Artykuły w czasopismach: „Solar heating- India”

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Doraswami, Anand. "Solar water heating systems in India". Energy for Sustainable Development 1, nr 1 (maj 1994): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60017-4.

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Purohit, Pallav, i Axel Michaelowa. "CDM potential of solar water heating systems in India". Solar Energy 82, nr 9 (wrzesień 2008): 799–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2008.02.016.

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Mathur, Jyotirmay, i Narendra Kumar Bansal. "Energy analysis of solar water heating systems in india". International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 4, nr 2 (marzec 1999): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02979411.

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Sakthivadivel, D., i S. Iniyan. "Experimental Analysis and Thermal Behavior of Conventional Flat Plate Collector and Sun Point Collector of 1 m²Area". Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (lipiec 2014): 1852–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1852.

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India has a huge potential of solar energy as it is gifted with 300 sunny days in most part of the country. The simplest form of harvesting solar energy is to use it for water heating. Most of the solar heating systems developed before were big in size, uses more space, difficult to install and use it for domestic purpose. To make the installation of solar heating systems simple and compact with adequate improvement in performance, a novel sun point collector has been developed. In this paper reduced land use of solar water heating systems by using sun point collector is analysed. A new comparative test on two different types of conventional solar flat plate collector (FPC) and sun point collector (SPC) was also investigated by conducting experiments. A standard glazed flat plate collector and a novel sun point collector are installed in parallel and tested at same working conditions. Results are also presented in terms of daily efficiency versus daily average reduced temperature difference: this allows representing the comparative characteristics of the two collectors when operating under same conditions.

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Chavan, Anupamaa, i Madhav Welling. "INVESTIGATING THE FACTORS IMPACTING THE ADOPTION OF SOLAR WATER HEATERS AMONG THE RESIDENTS OF COOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETIES- STUDY CONDUCTED IN CITIES OF INDIA". International Journal of Advanced Research 10, nr 09 (30.09.2022): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15379.

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According to U. S. Energy Department, water heating accounts for about 18% to 25% of household energy consumption. World today faces energy security problems due to its demand and supply disruptions. Using solar energy for water heating becomes a good option. Solar energy is renewable, clean and green thus its usage helps in sustainable development. This research paper tries to identify the factors impacting the adoption of solar water heaters among the residents of Cooperative Housing Societies (CHSs) in six cities of India these factors will help the manufacturers/suppliers of solar water heaters to frame marketing strategies for adoption and augmenting the sales of these products.

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Chandrasekar, B., i T. C. Kandpal. "Techno-economic evaluation of domestic solar water heating systems in India". Renewable Energy 29, nr 3 (marzec 2004): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(03)00198-8.

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Jain, Meenal, Meenakshi Mital i Matt Syal. "Solar Energy Policy for Commercial Buildings Sector: Recommendations for the Indian Scenario". Journal of Energy and Power Technology 4, nr 2 (21.11.2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2202014.

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India is a rapidly developing nation and is heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Renewable energy presents an attractive solution to the growing challenges concerning energy needs. Solar energy is abundant in India, and thus, its application and use are rapidly advancing. This study assesses various government initiatives for off-grid Solar Photovoltaic/Solar Water Heating systems for commercial establishments in India and elucidates the need for improvements in their implementation, highlighting the problems in availing the incentives. The study was conducted in six states/Union Territories (UTs) of India, which were selected based on their total installed solar capacity. Questionnaires and secondary sources were used as tools for data collection. Policy recommendations were proposed to improve the policy structure and address the problems reported by the stakeholders. A key feature of the recommended policy framework is the inclusion of stakeholders at every stage to make the process efficient. The findings and recommendations in the study might make the government initiatives for increasing the off-grid installations in the commercial buildings sector more acceptable and easier to implement.

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Sharma, Ashish K., Chandan Sharma, Subhash C. Mullick i Tara C. Kandpal. "Carbon mitigation potential of solar industrial process heating: paper industry in India". Journal of Cleaner Production 112 (styczeń 2016): 1683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.093.

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Narayanan, Muthalagappan. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Absorption Cooling for Commercial buildings in India". International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 6, nr 3 (6.11.2017): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.3.253-262.

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Space cooling and heating always tends to be a major part of the primary energy usage. By using fossil fuel electricity for these purposes, the situation becomes even worse. One of the major electricity consumptions in India is air conditioning. There are a lot of different technologies and few researchers have come up with a debate between solar absorption cooling and PV electric cooling. In a previous paper, PV electric cooling was studied and now as a continuation, this paper focuses on solar thermal absorption cooling systems and their application in commercial/office buildings in India. A typical Indian commercial building is taken for the simulation in TRNSYS. Through this simulation, the feasibility and operational strategy of the system is analysed, after which parametric study and economic analysis of the system is done. When compared with the expenses for a traditional air conditioner unit, this solar absorption cooling will take 13.6 years to pay back and will take 15.5 years to payback the price of itself and there after all the extra money are savings or profit. Although the place chosen for this study is one of the typical tropical place in India, this payback might vary with different places, climate and the cooling demand.Article History: Received May 12th 2017; Received in revised form August 15th 2017; Accepted 1st Sept 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Narayanan, M. (2017). Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Absorption Cooling for Commercial Buildings in India. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(3), 253-262.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.3.253-262

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Pathak, Anagha, Kiran Deshpande i Sandesh Jadkar. "Application of Solar Thermal Energy for Medium Temperature Heating in Automobile Industry". IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 7, nr 2 (S) (10.07.2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.icsesd201703.

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There is a huge potential to deploy solar thermal energy in process heat applications in industrial sectors. Around 50 % of industrial heat demand is less than 250 °C which can be addressed through solar energy. The heat energy requirement of industries like automobile, auto ancillary, metal processing, food and beverages, textile, chemical, pharmaceuticals, paper and pulp, hospitality, and educational institutes etc. can be partially met with solar hybridization based solutions. The automobile industry is one of the large consumers of fossil fuel energy in the world. The automobile industry is major economic growth driver of India and has its 60 % fuel dependence on electricity and remaining on oil based products. With abundant area available on roof top, and need for medium temperature operation makes this sector most suitable for substitution of fossil fuel with renewable solar energy. Auto sector has requirement of heat in the temperature range of 80-140 oC or steam up to 2 bar pressure for various processes like component washing, degreasing, drying, boiler feed water preheating, LPG vaporization and cooling. This paper discusses use of solar energy through seamless integration with existing heat source for a few processes involved in automobile industries. Integration of the concentrated solar thermal technology (CST) with the existing heating system is discussed with a case study for commonly used processes in auto industry such as component washing, degreasing and phosphating. The present study is undertaken in a leading automobile plant in India. Component cleaning, degreasing and phosphating are important processes which are carried out in multiple water tanks of varying temperatures. Temperatures of tanks are maintained by electrical heaters which consumes substantial amount of electricity. Non-imaging solar collectors, also known as compound parabolic concentrators (CPC) are used for generation of hot water at required process temperature. The CPC are non-tracking collectors which concentrate diffuse and beam radiation to generate hot water at required temperature. The solar heat generation plant consists of CPC collectors, circulation pump and water storage tank with controls. The heat gained by solar collectors is transferred through the storage tank to the process. An electric heater is switched on automatically when the desired temperature cannot be reached during lower radiation level or during non-sunny hours/days. This solar heating system is designed with CPC collectors that generate process heating water as high as 90OC. It also seamlessly integrates with the existing system without compromising on its reliability, while reducing electricity consumption drastically. The system is commissioned in April, 2013 and since then it has saved ~ 1,75,000 units of electricity/year and in turn 164 MT of emission of CO2 annually.

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Sairam, R., P. L. Raviteja i A. Naresh. "Case Study: Performance Assessment of Various Sun Shades for Hot-Dry Climate". Advanced Materials Research 816-817 (wrzesień 2013): 875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.816-817.875.

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There are many reasons to control the amount of sunlight admitted into a building. In warm, sunny climates excess solar gain may result in high cooling energy consumption. In cold and temperate climates winter sun entering south-facing windows can positively contribute to passive solar heating; and in nearly all climates controlling and diffusing natural Illumination will improve day lighting. A Well-designed sun control and shading devices can dramatically reduce building peak heat gain and cooling requirements and improve the Natural lighting quality of building interiors. In this casestudy Shading Devices commonly found in India are evaluated to find Optimized Shading Device for Hot-Dry Climate of South India

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Meena, Chandan Swaroop, Binju P. Raj, Lohit Saini, Nehul Agarwal i Aritra Ghosh. "Performance Optimization of Solar-Assisted Heat Pump System for Water Heating Applications". Energies 14, nr 12 (14.06.2021): 3534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123534.

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The use of solar energy in water heating applications, such as in solar-assisted heat pump systems, has great benefits, such as reductions in heat transfer losses, control over incident solar heat, and generation of environmentally benign water heat. In the present study, we performed parametric optimization based on an experimental model of a solar-assisted heat pump system for water heating (SAHPSWH) in the context of colder climatic regions receiving minimal solar radiation. Various parameters were investigated, such as the different glazing arrangements, the distances between fluid-circulating tubes, and the absorber sheet arrangement. The results showed that double glazing was more efficient than single glazing, with average COP values of 3.37 and 2.69, respectively, and with similar heat gain rates. When the evaporator tube was soldered below the absorber plate, the COP was 1.19 times greater than when the tube was soldered above the absorber plate. We also analyzed whether the collector efficiency factor F′ has an inverse relationship with the tube distance and a direct relationship with the absorber plate thickness. Through this experimental study, we verified that the SAHPSWH is reliable if designed judiciously. This promising energy-saving system is particularly suitable for areas abundant in solar radiation, such as in India, where the needs for space conditioning and water heating are constant.

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Shahare, Sneha, i T. Harinarayana. "Energy Efficient Air Conditioning System Using Geothermal Cooling-Solar Heating in Gujarat, India". Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 04, nr 01 (2016): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2016.41004.

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Pathania, Yuvraj Singh, i Rajesh Kumar. "A Review of the Global Current Scenario, Trends, and Challenges of Hybrid District Heating System". ECS Transactions 107, nr 1 (24.04.2022): 8735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.8735ecst.

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India's energy consumption is considerable, yet its energy supplies are limited because of the climatic conditions in the northern Himalayas. During the winter, the northern region faces an absence of sources. A feasibility study on the DHS has to be conducted to help remedy the situation to overcome this situation. The major goal of this article is to derive heat from solar and biomass energy sources. Biomass in the forest reduces CO2 emissions by using solar energy in our atmosphere. This hybrid district heating system makes effective use of this energy. It is possible to deal with the problem of freezing temperatures in the northern area with hybrid district heating systems. As a result of this technology, a comfortable interior atmosphere may be created. The study examines the future directions of the Hybrid DHS in northern India. The approach is a theoretical model to determine whether or not there are viable sources for hybrid district heating systems.

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Vaidhyanathan, Ashwath, i N. D. Banker. "Theoretical and Experimental Modeling of Phase Change Material-Based Space Heating Using Solar Energy". International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 28, nr 02 (czerwiec 2020): 2050016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132520500169.

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Recently, renewable sources of energy, particularly, solar thermal energy, have gained significant attention for developing heating and cooling mechanisms for buildings. This work aims at developing a theoretical model for space heating based on phase change material (PCM) using solar energy in winter conditions for the Northern region of India. The system has two PCM containers placed inside the room on the two opposite walls, which receives heat from concentrating solar system during the daytime. After achieving the temperature of PCM above its melting point using the solar system, the stored heat of PCM is released to the room ambient during the nighttime when the room ambient is at lower temperature. OM-37, having melting temperature of [Formula: see text]C, has been used as a PCM for the current research work. The numerical investigation of the system shows that temperature of the room reaches to 26–[Formula: see text]C from [Formula: see text]C in 4–5[Formula: see text]h of operation and thus ensuring thermal comfort of occupants.

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Kushwaha, Pravesh Kr, Neelesh Kr Sharma, Ashwani Kumar i Chandan Swaroop Meena. "Recent Advancements in Augmentation of Solar Water Heaters Using Nanocomposites with PCM: Past, Present, and Future". Buildings 13, nr 1 (29.12.2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010079.

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Energy consumption in India is massive, and even the quantity used for household tasks is substantial. The majority of the requirement is satisfied by using fossil fuels, which are the traditional methods. Heating water is the most frequent home application. Accordingly, this article examines studies from the previous ten years. The information in this article demonstrates that using renewable energy is the greatest way to cut back on both the use of fossil fuels and carbon emissions while heating water for residential use. Solar, hydroelectric, wind, and biofuels are the most significant renewable sources for improving building efficiency that can be used for an extended period of time. The solar water heater is a common example of how solar energy is being used in homes more frequently. In order to identify key issues and solutions related to employing solar water heaters as an effective water heating application in both commercial and residential buildings, this article compiles research data from earlier studies (2012–2022). The literature survey was carried out using Scopus, a specialized database. Sixty-six dedicated research publications having search keywords plus recently published articles that matched the inclusion criteria were chosen for this review study. The study’s findings show that there is a greater inclination of researchers towards research and development in the field of domestic solar water heaters. The research publications that are being presented are all from the past 10 years (2012–2022) and stress the use of solar energy in increasing building efficiency. The study highlights how flat plate solar collectors with distilled water as the heat transfer fluid and a phase-changing substance as the thermal energy storage could potentially be enhanced. The thermal conductivity of paraffin wax and distilled water was improved by 75% of the researchers by using 0.05 to 0.5% concentrations of Al and Cu oxide nanoparticles, making it useful in solar water heaters. A total of 78% of researchers are interested in domestic water heating applications since they use a lot of energy in both urban and rural settings.

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Singh, M. C., i S. N. Garg. "Suitable Glazing Selection for Glass-Curtain Walls in Tropical Climates of India". ISRN Renewable Energy 2011 (4.10.2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/484893.

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How a glass-curtain wall affects the heating and cooling load of a building is analysed. The study includes five types of glazings, which include double-glazed clear glass, double-glazed low-e, and double-glazed solar control. The analysis is for three climates: composite (New Delhi), hot and dry (Jodhpur), and warm and humid (Chennai). An office building is chosen for analysis. The study includes effect of glazed area, orientation, and that of climates, on annual energy consumption. It was found that energy consumption increases linearly with the glazed area and minimum energy consumption is for north orientation. For types of climates considered in this study, a glass-curtain wall, made of solar control glazing (reflective), consumes 6–8% less energy than the standard window.

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Sharma, Ashish K., Chandan Sharma, Subhash C. Mullick i Tara C. Kandpal. "Effect of incentives on the financial attractiveness of solar industrial process heating in India". Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 2 (2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2017025.

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Singh, Shailendra, Abhishek Anand, Amritanshu Shukla i Atul Sharma. "Environmental, technical and financial feasibility study of domestic solar water heating system in India". Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 43 (luty 2021): 100965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100965.

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David, Jefferson Stanley, Jayaraman Viveckraj, Sivamani Seralathan i K. Varatharajan. "Comparative Study of Solar Water Heating Systems - Flat Plate Collector (FPC) with Evacuated Tube Collector". International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 26 (październik 2016): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.26.76.

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Solar energy is one of the alternatives to replace the use of conventional energy sources to heat water for domestic use. This paper focuses on the design and fabrication of a second generation indigenized FPC with locally available low cost material and compares its performance with existing costlier ETC solar water heating system. Readings of FPC and ETC are taken on different days at different time intervals having varied climatic conditions and humidity levels. Analysis of data showed that the rate of temperature rise in ETC is higher than FPC. The maximum temperature reached by these two solar water heating system varies from 2°C to 4°C. The difference between ETC and the indigenized FPC is the time taken to reach the peak temperature. This is due to a better conversion factor and a comparatively low thermal loss factor of ETC. Considering the energy saving involved, as the difference in temperature between FPC and ETC ranges from 0.10°C to 6.80°C, FPC is better suited to heat water for domestic uses given the climatic conditions prevailing in Coimbatore city, India.

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Raghav, Geetanjali, Pankaj Kumar Sharma, Suresh Kumar, Rajesh Maithani, Alexis Iung i Quentin Mercier. "Analysis of solar cooker with thermal storage for remote hilly areas: determination of heating and cooling characteristic time". Acta Innovations, nr 40 (30.09.2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.40.1.

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Solar cooking finds a major application in rural areas of Uttarakhand, India, yet its utilization is still limited due to certain limitation such as intermittent nature of solar radiations. This drawback limits solar cooker in becoming a viable alternate solution of LPG and other pollution causing resources such as wood. In order to cater this problem a numerical analysis of box type solar cooker with storage is carried out. The energy stored in the storage material will keep the cooker warm up to the time when food is consumed. Charging and discharging time analysis is performed in with an aim to understand the effect of storage on solar cooker. Heating and cooling characteristic time are being evaluated and analysed with storage. Thermal performance of box type solar cooker is measured in terms of figures of merit according to BIS standards. The effect of storage has also been analysed in terms of charging and discharging time and first figure of merit of box type solar cooker.it has been observed that during discharging the heat is stored for more duration as compared to the charging time as discharge time is approx. 4-5 hours while charging time for the same amount of insolation is around 3-4 hours.

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Pathak,, Kripa Shankar, i Ravindra Mohan. "A Comprehensive Review on Solar Parabolic Trough Collector". SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 4, nr 10 (10.10.2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v4i10.169.

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Solar energy is one among the freely available clean forms of renewable energy. Many technologies have been developed in India for extracting energy from assorted renewable energies, but the maximum extraction of thermal energy from solar energy is the most promising challenge. This paper focuses on the performance and efficiency of solar parabolic trough collector. In this paper, the design stages of a solar parabolic trough collector are presented. The sunlight collected is split by a cold mirror into visible light and inferred rays. The visible light and IR are used for day lighting and heating generation respectively. The receiver absorbs the incoming radiations and transforms them into thermal energy. Improving the performance of solar collectors has been recently a subject of intense research because of its advantages such as a decrease in the size and cost of systems and an increase in the thermal performance.

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C.V, Papade, i Shirsikar A.B. "EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SOLAR OPERATED AUTOMATIC MAWA MAKING MACHINE". International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering 9, nr 8 (31.08.2022): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/ijirae.2022.v0908.35.

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The hasty development of India and a upward population has directed to natural resources and available energy for everyday use becoming sparse. Many areas in rural India use wood as their main source of fuel for cooking. This demand has led to deforestation of the land, as well as increased health issues due to smoke inhalation during wood-fueled cooking. So, efforts should be made to solve these problems. An enormous amount of energy is expended regularly on cooking. So the demand can be fulfilled by solar reflector. The main purpose of system is to reduce human effort by implementing the stirring mechanism and to prevent the fuel consumption by use of solar energy In this research project mawa made in both Ways, direct heating and storing thermal energy in oil. So it’s available for day night. From 5 liter of milk, made 1kg of mawa in 3.5 Hours, by direct method. By storing thermal energy in oil its takes more time, but by providing insulation made mawa also in night time. Total mawa made capacity of system is 2.5kg per day.

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Sharma, Ashish K., Chandan Sharma, Subhash C. Mullick i Tara C. Kandpal. "Potential of solar industrial process heating in dairy industry in India and consequent carbon mitigation". Journal of Cleaner Production 140 (styczeń 2017): 714–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.157.

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Sharma, Ashish K., Chandan Sharma, Subhash C. Mullick i Tara C. Kandpal. "GHG mitigation potential of solar industrial process heating in producing cotton based textiles in India". Journal of Cleaner Production 145 (marzec 2017): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.161.

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Nazir, Sarfraz, Syed Basharat Mustafa, Anil Pandit, Tsewang Norbu i Om Prakash Chaurasia. "Solar Energy powered active Greenhouse for the cultivation of Fresh Food during winter in Trans Himalayan Cold Arid Region, India". Defence Life Science Journal 8, nr 1 (10.03.2023): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.8.18387.

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The Trans-Himalayan Cold arid high altitude region of Ladakh have hostile climatic conditions particularly lowtemperature (-20°C to -45°C). The region shares international borders with two countries viz. China and Pakistanand hence large numbers of Army personnel are deployed in the region due to their strategic importance. Production of fresh food locally is difficult due to low atmospheric temperatures. The region remains cut off from the external world during the winter period for almost 6-8 months due to the closure of roads, which causes an acute shortage of fresh food. Some supply from other regions through the air is carried out but available only to a limited population and costly also, hence beyond the pocket of the common’s man. The inhabitants hence mostly have to survive on packaged food containing food preservatives and harmful chemicals, which are the causes of many diseases. In addition, the unavailability of fresh food causes nutritional deficiency in the inhabitants of the region. Production of fresh food locally seems possible and realistic in closed structures, only if the temperature is maintained. The objective of this study is to prove fresh food production by maintaining suitable temperatures in structures during peak winter using solar energy. Solar energy is available in plenty in the region and stood at 4 th position in India in terms of irradiation. A variety of fresh foods were produced by maintaining temperature in the coldest and largest existing structure using commercially available heating units successively from 2016-2019 during the winter period. The heating units were supplied energy from a Solar PV-based system. An average of 1500kgs-1800kgs of a variety of fresh vegetables were produced and supplied for the first time in the region during the peak winter period of 2016 to 2019. The survival percentage of 92.5% to 100% is found in a structure with an area of 3600 2 feet.Fresh foods were produced and supplied to the user by maintaining minimum survival temperature using solar energy as a source with commercially available heating technology in the largest and coldest existing structure.

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Wessley, G. Jims John, i P. Koshy Mathews. "Experimental Analysis of a Flat Plate Solar Collector System for Small-Scale Desalination Applications". Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (lipiec 2014): 800–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.800.

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This paper presents the results of the experimental investigation on a solar flat plate collector carried out at Coimbatore, India (11°N Latitude and 74°E Longitude). The collector tubes allowed the water to flow twice across the flat plate collector using a circulating pump during which the water gets heated by the solar radiation received by the absorber. The maximum temperature of water obtained on a typical day in the month of April was 64°C with a solar radiation of 932.2651 W/m2. The available solar radiation strongly influences the temperature gain of the system while the wind velocity plays a considerable role in influencing the heat lost by the system. It is observed that the two-pass flow of water across the absorber plate results in a maximum temperature gain with an overall collector efficiency of 43.7 %. This solar water heating system using flat plate collector can be used for small-scale desalination applications.

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Karwa, Rajendra, i V. Srivastava. "Thermal Performance of Solar Air Heater Having Absorber Plate with V-Down Discrete Rib Roughness for Space-Heating Applications". Journal of Renewable Energy 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/151578.

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The paper presents results of thermal performance analysis of a solar air heater with v-down discrete rib roughness on the air flow side of the absorber plate, which supplies heated air for space heating applications. The air heater operates in a closed loop mode with inlet air at a fixed temperature of 295 K from the conditional space. The ambient temperature varied from 278 K to 288 K corresponding to the winter season of Western Rajasthan, India. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of performance plots, which can be utilized by a designer for calculating desired air flow rate at different ambient temperature and solar insolation values.

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Prakash, K. B., Mohammed Almeshaal, Manoj Kumar Pasupathi, Subramaniyan Chinnasamy, S. Saravanakumar i S. Rajesh Ruban. "Hybrid PV/T Heat Pump System with PCM for Combined Heating, Cooling and Power Provision in Buildings". Buildings 13, nr 5 (24.04.2023): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051133.

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Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal heat pump (PV/T-HP) solar energy systems are promising since they can achieve a system total efficiency greater than 80%. By maximizing the output of a PV/T system for simultaneous heating and cooling, this strategy can meet over 60% of urban households’ heating needs and around 40% of their cooling needs. In this work, a novel PV/T evaporator was designed, fabricated, and an aluminium foil encapsulated hydrated salt (HS36) PCM was integrated with the PV/T evaporator of the PV/T direct expansion heat pump system (PV/T-DXHP). Energy analysis was carried out on the PV/T-DXHP system with PCM in tropical climate regions of India for achieving net zero energy buildings. The experimental study revealed that the average PV electricity efficiency was 14.17%, which is near the PV panel’s STC value. The average thermal efficiency of the system was 104.38%, and the PV/T system’s average overall efficiency was 117.58%. The heating and cooling COPs of the system were 5.73 and 4.62, respectively. It was concluded that net-zero energy buildings are possible with the help of photovoltaic heat pump systems that use PCM and solar energy to make electricity, cool spaces, and heat water.

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Kumar, Sumit, i P. C. S. Devara. "A long-term study of aerosol modulation of atmospheric and surface solar heating over Pune, India". Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 64, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 18420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.18420.

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Sharma, Ashish K., Chandan Sharma, Subhash C. Mullick i Tara C. Kandpal. "Potential of Solar Energy Utilization for Process Heating in Paper Industry in India: A Preliminary Assessment". Energy Procedia 79 (listopad 2015): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.486.

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Raza, Syed Ali, Syed Sulman Ahmad, Tahir Abdul Hussain Ratlamwala, Ghulam Hussain i Mohammed Alkahtani. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Glazed, Unglazed and Evacuated Tube Solar Water Heaters". Energies 13, nr 23 (27.11.2020): 6261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236261.

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In the residential sector, a great part of the electricity goes into heating water by electric water heaters, which results in high CO2 emissions as well as an unprecedented increase in electricity demand leading to an energy crisis. This study offers solar water heaters as a more economical and efficient replacement for electric water heaters. The present study is aimed at investigating the potential for solar water heaters in the subcontinent, especially in India. A feasibility analysis is performed for seven cities in the subcontinent, namely Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, Assam, Gujrat and Madhya Pradesh. Simulated results are based on a solar fraction, equity payback, multiple collectors (one, two or three), horizontal and tilted, type of collector (evacuated tube, glazed and unglazed), electricity saved and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. The collector’s area is made such that it should receive at least 50% of the solar fraction. The range of payback period varies from five to 15 years. The results show Gujrat being the most ideal site for solar water heaters.

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Pathak, Anagha, Anand Bhosle, Pravin Baste, Niranjan Kurhe, Nitin Suryawanshi, Asmita Marathe i Sandesh Jadkar. "Performance Comparison of CPC based solar installations at different locations in India and analysis of variation pattern". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 850, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/850/1/012039.

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Abstract Currently the industrial heat demand is met by using expensive fossil fuels. Exclusive use of solar energy is not feasible due to the fluctuating pattern of solar radiation intensity. Solar hybridization with the existing heating system can be an appropriate solution to meet the process heat requirement of many industries. Concentrator Solar Thermal (CST) technologies can generate the medium temperature heat required for industrial processes. The present study was undertaken with an objective of comparing and analyzing the designed performance of the solar fields using the Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) technology against the actual measured performance values for boiler feed water preheating application at two different locations in India. The optical efficiency of the CPC collector, 64.8%, obtained when tested as per part 5 of IS 16648:2017 was used for designing the solar fields as per the daily heat requirement. The performance of the installations at both the locations was monitored for a period of five months. The observed variation in the performance of each installation than the designed performance was compared and analyzed for the causes. The average variation in designed and measured performance was in the range of 9.0% to 9.8% for location 1 and 2 respectively, attributing to heat rejection from the collector attachments and fluid transfer lines, dust effect on the absorber and reflector of CPC, instrument’s uncertainty, other losses due to shadow effect, vacuum loss from the tubes, dislocation of tubes, heat removal and usage pattern etc. The reasons of the losses from both the fields were of the similar nature, which should be taken into account to design a solar thermal system to achieve predicted performance near to the designed performance. Preheating of boiler feed water is one of the potential applications of solar CPC technology.

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Wegener, Moritz, Antonio Isalgué, Anders Malmquist i Andrew Martin. "3E-Analysis of a Bio-Solar CCHP System for the Andaman Islands, India—A Case Study". Energies 12, nr 6 (21.03.2019): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061113.

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Energy services are especially expensive on remote islands due to longer and more unstable fuel supply chains. In this paper, different renewable energy systems utilizing locally available biomass and solar energy are proposed as alternatives for a hotel resort on Neil Island, India. Based on local demand data, commercial information, and scientific literature, four cases are modelled with the simulation software HOMER and their economic, energetic, as well as ecological (3E) performances are compared. The robustness of each case configuration is tested with a sensitivity analysis. The results show that a biomass-based, solar-assisted combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system offers an economic saving potential of more than 500,000 USD over twenty years and could decrease CO2 emissions by 365 t per year. When not applying CCHP measures, system performance is significantly worsened. A solar and battery-assisted diesel generator system shows similar economic outcomes as the CCHP system but worse ecological performance. Implementing the biomass-based CCHP system could improve the ecological footprint of the island, substantially decrease expenditure for the hotel owner, and generate a new source of income for surrounding farmers through biomass selling.

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Sharma, Ashish K., Chandan Sharma, Subhash C. Mullick i Tara C. Kandpal. "Incentives for promotion of solar industrial process heating in India: a case of cotton-based textile industry". Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 20, nr 4 (3.02.2018): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-018-1499-1.

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Singh, Dashrath. "Study Work on Parabolic Solar through Water Heating system with Various Type of Coating on Reflectors with or without Glass". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 8 (31.08.2023): 1310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55340.

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Abstract: Solar energy serves as the wellspring of all forms of energy present on Earth, establishing its role as a significant contributor. The contemporary surge in global energy demand exerts pressure on traditional energy reservoirs, including coal, petroleum, natural gas, and fossil fuels. These resources, limited in nature, face potential depletion in the absence of recourse to alternative sources. Solar energy emerges as a viable substitute for diverse energy production processes due to its renewable attributes, devoid of any contribution to the emission of greenhouse gases or environmental contaminants. Furthermore, its enduring nature safeguards against imminent depletion. This study delves into the prospect of harnessing solar energy for hot water generation through a thermal system. The research involves the construction of a solar radiation tracking system operated manually. A comparative evaluation ensues, featuring parabolic trough solar water heaters utilizing distinct reflector materials, both with and without the incorporation of glass covers. The reflective component materializes as a stainless steel sheet-formed trough, skillfully cut and welded, integrated with aluminum foil and mirror strips for reflective enhancement. Functioning as the absorber, a copper tube boasting an 18mm diameter and 240mm focal length is adopted. The experimental protocol spans four phases, each involving varying reflector configurations, including instances with and without a glass cover affixed to the trough's surface to mitigate wind-induced losses below. Performance metrics are meticulously documented, subsequently subjected to comparison against three alternative scenarios. The experimentation transpired within the precincts of SRCEM College, Banmore, during the summer season of May 2023, situated in the region of Madhya Pradesh, India. The study's culmination sheds light on the potential of solar thermal systems for hot water generation. The insights gained from the comprehensive evaluation of parabolic trough solar water heaters, encompassing diverse reflector configurations and the influence of glass cover presence, lay the groundwork for a potential revolution in sustainable energy utilization. Amidst the contemporary energy conundrum, this research unveils innovative avenues that harness the abundant offerings of solar energy, promising a cleaner and enduring energy landscape.

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Kumar, Pramod. "Extreme droughts and corresponding Summer Monsoon: A Case Study of 2009 Indian Drought". MAUSAM 74, nr 1 (29.12.2022): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v74i1.5329.

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Drought is a sustained result of continuous surface and atmospheric heating and moisture deficit. In general, drought assessment is made based on various indices. However, the drought dynamics and associated surface energetics about the corresponding Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM, i.e., June, July, August and September-JJAS) still needs to be better understood. Prolonged surface heating causes reduction of soil moisture, surface/subsurface runoff and atmospheric moisture. Excess surface heating results from positive surface energy budget, which is computed using the term, surface net solar radiation (SNSR), surface net thermal radiation (SNTR), surface sensible heat flux (SSHF), and surface latent heat flux (SLHF). It may also be the possible reason for enhanced convection. Convection also depends on the moisture holding capacity of the atmosphere, which increases with increasing air temperature. These processes lead to moisture content deficit and rainfall suppression due to moisture divergence from the convective sources. India Meteorological Department (IMD) (station and 0.25° gridded) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis (0.25° resolution) datasets are used to study the extreme drought events. Drought indices such as Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Soil Moisture Index (SMI) and Sensible Heat Index (SHI) are used. Results indicate that anomalous lowering of available surface soil moisture and increase of surface sensible heat flux is a possible cause for enhancing extreme drought during the 2009 ISM. The associated Hadley circulation shows anomalous weakening, which led to reduced northward moisture transport from the southern oceans, further acerbating moisture deficit. Most parts of India suffered from anomalous decrement in specific humidity in the lower to upper troposphere and related precipitation scarcity during the drought period. The atmosphere’s increased moisture holding capacity sets a weak monsoon due to moisture divergence from ocean/local convection. However, likely, the excessive surface warming (due to SNSR/SNTR trapped into the surface) led to the extreme drought during 2009 ISM.

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Sudheer, P., i Ch Chengaiah. "Eradicating Poverty in India by Sun using Dye Sensitized Photovoltaic Technology". Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 4, nr 1 (8.08.2021): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v4i1.576.

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Almost all 1.6 billion people in developing countries have no access to electricity; approximately 85% of the people live in rural areas. Poor people and people in marginal areas, presently depend on natural resources such as wood, charcoal, dung etc. to provide energy for cooking and heating. By 2030, in this category is expected to rise from 2.4 to 2.6 billion people. The result will be greater local competition for traditional energy. So, the rural development can be achieved by promoting locally available renewable energy to meet the basic electricity needs. Decentralised production units are appropriate wherever locally renewable sources of energy are available. Efficient use of traditional and commercial fuels. The main focus of this paper is to present the energy management techniques and different applications of solar energy utilization for the rural people in India to eradicate the poverty in addition to this the role of youth, educationalists, researchers, scientists, politicians and bureaucrats etc. to eradicating poverty in the nation.

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Reddy, K. Niranjan. "Automatic Night Light using Solar and Piezo Power". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr VI (15.06.2021): 1101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35225.

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The objective of this project is to get power continuously from the renewable energy resources. Here the renewable energy resources utilized in this project are solar energy and rain water. Now-a-days using solar power for the generation of electricity has become extremely popular. Particularly within the agricultural fields the usage of solar panels for electricity increasing day by day. The flaw during this concept is whenever there's sun, there'll be solar power production Another project is based on the principle of using hybrid mechanism of mixing solar energy technology with piezo electrical power technology during this project, we'll have hybrid panel i.e., one side it'll have solar array and other side it'll have piezo electric plate.. So whenever the day is sunny, solar array are going to be faced up and whenever there's rainfall, the piezo electric plate are going to be faced up. For sensing the sun, we are using an LDR. solar power may be a very useful renewable source of energy, which can be the solution to the longer term for power, or energy needs, as heating seems to select up rapidly by installing Solar AND piezo electric generator for Street lights, it'll help to spice up the economy of INDIA. during this no need of manual operation like ON time and OFF time setting. By using this technique electricity consumption are often reduced which is one among the most advantage also. within the basic circuit of this technique we are using an LDR, solar array, piezo electric transducer, Battery, voltage booster, Transistor, , Resistor and an LED.

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Monika, Mandav, i Tiwari Shruti. "Comparative analysis of real-time data for stand-alone PV and floating PV system using MPPT technique". i-manager's Journal on Power Systems Engineering 9, nr 4 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jps.9.4.18519.

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Solar energy is one of the most important and rapidly developing technologies in India. In recent years, India's attempts to increase the share of solar energy in electricity generation have led to the use of all renewable energy sources in electricity generation. It does not require fuel and has no negative impact on the environment. This research paper compared real-time data for off-grid and floating Photovoltaic (PV) systems. A stand-alone photovoltaic system assumes that a battery is used to store energy. He encountered a problem with the heating on the ground or on the roof, causing the panel's efficiency to drop. A floating solar panel is a novel solution to the problem of scarce land and rising panel temperatures in standalone systems. The efficiency of a floating PV system is higher than that of a stand-alone PV system because the water constantly cools the temperature of the floating solar panel. This paper explored the performance of both standalone and floating PV modules. The systems used the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) approach and the simulations were performed in MATLAB. Other MPPT algorithms are available, but this is the one uses the Perturb and Observe (P & O) technique.

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-, Chitranayak, Sharanabasava -, Abhinash P., Nagaratna -, P. S. Minz, Hima John, Priyanka -, Kiran Nagajjanavar i Vikram Simha. "Application of Renewable Solar Energy for Thermal Treatment of Milk: A Review". International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 13, nr 11 (30.11.2022): 1163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2022.3110.

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In India the milk is consumed both in the raw (un-processed) as well as processed forms with the raw milk being consumed locally. The use of processed milk is prevalent through both the organized as well as un-organized sectors. The milk processing in the organized sector (20% of the total milk processed) is undertaken to produce the pasteurized liquid milk as well as other value-added products. Solar energy is a cheap, omnipresent, and indigenous source of energy that produces a clean, pollution-free climate. In recent years, the use of solar energy has risen to new heights. Its driving force is the ongoing quest for an alternative power source due to the perceived shortage of fossil fuels. As the price of fossil fuels continues to increase, it has become much more common. The planet absorbs more energy from the sun in a single hour than the entire world consumes in a year. Its use has proved to be the most cost-effective, as most systems in individual applications only need a few kilowatts of electricity. Solar collectors transform solar energy into thermal energy for heating applications, which is the easiest and most effective way to do it. The dairy industry is one of the industries where thermal processing is a crucial unit activity. Solar energy can thus be used to heat water, sterilize cans and bottles, and pasteurize milk. This paper examines the use of solar energy in the pasteurization of milk.

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J, Vijayalaxmi, i S. P. Sekar. "Indoor Thermal Performance of Ventilated Dwellings Using Fly Screens in the Hot-Humid Climate of Chennai, India". Journal of Green Building 4, nr 2 (1.05.2009): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.4.2.150.

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In a hot-humid tropical climate, indoor thermal performance can be enhanced by comfort ventilation. Indoor ventilation depends upon building opening size. But risks involved in providing openings include ingress of mosquitoes and insects which thrive in the tropical climate. A practical and prevalent option to prevent insects in ventilated dwellings of the tropical, hot-humid city of Chennai, India is through the use of fly screens. Fly screens, when used over openings, prevent a certain quantum of solar radiation and wind from entering inside the rooms. Reduced direct solar radiation prevents the indoors from heating up, while reduced wind movement prevents the cross ventilation. Therefore, it is important to know the indoor thermal performance of ventilated rooms in the presence of fly screens with changing opening sizes. The criterion to evaluate indoor thermal performance in this paper is indoor air temperature. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of fly screens on openings with varying sizes, in a naturally ventilated dwelling in the hot-humid climate of Chennai, India, during the summer period. The results of the study show that fly screens raise the indoor air temperature when openings are in the range of 100% to 35% of the room floor area. There is no significant change in the indoor air temperature when the opening sizes are less than 30% of the room floor area.

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Veeraboina, Punnaiah, i Yesuratnam Guduri. "Performance analysis of solar water heating system in Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Southern region of India". Environment, Development and Sustainability 16, nr 6 (6.03.2014): 1223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9523-z.

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Jakhar, Sanjeev, Rohit Misra, Vikas Bansal i M. S. Soni. "Thermal performance investigation of earth air tunnel heat exchanger coupled with a solar air heating duct for northwestern India". Energy and Buildings 87 (styczeń 2015): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.11.070.

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Sharma, Ashish K., Chandan Sharma, Subhash C. Mullick i Tara C. Kandpal. "Financial viability of solar industrial process heating and cost of carbon mitigation: A case of dairy industry in India". Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 27 (czerwiec 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2018.03.007.

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Lau, William, i Kyu-Myong Kim. "Impact of Snow Darkening by Deposition of Light-Absorbing Aerosols on Snow Cover in the Himalayas–Tibetan Plateau and Influence on the Asian Summer Monsoon: A Possible Mechanism for the Blanford Hypothesis". Atmosphere 9, nr 11 (12.11.2018): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110438.

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The impact of snow darkening by deposition of light-absorbing aerosols (LAAs) on snow cover over the Himalayas–Tibetan Plateau (HTP) and the influence on the Asian summer monsoon were investigated using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Model Version 5 (GEOS-5). The authors found that during April–May–June, the deposition of LAAs on snow led to a reduction in surface albedo, initiating a sequence of feedback processes, starting with increased net surface solar radiation, rapid snowmelt in the HTP and warming of the surface and upper troposphere, followed by enhanced low-level southwesterlies and increased dust loading over the Himalayas–Indo-Gangetic Plain. The warming was amplified by increased dust aerosol heating, and subsequently amplified by latent heating from enhanced precipitation over the Himalayan foothills and northern India, via the elevated heat pump (EHP) effect during June–July–August. The reduced snow cover in the HTP anchored the enhanced heating over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slopes, in conjunction with an enhancement of the Tibetan Anticyclone, and the development of an anomalous Rossby wave train over East Asia, leading to a weakening of the subtropical westerly jet, and northward displacement and intensification of the Mei-Yu rain belt. The authors’ results suggest that the atmosphere-land heating induced by LAAs, particularly desert dust, plays a fundamental role in physical processes underpinning the snow–monsoon relationship proposed by Blanford more than a century ago.

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Meehl, Gerald A., Julie M. Arblaster i William D. Collins. "Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols on the Indian Monsoon". Journal of Climate 21, nr 12 (15.06.2008): 2869–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1777.1.

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Abstract A six-member ensemble of twentieth-century simulations with changes to only time-evolving global distributions of black carbon aerosols in a global coupled climate model is analyzed to study the effects of black carbon (BC) aerosols on the Indian monsoon. The BC aerosols act to increase lower-tropospheric heating over South Asia and reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface during the dry season, as noted in previous studies. The increased meridional tropospheric temperature gradient in the premonsoon months of March–April–May (MAM), particularly between the elevated heat source of the Tibetan Plateau and areas to the south, contributes to enhanced precipitation over India in those months. With the onset of the monsoon, the reduced surface temperatures in the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and over India that extend to the Himalayas act to reduce monsoon rainfall over India itself, with some small increases over the Tibetan Plateau. Precipitation over China generally decreases due to the BC aerosol effects. There is a weakened latitudinal SST gradient resulting from BC aerosols in the model simulations as seen in the observations, and this is present in the multiple-forcings experiments with the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3), which includes natural and anthropogenic forcings (including BC aerosols). The BC aerosols and consequent weakened latitudinal SST gradient in those experiments are associated with increased precipitation during MAM in northern India and over the Tibetan Plateau, with some decreased precipitation over southwest India, the Bay of Bengal, Burma, Thailand, and Malaysia, as seen in observations. During the summer monsoon season, the model experiments show that BC aerosols have likely contributed to observed decreasing precipitation trends over parts of India, Bangladesh, Burma, and Thailand. Analysis of single ensemble members from the multiple-forcings experiment suggests that the observed increasing precipitation trends over southern China appear to be associated with natural variability connected to surface temperature changes in the northwest Pacific.

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R, Suresh, Subash Chandra Bose.R, Arumugam K, Anbazhagan R, Sathiyamoorthy V, Nagendran N.A i Prakash E. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF A SOLAR PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR FOR CIRCULAR AND ELLIPTICAL ABSORBER". JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 13, nr 7 (13.02.2017): 6348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v13i7.5717.

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Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Solar parabolic trough collector is one of the most efficient and an effective technology to deal with environmental pollution and it has gained much attention due to the recent energy demand. The solar parabolic trough collector is one of the most promising techniques for absorbing the heat from the sun. This heat is utilized for electricity generation and other industrial heating applications. This paper describes the theoretical and experimental assessment of performance of the circular and elliptical absorbers used in solar parabolic trough collector. The absorber tube of parabolic trough collector is used to transfer the heat to the working fluid. The working fluid considered over here is water which is the best operating medium in direct steam generation. The mass flow rate of water in absorber tube is analyzed in 3 stages as 0.016, 0.024 and 0.030 kg/s respectively. The experimental test is done in Chennai-Tamilnadu, Southern part of India which experiences a superior temperature throughout the year. The experiment is conducted for the period of one year from June 2015 to May 2016. The performance improvement focuses on collector efficiency, useful heat transfer rate, outlet temperature of working fluid, temperature gradient, overall heat transfer rate and the thermal losses.

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Shukir, Samhar Saeed. "Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Systems to Solve the Problem of the Increasing in Electricity Demand in the Summer Season in Iraq". Journal of Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources 8, nr 2 (13.06.2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/joares.2022.v08i02.002.

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Concentrated solar power (CSP) is the conversion of the sun's energy into thermal energy by concentrating the solar radiation by means of mirrors or any other optical element such as lenses on a receiver containing a liquid such as water, molten salt, industrial oil or compressed gas to provide heat for heating and for industrial purposes or to generate steam that rotates a turbine to produce electricity. CSP plants may contain thermal storage units to provide electrical and thermal energy during the night or when the weather is cloudy. Concentrated thermal and electrical energy generation requires high direct solar radiation (DNI) which represents 90% of the sunlight on a sunny day and its value is neglected on a cloudy day, so (CSP) is effective in the sun belt regions, which are located at latitudes between 15 and 40 degrees north and south of the equator, these regions include: the Middle East, North Africa, South Africa, India, southwestern United States, Mexico, Chile, Peru, eastern China, Australia, southern Europe and Turkey. Also, solar radiation is high at high latitudes, as dispersion is low. The best areas to install CSP plants are the areas where direct solar radiation (DNI) is greater than (2800 kwh/m2 per year). The time taken to build CSP plants is from (1-3) years depending on the size of the plant, and its operational life is more than 30 years. The area needed by these plants is 2 hectares per megawatt. This article highlights on the systems for generating electric power from concentrated solar energy and presents the different fluids used in heat transfer, as well as the methods of thermal storage.

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Giddings, Jack, Adrian J. Matthews, Nicholas P. Klingaman, Karen J. Heywood, Manoj Joshi i Benjamin G. M. Webber. "The effect of seasonally and spatially varying chlorophyll on Bay of Bengal surface ocean properties and the South Asian monsoon". Weather and Climate Dynamics 1, nr 2 (20.10.2020): 635–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-635-2020.

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Abstract. Chlorophyll absorbs solar radiation in the upper ocean, increasing the mixed layer radiative heating and sea surface temperatures (SST). Although the influence of chlorophyll distributions in the Arabian Sea on the southwest monsoon has been demonstrated, there is a current knowledge gap regarding how chlorophyll distributions in the Bay of Bengal influence the southwest monsoon. The solar absorption caused by chlorophyll can be parameterized as an optical parameter, h2, which expresses the scale depth of the absorption of blue light. Seasonally and spatially varying h2 fields in the Bay of Bengal were imposed in a 30-year simulation using an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a mixed layer thermodynamic ocean model in order to investigate the effect of chlorophyll distributions on regional SST, the southwest monsoon circulation, and precipitation. There are both direct local upper-ocean effects, through changes in solar radiation absorption, and indirect remote atmospheric responses. The depth of the mixed layer relative to the perturbed solar penetration depths modulates the response of the SST to chlorophyll. The largest SST response of 0.5 ∘C to chlorophyll forcing occurs in coastal regions, where chlorophyll concentrations are high (> 1 mg m−3), and when climatological mixed layer depths shoal during the inter-monsoon periods. Precipitation increases significantly (by up to 3 mm d−1) across coastal Myanmar during the southwest monsoon onset and over northeast India and Bangladesh during the Autumn inter-monsoon period, decreasing model biases.

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