Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „SOLAR BOASTS”

The objective of this project is to find out experimentally and through theoretical calculations and applications whether a cargo ship can be operated by means of solar cells. The project deals with the amount of research and applications already available in this area today and which areas could be developed and improved in future research. A radio-controlled miniature ship was purchased and modified to conduct tests on with solar cells. The data collected from these tests and the researched data were then analyzed to make calculations on real sized ships. A system was designed together with the miniature ship motors, the solar cells and an Arduino to carry out these tests. The miniature ship’s solar cells contributed with about 30% of the total power. The two theoretical ships had a lower percentage of about 4% and 8% respectively at maximum throttle. An economical calculations where both a hybrid cargo ship and an fully electrical ship concluded that it’s expensive but there is a profit in build each over the course of 20 years.

Genetic algorithm has been widely used in different areas of optimization problems. Ithas been combined with renewable energy domain, photovoltaic system, in this thesis.To participate and win the solar boat race, a control program is needed and C++ hasbeen chosen for programming. To implement the program, the mathematic model hasbeen built. Besides, the approaches to calculate the boundaries related to conditionhave been explained. Afterward, the processing of the prediction and real time controlfunction are offered. The program has been simulated and the results proved thatgenetic algorithm is helpful to get the good results but it does not improve the resultstoo much since the particularity of the solar driven boat project such as the limitationof energy production

This report aims to analyse the concept of Bjurtech AB:s ongoing development project “Freepower - Solar Boat”. Main focuses are technical optimization and usability from an end user perspective. Bjurtechs idea is to build an electric-powered 5-meter boat charged by integrated photovoltaic cells. The project´s intended pilot market is Sri Lankas coastal fishing fleet. A version for the Scandinavian market is also under consideration and both concepts are analysed in this report. Initially a 4.5-meter prototype was built and tested to try the concept in practise. Methods used are computer simulations in Matlab based on data collected from trail runs with the prototype combined with weather data from Sri Lanka and Sweden. The data and simulations were then used to try to determine whether the concept works for the intended target markets, as well as how the assumed user profiles affect usability and technical deterioration such as battery life. The approach used was to try to determine how to maximize the availability of the system in regards to battery charge level over the whole year at the same time as maximizing distance and boat speed per day. The systems CO2 emissions were then compared to an equivalent petrol-powered boat with the same amount of running hours over 25 years. The main findings of the study are, provided 12 to 14.5 nautical miles is regarded as a sufficient daily distance at 3 to 3.7 knots boat speed, that the system can deliver a high level of availability all year around for fishing operations in Sri Lanka. Considering the demand for daily availability is not as high for the assumed recreational use in Scandinavian markets the system is deemed to perform at a satisfactory level at these latitudes as well. The CO2 comparison showed a significant emissions decrease in the case of year around operations in Sri Lanka. In Scandinavia a reduction is obtained if there are a sufficient amount of operating hours per year. An increase of the installed rated power, Wp, was found to be the most cost efficient way of improving overall performance and that the prototypes photovoltaics of 580 Wp should in both the Sri Lankan and Scandinavian case be increased to a minimum of 800 Wp. Finally it was concluded that user awareness of how system operation impacts battery life can be of significant importance for a positive environmental result and long technical lifetime.

This thesis investigates the detection and classification of small boats using a passive sonar system. Noise radiated from a small boats consists of broadband noise and harmonically related tones that correspond to parameters in the boats engine and propeller. A novel signal processing method for detection and discrimination of noise radiated from small boats has been developed. There are two main components to the algorithm. The first component detects the presence of small boats by the harmonic tonals radiated from the boat propeller and engine. The second component was designed to extract the a signature from passive sonar data. The Harmonic Extraction and Analysis Tool (HEAT) was designed to estimate the fundamental frequency of the harmonic tones, track the fundamental frequency using a Kalman filter, and automatically extract the amplitudes of the harmonic tonals to generate a harmonic signature for the boat. The algorithm is shown to accurately extract theses signatures, and results show that the signatures are unique enough that the same boat passing by the hydrophone multiple times can be recognized.

Denna rapport redovisar processen och resultatet av ett examensarbete som utgör en del av examinationen för högskoleingejörsexamen i innovationsteknik och design vid Karlstads universitet. Projektet är gjort på uppdrag av Glava Energy Center för Bowters räkning med uppdraget att ta fram lösningar som kan utöka laddningskapaciteten för elektriska fritidsbåtar. Examensarbetet utfördes vårterminen 2021 och omfattar 22.5 högskolepoäng. Projektet är uppbyggt kring fem faser, planering, discover, define, develop och deliver där syftet är att först identifiera rätt problem för att sedan kunna komma fram till rätt lösning. Det finns flera sätt att angripa detta projekt, speciellt om man väljer att fokusera på varför laddningskapaciteten behöver utökas från första början, vissa av dessa lösningar blir tyvärr också irrelevanta på grund av faktorer som berör kostnader eller tekniska aspekter. Detta arbete har därför identifierat och utvecklat lösningar som genom att installera fler solceller kan utöka laddningskapaciteten. På båten finns det flera ställen att installera solceller på, men det är svårt att bortse från att en av de bättre platserna ur effektsynpunkt är att placera solceller på något typ av tak där de inte blir skuggade, men vad tycker egentligen användarna om det? En användarintervju utfördes som gav svar på detta. Användarna kan tänka sig att ett tak är en bra sak att ha när det bli riktigt varmt eller man bara vill njuta av lite skugga som omväxling men att man förmodligen är ute med båten för att just få njuta av solen. Ett tak som går att fälla undan eller justera på något annat sätt skulle kunna vara en lösning på det problemet. En mängd olika taklösningar samt icke taklösningar har undersökts men efter användandet av olika kända sållningsmetoder stod det klart att arbetet skulle gå vidare med en taklösning som är delvis justerbar, alternativt helt fast. Detta har lett fram till att tre koncept tagits fram som alla bidrar med en utökad laddningskapacitet. Koncept Glidande stomme och Skjutbart tak bygger på en enkel konstruktion som tillåter en respektive två standard solpaneler att forma ett tak över båten. De olika koncepten kan justeras till olika positioner för att på det sättet kunna erbjuda användarna en variation av skugga och sol utefter tycke och smak. Koncept Origami flasher bygger som namnet hintar om på ett vikmönster från den traditionella konstformen origami. Detta koncept är lite mer experimentellt men ger i teorin ett väldigt stort skydd från solen i utfällt läge samt stor yta för montering av solceller, samtidigt som det i hopfällt läge täcker absolut minst yta av dessa tre koncept vilket är fördelaktigt för de användare som vill njuta av solen.
This thesis presents the process and it’s results from a concept development project. The thesis is part of the examination for a Bachelor of Science in Innovation Technology and Design at Karlstad University. The project was commissioned by Glava Energy Center on behalf of Bowter with the task of developing solutions that can increase the charging capacity for electric leisure boats. The thesis was written during spring 2021 and comprises 22.5 credits. The project is built around five phases, planning, discover, define, develop and deliver. The purpose is to first identify the right problem in order to be able to produce the right solution. There are several ways to approach this project, especially if you choose to focus on why the charging capacity needs to be increased in the first place, some of these solutions unfortunately also become irrelevant due to factors affecting costs or technical aspects. This work has therefore identified and developed solutions which, by installing more solar cells, can increase the charging capacity. There is several places on the boat that are suitable for install solar cells, but it is difficult to ignore that, from a power point of view, the best place to instal solar cells is on some sort of roof. But what does the user really think about it? A pre-study, including a intervju with users was conducted that provided answers to this question. The user can imagine that a roof is a good thing to have when it gets really hot or when you just want to enjoy a little shade for a change, but that the real objective with the usage of the boat probably is to enjoy the sun. A roof that can be folded away or adjusted in some other way could be a solution to that problem. A variety of roof solutions and non-roof solutions have been investigated. After the use of various known screening methods it was decided that the work would continue with a roof solution that is partially adjustable, or completely solid. The project have after that chosen to present three concepts that contribute to an increased charging capacity by help of a partially adjustable roof. Concept Glidande stomme and Skjutbart tak is based on a fairly simple construction that allows one respectively two standard solar panels to form a roof over the boat. The different concepts can be adjusted to different positions in order to offer users a variety of shade according to taste and needs. Concept Origami flasher, as the name suggests, is based on a folding pattern from the traditional art of origami. This concept is a bit more experimental but provides, in theory, second largest protection from the sun in unfolded  position. Meanwhile, in collapsed position, the Origami flasher concept covers the least area of ​​these three concepts, which is advantageous for those users who want enjoy the sun.

Dès les premières dynasties, le pictogramme fut dans l’écriture le prolongement des représentations figuratives naturalistes, logogrammes dans les palettes funéraires décorées protodynastiques. Ce constat nous porte à les mettre en correspondance avec l’art pariétal du néolithique nubien, le prédynastique égyptien, et celui des aires culturelles périphériques. La reconsidération des pétroglyphes en tant que symboles et idéogrammes, c’est-à-dire des mythogrammes autant que des logogrammes-phonogrammes polysémiques permet de dégager un système structurel de représentations symboliques universel dans la vallée du Nil. Essentiellement funéraire, il est organisé autour d’une nouvelle lecture en relation aux mythes fondateurs de l’Œil d’Horus/solaire, s’exprime dans des rites primitifs de revivification, de renaissance, néolithiques et prédynastiques, explicités ensuite durant les premières dynasties sur des tablettes, des sceaux-cylindres votifs, et l’onction du mort avec les sept huiles canoniques et, enfin, dans les Textes des Pyramides. Contrairement à l’idée commune d’opposition des notions de Nature-Culture, il est question de les conjuguer, de réconcilier la dualité non binaire et de voir, par exemple, les fonctions héliotrope et/ou héliophore des animaux du bestiaire soudanien, avec Sokar le faucon funéraire, les garants bienveillants des métamorphoses et de renaissance du soleil/des défunts, par ailleurs, félidés, canidés, antilopes…, investis du numineux des divinités tutélaires. À la lueur d’une nouvelle lecture du mythe “osirien” primitif de métamorphose, nous reconsidérons les conceptions sur le sacrifice animal sur des bases d’anthropologie religieuse. Loin d’une maîtrise et soumission de la nature, et d’un diffusionnisme, l’interculturalité de la pensée mythique archaïque première dans la vallée nubiano-égyptienne et des régions périphériques multiethniques implique, vis-à-vis du monde naturel et des forces spirituelles numineuses, la transculturalité des conceptions solaires et le partage pluriculturel, transhistorique des croyances résurrectionnelles polycycliques. Ainsi, les pétroglyphes d’animaux, les scènes de chasse animale, les représentations de barques, de sandales, etc., sont de nature funéraire votive, apotropaïque
Since the beginning of the first dynasties, the pictogram in writing was the extension of naturalistic figurative representations, logograms in the decorated funerary protodynastic palettes. This statement carry us to link them with the parietal art of Neolithic Nubia, the egyptian Predynastic, and peripheral cultural areas. We have reconsidered the petroglyphs as polysemic symbols and ideograms, i.e. mythograms as well polysemic logograms-phonograms, allowing us to draw up a structural system of symbolic representations, universal in the Nile valley. Basically funerary, the system is organised around a new reading in connection with the founding of the ‘Eye of Horus’/solar myths, and express itself in primitive Neolithic and Predynastic rites of revivification, rebirth, more explicit afterwards during the first dynasties on labels, votive cylinder-seals, and anointing the deads with the seven holy canonical oils, finally in the Pyramid Texts. Contrary to the common idea which opposite the Nature-Culture notions, there is some question to combine them, to reconcile the non-binary duality and to see, for example, the heliotrope functions and/or heliophore animals of the sub-Saharan bestiary, with Sokar the funerary hawk, the benevolent guarantors for the rebirth and metamorphosis of the sun/deads; otherwise felids, canids, antelopes…, invested by the numinous of the protecting divinities. In consequence of a new reading of the primitive ‘osirian’ myth of metamorphosis, we have reconsidered the conceptions about animal sacrifice on the basis of religious anthropology. Far from bringing under control and submission of nature, and diffusionnism, the intercultural (cross-cultural) of the first archaic mythic thought in the multi-ethnic nubian-egyptian valley and associated neighbouring areas involves, towards the natural world and the numinous spiritual strengths, the cross-cultural of solar conceptions and multicultural, trans-historic sharing of the polycyclic resurrectional believes. Thus, the animal petroglyphs, cynegetic scenes, boats and sandals representations, etc., are of funerary votive, apotropaic nature

Solar boasts itself to be most sustainable, employable and ecologically acceded renewable sources of energy due to its simplicity of usage and low environmental effect. Solar energy may be utilized for a variety of applications, including solar water heaters. Solar collectors are used for cooling and dehumidification in addition to room and water heating. Heat losses and fluid absorption characteristics, on the other hand, restrict the collector's efficiency. Alternative fluids, which are essentially the same as conventional fluids but include a specific quantity of suspension of metal or nonmetal particles, have been utilised to great success in solar collectors during the past several decades. Nanofluids are fluids that have microscopic particles suspended in them, thus the name. It has been established through numerous experiments and investigation that floating these nanoparticles enriches base fluid thermal properties, yielding better thermal conductivities than conventional fluids. As a consequence, nanofluids are more suited than traditional fluids for heat transfer enhancement applications. It has been proved to be one among the most popular and promising ways for improving and enhancing the concentrating power collector performance . This work intents to investigate various thermal and energetic based efficiency optimization of parabolic through collector using various mono and hybrid Nano fluids. The goal of this study was to improve the LS-2 parabolic trough model and examine the enhancing effects of mono and hybrid Nano fluids. The methodology of heat transfer analysis is used in this study to construct a software using the Engineering Equation Solver for the numeric simulation of the parabolic trough collector. Solar irradiation, inlet fluid temperature, and volumetric flow rate of heat transfer fluid are the primary inputs to the proposed model, while the thermal and exergetic efficiency is the main output. The final result and findings clearly shows the optimized condition for exergetic efficiency in addition to the optimized conditions for thermal efficiency.

碩士
國立成功大學
系統及船舶機電工程學系
102
In 21st century, the solar energy is the favorite renewable energy. The photovoltaic of our laboratory already research for few years. Now we try to apply our photovoltaic system in a 2kW solar powered boat. In this thesis, we design a fully complete solar powered boat monitoring system. The main system in solar powered boat is photovoltaic (PV) system and battery management system (BMS). In the photovoltaic system we use the quadratic maximization (QM) method to do the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The ship on the water always swing, it will affect the MPPT tracking. So a faster MPPT method is necessary so we choosing the QM method. Every PV panel will connect to a DC/DC converter which can convert the solar power to the battery bank. Depends on the ship shape we use different model polysilicon PV panels. We also test the stability of the DC/DC converter. The battery management system (BMS) is use for manage the battery bank capacity. The main feature of BMS system is switching the battery bank to charge /discharge. In the BMS system has three different switching modes which is manual mode, time setting mode and battery bank voltage compare mode. We install our system to an 8 meter wooden ship and evaluation the system.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
造船及海洋工程學研究所
89
The inaugural Solar Splash, an international intercollegiate solar/electric boat regatta, was held in 1994. To participate in this event, the first solar/electric boat in Taiwan, National Taiwan University Solar/Electric Boat (NTUSEB), was started to build in 2000 as a student project. By using CAD and CAM applications, it can be easily to design and manufacture a boat with rational engineering approaches. The hull was constructed and produced from a CAD/CAM procedure, which is achieved by Rhinoceros software to design the three-dimensional hull form and MasterCAM to generate NC codes. Furthermore, a real size model can be cut by CNC machine. The SCRIMPTM process was utilized to fabricate the composite hull. A planing catamaran with hydrofoil assistance concept is developed as NTUSEB prototype. Series 62 is referred to determine the planing hull form. The resistance performance can be evaluated by UPYACHT program. And the influence on the distance between two demi-hulls can also be obtained by CFD software COMET. With the specification of design boat speed and characteristics of motors, the B-series propeller optimal design can be performed by using GA method.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工程科學與海洋工程學系
91
The main purpose of this study is to design a solar/electric hydrofoil boat. The design requirements are based on the rules of Solar Splash boat regatta. First, we use diverse CAD software to design subsystems of the boat such as hull-form, electric propulsion system, assisting hydrofoil system for producing lift and outfitting system. CFD method is then used for analyzing resistance and propulsion as well as lifting force performances. The target is to establish a complete product data model of a solar/electric hydrofoil boat. In this study we design the hull-form and use solar/electric in propulsion system. We also design hydrofoil which can reduce the frictional drag force of the boat. Then we analyze lift force, structure, deformation about the hydrofoil. In the end we design the control machine. At the same time we build up the 3D model for every component. The construction of the whole geometrical model is based on product data management (PDM) rule so that the data can be used directly for building the boat.

博士
國立交通大學
材料科學與工程系所
97
Over the past two decades, satisfying the world’s growing demand for energy is one of the most significant challenges facing society. Therefore, the development of solar energy is viewed as an ideal technology for power generation because it is clean and renewable. Although the photovoltaic (PV) technology platforms of silicon-based PV and thin-film PV are now undergoing a rapid expansion in production, the next generation PV—organic solar cells (OSCs)—could soon be playing a major role with the advantages of ultralow production costs, rugged and lightweight. One part of this dissertation describes the fabrication of cathodes and anodes with low costs and high-throughput-solution processes in attempt to apply in all-solution-processed OSCs on flexible substrates. In another part of this dissertation, the variable self-assembly behavior of small molecular on a diverse range of substrates (surface energies) was used to control the morphology of the interface and the degree of carrier transportation within the active layer in OSCs, and furthermore enhance the power conversion efficiency. All of the phenomena occurring are investigated in this thesis, and those techniques are belived the important roles for developing high efficiency and low-cost OSCs in the future. In the first part of the dissertation, I discussed the fabrication of surface-nickelized polyimide films using a fully solution-based process, and excellent adhesion between the nickel and polyimide phases was observed. Flexible polyimide substrates were modified by alkaline hydrolysis, ion exchange, reduction and nickel electroless deposition without palladium. Atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to follow the growth of nickel nanoparticles (Ni-NPs) and nickel layers on the polyimide surface. The surface resistances of the Ni-NPs/PI films and Ni/PI films, measured using a four-point probe, were 1.6×107 and 0.83 Ω/cm2, respectively. The thicknesses of Ni-NPs and the Ni layer on the polyimide surface were 82 nm and 382 nm, respectively, as determined by transmission electron microscopy, and the Ni layer adhered well to PI, as determined by the adhesive tape testing method. In the second part of this dissertation, I devised a simple method to enhance the conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films through spin-coating with various surface-modified compounds, and then applied this technique to the preparation of ITO-free polymer solar cells (PSCs). The electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS films can be increased by more than two order of magnitudes merely by spin-coating a compound containing one or more polar groups—such as ethanol, methoxyethanol, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and ethylene glycol—onto the films. The phenomena occurring are discussed through conductivities, morphologies, and chemical properties of the modified PEDOT-PSS films as determined using Raman spectroscopy, a four-point probe, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The schematic 3D morphological model of directly solvent-modified PEDOT:PSS films is presumed for ITO-free devices. The desirable conductivity enhancements of these materials make them attractive candidates for use as anode materials in ITO-free PSCs. In the third part of this dissertation, I prepared all-solution-processed inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs) incorporating two solution-processed electrodes—surface-nickelized polyimide films (NiPI films) as cathodes and high-conductivity poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films as anodes—and an active layer with a bulk heterojunction morphology of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-buytyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The granular Ni thin films, which exhibited good adhesion and high conductivity (ca. 2778 S cm–1) on the polyimide (PI) substrates and possessed a work function different from that of pure Ni metal (WF, 5.4 eV). Using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, we determined that the WF of the NiPI films was ca. 3.9 eV. Prior to the coating of the photoactive layer, the surface of the NiPI films were treated with titanium(diisopropoxide)bis(2,4-pentanedionate) (TIPD) solution to facilitate the deposition of high-quality active layer and further as a hole blocking layer. The solution processed anodes (solvent-modified PEDOT:PSS films) were further coated and subjected to mild oxygen plasma treatment on the active layer. Short exposure (5 s) to the plasma improved the quality of the surface of the active layer for PEDOT:PSS deposition. These inverted PSCs on flexible granular NiPI films provided a power conversion efficiency of 2.4% when illuminated under AM 1.5 conditions (100 mW cm–2). The phenomenon of light absorption enhancement in those inverted PSCs was observed as indicated in reflective UV-vis, haze factor and external quantum efficiency (EQE) responses. The resulting fill factor (FF) of 0.43 is still significantly lower than the FF of 0.64 for standard devices. When compared to the planar structure, the improvement of absorbance of light and good haze factors was obtained for granular structure which suggests NiPI as a better back contact electrode through enhancing the light trapping and scattering in inverted PSCs. In the last part of this dissertation, I have prepared organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells possessing an ideal bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure using the self-assembly of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) as the donor material and fullerene (C60) as the acceptor. The variable self-assembly behavior of CuPc on a diverse range of substrates (surface energies) allowed us to control the morphology of the interface and the degree of carrier transportation within the active layer. We observed rod-like CuPc structures on indium–tin oxide (ITO), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and Au substrates. Accordingly, the interfaces and continuing transport path between CuPc and fullerene domains could be greatly improved due to the ideal BHJ structure. In this paper, we discuss the mechanisms of producing CuPc rod-like films on ITO, PEDOT:PSS and Au. The OPV cell performance was greatly enhanced when a mixture of horizontal and vertical CuPc rods was present on the PEDOT:PSS surfaces, i.e. the power conversion efficiency was 50 times greater than that of the corresponding device featuring a planar CuPc structure.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
國際企業系碩士在職專班
102
Solar boat cruise has become one of the most special and important scenic spots in Kaohsiung. The new generation boat, solar boat, is manufactured by using the most advanced solar technology and has a exquisite look.Moreover, its design also has environmental protection characteristics such as zero pollution, zero oily smell and zero noise. These specialties make solar boat become one of the key elements to attract tourists to Kaohsiung. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the background variables of different solar boat customers have influence on the service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, and also the relationship between service quality and perceived value. At last, this paper discusses whether service quality and perceived value will influence customer satisfaction and loyalty. Based on this purpose, this paper firstly consolidated relevant domestic and international research achievements and then set up the theoretical framework for this research. The questionnaire object is the customers taking the solar boat in Kaohsiung and the geographic scope is the route from WuFu Bridge to Jianguo Bridge. The survey period is from Mar to Apr 2014. Five hundred questionnaires were distributed to the participants and 486 of them were returned. The final response rate is 91.4%. With these data the reliability analysis, variance analysis, Pearson analysis and regression analysis are conducted. The result of this research shows that service quality has a positive impact on perceived value and customer satisfaction, perceived value has a positive impact on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction has a positive impact on customer loyalty.