Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Solar daily variation

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Solar daily variation”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Solar daily variation"

Kouris, S. S., P. A. Bradley i P. Dominici. "Solar-cycle variation of the daily". Annales Geophysicae 16, nr 8 (1998): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005850050673.

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De Meyer, F. "Modulation of the solar daily geomagnetic variation". Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 48, nr 2 (luty 1986): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(86)90076-0.

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Rahim, Zain, i Abdul Salam Kumbher. "Solar daily variation at geomagnetic observatories in Pakistan". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 140 (marzec 2016): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2016.01.016.

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Shinbori, Atsuki, Yukinobu Koyama, Masahito Nosé, Tomoaki Hori i Yuichi Otsuka. "Characteristics of Seasonal Variation and Solar Activity Dependence of the Geomagnetic Solar Quiet Daily Variation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122, nr 10 (październik 2017): 10,796–10,810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017ja024342.

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Dewitte, Steven, Jan Cornelis i Mustapha Meftah. "Centennial Total Solar Irradiance Variation". Remote Sensing 14, nr 5 (22.02.2022): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051072.

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Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) quantifies the solar energy received by the Earth and therefore is of direct relevance for a possible solar influence on climate change on Earth. We analyse the TSI space measurements from 1991 to 2021, and we derive a regression model that reproduces the measured daily TSI variations with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.17 W/m2. The daily TSI regression model uses the MgII core to wing ratio as a facular brightening proxy and the Photometric Sunspot Index (PSI) as a measure of sunspot darkening. We reconstruct the annual mean TSI backwards to 1700 based on the Sunspot Number (SN), calibrated on the space measurements with an RMSE of 0.086 W/m2. The analysis of the 11 year running mean TSI reconstruction confirms the existence of a 105 year Gleissberg cycle. The TSI level of the current grand minimum is only about 0.15 W/m2 higher than the TSI level of the grand minimum in the beginning of the 18th century.

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Makarov, Georgy. "GEOMETRIC FACTOR IN SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF DAILY AVERAGE VALUES OF THE GEOMAGNETIC INDEX Dst". Solar-Terrestrial Physics 6, nr 4 (22.12.2020): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-64202008.

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The work uses data on the geomagnetic index Dst for the period 1966–2015. Under quiet conditions, the occurrence of seasonal variations of the daily average Dst index depends on geometric factors of the interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere; and under disturbed conditions, on the development of a partial ring current in the magnetosphere. At large negative values of the Dst index, there is no seasonal variation in it. The imperfection of the network of Dst stations is assumed to lead to the formation of annual variation in Dst. The formation of a semiannual variation is associated with the movement of the plasma sheet relative to the plane of the geomagnetic equator during the annual rotation of Earth around the Sun. Based on the data on semiannual variations in the number of days n(Dst), the critical daily average value of the geomagnetic index Dst is determined, starting from which we can speak of disturbed days: Dst≤–24 nT.

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Medvigy, David, i Claudie Beaulieu. "Trends in Daily Solar Radiation and Precipitation Coefficients of Variation since 1984". Journal of Climate 25, nr 4 (8.02.2012): 1330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4115.1.

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Abstract This study investigates the possibility of changes in daily scale solar radiation and precipitation variability. Coefficients of variation (CVs) were computed for the daily downward surface solar radiation product from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and the daily precipitation product from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project. Regression analysis was used to identify trends in CVs. Statistically significant changes in solar radiation variability were found for 35% of the globe, and particularly large increases were found for tropical Africa and the Maritime Continent. These increases in solar radiation variability were correlated with increases in precipitation variability and increases in deep convective cloud amount. The changes in high-frequency climate variability identified here have consequences for any process depending nonlinearly on climate, including solar energy production and terrestrial ecosystem photosynthesis. To assess these consequences, additional work is needed to understand how high-frequency climate variability will change in the coming decades.

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Choe, Won Chol. "Relation of Magnetic Fields with Solar Activity Indexes in a Descending Phase of Solar Cycle". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 141 (1993): 394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100029481.

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AbstractWe examine the solar activity indexes (relative intensity of sunspots and faculae) of an active region #83137 during 1983 June 21–26. The results are compared with daily variation of magnetic fields of the region to find a characteristic of solar activity variation in the descending phase of solar cycle.

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Katongole, Daniel N., Karidewa Nyeinga, Denis Okello, Daniel Mukiibi, James Mubiru i Yeeko Kisira. "Spatial and Temporal Solar Potential Variation Analysis in Uganda Using Measured Data". Tanzania Journal of Science 49, nr 1 (31.03.2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v49i1.1.

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The paper presents an analysis of spatial and temporal solar potential variations in Uganda. The solar radiation potential distribution was investigated based on measured data from 56 ground meteorological stations across Uganda from January 2015 to February 2022. The data were recorded after every 5-minute interval. The monthly average daily Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) was analysed using the spatial inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation technique in ArcGIS 10.7.1. The GHI distribution was found to have maxima at equinox and minimum between June and July. The average global horizontal irradiation is found to be 1680 KWh per year, with a daily variability below 10%. This is above the threshold for solar energy applications and with such low variability, large scale solar PV plants can be installed with minimum backup requirements. Northern Uganda receives the highest average daily global horizontal irradiation of 5.38 Whm–2 day–1, while Western Uganda receives 4.16 Whm–2 day–1, the lowest. The average AM/PM ratio depicted a value above 2 for all regions in Uganda and therefore, optimal solar energy exploitation for fixed systems favours eastern orientation. The central, eastern and northern Uganda which is 69.3% of the country has relief favourable for large scale solar PV power plants and CSP facilities. Keywords: GHI, IDW, Global solar radiation, Solar insolation, PV power plants, Uganda

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Akpabio, Louis, Akpan Udoimuk i Sunday Etuk. "Preliminary studies on global solar radiation in Mbalmayo, Cameroon". Thermal Science 13, nr 4 (2009): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0904207a.

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This paper presents preliminary studies on the global solar radiation in a horizontal surface along with the prevailing meteorological conditions measured during the period 1999-2001 in Mbalmayo, Cameroon. Hourly, daily, and mean monthly values of global solar radiation and meteorological data were obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture automatic weather station of Mbalmayo. The data were processed as daily, hourly, sum of 10-day data for 8.00/12.00/16.00/20.00 hours, decadal hourly, decadal daily, and mean monthly data. The highest measured daily, decadal hourly, decadal daily, and mean monthly data for global solar radiation in Mbalmayo was found to be 29.7, 2.76, 21.8, and 20.1 MJm2, respectively. The highest hourly global solar radiation value up to 182.44 MJm2 was observed between March 21-31, 1999. Apart from the global solar radiation measurements, the main observed meteorological parameters were, soil temperature, temperature, wind speed, precipitation, and relative humidity. The results show that there exist seasonal tendencies in the variation of global solar radiation. The range of variation of these radiations and the distribution puts Mbalmayo has a high potential for solar energy utilization.

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Części książek na temat "Solar daily variation"

Mawire, Ashmore, i Michael McPherson. "Design of a Control System Used to Simulate the Daily Variation of Solar Radiation Using Electrical Power". W Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I – Vol. V), 881–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_168.

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Zharkova, Valentina. "Millennial Oscillations of Solar Irradiance and Magnetic Field in 600–2600". W Solar Planets and Exoplanets [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96450.

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Daily ephemeris of Sun-Earth distances in two millennia (600–2600) showed significant decreases in February–June by up to 0.005 au in millennium M1 (600–1600) and 0.011au in millennium M2 (1600–2600). The Earth’s aphelion in M2 is shorter because shifted towards mid-July and perihelion longer because shifted to mid-January naturally explaining two-millennial variations (Hallstatt’s cycle) of the baseline solar magnetic field measured from Earth. The S-E distance variations are shown imposed by shifts of Sun’s position towards the spring equinox imposed by the gravitation of large planets, or solar inertial motion (SIM). Daily variations of total solar irradiance (TSI) calculated with these S-E distances revealed TSI increases in February–June by up to 10–12 W/m2 in M1 and 14–18 W/m2 in M2. There is also positive imbalance detected in the annual TSI magnitudes deposited to Earth in millennium M2 compared to millennium M1: up to 1.3 W/m2, for monthly, and up to 20–25 W/m2 for daily TSI magnitudes. This imbalance confirms an ascending phase of the current TSI (Hallstatt’s) cycle in M2. The consequences for terrestrial atmosphere of this additional solar forcing induced by the annual TSI imbalances are evaluated. The implications of extra solar forcing for two modern grand solar minima in M2 are also discussed.

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Lopes Júnior, José Marcelo, Marcos Antônio Lima Moura, Nayara Barreto da Costa, Ricardo Araújo Ferreira Junior, André Luiz de Carvalho i Carlos Alexandre Santos Querino. "Frequency and probability of occurrence of clearness index for the region of Maceió-Alagoas". W Themes focused on interdisciplinarity and sustainable development worldwide. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/tfisdwv1-178.

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Solar radiation is essential because its distribution around the planet establishes the variations of all the meteorological elements, determining the atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns and configuring the terrestrial climate, besides being currently widely used for the production of alternative energy. Thus, the objective of this work is to analyze the solar radiation through frequency and probability of occurrence of clearness index in different seasonal periods for the region of Maceió, state of Alagoas. The RG was obtained from data from the INMET automatic stations for the city of Maceió, from January 2014 to December 2017. The Ro was calculated through the solar constant, vector radius of the Earth's orbit and zenith angle. KT was calculated by the ratio of RG to Ro. Histograms of frequencies and accumulatedfrequencies of KT were made. For the seasonal analysis of the solar radiation and KT conditions the data were separated in different seasonal periods. The hourly frequency of KT observed in the dry and rainy season had the highest occurrence in partially cloudy sky conditions, with an average of 53.62% of the total values for both seasons. The frequency of daily KT for the seasons had higher occurrence in partially cloudy sky conditions with an average of 79.74% of the data and the probability of annual occurrence was also higher for partially cloudy sky conditions with 57.21% for the values and 83.29% for daily values.

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van den Dool, Huug. "Methods in Short-Term Climate Prediction". W Empirical Methods in Short-Term Climate Prediction. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199202782.003.0015.

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The purpose of this chapter is to list the more common accepted methods used in short-term climate prediction, explain how they are designed, how they are supposed to work, what level of skill can be expected and the references to find more about them. The emphasis is on methodology but aspects of verification and cross-validation will be mentioned as well. Most methods will be accompanied by an example. We will also mention some of the less common methods, but with less detail. We even list some methods that are not used, to delineate which are acceptable and which are not. Sections 8.1–8.6 and 8.8 are easy to read, but Sections 8.7 and 8.9 are more difficult. It will become clear by the end of the climatology section (8.1), that only the departure from climatology, the so-called anomalies, are considered worthy forecast targets. The climatology itself, including such empirically established facts as “days are warmer than nights”, and “winters are colder than summer”, is considered too obvious to be a forecast target. This is not to say that a quantitative explanation of the Earth’s climate, including daily and annual cycle, is easy. But in professionally honest verification no points are given for forecasting a correct climatology. This chapter is thus about forecasting aspects of the geophysical system that are not so obvious and more difficult. The daily and annual cycle are periodic variations controlled by external forcings such as the solar heating. Implicit in identifying a periodic phenomenon as such is that the forecast of the phenomenon is easy out to infinity. This explains a widespread search for “cycles” in early meteorological research, but very little has been found other than the obvious daily and annual cycles. By removing a climatology that accounts for daily and annual variations we in effect remove the known easy periodic part of the system. In the absence of any other information climatology is the best information available. As many travelers can attest, somebody visiting an unfamiliar location 6 months from now is well served by inspecting climatological tables.

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Kaygusuz, Kamil, i Mehmet Akif Ezan. "Energy Storage". W Energy: Concepts and Applications, 621–76. Turkish Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-00-9.ch10.

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In this chapter, the importance, fundamental mechanisms and benefits of energy storage techniques and applications of the different storage methods are represented in detail. It is expected to make the energy ready to use whenever and wherever it is requested. Energy storage is defined as the accumulation of energy for further usage when the demand arises. Energy can be stored one of the following forms mechanical, chemical, electrical, electrochemical or thermal. Energy storage is an advanced energy technology application that provides a significant potential for not only securing the reliability of the energy supply but also the operation of the energy transportation systems and their components more effectively, efficiently and economically. While underground storage of natural gas can provide the reliability of the energy supply, the storage of high-pressure hydrogen can help to put in practice new generation clean transportation options. The sensible and/or latent heat thermal energy storage applications are used to store the solar energy in space heating/cooling and hot water supply systems. The battery technology and electric to heat/heat to electric storage techniques are used to resolve the intermittency of the wind farms and maintain sustainable energy production. Supplying reliable energy to the end-users throughout the year is a complex mission that includes the management of the seasonal variations in energy supply, daily fluctuations in energy production and demand. On the other hand, it is critical to guarantee a continuous power supply without any interruption for industrial and household usage. That is the storage of energy has an essential and critical role in maintaining a balance between the demand and the supply.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Solar daily variation"

McMahon, William E., Keith E. Emery, Daniel J. Friedman, Larry Ottoson, Michelle S. Young, J. Scott Ward, Charlene M. Kramer, Anna Duda i Sarah Kurtz. "Daily fill factor variation as a diagnostic probe of multijunction concentrator systems during outdoor operation". W Solar Energy + Applications, redaktor Martha Symko-Davies. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.732604.

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Montoya, Andrés, M. R. Rodríguez-Sánchez, Jorge López-Puente i Domingo Santana. "Thermal stress variation in a solar central receiver during daily operation". W SOLARPACES 2018: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117550.

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Cui, Wenzhi, Quan Liao, Longjian Li i Songqiang Yu. "Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) Solar Energy System". W ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10881.

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A dynamic model is developed to analysis the transient characteristics of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar energy system. Two typical climatic conditions, clear day and hazy day, are considered in the present study. The daily and annual variation of hot water temperature, electrical output, thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are calculated and analyzed. The results show that the solar irradiance is the critical factor that affects the variation of the water temperature, electrical output and electrical efficiency of the PV/T system. The thermal efficiency of the system has also a certain relation to the daily fluctuation of solar radiation.

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Rivera, Ramiro L., i Karim Altaii. "Solar Radiation Over the Caribbean Island of Puerto Rico". W ASME 2004 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2004-65159.

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Solar radiation was measured and recorded on a 5-minute, hourly and daily basis at a number of sites on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico (located from 18° to 18° 30’N latitude and from 65° 30’ to 67° 15’W longitude) over a 24 calendar month time frame. The global solar radiation was measured at four sites (namely: Aguadilla, Ponce, Gurabo, and San Juan). The global solar radiation data was measured by an Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer (model PSP) mounted on a horizontal surface. This pyranometer is sensitive to solar radiation in the range of 0.285 ≤ λ ≤ 2.8 μm wavelengths. Statistical analysis such as the daily average, monthly average hourly, monthly average daily, and annual average daily global radiation are presented in this paper. Despite its small size, a 13 percent variation in the global solar radiation has been observed within the island. Reasonable solar radiation values, for solar energy conversion system installation, seem to exist at and possibly around Aguadilla.

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Liu, Cheng, Jiansheng Fan, Liangdong Zhuang i JinYang Gao. "Thermal Simulation on the Flat Steel Box Girder of the Maputo Bridge under Solar Radiation". W IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0555.

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<p>Bridges may undergo significant temperature variation under the combined influence of solar radiation and daily ambient temperature. In some circumstances, thermal stresses due to temperature gradient or external constraint can be significant in comparison to dead or live load stresses. This paper investigates the solar temperature distribution and effect on the Maputo Bridge, a super-long suspension bridge in Mozambique. Thermal finite element model is established considering the local seasonal and daily variation of solar radiation and ambient temperature. Then the temperature distribution of the outer plates of the girder is extracted to quantify the temperature effect. Parametric analysis is also carried out to identify the key parameters. It is found that the modelling details have minor influences, whereas a smaller film coefficient and thinner asphalt pavement tend to enlarge the temperature gradient. By comparing the simulated temperature distribution with the thermal gradient load in the codes, it’s found that the temperature distribution in the studied flat steel box girder doesn’t follow any thermal gradient load in the current bridge codes and therefore a novel thermal gradient load is suggested.</p>

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Bucciarelli, Federico, Damaso Checcacci, Gabriele Girezzi i Annamaria Signorini. "Operation and Maintenance Improvements of Steam Turbines Subject to Frequent Start by Rotor Stress Monitoring". W ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-16142.

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Abstract Steam Turbines operating in Concentrated Solar Plants and Peaking Combined Cycles are subjected to daily thermal stresses, induced by start-ups and load variations, deeply affecting allowed production per day. The extent and number of such thermal stresses is largely depending on the capability, of both plant and operators, to smooth the variations in steam temperature and load resulting from both weather conditions (in CSPs) and grid demand. In this operating scenario, conservative simplified rules are normally applied to determine daily warm-up times duration at starts, to preserve critical components from Low Cycle Fatigue damage; the planned maintenance intervals, as well, have been typically defined on the basis of a specified number of starts and running hours. In this article, the application of an online Rotor Stress Monitoring (RSM) technology, installed in the Steam Turbine User Control Panel, is used to directly determine the fatigue damage cumulated by each Start-Up and variation in operating condition. The results of application of this technology, with respect to standard formulations, are shown for a specific Concentrated Solar Plant across an operating period of four years. It is shown how, using the RSM as a basis for either startup or maintenance scheduling, can result in optimization of start-up times and maintenance intervals both for new units and retro-fit. The applicability of rotor stress direct monitoring and life analysis to higher temperature services is also introduced.

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Ireland, Melissa K., Matthew S. Orosz, J. G. Brisson, Adriano Desideri i Sylvain Quoilin. "Dynamic Modeling and Control System Definition for a Micro-CSP Plant Coupled With Thermal Storage Unit". W ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-27132.

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Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems are gaining ground as a means of effectively providing sustainable energy. Coupling small-scale ORCs powered by scroll expander-generators with solar thermal collectors and storage can provide combined heat and power to underserved rural communities. Simulation of such systems is instrumental in optimizing their control strategy. However, most models developed so far operate at steady-state or focus either on ORC or on storage dynamics. In this work, a model for the dynamics of the solar ORC system is developed to evaluate the impact of variable heat sources and sinks, thermal storage, and the variable loads associated with distributed generation. This model is then used to assess control schemes that adjust operating conditions for daily environmental variation.

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Abd El-Aziz, Khalid M., Jihun Kim, Karim Hamza, Mohamed El Morsi, Ashraf O. Nassef, Sayed M. Metwalli i Kazuhiro Saitou. "Cost Optimization of a Solar Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination System Augmented by Thermal Energy Storage". W ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46785.

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Solar-powered water desalination is one of the promising approaches for addressing fresh water scarcity in the Middle-East, North Africa, and areas of similar climate around the world. Humidification-dehumidification (HDH) is a scalable, commercially-viable technology that primarily utilizes thermal energy in order to extract fresh water from a high salinity water source. Because of inherent variability and uncertainty in solar energy availability due to daily and seasonal cycles, solar-powered HDH desalination systems may benefit from installing thermal energy storage (TES). TES can allow higher utilization of the installed system components and thus reduce the overall lifecycle cost of fresh water production. This work presents a configuration for a HDH desalination system augmented by TES. The system is optimized using Genetic Algorithms (GA) for minimum total annual cost (TAC) per unit volume of produced potable water while satisfying a preset potable water demand. The optimum results for the same location and cost function are compared with results from a previous system which does not have TES. The comparison shows a considerable reduction in potable water production cost when TES is utilized in addition to the benefit of smaller variation in water production across the day.

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Garrison, Jared B., i Michael E. Webber. "An Integrated Energy Storage Scheme for a Dispatchable Solar and Wind Powered Energy System and Analysis of Dynamic Parameters". W ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54367.

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The intermittency of wind and solar power and the mismatch between when they are available and when demand is high have hindered the expansion of these two primary renewable resources. The goal of this research is to analyze an integrated energy system (named DSWiSS for dispatchable solar wind storage system) that includes a novel configuration of wind and solar together with compressed air energy storage (CAES) that is driven from excess nighttime wind energy and thermal storage energized by concentrated solar power in order to make these sources dispatchable during peak demand. Notably, existing CAES facilities use natural gas for heating the compressed air before its expansion through a turbine; the system described in this paper replaces the use of natural gas with solar energy and thermal storage, thereby obviating the need for fossil fuels and yielding a dispatchable system powered completely by renewable sources. This paper builds off prior published work for the DSWiSS configuration with an analysis of temporally-resolved parameters, including wind and solar resources, which are important to the operation of DSWiSS. This analysis uses actual historical meteorological data for West Texas solar insolation, telemetry data for wind power in West Texas, and recorded electricity demand data of the ERCOT grid to assess system performance. We examined how the daily variation of these parameters could affect the operation of an energy storage facility such as DSWiSS. We found that the daily fluctuations were most pronounced in the summer when demand is highest and wind velocity is lowest. However, because all seasons show a time-of-day phase mismatch between demand and wind velocity, we expect that a load leveling energy storage technology would be useful to the electric grid. Research to be completed soon will attempt to use control strategies along with the existing thermodynamic model of the DSWiSS power system to determine how DSWiSS would be operated differently under the different seasonal situations.

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Pe´rez Sa´nchez, Mari´a M., David Balam Tamayo i Ricardo H. Cruz Estrada. "Design and Construction of a Dual Axis Passive Solar Tracker, for Use on Yucata´n". W ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54428.

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In this investigation, we propose to use the thermal expansion properties of metals in a bimetallic strip as a base of operation of a passive solar tracker. The design process involved the determination of all aspects necessary to make a first prototype based on requirements and operating conditions previously identified. Predictive mathematical models were used to decide critical aspects. Certainly, some aspects of the design were determined experimentally to ensure the proper functioning of the solar tracker. The product of this research was the construction of a prototype with the ability to be placed with an average angular difference of 25 degrees to the position of the sun, under controlled conditions. The device created is a passive solar tracker with two degrees of freedom, one used to track the sun daily, operates automatically actuated by the bimetallic strip, the other one is manually adjusted in seasonal changes to compensate the variation in the decline of the sun along the year. Although the accuracy of the system is low, the cost of production is well below the purchase price of any commercial solar tracker, and its construction is simple, making it an economical alternative to increase the production of photovoltaic energy on a PV panel currently fixed.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Solar daily variation"

Ruosteenoja, Kimmo. Applicability of CMIP6 models for building climate projections for northern Europe. Finnish Meteorological Institute, wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361416.

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In this report, we have evaluated the performance of nearly 40 global climate models (GCMs) participating in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The focus is on the northern European area, but the ability to simulate southern European and global climate is discussed as well. Model evaluation was started with a technical control; completely unrealistic values in the GCM output files were identified by seeking the absolute minimum and maximum values. In this stage, one GCM was rejected totally, and furthermore individual output files from two other GCMs. In evaluating the remaining GCMs, the primary tool was the Model Climate Performance Index (MCPI) that combines RMS errors calculated for the different climate variables into one index. The index takes into account both the seasonal and spatial variations in climatological means. Here, MCPI was calculated for the period 1981—2010 by comparing GCM output with the ERA-Interim reanalyses. Climate variables explored in the evaluation were the surface air temperature, precipitation, sea level air pressure and incoming solar radiation at the surface. Besides MCPI, we studied RMS errors in the seasonal course of the spatial means by examining each climate variable separately. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure considered model performance in simulating past trends in the global-mean temperature, the compatibility of future responses to different greenhouse-gas scenarios and the number of available scenario runs. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were likewise explored in a qualitative sense, but owing to the non-existence of data from multiple GCMs, these variables were not incorporated in the quantitative validation. Four of the 37 GCMs that had passed the initial technical check were regarded as wholly unusable for scenario calculations: in two GCMs the responses to the different greenhouse gas scenarios were contradictory and in two other GCMs data were missing from one of the four key climate variables. Moreover, to reduce inter-GCM dependencies, no more than two variants of any individual GCM were included; this led to an abandonment of one GCM. The remaining 32 GCMs were divided into three quality classes according to the assessed performance. The users of model data can utilize this grading to select a subset of GCMs to be used in elaborating climate projections for Finland or adjacent areas. Annual-mean temperature and precipitation projections for Finland proved to be nearly identical regardless of whether they were derived from the entire ensemble or by ignoring models that had obtained the lowest scores. Solar radiation projections were somewhat more sensitive.

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