstudie av det konventionella fiskfodret och en livscykelanalys av larvproduktionens påverkan inom dessa fyra miljöpåverkansindikatorer: total energianvändning, klimatpåverkan (GWP), foderfiskkonsumtion (FIFO) och försurning. Resultatet av studien visade att det framförallt är lokalen för produktionen som konsumerar energi för uppvärmning, ventilation och belysning. Utöver detta visade sig bearbetning av larverna (torkning) vara en energiintensiv process. Från klimatperspektiv är det själva komposteringsprocessen som förorsakar de största enskilda utsläppen av växthusgaser. Resultatet visar vidare att produktionen av den amerikanska fluglarven presterar bättre för de studerade faktorerna än det konventionella fiskfodret och att den således har potential som foderkomponent. Fallstudien visar att den undersökta akvaponianläggningen kan minska sin påverkan inom samtliga effektkategorier jämfört med ett nyttjande av konventionellt foder. Dock är studiens utfall beroende av vilka förutsättningar som finns gällande produktionens geografiska placering och således vilken elmix som nyttjas samt vilken tillgången är på lämpliga substrat såsom matsvinn.
The United Nations foresees a global population increase of 2 billion people by 2050, corresponding to a total population of nearly 10 billion people. In addition, the increase is expected to be disproportionate over the earth and concentrated to parts of the world where food safety is low and production insufficient. The Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that a production increase of 70% will be required to meet the food needs of the global population. Growing fish as an alternative to conventional fishing is an opportunity to meet the increasing demand for animal protein as the natural fish stocks decrease. Aquaponics is a combined cultivation system of hydroponic cultivation and aquaculture that reduces risks associated with eutrophication, invasive species and diffusion of antibiotics and chemicals. However, the consumption of feed fish is problematic in in both traditional aquaculture and in aquaponic cultivation. Insects are one of many feed alternatives that are often referred to as a climate-smart solution since they are effective to grow from a land use perspective and have a high ability to convert biomass into high-quality protein. One species that has received extra attention in this area is the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). The purpose of this study has been to investigate whether the implementation of an insect-based fish feed with black soldier fly larvae can reduce the environmental impacts of an aquaponic cultivation farm compared to using conventional fish feed based on ingredients from wild-caught sea fish. This has been done by carrying out a literature study of the conventional fish feed and a life cycle analysis of the influence of larva production within these four environmental impact indicators: total energy use, climate impact (GWP), feed fish consumption (FIFO) and acidification. The results of this study showed that the main energy use for the production of larvae is energy for heating, ventilation and lighting of the production location. In addition, the processing of the larvae (drying) was showed to be an energy intensive process as well. From a climate perspective, it is the composting process carried out by the larvae that causes the largest individual emissions of greenhouse gases. The result also shows that the production of the black soldier fly larvae performs better within the four environmental impact indicators than the conventional fish feed and thus it has the potential as a more sustainable feed component. The case study shows that the analyzed aquaponic farm can reduce its impact in all studied impact categories compared to using conventional feed. However, the study's outcome depends on the current circumstances regarding geographical location of the production, the electricity mix used as well as the availability suitable substrates such as food waste.

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Altmann, Brianne Andrea [Verfasser]. "The meat science perspective of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as alternative protein feeds in broiler and swine production / Brianne Andrea Altmann". Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218780754/34.

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Teixeira, Filho Nelson Poli, i 92-98855-1985. "Devoradores de lixo: aspectos biológicos, produtivos e nutricionais da mosca soldado Hermetia illucens (L., 1758) (Díptera; Stratiomyidae) em resíduos sólidos orgânicos em Manaus, AM". Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2018. https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/6377.

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Among the problems explosive world population growth brings to the environment, this work proposes one possible solution to mitigate two problems: disposal of organic solid waste, and the pressure on the current supply of food protein. This solution is based on mass production of Hermetia Illucens larvae (L., 1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), also known as black soldier fly, to degrade organic solid waste, and also serve as an alternative source of animal protein. The optimization of this solution lies on understanding the biology of the insect to find out the relation of the quality and optimal amounts of organic matter to ensure its degradation, and enhance the larvae growth. Finally, knowing the quality of the larvae protein is fundamental to finding its consumer market. To understand these questions, quantitative experiments and analyzes were made. The organic solid residues used as food for the larvae showed in their centesimal composition 66% of humidity, 63,8% of carbohydrates, 13,8% of crude protein and 18,1% of fat. For the mass production of Hermetia Illucens larvae, the study sought to understand its life cycle in the Amazonian biome in comparison to the existing literature. In relation to the larvae biology, it was possible to observe an oviposition rate around 1002 eggs/female. The mating time takes about 15 minutes. It was observed a cycle of about 36 days from oviposition to adulthood. The eggs hatched on average at 74,75 hours. The development time of the larva from egg to the pre-pupae phase took around 21 days and pupation time 17,5 days. 74,48% of the egg reach the adult stage with a sex ratio of 3 males by 1 female. Regarding the supply of the optimum quantity of food to be supplied, it was concluded that for each 100 mg of Hermetia Illucens eggs, the supply of 2000g of restaurant waste in 2 fractions of 1000g with a 5-day feeding interval reached the best potential of dry. It was observed a organic solid waste weight reduction of 83,75% with a conversion rate of solid residue in proteic biomass of 23,2%. The pre-pupal as raw material for the production of animal protein showed 40% of crude protein and 32,6% of fat, while the flour of defatted pre-pupal showed levels around 58, 3% crude protein and 6.6% fat. The pre-pupal meal aminogram showed levels of essential amino acids above traditionally used protein sources, such as meat-and-bone meal, poultry viscera meal and soybean meal. The analysis of the fatty acids obtained from the larva brought high levels of lauric and palmitic acid, corroborating with the literature. This work has provided a good indication that the mass production of black soldier fly for degradation of organic waste and subsequent use as an animal protein is an excellent sustainable alternative to problems related to organic solid waste and alternative sources of protein.
Entre os problemas que o crescimento da população mundial explosiva traz ao meio ambiente, este trabalho propõe uma possível solução para mitigar dois deles: descarte de resíduos sólidos orgânicos e pressão sobre o fornecimento atual de proteína alimentar. Esta solução baseia-se na produção em massa de larvas de Hermetia illucens (L., 1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), também conhecida como mosca soldado negra, para degradar resíduos sólidos orgânicos e também como fonte alternativa de proteína animal. A otimização desta solução reside na compreensão da biologia do inseto para descobrir a relação da qualidade e quantidades ideais de matéria orgânica para garantir sua degradação e aumentar o crescimento das larvas. Finalmente, conhecer a qualidade da proteína larval é fundamental para encontrar seu mercado consumidor. Para entender essas questões, foram realizadas experiências e análises quantitativas. Os resíduos sólidos orgânicos utilizados como alimento para as larvas mostraram na sua composição centesimal 66% de umidade, 63,8% de carboidratos, 13,8% de proteína bruta e 18,1% de gordura. Para a produção em massa de larvas de Hermetia illucens, o estudo procurou entender seu ciclo de vida no bioma amazônico em comparação com a literatura existente. Em relação à biologia das larvas, foi possível observar uma taxa de oviposição em torno de 1002 ovos / fêmea. O tempo de acasalamento leva cerca de 15 minutos. Observou-se um ciclo de cerca de 36 dias desde a oviposição até a idade adulta. Os ovos eclodiram em uma média de 74,75 horas. O tempo de desenvolvimento da larva do ovo para a fase pré-pupae levou cerca de 21 dias e o tempo de pupação 17,5 dias. 74,48% dos ovos atingem o estágio adulto com uma proporção sexual de 3 machos para 1 fêmea. No que diz respeito ao fornecimento da quantidade ótima de alimentos, concluiu-se que, para cada 100 mg de ovos de Hermetia illucens, o suprimento de 2000g de resíduo de restaurante em 2 frações de 1000 g com intervalo de alimentação de 5 dias atingiu o melhor potencial de redução de matéria orgânica. Observou-se uma redução de peso de resíduos sólidos orgânicos de 83,75% com uma taxa de conversão de resíduos sólidos em biomassa proteica de 23,2%. A pré-pupa como matéria-prima para a produção de proteínas animais apresentou 40% de proteína bruta e 32,6% de gordura, enquanto a farinha de pré-pupa desengordurada apresentou níveis em torno de 58,3% de proteína bruta e 6,6% de gordura. O aminograma da farinha de pré-pupa mostrou níveis de aminoácidos essenciais acima das fontes de proteína tradicionalmente utilizadas, como farinha de carne e osso, farinha de vísceras de aves e farelo de soja. A análise dos ácidos gordurosos obtidos a partir da larva trouxe altos níveis de ácido láurico e palmítico, corroborando com a literatura. Este trabalho forneceu uma boa indicação de que a produção em massa da mosca soldado negra para a degradação de resíduos orgânicos e posterior utilização como proteína animal é uma excelente alternativa sustentável aos problemas relacionados aos resíduos orgânicos sólidos e fontes alternativas de proteína.

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TAFI, ELENA. "Use of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) as an alternative source of chitin and chitosan for the production of biopolymeric films in agro-food applications". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi della Basilicata, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11563/154465.

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Chitin and chitosan are natural polymer of great technological and economic interest, finding several applications in many different fields. Chitin is a structural component of the exoskeleton of arthropods and the fungal cell wall, while chitosan is its main deacetylated derivative. Currently, chitin is industrially extracted from fishery waste, mainly crustacean shells. The debate on the sustainability of this resource and the constant increase in market demand for chitin and chitosan have driven the search for alternative sources. In this context, insects are gaining great interest. In recent decades, large-scale insect breeding facilities for feed production and organic waste disposal have arisen all over the world. These farms generate large amounts of insect waste biomass (i.e., exuviae left over from moulting processes and dead insects) rich in chitin that could be exploited as a source for the extraction of this polymer. The aim of this work was to investigate different insect biomasses (larvae, pupal exuviae and adults) generated from the farming of the dipteran Hermetia illucens (the most widely bred species in Europe) as sources of chitin and chitosan. Chitosan was produced with the purpose of being used for the production of coatings for the preservation of fresh fruits. From the three different sources of H. illucens, chitin with characteristics and purity similar to that commercially available from crustaceans was extracted. The highest yield (23%) was obtained from pupal exuviae. From the analysis of the composition of the material obtained after each step of the chitin extraction process, it was possible to calculate the efficiency of the extraction methods applied, which were suitable for removing components extraneous to chitin from the raw insect sample. The chitosan obtained from the deacetylation of chitin had some different characteristics than commercial chitosan, particularly a very low viscosity and molecular weight. This, together with the presence of impurities found in one sample, suggests the need to modify the deacetylation process or some parameters of the chitin extraction method. Chitosan produced from larvae, pupal exuviae and adults of H. illucens was used to produce coating solutions that were applied to cherry tomatoes, strawberries, apricots and nectarines. The preservative effect of the insect-derived chitosan coating was evaluated by investigating changes occurred in the weight, pH, titratable acidity and total soluble solids content of fruits during the storage period. Preliminary promising results were obtained from this investigation: chitosan from H. illucens had similar or, in some cases, better effects than commercial chitosan; often no different effects were observed in coated fruits than in uncoated fruits, but coating with chitosan had better effects than coating with only solvent solution (a non-optimal formulation of the solvent is hypothesised); chitosan obtained by homogeneous deacetylation always had worse effects than heterogeneous chitosan; it was observed that bleaching treatment applied to chitin may negatively affect the performance of the resulting chitosan. Furthermore, the chitosan coating was particularly effective in reducing and delaying spontaneous mould growth on the fruit during storage. This work has therefore highlighted the potential of H. illucens as a source of chitin and chitosan to be used in the agri-food sector as an alternative packaging. The results obtained are encouraging, although further studies are needed to fully optimise the extraction processes of these polymers in order to obtain the best characteristics for the desired applications.

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ZARANTONIELLO, MATTEO. "Future feeds in aquaculture: insects as a new ingredient for fish culture". Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/299201.

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Nell’ambito di un’acquacultura in continua espansione, la formulazione dei mangimi è stata identificata come uno dei principali fattori che possono comprometterne la sostenibilità ecologica ed economica. In questo contesto, la presente tesi di dottorato è stata incentrata sulla valutazione di una possibile transizione verso formulazioni mangimistiche innovative, caratterizzate da contenuti ridotti di materie prime convenzionali e non più sostenibili e dall’utilizzo della farina di prepupe di Hermetia illucens (mosca soldato nera) come ingrediente alternativo. Questa specie di insetto (i) è caratterizzata da un buon profilo nutrizionale e dalla presenza di molecole bioattive che possono esercitare un ruolo benefico sulla salute dei pesci e (ii) rappresenta una promettente soluzione per la possibilità sfruttare la sua grande efficienza di conversione del substrato di crescita per migliorare ulteriormente il suo profilo nutrizionale (specialmente in acidi grassi polinsaturi omega 3 a lunga catena) permettendo di introdurre il concetto di economia circolare nel settore dell’acquacoltura. Nella presente tesi, sono stati studiati gli effetti fisiologici di diversi livelli di inclusione di farina di prepupe di Hermetia illucens nella dieta, inizialmente su un modello sperimentale (zebrafish; Danio rerio) considerando il suo intero ciclo vitale e il possibile impatto sulla generazione successiva e, successivamente, su specie di interesse commerciale, una d’acqua dolce (storione siberiano, Acipenser baerii) e una marina (orata, Sparus aurata), dando particolare risalto alle performance di crescita, alla composizione in acidi grassi del filetto e alla salute del fegato e del tratto intestinale. Nel complesso, i risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato che percentuali di inclusione di farina di prepupe rispetto a ingredienti di origine marina e vegetale fino al 50 e al 40 %, rispettivamente, possono promuovere la salute e il benessere dei pesci allevati e la qualità del prodotto. In particolare, le prove sperimentali incluse nella presente tesi rappresentano un esempio di come l’acquacoltura possa essere implementata con il riutilizzo di sottoprodotti derivati da altri settori e con la sostituzione parziale degli ingredienti convenzionali con alternative più sostenibili garantendo, al contempo, la produzione di pesci sani e la riduzione dell’impatto ambientale.
In an ever-expanding aquaculture industry, aquafeed formulation has been identified as one of the key factors challenging the long-term ecological and economical sustainability of this sector. In this context, the present PhD thesis aimed to evaluate the possible transition to future feeds in aquaculture characterized by lower amounts of conventional marine- and plant- derived raw materials by using the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; BSF) prepupae meal in aquafeed formulation. This insect species (i) is characterized by a good nutritional profile and by the presence of bioactive molecules that can exert a beneficial role on fish health and (ii) represents a promising solution due to the possibility to take advantage of its high feed conversion efficiency to ameliorate its nutritional profile (especially in terms of n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) giving the possibility to introduce the circular economy concept to aquaculture sector. In the present thesis, the physiological effects of different dietary inclusion levels of BSF prepupae meal were investigated firstly on an experimental model (zebrafish; Danio rerio) considering its whole life cycle and the possible impact on the first filial generation and then focusing on a freshwater (Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii) and a marine (gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata) farmed fish species, giving particular emphasis to fish growth, fillet fatty acids composition and liver/gut health. Overall, results obtained evidenced that dietary inclusion levels of BSF prepupae meal respect to marine- and plant -derived ingredients up to 50 and 40 %, respectively, can promote fish health, welfare and quality of the product. Specifically, the fish trials performed for the present PhD thesis represent an example of how aquaculture could be implemented with the re-use of land-produced by-products and with the partial substitution of conventional ingredients with more sustainable and eco-friendly ones like BSF prepupae meal, while sustaining the production of healthy fish and reducing the associated environmental footprint.

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Fadhila, Audinisa. "Integrating novel circular economy technologies in complex trans-sector value chains : Case study of insect larvae conversion technology within waste and feed value chains". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284339.

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Even as the current linear value chains (LVC) of organic waste and animal feed hold the potential to become circular, these practices continue to pose major environmental risks such as deforestation and overfishing. Therefore, a novel circular value chain (CVC) is proposed, connecting the organic waste stream with animal feed production by the use of insect-based organic waste conversion technology. The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is chosen as the insect-based conversion technology since it has nutritional properties, which serves both waste treatment and animal feed material production purposes. Although there are already initiatives and collaborations in the Swedish context, the transition has not yet been successful. The study aims to identify and propose required solutions for the value chain transition. By using the transitional study tools of Technological Innovation System (TIS) and Multi Level Perspective (MLP) alongside sustainable value chain transition studies, it is found that technological and information-related adjustments are required to further enable the transition. Technological adjustments are studied from the perspective of Ragn-Sells AB as a potential insect- based organic waste conversion actor. Scenarios to see economical sustainability were designed based on the quantity fluctuation of waste as material input (3,000 tons per year and 15,000 tons per year), possibility of automated operation which affects both investment and operating costs of the facility, and procurement of small BSF larvae (off-site and in-site breeding). From the different scenarios designed, it is found that the scenario with the capacity of 15,000 tons per year, higher investment due to automation, and on-site breeding is the most preferable for the case. To answer information- related needs, an Informational Flow Framework (IFF) is proposed. The IFF consists of “Value Chain Stakeholders”, “CVC Relevant Regulations”, “Information Data Pool”, and “Information Flow”. The framework’s main function is to identify the type of material information required to be distributed in the system and the stakeholders whom require and/or provide various information, with the main goal of increasing the trust among the stakeholders related to material information.
Trots att den nuvarande linjära värdekedjan (Linear Value Chain) för organiskt avfall och djurfoder har potentialen för en cirkulär ekonomi, så utgör den nuvarande praxisen fortfarande stora risker såsom avskogning samt överfiske. Därför föreslås en ny cirkulär värdekedja (Circular Value Chain), som förbinder den organiska avfallsströmmen med djurfoderproduktion med användning av insektbaserad omvandlingsteknologi för organiskt avfall. Svart soldat fluga (Black Soldier Fly/BSF) utses som den insektsbaserade omvandlingsteknologin eftersom den har näringsegenskaper som bistår både avfallsbehandling och djurfoderproduktionsändamål. Trots att det redan finns initiativ och samarbeten i det svenska sammanhanget har övergången ännu inte lyckats. Studien syftar till att identifiera och föreslå nödvändiga lösningar för den cirkuläravärdekedjan. Genom att använda övergångsstudieverktygen av Teknologiskt Innovations System (TIS) samt Multi Level Perspective (MLP) och diverse värdekedjeövergångsstudier, konstateras det att tekniska och informationsrelaterade justeringarkrävs för att ytterligare möjliggöra övergången från en linjär till en cirkulär värdekedja. Teknologiska anpassningar studeras ur Ragn-Sells ABs perspektiv som en potentiell aktör för omvandling av organiskt avfall. Scenarier för att undersöka ekonomisk hållbarhet utformades baserat påfluktuering av mängden avfall som materialinmatning (3,000 ton per år och 15, 000 ton per år), möjlighet till automatiserad drift som påverkar både CAPEX & OPEX i anläggningen (hög CAPEX och låg CAPEX), och upphandling av små BSF-larver (avel utanför anläggningen). Från de olika utformade scenarierna konstaterades att scenariot med en kapacitet på 15,000 ton per år, hög CAPEX och avel på plats är det mest fördelaktiga för Ragn Sells AB. För att besvara informationsrelaterad justering föreslås en informationsflödesram (IFF). IFF består av ”Value Chain Interessholders”, “CVC Relevant Regulations”, “Information Data Pool” och “Information Flow”. Ramens huvudfunktion är att identifiera vilken typ av materialinformation som krävs för att distribueras i systemet och den aktör som kräver och/eller tillhandahåller informationen, med det huvudsakliga målet att öka förtroendet bland aktörerna relaterade till materiell information.

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Leal, Margarida Meneses. "Effect of alternative fish feed and electricity independent oxygenation in decoupled aquaponic systems". Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/23561.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Aquaponic systems combine Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) and hydroponic systems, combining the production of animal protein and plants. RAS wastewater enriched in nutrients is used by plants in hydroponic units. RAS rely on fishmeal and fish oil, which are finite resources as aquafeed ingredients, but alternative and more sustainable ingredients have been developed; black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens) meal is one of the most promising alternatives. Therefore, the aim of experiment 1 was to investigate if using a fishmeal based diet (FIM) or, alternatively, a black solider fly meal based diet (BSF) has different effects on lettuce growth in decoupled aquaponic systems. Three different treatments were applied: one hydroponic treatment (control treatment); and two aquaponic treatments. The nutrient solution was made with fish wastewater from a RAS fed either with fishmeal based diet (FIM treatment) or black soldier fly meal based diet (BSF treatment). Abiotic parameters of the nutrient solutions were monitored (temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen), air temperature, relative humidity, as well as micro- and macronutrients in the nutrient solutions; and fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), number of leaves, water consumption and SPAD values of the lettuce. Similar lettuce yields were observed between the treatments. However, in FIM treatment, higher sodium concentrations were seen in the nutrient solution. This is the first study showing the benefits of using alternative fish diets in decoupled aquaponic systems, to avoid potentially harmful sodium levels in aquaponic nutrient solutions. Aquaponics and hydroponics can be unsustainable in areas where electricity is unavailable, expensive or unstable; thus, the experiment 2 was carried out to test an alternative method of oxygenating nutrient solutions without electricity using H2O2, and its potential effects on lettuce growth in hydroponic and aquaponic systems. Three treatments were applied: hydroponic control treatment with compressed air (H air); and two other treatments with nutrient solutions provided with a passive H2O2-supply instead of compressed air: a hydroponic treatment (H H2O2) and an aquaponic treatment (RAS H2O2). The same parameters as in experiment 1 were examined and no significant differences in terms of growth or yield were observed. Hence, it shows that this method of oxygenation is a valid alternative for setups in areas where the electrical grid is a limitation.
RESUMO - Sistemas aquapónicos combinam os sistemas de recirculação em aquacultura (RAS) e sistemas hidropónicos, combinando a produção de proteína animal e plantas. A água residual do RAS rica em nutrientes é usada por plantas nas unidades hidropónicas. RAS depende da farinha e óleo de peixe, que são recursos finitos, como ingredientes para a ração dos peixes mas, ingredientes alternativos foram desenvolvidos; a farinha de mosca soldado negra (Hermetia Illucens) é das mais promissoras. Assim, o objetivo da experiência 1 foi investigar se o uso da ração baseada em farinha de peixe (FIM) ou alternativamente, a ração baseada em farinha de mosca soldado negra (BSF), produz diferentes efeitos no crescimento da alface em sistemas aquapónicos desacoplados. Usou-se três tratamentos, um tratamento hidropónico (controlo) e dois tratamentos aquapónicos, com solução nutritiva preparada com água residual de um RAS alimentado com ração baseada em farinha de peixe, tratamento FIM, ou baseada em farinha de mosca soldado negra, tratamento BSF. Parâmetros abióticos das soluções nutritivas foram monitorizados (temperatura, condutividade elétrica, oxigénio dissolvido), temperatura do ar, humidade relativa, tal como os micro- e macronutrientes; e massa fresca, massa seca, número de folhas, consumo de água e valores SPAD das alfaces. Observou-se semelhantes produções de alface entre os tratamentos. Porém, no tratamento FIM, maiores concentrações de sódio foram encontradas na solução nutritiva. Este é o primeiro estudo que mostra os benefícios do uso de rações alternativas em sistemas aquapónicos desacoplados. A aquaponia e hidroponia podem ser insustentáveis em áeras onde a eletricidade está indisponível, cara ou instável; assim, a experiência 2 foi realizada para testar um método alternativo de oxigenação das soluções nutritivas sem uso de electricidade usando H2O2. Usou-se três tratamentos: tratamento hidropónico controlo com ar comprimido (H air); e dois tratamentos com soluções nutritivas com fornecimento passivo de H2O2 em vez de ar comprimido: um tratamento hidropónico (H H2O2) e um tratamento aquapónico (RAS H2O2). Os mesmos parâmetros da experiência 1 foram obtidos e não se observou diferenças significativas em termos de crescimento ou rendimento. Assim, demonstra que este método de oxigenação é uma alternativa válida em áreas onde a rede elétrica é instável.
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Kubilay, Kevser, i Kelly Kucska. "Energi och ventilation vid biomassaproduktion av larver : Optimering av ett ventilationssystem med hjälp av beräkningsmodell i Excel för containern i demoanläggningen, i Lilla Nyby". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-38222.

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Matavfall som kommer in till Eskilstuna Strängnäs Energi & Miljö (ESEM), har mestadels använts till biogasproduktion. Eftersom ESEMs rötningspanna är liten har inte allt matavfall gjorts om till biogas, utan gått till förbränning i Västerås istället. För att underöka eventuella utvecklingsmöjligheter och förbättringsmöjligheter har ESEM gått ihop med Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU). Där undersökning av matning med matavfall till afrikanska fluglarver pågick. Ifall detta projekt är praktiskt genomfört på företaget ESEM skulle två nya produkter i form av protein och jord, kunna säljas utöver biogas. I denna studie har det undersökts ifall det är möjligt att kunna mata fluglarverna med matavfall. Det ställs krav på rätt temperatur och luftflöde för utrymmet. Därmed har fokus till detta examensarbete varit att optimera en ventilationsmodell för systemet. För att utföra detta projekt krävdes data från tidigare studier, forskning och experiment, vilket skrevs in i behandlingsprogrammet Excel. Där ett idealt ventilationsflöde med verkningsgraden 50 %, till varje enskild behandlingslåda med fluglarver i olika levnadsstadier, på 1,56 m3/h (en låda) togs fram med hjälp av tidigare studier. Fluglarverna är planerade att bli placerade i brödlådor med tillhörande ställningar i en container och varje låda ska både ha fluglarver och matavfall. Undersökningen för detta examensarbete var att bestämma hur ställningarna med behandlingslådor ska placeras i containern. Genom att välja den kombination av behandlingslådorna, som är mest optimerad och praktiskt genomförbar. Det utfördes en simulering i Excel som redovisade andelen värme och förångning som varje behandlingslåda med stadie 1, 6 och 12 genererade. Simuleringar genomfördes för olika kombinationer och beräknade värmeutvecklingen från vardera behandlingslåda och kombination. Vilket resulterade i att det fanns två möjliga placeringar av behandlingslådorna i ställningarna, i containern. Den första placeringen i containern var planerad med att ställning 1 skulle ha behandlingslådor med larvstadiet/dag 1. Ställning 2 respektive 3 skulle ha behandlingslådor med larvstadiet/dag 6 respektive larvstadiet/dag 12. Det vill säga kombination 1 – 6 – 12. Vilket betyder att alla ställningarna i den kombinationen är seriekopplade med varandra. Medan varje enskild behandlingslåda i en ställning är parallellkopplade. Då denna kombination redovisar att ställning 3 med behandlingslådor av larvstadiet/dag 12, har högst andel förångning och värmegenerering. Denna placering ansågs rimlig att ställa lägst in i containern, närmast frånluftutloppet på container. Både av praktiska skäl och att undvika värmespridning som kan medföra kondens. Den andra placeringen i containern var tänkt att ställning 1 skulle ha behandlingslådor med larvstadiet/dag 12. Ställning 2 respektive 3 skulle ha behandlingslådor med larvstadiet/dag 6 respektive larvstadiet/dag 1. Det vill säga kombination 12 – 6 – 1. Vilket betyder att alla ställningarna i den kombinationen är seriekopplade med varandra. Medan varje enskild behandlingslåda i en ställning är parallellkopplade. Denna kombination redovisar minst temperaturdifferens mellan ställningarna (mellan behandlingslådorna) och visade även möjligheten att utnyttja värmen i behandlingslådorna från tidigare lådor. Genom att luften som förs vidare från larvstadiet/dag 12 till larvstadiet/dag 6, värmer då upp avfallsaktiviteten. Studien resulterade i att det optimala luftflödet med verkningsgraden 50 %, var 1,56 m3/h. Energibalanserna utfördes i beräkningsmodellen med hänsyn till luftflödet in och ut ur en behandlingslåda. Avfallstemperaturen som bestämdes vara ideal vid 30°C i detta examensarbete är en betydelsefull parameter för resultatet. Resultatet optimerades med hänsyn till att en avfallstemperatur på 30°C skulle bibehållas genom beräkningarna. Den optimala kombinationen bestämdes vara kombination av de tre behandlingslådorna 1 – 6 – 12, där medeltemperaturen på avfallet var 30,22°C. Denna kombination diskuterades även vara den mest praktiskt hanterbara, i containern hos ESEM. Vid hänsyn till kondensering som tidigare examensarbeten diskuterat är kombination 12 – 6 – 1 ett alternativ. De sex kombinationerna resulterar inte i stora temperaturdifferenser som kan orsaka kondensering. Ifall hänsyn tas till kondensering är alternativet 12 – 6 – 1 bäst. Då avfallstemperaturen är stabil jämfört med de fem andra kombinationerna. Ett helt slutet system med tre seriekopplade ställningar som innehåller tre parallellkopplade behandlingslådor erhålls resultat från två fall. Sommarfallet med en temperatur på 20°C resulterade i högre avfallstemperaturen jämfört med vinterfallet på 10°C. Däremot är avfallstemperaturen under den maximala gränsen, det vill säga är avfallstemperaturen på en behaglig nivå för larvproduktionen. Resultaten erhållna från detta examensarbete redovisar att det är teoretiskt och praktiskt möjligt att utföra en nedbrytningsprocess med hjälp av larver. Matavfallet bryts ner och bidrar med en ny produkt, näringsrik jord, samtidigt som den underlättar för ESEM nedbrytningsprocess.
This work is written as a degree project for the Energy engineering program, specialized in heating technology, in Mälardalens University, Västerås. The aim with this degree project is to optimize a theoretical model in Excel to study larvae of Black Soldier Fly. The main calculations are made for three series connected boxes, with different combinations of stages of development. The calculations are thereafter made for three stands (that are in series) with each stand contain three boxes (that are parallel), each stand holding uniform growth of larvae. The calculations are made with equations based from the energy balance, for the air flow in and out. With the support from formerly made degree projects and their specific data, a calculation model was made in Excel. An airflow of 1,56 m3/h is achieved, with an efficiency of 50%. These results are based of previously performed degree projects, with the airflow 8,4 m3/h and efficiency of 9,3%. The maximum waste temperature is 30-36°C, thus, the desired temperature in this degree project was 30°C. The most optimized combination of one box of each stage, that are series connected, resulted to be 1 – 6 – 12. Day 1, day 6 and day 12 coupled. This combination is also used as the reference case in this degree project and calculations. However, the most stabile waste temperature resulted to be for the combination 12 – 6 – 1. The air temperature through the boxes remained with a mean temperature of 23,9°C, when the outside air temperature is set as 10°C (winter case, the reference case). The conclusion is that the best combination for Lilla Nyby, in Eskilstuna, is 1 – 6 – 12, with an airflow of 1,56 m3/h. A whole system, containing the three stands and respectively boxes, is applicable. The waste temperature is within the range for temperatures for optimized growth process for larvae, for both winter and summer cases (10°C and 20°C).

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Grossule, Valentina. "Simple-Tech Solutions for Sustainable Waste Management". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423307.

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This thesis originated from a desire to explore the issue of solid waste, the appropriate management of which continues to represent a privilege for the few, in order to investigate alternative cost-effective solutions aimed at promoting access of the population worldwide to sustainable waste management systems. The work had a particular focus on landfilling from a holistic point of view, investigating environmental, technical and economical sustainable solutions in terms of landfill management and emissions control. The thesis work was developed over a three-year period in four steps. In the first step, activities focused on the study and gaining a better understanding of the need for a global approach to waste management, with the application of identical concepts and knowledge throughout the world and envisaging appropriate and sustainable technical solutions, not only in environmental terms but also in economic (they should be low cost) and technical terms (they should easy to construct, operate and maintain). Further to carrying out literature reviews and taking part in a series of International Conferences where waste management in DCs was discussed in detail, a field stage abroad, on the Ivory Coast, proved of fundamental importance for the development of this first step. In the second step, the sustainability of landfills was studied and analyzed by considering the tools which could be implemented to control long-term emissions in the case of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfilling. Research activities were focused on the comprehensive study of bioreactor landfills, comparing (using literature data) lab scale applications of different types of bioreactors, and evaluating the advantages and disadvantages. Having conducted a qualitative analysis of the main types of bioreactor landfills, landfill sustainability was quantified using a first order kinetic model for the COD and ammonia removal processes. Amongst the different sustainable landfill alternatives, semi-aerobic landfill represented a viable option meeting environmental, technical and economical sustainability requirements. During the third step of the thesis work, semi-aerobic landfills were studied in detail in order to identify innovative solutions to optimise the design and management of the system under different situations. The fourth step of research activities was inspired by a need to identify cost-effective solutions to solve the key issue in landfilling sustainability: leachate treatment. An innovative alternative potential solution based on exploiting the versatility and voracity of Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae was investigated. The adaptability of larvae to leachate, the treatment performance and the quality of the biomass rich in fats and proteins were initially assessed. Additionally, the potential of proteins and fats to be conveniently converted into commercial resources, such as animal feed and biodiesel was evaluated. During this fourth step, for three months at the beginning of the 2019, a research stage was specifically organised at the KUET University, Bangladesh to investigate the potential of mangroves for use in the phytotreatment of landfill leachate, exploiting the high resistance to salinity of these plants. A preliminary study has been carried out using as a comparison other tropical plant species such as Canna indica.

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Lindberg, Lovisa. "Utsläpp av växthusgaser och ammoniak under fluglarvskompostering". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-372893.

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Behovet av bättre avfallshantering ökar ständigt då befolkningen ökar och jordbruket intensifieras. Avfallshanteringen idag är dåligt konstruerad för organiskt avfall i många länder då det hamnar på deponier som släpper ut växthusgaser till atmosfären vilket påverkar klimatet negativt. En möjlig lösning att implementera en metod som genererar en värdefull produkt så som fluglarvskompostering. Det är en organisk avfallsbehandlingsmetod som använder larver av den amerikanska vapenflugan som kan reducera mängden avfall. Avfallet omvandlas till larvernas biomassa som är proteinrik och kan användas som djurfoder. Behandlingsresterna kan användas som gödningsmedel eller producera biogas. Väldigt lite är känt gällande växthusgasutsläppen från fluglarvskompostering. Under nuvarande EU lagstiftning i produktionssammanhang så är flugan ett produktionsdjur, som inte tillåts att födas upp på matavfall innehållande animaliska biprodukter. Därför har vegetabiliskt matavfall undersökts i denna studie för att i produktionssammanhang kunna använda sig av fluglarvskompostering. De vegetabiliska avfallet som använts var apelsinskal och blomkål blandat med broccoli (i denna studie kallad blomkålsblandning). Vegetabiliskt avfall innehåller svåråtkomlig näring för larverna och för att de ska kunna tillgodose sig så mycket som möjligt gjordes förbehandlingar. Förbehandlingarna som utfördes var med svamp och med ammoniumlösning då dessa har visat sig spjälka upp svåråtkomlig näring. Matavfall är känt för att fungera bra i fluglarvskompostering och användes som referens. Utsläpp av växthusgaserna CO2, NH3, N2O och CH4 undersöktes genom användande av kammarteknik. Vid behandlingar av blomkålsblandningen förbättrade förbehandlingarna materialreduktionen endast lite, vilket var i genomsnitt 82 %, men den totala minskningen i detta substrat var större än för matavfall vars reduktion var 60 %. Reduktionen varierade mellan 38-86 % i behandlingarna av apelsinskal. Larvbehandlingen av matavfall resulterade i den högsta omvandlingskvoten. Båda vegetabiliska substraten förbehandlat med NH4+ hade höga utsläpp av NH3. Behandlingarna av blomkålsblandningen hade högre utsläpp av N2O men mindre än i konventionella avfallsbehandlingar som kompostering. De substrat som inte förbehandlats hade låga utsläpp av CH4, inklusive matavfallet jämfört med de förbehandlade substraten som var mindre än i aerobisk kompostering. När en behandlingsstrategi väljs för kompostering med fluglarver, för små gasutsläpp så bör svampförbehandlat substrat användas, medan substrat förbehandlat med NH4+ resulterar i högre materialreduktion.
The need for better waste management is increasing as the population increases and agriculture is intensified. Organic waste management today is poorly designed in many countries leading to waste ending up in landfills which results in more greenhouse gases being emitted to the atmosphere, contributing to the global climate change. A possible solution is to implement a method that generates a valuable product such as fly larvae composting, which is an organic waste treatment method that uses larvae of the black soldier fly that can reduce the amount of waste. The waste is converted to the larval biomass which is rich in protein and possible to use as animal feed. Treatment residues can be used as fertilizers or to produce biogas. Very little is known about greenhouse gas emissions from fly larvae composting. Under current EU legislation in production contexts, the fly is considered a production animal that is not allowed to be raised on food waste containing animal by-products. Therefore, in this study, vegetable waste was investigated in order to be able to use fly larvae composting in production contexts. The vegetable waste used was orange peels and cauliflower mixed with broccoli (in this study referred to as cauliflower mix). Vegetable waste contains nutrients which are hard to digest for larvae and in order to improve digestibility, pretreatments were performed. The pretreatments carried out were with fungus and ammonia solution, as these have been shown to make hardly bound nutrients available. Food waste is known to work well in fly larvae composting and was used as a reference. Emissions of greenhouse gases CO2, NH3, N2O and CH4 were measured using chamber technique. In the treatment of cauliflower mix, the pretreatment improved the material reduction only slightly, which was on average 82 % but the overall total reduction was greater than that for food waste which had a reduction at 60 %. The reduction ranged between 38-86 % among all of the treatments of orange peels. Larvae treatment on food waste resulted in the largest biomass conversion ratio. Both vegetable substrates pretreated with NH4+ had high emissions of NH3. The treatments of cauliflower mix had higher emissions of N2O but they were lower than what is generally expected in conventional waste treatments such as composting. The non-pretreated substrates had low emissions of CH4, including the food waste compared to the pretreated ones which nevertheless were lower than in aerobic composting. When selecting a treatment strategy for fly larvae composting, to achieve low gas emissions, fungus pretreated substrates should be used while substrates pretreated with NH4+ result in higher material reduction.

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McEachern, Travis. "DETERMINING HEAT PRODUCTION OF BLACK SOLDERI FLY LARVAE, HERMETIA ILLUCENS, TO DESIGN REARING STRUCTURES AT LIVESTOCK FACILITIES". UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/62.

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Due to their small size and ectothermic biology, the heat production of insects and insect larvae is hard to quantify. However, knowing the amount of heat production, as well as ammonia production of insects may be beneficial for commercial production of valuable insect species. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are of interest in the agricultural industry because they quickly consume organic waste and have high amounts of protein and fat in their bodies. It has been proposed that BSFL be used to manage livestock waste, while serving as a high-protein feed source for livestock animals. To efficiently rear BSFL, it is necessary to design rearing facilities, which maintain optimal conditions for the larvae. To design such a facility, it is necessary to know the amount of heat and ammonia that BSFL produce. A gradient calorimeter was used to measure the heat and ammonia production rates of black soldier fly larvae. The study determined that BSFL heat production changes significantly with the age and weight of the larvae. Aggregations produce the most total heat when larvae are older and larger. The study also found that larvae produce less heat per individual and per gram of body weight as they grow. Larvae also produce significantly different amounts of heat depending on the size of the groups they are in, and do not produce consistent amounts of heat per individual or per gram of body weight, even if maintained at a consistent population density. Larvae in group sizes of 100, 300, and 500 produced an average and standard deviation of 0.00107±0.000295, 0.00067±0.00014, and 0.00049±0.00020 W/larva, respectively. Likewise, larvae in groups of 100, 300 and 500 produced an average of 0.01826±0.00010, 0.01023±0.00565, and 0.00575±0.00371 W/g, respectively. The differences in heat produced per individual and per gram is troublesome when trying to estimate a total heat production for large populations. The largest heat production rate observed in this study was 0.407 W, and was produced by a group of 500 BSFL. Frass analysis indicated that between 4.80 and 7.79 lbs of ammoniacal-nitrogen is emitted for every ton of frass produced. These data could be used to estimate the total heat and ammonia produced from a larger population of BSFL being reared inside a closed facility, allowing engineers to design HVAC systems to keep the larvae at their optimal growing condition year-round. Placing BSFL rearing accommodations at livestock facilities could be beneficial to livestock, poultry, and fishery producers, because BSFL can be used to dispose of animal wastes and are also a good source of protein-rich animal feed.

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Davis, Renee. "Flu on the Front: the Effects of the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 on the 15th Reserve and 46th Infantry Battalions, Canadian Expeditionary Force". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40520.

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This study is an examination of the effects of the first two waves of the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 on the Canadian Expeditionary Force in Europe during the final months of the First World War. Using a case-study approach, the study analyzes the experiences of the 15th Canadian Reserve Battalion (Saskatchewan) in England and the 46th Canadian Infantry Battalion (South Saskatchewan) in France from April to 11 November 1918. While the comparison of these two battalions’ experiences is useful to see the how the Canadian Army Medical Corps reacted and responded to the outbreak of pandemic influenza in both locations, it also highlights the impact that the pandemic had on the reinforcement stream in 1918, and demonstrates the greater cost of conscription during the final months of the war. This thesis argues that that the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 affected the Canadian Expeditionary Force’s Hundred Days Campaign in a way that, until now, has not been recognized. Additionally, it argues that the 15th Reserve Battalion was not to blame for bringing pandemic influenza to Bramshott Camp in the fall of 1918, and that the Canadian Army Medical Corps reacted to the outbreak as effectively as possible. Finally, it highlights the experiences of men from Saskatchewan and recounts the stories of soldiers who died of pandemic influenza.

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CHIU, MIN-LING, i 邱敏鈴. "Black Soldier Fly Technology Application Promotion". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mb58b6.

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碩士
高苑科技大學
土木工程研究所
106
The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), an insect mainly distributed over tropical, subtropical and temperate region, is widely distributed in the world, Taiwan is generally distributed in the low altitude. The black soldier fly is a Diptera Saladidae rotten insects, its larvae use kitchen waste, animal feces, animal and plant corpses and other rotting organic as food, which is an important part of natural debris food chain. Black soldier fly breeding efficiency of the output of insect protein powder, in addition to the same time to improve the pollution of the environment, is blessed. Black soldier fly production of high nutritional value of the insect protein feed, because of its rapid breeding, high biomass, wide food, high conversion rate of absorption, easy management, low cost of feeding, animal palatability and other characteristics, so that the high level of resources to application. This study explores three directions to technical feasibility, economic feasibility, and behavioral feasibility. We assess feasibility of the black soldier fly breeding technology promotion, discover the technical feasibility and economic feasibility are feasible. However, more experimental data is also needed to increase the willingness of the industry to use black soldier flies.

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Li, Sing-Ying, i 李星穎. "Direct transesterification of black soldier fly for biodiesel production". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27688052431983180266.

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碩士
明志科技大學
化學工程系生化工程碩士班
105
In this study, direct transesterification with a combination of methanol and a solvent was demonstrated to be promising for the production of biodiesel from black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) biomass. In the solvents tested, n-hexane was identified as the most effective solvent for the reaction, resulting in a significant increase in biodiesel yield compared with the use of no solvent. The direct transesterification using n-hexane as a cosolvent was then optimized to maximize the biodiesel yield. The highest biodiesel yield of 94.14% was achieved at methanol dosage of 8 mL , a solvent dosage of 4 mL, a catalyst loading of 1.2 mL, a temperature at 120 °C, and a reaction time was 60 min. In addition, Using the Design of Experiments to obtained the optimal condition of direct transesterification, the biodiesel yield of 93.28 % was obtained at temperature of 101.6C, reaction time of 90 min, catalyst dosage of 1.67 mL, and methanol dosage of 10 mL.This study suggested that direct transesterification using n-hexane as a solvent could be a promising method for biodiesel production from BSFL and decrease production costs.

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LIN, TSUNG-HAN, i 林宗翰. "Primary Study on Feeding modularization by Pool of Black Soldier Fly". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5h86h5.

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碩士
高苑科技大學
土木工程研究所
106
The construction method of general breeding facilities for the black otters is based on the breeding methods adopted by the producers. The complete breeding process includes the breeding of adult worms, the collection of eggs, the rearing of fly larvae and the separation of larvae, etc., involving various facilities setting environment. This article collects literature on a variety of breeding methods and environmental settings, and discusses breeding facilities, breeding cages, breeding rooms, breeding plastic sheds, and separating boxes, and other related equipment to analyze the feeding environment and make the production of insects more efficient. Up till now (2017), the treatment of various livestock manures by Blackwater cockroaches is the best sustainable cycle method for the reuse of treatment resources. The advantage of excrement treatment is that there is no secondary pollution, the method is simple and the treatment cycle is short. This article describes the introduction of pool culture into automated farming, and the implementation of space planning and equipment configuration, with automation as the main axis, the study of the chicken industry within the text, the use of biological special transformation into economic value, resulting in a certain scale of economic cost-effectiveness, due to At present, biomass energy is a new topic, and aquaculture environment also needs a more complete breakthrough. The breeding feed and aquaculture personnel also need patience and active research and exploration.

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Tomberlin, Jeffrey Keith. "Biological, behavioral, and toxicological studies on the black soldier fly (Diptera: stratiomyidae)". 2001.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Georgia, 2001.
Directed by Ray Noblet. Includes articles submitted to Journal of economic entomology, The Florida entomologist, Animal behavior, and The journal of entomological science. Includes bibliographical references.

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Kalová, Markéta. "Možnosti využití bráněnky Hermetia illucens při zpracování biologického odpadu". Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-90103.

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Kuo, Po-Hsiu, i 郭柏秀. "Effects of diets and larval density on black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larval performance". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4b639t.

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碩士
國立中興大學
昆蟲學系所
104
Larvae of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. can consume a wide range of organic waste, ranging from animal manure and kitchen waste to vegetables and fruits. Previous studies showed that the prepupae contain high contents of crude protein and fat, which can be used for other purposes. In order to understand the impact of larval density and diets on larval performance, four different diets (artificial diet, soybean waste, fried rice and pineapple peel) and five larval densities (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 larvae) were selected for this experiment. In addition, nutritional analysis (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) of diets and prepupae reared on four different types of diets were also conducted. As a result, performance of larvae reared on artificial diet and fried rice were the best and secondary diets, respectively. However, lower larval survival rate and longer development time occurred on larvae fed on fried rice and pineapple peels. Although larval development time, prepupae weight and length decreased when larval density increase, the survival rate was not affected by larval density. Furthermore, the prepupae reared on fried rice have the highest content of crude fat. Although the prepupae reared on soybean waste have the highest content of crude protein, prepupae from the other treatments also have higher content of protein. According to the current experimental results, performance of larvae reared on soybean waste was the best and their prepupae could get the most fat for biodiesel. In addition, larvae reared on different types of food waste were able to accumulate high amounts of protein in prepupal stage, which could play the role as a supplementary animal feed.

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Amador, Joel Aaron Oporta, i 艾倫. "Life Cycle Assessment of the Production of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal in Taiwan". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9t76ra.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業經濟學研究所
106
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a structured and comprehensive method to estimate the potential environmental impact of new processes or products. This thesis investigates the potential Green House Gas (GHG) emissions of using household food waste to produce larvae meal of the Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) in Taiwan applying a life cycle methodology. It is estimated that one tonne of food waste can be converted to 20 kg of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) with potential GHG emissions equal to 4.00 kgCO2e. Therefore, 50 tonnes of food waste are needed to produce of 1 tonne of BSFL meal potentially generating 200 kgCO2e. In addition, a preliminary economic analysis is performed. The economic analysis results show that the annual food waste in Taiwan could be transformed to 12,000 and 120,000 tonnes of BSFL meal and compost material by adopting the black soldier fly larvae production scenario. The BSFL meal could be used to feed livestock or aquaculture species, partially replacing Taiwan’s dependency on soybean and fishmeal imports. BSFL production is economically feasible and environmental friendly as long as there is a reliable and constant source of food waste or any other organic waste in which the larvae might thrive. Addressing the need to reduce the dependency on feed ingredient imports in Taiwan is important for food security. As a result, BSFL production and other similar insect production systems to transform waste into valuable feed ingredients needs more attention from the academia and governmental support.

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HUANG, HONG-KAI, i 黃泓凱. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Pilot Scale Production of Black Soldier Fly Lavae Fed with Soybean Residue". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4f652d.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
化學工程與材料工程系
107
The use of insect biorefinery technology to convert the by-products of food processing into valuable products is a potential source of innovation and industrial development. It has evaluated the technology of pilot-scale production of black soldier fly from food by-products through soybean residue economic research. Insect biorefinery is also considered to be a choice to address the food gap and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the future global population increase. The insect itself is rich in animal protein and fat and other beneficial nutrients can be used as a feed source, pilot plant scale. Industrialized mass production is located in Taiwan, converting 150 tons/batch of bean dregs into black water worms and organic fertilizers. The quality and energy balance of the process is simulated and evaluated by SuperPro Designer. The total capital investment and total production cost of the plant are $498,000 and 476,347 USD/year, respectively, and total revenue is 776,000 USD/year. Earnings analysis ROI, investment payback period and internal rate of return were 49.96%, 2.0 years and 34.92%. The results of the study indicate that it is feasible to use the bean dregs to produce a pilot-scale technical and economic assessment of the black larvae. These results are very important steps to achieve technical and economic sustainable production on an industrial scale for insect biorefinery. Keywords: Black soldier fly, Animal feed, Techno-economic analysis, Industrial scale-up process

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Wee, Choon Yong, i 黃俊榕. "Feasibility of solid-state anaerobic digestion and black soldier fly larvae composting for dairy cattle manure management". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46727600618436651626.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
動物科學技術學研究所
105
The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of applying a two-step biological treatment process, solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) composting, to treat and recover energy from dairy cow manure. The feedstock for SSAD and BSFL experiments were dairy cow manure and digestate (i.e. anaerobically digested cow manure from SSAD reactors), respectively. The study of SSAD was to establish the optimal operation parameters. Thus, different ratios of inocula to feedstock (10, 30, and 50%) and with or without pH adjustment were tested for this study. For the study of BSFL, different feeding rates (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/day/larvae) of digestate were applied for black soldier fly larvae composting experiments. In SSAD experiments, experimental results showed that the groups without pH adjustment regardless inoculation ratio of feedstock resulted in lower biogas, methane yield, and waste reduction than the groups with pH adjustment. Where the group 30% inoculation ratio (IR30) with pH adjustment had the highest theoretical methane productivity (626.1±28.7 L methane/kg-VS des) and ultimate methane yield (96.81±2.0 L methane/kg-VS load) (p<0.05). However, the group 50% inoculation ratio (IR50) with pH adjustment reached methane productivity peak at Day 5, which was 3 and 9 days faster than the 30 and 10% inoculation ratio (IR30 and IR10) with pH adjustment groups, respectively. The IR50 with pH adjustment group had the highest volatile solid removal efficiency of 20.2±2.4%. For BSFL experiments, the groups with feeding rate of 75 and 100 mg/day/larvae had the highest body weight change, which were 969.6±28.4 and 984.1±177.6%, respectively. However, removal efficiency of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), and nitrogen did not differ among treatments. Experimental results of this study showed that pH adjustment of feedstock was necessary during batch SSAD, where IR30 and IR50 groups achieved the highest specific methane production and waste removal efficiency. In addition, the BSFL composting enables further reduction of nutrients in the digestate of SSAD and promotes additional values of anaerobically digested dairy cow manure.

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34

Wang, Yun-Shiuan, i 王韻萱. "Development and nutrient composition performance of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) by feeding different diet add probiotic". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7yw65h.

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碩士
國立中興大學
昆蟲學系所
106
The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae can degrade a wide variety of organic material, such as vegetable and fruit, food waste, human and animal manure, etc. Thus, it has seen a potential biomass decomposer to reduce various types of organics and to convert these waste organics into biomass with rich protein and fat. During the agriculture production and food processing procedure, many agricultural and food by-products can be produced also. However, large amounts of the by-products are not properly used and lots of them still contain high nutrients. Although BSF larvae had been found to be able to decompose some organic by-products, there is limited understanding about how the BSF can decompose the materials more effectively. Therefore, the objective of the present study was trying to find out the way to increase the efficiency of food utilization by various ways. In this research, the probiotic supplements were added to different diets to observe the effects on the development performance and nutritional value of BSF larvae. Artificial diet and some by-products of organic as the main diet were used in this study. Then, extra probiotic and carbohydrates were added to the diets to compare whether they would affect the developmental performance of BSF larvae. The results suggested that BSF larvae performed better on the artificial diet than those fed on by-product diets. The larvae fed on diet contained probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, FB1 contained crude protein and crude fat content as high as 64% and 47%, respectively. However, results of this study also revealed that the ability of decomposing by-product diets by BSF was as high as 70%. Especially at larvae fed on the by-product diet mix with pineapple peel had shorter developmental time (from 30 days to 21 days) and higher survival rate (from 39% to 88%). This result indicates that the decomposition capacity of organic by-products by BSF is quite compatible to that on artificial diet. In the future application of using BSF for organic by-products decomposition, food safety should be considering first and also need to fulfill the aim to reduce the cost-effectiveness of large-scale insect rearing industry. To obtain a large amount of BSF biomass in a short period of time, extra carbohydrates would be suggested to add in the diet. Finally, further research is needed to complete the nutritional composition analysis of BSF which is able to confirm the potential of this insect as new animal feed additives.

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Samayoa, Ana, i 莎安娜. "New Insights of Black Soldier Fly; Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Biology and Effects of Temperature Transfers on Development". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kxn854.

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博士
國立中興大學
昆蟲學系所
106
The majority of studies regarding H. illucens focus on larva stage and its development using different food regimes, causing a lack of information in the other stages (Prepupa, Pupa, Male, and Female). The purpose of this research was to fill the lack of information of H. illucens specifically at prepupa, pupa, and adult stages and determine the optimal temperatures for rearing H. illucens. With the current study a better comprehension to increase the effectiveness and production of H. illucens is presented as follow: The construction of the first life table of H. illucens individually reared (chapter I), H. illucens grouped reared life table including new findings as its diapause and consumption potential (chapter II), as well as fecundity and thermal requirements using temperature transfers instead constant temperatures (chapter III).

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Ke, Wei-Jie, i 柯維傑. "The effect of different food waste resource on growth performance and nutritional composition in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22107NCHU5185013%22.&searchmode=basic.

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碩士
國立中興大學
昆蟲學系所
107
There are 550,000 tons of food waste produced in Taiwan annually. If these food waste are not process well, it will cause many environmental hazards, like water or soil pollution. The larvae of Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) can grow in a variety of organic matter and have the ability to decompose organic waste. Black solider fly can effectively convert waste into protein and fat, they can be used as animal feed and biofuel applications. Taiwan''s kitchen waste and organic waste sources can be roughly divided into: (1) raw meat and animal organs (2) fruit waste (3) restaurant kitchen waste (4) vegetable waste (5) community kitchen waste. To study the ability of larvae of black solider fly to disintegrate various wastes, it will be of great help to establish a benchmark for commercial breeding in the future. In this experiment, the long-term and short-term growth efficiency, waste decomposition efficiency and nutrient composition of the larvae of the black solider fly after feeding different kinds of kitchen waste were analyzed. The results showed that the larvae preferred to feed on higher soluble carbohydrates during the early growth stage of the black larvae. In the middle and late growth stages, they preferred to feed on higher protein and lipid feeds. In terms of growth performance, the dry weight of the prepupae obtained from the community food waste and the restaurant food waste treatment group is the heaviest, and the relative growth rate of the larvae feeding the community food waste at any stage is able to be compared with the artificial diet. In addition, the black soldier fly larvae that feed on different waste materials accumulate high levels of crude protein in the prepupae, which will help the future as a source of protein supplement for animal feed.

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Gu, Qian-Xiang, i 顧千祥. "Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in diet for juvenile mozambique tilapia(Oreochromis mossambicus) in fresh water and brackish water". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67e664.

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38

Altmann, Brianne Andrea. "The meat science perspective of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as alternative protein feeds in broiler and swine production". Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-1499-8.

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39

Pedrosa, Rita da Cunha. "Potential of prepupae meal of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as fish meal substitute in European sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax): Implication in flesh quality". Master's thesis, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/98956.

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40

Santos, Ana Filipe Basto dos. "Evaluation of the Potential of Prepupae Meal of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Potential Ingredient for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effect on Flesh Quality". Master's thesis, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/97922.

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Pedrosa, Rita da Cunha. "Potential of prepupae meal of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as fish meal substitute in European sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax): Implication in flesh quality". Dissertação, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/98956.

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Santos, Ana Filipe Basto dos. "Evaluation of the Potential of Prepupae Meal of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Potential Ingredient for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effect on Flesh Quality". Dissertação, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/97922.

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LEE, Yi-Chen, i 李昱成. "Evaluation of sorghum distiller’s grains with sesame meal as raising substrate for black soldier fly larvae and the application of larvae meal on broiler diet supplement". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a9gtjx.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
動物科學技術學研究所
107
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is an insect that be widely investigated in recent years, for applied on management of waste and used as feedstuff. Following the rapid growth of global population, the requirements of food and feedstuff are increasing, and the awareness of environment protection has also been improved. There were many researches focused on black soldier fly (BSF), because of its high growing rate, ability to digestive compost efficiently and high protein and fat content. Therefore, there is potential to use BSF larvae and prpupae as alternative feedstuff. However, studies showed that growth performance and nutrients content of BSF larvae would be influenced by raising substrate, but there were few studies focus on the nutrient requirement of black soldier fly larvae. On the other hand, the availability of nutrients in BSF larvae and prepupae need further investigation. So we tried to study on these issues in this research. This study could be divided to two parts. In the first part, the feasibility of raising black soldier fly larvae with sorghum distiller’s grains and sesame meal were evaluated. We assessed the effects of different combination (according to crude protein content) of agricultural by-products mentioned above, feeding regime and quantity on growth performance of BSF larvae. Results showed BSF larvae and prepupae achieved optimum body weight when sorghum distiller’s grains and sesame meal were combined with the ratio of 4:1 based on dry matter (11:1 based on wet weight), then the substrate contented 25 % crude protein based on dry matter. And we also found when larvae were fed with all substrate once at beginning rather than fed in batches, there were significantly higher growth rate, body weight and consumption rate of substrate (P<0.05). Besides, the larvae has significantly higher body weight when fed with 2.4 g substrate for each larvae. But when larvae and prepupae being harvested, there was significantly better separation ratio of larvae/prepupae and residue in group fed with 0.6 g substrate for each larvae. In the second part of this study, in vivo digestibility trail for BSF larvae meal and prepupae meal was conducted with adult rooster (Hy-line). Results showed the apparent digestibility of dry matter of BSF larvae and prepupae meal was significantly higher than that of meat and bone meal. But there was no significant difference between BSF larvae meal, prepupae meal, fish meal and soybean meal (P>0.05). The apparent digestibility of amino acid of fish meal and soybean was significantly higher than prepupae meal, and that of larvae meal and meat and bone meal was significantly lower than the others. Then, we supplemented BSF larvae meal with different levels (0, 5, 10, 15 or 20%) in the diets of day-old broiler (Arbor Acres Plus). After 35 days experiment, we found there was no significant effect on the growth performance of broiler fed with 5 and 10% BSF larvae diet. But when the larvae meal supplemented level was over 15%, the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers were significant lower than those of commercial diet group (supplemented with 5% fish meal in starter and 5% meat and bone meal in grower and finisher). In addition, there was no negative effect on indicators of sensory test for broiler fed with BSF larvae meal diets, and the broiler fed with 15 or 20 % BSF larvae meal diet had significantly higher score than control group on the total acceptance of breast meat. In conclusion, we found there has potential to raise black soldier fly larvae with sorghum distiller’s grains and sesame meal. And the larvae meal produced can supplement up to 10 % in the diet of broiler, replacing the conventional protein-rich feedstuff (fish meal, meat and bone meal and soybean meal), without negative effect on growth performance, meat flavor and the feed cost of broiler production. It is promising for black soldier fly larvae to convert agricultural by-products to alternative feedstuff.

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Gupta, Dipendra. "Gust Rejection in Insect Flight". Thesis, 2020. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4518.

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Large commercial and military aircraft can fly in turbulent wind conditions except in extreme weather events like cyclones. Smaller man-made vehicles like Micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) and Nano aerial vehicles (NAVs) are more susceptible to normal fluctuations in wind speed encountered in the environment, and thus more difficult to control. Insects, on the other hand, stabilize themselves quickly in the presence of gustiness normally found in the atmosphere. However, very few studies have been carried out to understand the impact of gusts and turbulence on the flight performance of insects. Keeping this practical relevance in mind and to fundamentally understand the flight stability of insects under gusty environments, we investigated the flight of a freely flying insect (black soldier fly) subjected to a discrete head-on aerodynamic gust under controlled laboratory condition. Gust was generated in the form of a vortex ring which, unlike conventional methods of perturbation, is well studied and highly controllable. The flow properties of the vortex ring were characterized using flow visualization and studying the motion of a light bead. Reynolds number of the vortex ring, based on its average propagation velocity and nozzle exit diameter, was 15000, while that of fly, based on its wingtip velocity and mean wing chord, was 1100. Flight motion of the fly was recorded using two highspeed cameras, and body and wing kinematics were analyzed for cases. In response to the gust, we observed some common features in the cases analyzed: 1) asymmetry in the wing stroke amplitude, 2) large change in the body roll angle, by as much as 160°, that happened on an average, in two wing beats (~ 20 𝑚𝑠), and with the recovery in about 9 wing beats, 3) change to pitch down attitude, and 4) deceleration in flight direction. The ability to respond at such a short time scale and use of both passive and active control responses to gusts give some insight into the flight control strategies of insects. This study will help in better design of MAVs and NAVs to respond to gusts and unsteadiness in the natural environment.

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Johannesdottir, Solveig. "Uppskalning av fluglarvskompostering : Luftningsbehov och ventilation". Thesis, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-331167.

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Genom fluglarvskompostering erhålls biomassa från organiskt avfall samt en näringsrik behandlingsrest som kan användas som gödningsmedel eller för biogasutvinning. Larvbiomassan kan användas som djurfoder eller för att tillverka biodiesel. Eskilstuna Strängnäs Energi och Miljö AB planerar bygga en pilotanläggning för fluglarvskompostering med larver av den amerikanska vapenflugan (Hermetia illucens). Behandlingen ska ske i lådor staplade på varandra, avskilda med ett mellanrum för att tillåta luftning av materialet. Luftningsbehovet utgörs av larvernas syrebehov samt av att transportera bort fukt och värme från materialet. Syftet med det här projektet var att utvärdera luftningsbehovet under fluglarvskomposteringsbehandling av matavfall med staplade behandlingslådor. Först designades ett experimentskåp att utföra experimenten i och därefter ett ventilationssystem till skåpet. Två experiment utfördes där tre staplar med nio behandlingslådor vardera utvärderades. I experiment I användes totalt 15 kg matavfall och 15 000 larver per behandlingslåda, i experiment II användes 11 kg matavfall och 10 000 larver per behandlingslåda. Under experimenten togs prover för torrsubstans (TS) och glödförlust (VS), pH samt tillväxt av larverna. Sensorer mätte lufttemperatur, relativ luftfuktighet och materialtemperatur. I båda experimenten erhölls en behandlingsrest med betydligt lägre TS-halt än önskat, vilket troligtvis berodde på att luftflödet i experimentskåpet var lägre än beräknat. I experiment I evaporerade i genomsnitt 6,2 kg vatten per behandlingslåda och i experiment II 4,8 kg, vilket för båda experimenten motsvarade cirka 50 % av det med matavfallet tillsatta vattnet. Enligt resultaten av experimenten kan torrsubstansen av matavfallet reduceras med runt 60 %. Runt 32 % av torrsubstansen i matavfallet omvandlades till larvbiomassa. Materialtemperaturen var i genomsnitt 27–30 °C under experimenten. Lufttemperaturen i experimentskåpet var 27–28 °C och 31 °C i inluften. Den relativa luftfuktigheten i experimentskåpet var 59–67 % och 36 % i inluften. Baserat på resultaten krävs ett luftflöde på 8,4 m3/h per behandlingslåda för att nå en TS på 50 % i behandlingsresten om matavfallet har en TS-halt på 15 %. Baserat på resultaten är ett nedåtriktat luftflöde att föredra framför uppåtriktat i de fall ett vertikalt luftflöde används. Skillnader i temperaturer och luftfuktighet indikerade dock att det vertikala, nedåtriktade, luftflödet inte kunde förse alla behandlingslådor i staplarna med samma luftflöde. På grund av detta kan det vara lämpligt att överväga ett horisontellt luftflöde i containern i vilken behandlingen ska ske. Vidare kan det vara fördelaktigt att reglera vattenhalten i matavfallet så att stora variationer i luftningsbehov undviks eller reglera luftflödet efter vattenhalt i ingående matavfall. Inför val av ventilationsdesign rekommenderas fortsatta studier av hur höga luftflöden påverkar behandlingen.
Larvae of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) can convert organic waste into biomass. The residue is nutrient-rich and can be used as fertilizer or for biogas production. The aim of this study was to assess the aeration need for designing a ventilation system in a pilot plant for larvae composting in Sweden. First, a cabinet with required ventilation arrangement for performing the experiments was designed. Two experiments were performed, where three stacks each comprised of nine boxes with spacers were used. In the first experiment, a total of 15 kg of municipal food waste and 15 000 larvae were used per box. In the second experiment, a total of 11 kg food waste and 10 000 larvae were used per box. In the first experiment 6.2 kg of water evaporated per treatment box and in the second 4.8 kg, both corresponding to about 50 % of the water present in the substrate added. An average temperature of 31 °C in the inlet air resulted in temperatures of 27-30 °C in the material during the treatment. Based on the results, 8.4 m3/h of air is needed per treatment box to reach 50 % dry matter in the residue of food waste containing 15 % dry matter. The results also indicate that to reach the desired water content in the residue, there might be a need to adjust the initial water content in the food waste and use horizontal airflow in the treatment container. Before deciding on a ventilation design, further studies are necessary to assess how high airflows affect the treatment.

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Parween, Rizuwana. "Modeling of the Haltere-A Natural Micro-Scale Vibratory Gyroscope". Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3655.

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Vibratory gyroscopes have gained immense popularity in the microsystem technology because of their suitability to planar fabrication techniques. With considerable effort in design and fabrication, MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical-system) vibratory gyroscopes have started pervading consumer electronics apart from their well known applications in aerospace and defence systems. Vibratory gyroscopes operate on the Coriolis principle for sensing rates of rotation of the r tating body. They typically employ capacitive or piezoresistive sensing for detecting the Coriolis force induced motion which is, in turn, used to determine the impressed rate of rotation. Interestingly, Nature also uses vibratory gyroscopes in its designs. Over several years, it has evolved an incredibly elegant design for vibratory gyroscopes in the form of dipteran halteres. Dipterans are known to receive mechanosensory feedback on their aerial rotations from halteres for their flight navigation. Insect biologists have also studied this sensor and continue to be fascinated by the intricate mechanism employed to sense the rate of rotation. In most Diptera, including the soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, the halteres are simple cantilever like structures with an end mass that probably evolved from the hind wings of the ancestral four-winged insect form. The halteres along with their connecting joint with the fly’s body constitute a mechanism that is used for muscle-actuated oscillations of the halteres along the actuation direction. These oscillations occur in the actuation plane such that any rotation of the insect body, induces Coriolis force on the halteres causing their plane of vibration to shift laterally by a small degree. This induced deflection along the sensing plane (out of the haltere’s actuation plane) results in strain variation at the base of the haltere shaft, which is sensed by the campaniform sensilla. The goal of the current study is to understand the strain sensing mechanism of the haltere, the nature of boundary attachments of the haltere with the fly’s body, the reasons of asymmetrical geometry of the haltere, and the interaction between both wings and the contralateral wing and haltere. In order to understand the haltere’s strain sensing mechanism, we estimate the strain pattern at the haltere base induced due to rotations about the body’s pitch, roll, and yaw axes. We model the haltere as a cantilever structure (cylindrical stalk with a spherical end knob) with experimentally determined material properties from nanoindentation and carry out analytical and numerical (finite element) analysis to estimate strains in the haltere due to Coriolis forces and inertia forces resulting from various body rotations. From the strain pattern, we establish a correlation between the location of maximum strain and the position of the campaniform sensilla and propose strain sensing mechanisms. The haltere is connected to the meta thoracic region of the fly’s body by a complicated hinge mechanism that actuates the haltere into angular oscillations with a large amplitude of 170 ◦ in the actuation plane and very small oscillation in the sensing plane. We aim to understand the reason behind the dissimilar boundary attachments along the two directions. We carry out bending experiments using micro Newton force sensor and estimate the stiffness along the actuation and sensing directions. We observe that the haltere behaves as a rigid body in the actuation direction and a flexible body in the sensing direction. We find the haltere to be a resonating structure with two different kinds of boundary attachments in the actuation and sensing directions. We create a finite element model of the haltere joint based on the optical and scanning microscope images, approximate material properties, and stiffness properties obtained from the bending experiments. We subsequently validate the model with experimental results. The haltere geometry has asymmetry along the length and the cross-section. This specific design of the haltere is in contrast to the the existing MEMS vibratory gyroscope, where the elastic beams supporting the proof mass are typically designed with symmetric cross-sections so that there is a mode matching between the actuation and the sensing vibrations. The mode matching provides high sensitivity and low bandwidth. Hence, we are interested in understanding the mechanical significance of the haltere’s asymmetry. First, we estimate the location of the maximum stress by using the actual geometry of the haltere. Next, by using the stiffness determined from bending experiments and mass properties from the geometric model, we find the natural frequencies along both actuation and sensing directions. We compare these findings with existing MEMS vibratory gyroscopes. The dipteran halteres always vibrate at the wing beat frequency. Each wing maintains 180 ◦ phase difference with its contralateral haltere and the opposite wing. Both wings and the contralateral wing-haltere mechanism exhibit coupled oscillatory motion through passive linkages. These linkages modulate the frequency and maintain the out- of-phase relationship. We explore the dynamics behind the out-of-phase behaviour and the frequency modulation of the wing-wing and wing-haltere coupled oscillatory motion. We observe that the linear coupled oscillatory model can explain the out-of-phase relationship between the two wings. However, a nonlinear coupled oscillator model is required to explain both frequency synchronization and frequency modulation of the wing with the haltere. We also carry out a finite element analysis of the wing-haltere mechanism and show that the out-of-phase motion between the wing and the haltere is due to the passive mechanical linkage of finite strength and high actuation force. The results of this study reveal the mechanics of the haltere as a rate sensing gyroscope and show the basis of the Nature’s design of this elegant sensor. This study brings out two specific features— the large amplitude actuated oscillations and the asymmetric geometry of the haltere structure— that are not found in current vibratory gyroscope designs. We hope that our findings inspire new designs of MEMS gyroscopes that have elegance and simplicity of the haltere along with the desired performance.

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Parween, Rizuwana. "Modeling of the Haltere-A Natural Micro-Scale Vibratory Gyroscope". Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3655.

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Vibratory gyroscopes have gained immense popularity in the microsystem technology because of their suitability to planar fabrication techniques. With considerable effort in design and fabrication, MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical-system) vibratory gyroscopes have started pervading consumer electronics apart from their well known applications in aerospace and defence systems. Vibratory gyroscopes operate on the Coriolis principle for sensing rates of rotation of the r tating body. They typically employ capacitive or piezoresistive sensing for detecting the Coriolis force induced motion which is, in turn, used to determine the impressed rate of rotation. Interestingly, Nature also uses vibratory gyroscopes in its designs. Over several years, it has evolved an incredibly elegant design for vibratory gyroscopes in the form of dipteran halteres. Dipterans are known to receive mechanosensory feedback on their aerial rotations from halteres for their flight navigation. Insect biologists have also studied this sensor and continue to be fascinated by the intricate mechanism employed to sense the rate of rotation. In most Diptera, including the soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, the halteres are simple cantilever like structures with an end mass that probably evolved from the hind wings of the ancestral four-winged insect form. The halteres along with their connecting joint with the fly’s body constitute a mechanism that is used for muscle-actuated oscillations of the halteres along the actuation direction. These oscillations occur in the actuation plane such that any rotation of the insect body, induces Coriolis force on the halteres causing their plane of vibration to shift laterally by a small degree. This induced deflection along the sensing plane (out of the haltere’s actuation plane) results in strain variation at the base of the haltere shaft, which is sensed by the campaniform sensilla. The goal of the current study is to understand the strain sensing mechanism of the haltere, the nature of boundary attachments of the haltere with the fly’s body, the reasons of asymmetrical geometry of the haltere, and the interaction between both wings and the contralateral wing and haltere. In order to understand the haltere’s strain sensing mechanism, we estimate the strain pattern at the haltere base induced due to rotations about the body’s pitch, roll, and yaw axes. We model the haltere as a cantilever structure (cylindrical stalk with a spherical end knob) with experimentally determined material properties from nanoindentation and carry out analytical and numerical (finite element) analysis to estimate strains in the haltere due to Coriolis forces and inertia forces resulting from various body rotations. From the strain pattern, we establish a correlation between the location of maximum strain and the position of the campaniform sensilla and propose strain sensing mechanisms. The haltere is connected to the meta thoracic region of the fly’s body by a complicated hinge mechanism that actuates the haltere into angular oscillations with a large amplitude of 170 ◦ in the actuation plane and very small oscillation in the sensing plane. We aim to understand the reason behind the dissimilar boundary attachments along the two directions. We carry out bending experiments using micro Newton force sensor and estimate the stiffness along the actuation and sensing directions. We observe that the haltere behaves as a rigid body in the actuation direction and a flexible body in the sensing direction. We find the haltere to be a resonating structure with two different kinds of boundary attachments in the actuation and sensing directions. We create a finite element model of the haltere joint based on the optical and scanning microscope images, approximate material properties, and stiffness properties obtained from the bending experiments. We subsequently validate the model with experimental results. The haltere geometry has asymmetry along the length and the cross-section. This specific design of the haltere is in contrast to the the existing MEMS vibratory gyroscope, where the elastic beams supporting the proof mass are typically designed with symmetric cross-sections so that there is a mode matching between the actuation and the sensing vibrations. The mode matching provides high sensitivity and low bandwidth. Hence, we are interested in understanding the mechanical significance of the haltere’s asymmetry. First, we estimate the location of the maximum stress by using the actual geometry of the haltere. Next, by using the stiffness determined from bending experiments and mass properties from the geometric model, we find the natural frequencies along both actuation and sensing directions. We compare these findings with existing MEMS vibratory gyroscopes. The dipteran halteres always vibrate at the wing beat frequency. Each wing maintains 180 ◦ phase difference with its contralateral haltere and the opposite wing. Both wings and the contralateral wing-haltere mechanism exhibit coupled oscillatory motion through passive linkages. These linkages modulate the frequency and maintain the out- of-phase relationship. We explore the dynamics behind the out-of-phase behaviour and the frequency modulation of the wing-wing and wing-haltere coupled oscillatory motion. We observe that the linear coupled oscillatory model can explain the out-of-phase relationship between the two wings. However, a nonlinear coupled oscillator model is required to explain both frequency synchronization and frequency modulation of the wing with the haltere. We also carry out a finite element analysis of the wing-haltere mechanism and show that the out-of-phase motion between the wing and the haltere is due to the passive mechanical linkage of finite strength and high actuation force. The results of this study reveal the mechanics of the haltere as a rate sensing gyroscope and show the basis of the Nature’s design of this elegant sensor. This study brings out two specific features— the large amplitude actuated oscillations and the asymmetric geometry of the haltere structure— that are not found in current vibratory gyroscope designs. We hope that our findings inspire new designs of MEMS gyroscopes that have elegance and simplicity of the haltere along with the desired performance.

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Bruni, Leonardo. "Innovative protein sources in feed for salmonids: Effects on lipid metabolism, gut microbiota and fillet quality". Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1187416.

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The purpose of aquaculture is to contribute to feed an increasing world population and to become more sustainable. Consequently, the aquafeed sector must adapt to supply more feed with less expensive and more eco-friendly ingredients. Insects have been studied as one of the promising and innovative protein sources. Evidence showed that their production leads to a circular bioeconomy, and generates positive societal externalities. Moreover, insects are considered fairly nutritious as aquafeed ingredients. Administering a new diet to fish rest on the assumption that animal welfare and final eating quality are preserved. The present thesis analyses the effects of feeding the Salmonidae Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with diets containing the larvae of Hermetia illucens, belonging to the Diptera order. The ultimate goal of the present research is to provide a meaningful insight into the decision making process for feeding and farming in order to optimise the overall production process. To fulfil this ambition, three topics were taken into consideration: - gut microbiota, for its countless functions and widespread impacts that it can have on the hosts; - lipid metabolism, for better understanding the laws behind the lipid constitution in the final product; - final product quality, specifically addressing its fatty acid composition, for the importance of fish fatty acids in human nutrition. The results on gut microbiota of either A. salmon or rainbow trout indicated that microbiota composition is modulated by dietary insect and that it differs depending on sample origin (mucosa or digesta). In addition to changes in composition, microbiota of fish fed diets containing insects was also marked by higher alpha- and beta-diversity. Additionally, mucosa samples tended to show lower alpha-biodiversity in comparison to digesta samples, fact that could be explained by positing that mucosa exercises an active selection. The examinations on lipid metabolism were performed on rainbow trout by calculating the indices of fatty acid metabolism and the ratio of products:precursors in liver and fillet, as well as by qPCR gene expression of pyloric caeca, mid intestine and liver. The three approaches agreed on the fact that lipid metabolism was affected by the diets containing the insect. Specifically, pyloric caeca elovl2 relative expression seemed to show an increased trend when rainbow trout were fed diets containing the insect. Also pyloric caeca and mid intestine fads2 expression seemed to increase following the increasing dietary insect. Minor effects on protein, fatty acid composition and fillet quality were noticed. Fillet fatty acid profile of A. salmon and rainbow trout fed diets containing the insect partly resembled the dietary fatty acid profile, commonly by showing an increase in saturated fatty acids. The cardioprotective fatty acids, namely polyunsaturated of the n-3 series, were successfully retrieved in fish fillets in satisfying amounts, not reflecting the dietary content. In addition, consumers appreciated steamed A. salmon fillets irrespective of the dietary treatment, though small weaknesses related to color intensity and textural attributes were raised in the fillets of the insect group. All things considered, diets containing insect guaranteed a nutritious and appreciated food. To conclude, as some bacteria may protect fish from pathogens as well as enhance physiological functions, it is highly desirable to delve into the effects that bacterial communities have on fish biology. Likewise, an interaction of microbiota with lipid metabolism cannot be excluded. H. illucens larvae used as dietary source for A. salmon and rainbow trout modulated lipid metabolism, but the final eating quality of fillets was highly preserved. It seems probable that the modulation of other oily ingredients may play a role in generating such an outcome, and further studies would be necessary to unravel the underlying dynamics. Additionally, tailoring H. illucens larvae by rearing them on a substrate from marine origin could help improve the final result.

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Rothstein, Susanne. "Ernährungsphysiologische Bewertung von teilentfettetem Larvenmehl der schwarzen Soldatenfliege (Hermetia illucens) für den Einsatz in ressourcenschonenden Ernährungskonzepten der Schweine- und Hähnchenmast". Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-128F-6.

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50

WAN-TING, LEE, i 李宛庭. "The Effect of Cross-Strait Military News on Taiwan(ROC) Soldiers War Risk Perception and Behavioral Intention – A Case Study of PLA Fly Bombers Around Taiwan Issue". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cwwzy2.

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碩士
國防大學政治作戰學院
新聞碩士班
106
The study surveyed Taiwan(ROC), military troops of 15 companies(n=690) to examine risk communication model in the PLA aircraft flew bombers around Taiwan issue. A regression analysis revealed that (1)Taiwan soldiers’ level of war risk perception differed from their media use(with three versions of media exposure, media attention, and interpersonal communication), especially for internet news attention in the cross-strait war risk. (2)Political trust mediated between media use and war risk perception. (3)Soldiers’ level of war risk perception positively predicted risk acceptance, policy support, and behavioral intention. The research also discussed Taiwanese media and authority’s roles in the risk society.

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