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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Soil porosity"

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Kutílek, M., i L. Jendele. "The structural porosity in soil hydraulic functions – a review". Soil and Water Research 3, Special Issue No. 1 (30.06.2008): S7—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1190-swr.

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Products of biological processes are the dominant factor of soil structure formation in A horizons, while in B horizons their role is less expressed. Soil structure influences dominantly the structural domain of the pore system in bimodal soils thus affecting soil hydraulic functions. The form of soil hydraulic functions depends upon the pore size distribution and generally upon configuration of the soil pore system. We used the functions derived for the lognormal pore size distribution and modified them to bi-modal soils. The derived equations were tested by experimental data of catalogued soils. The procedure leads to the separation of two mutually different domains of structural and matrix pores. The value of the pressure head (potential) separating the two domains is not constant and varies in a broad range. For each domain we obtained its water retention function and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function. The separation of hydraulic functions for the two domains is a key problem in the solution of preferential flow and in controlling lateral flow between the structural and matrix domains. Water retention function is fully physically based while the conductivity function still keeps fitting parameters, too. Their simple relationship to tortuosity and pores connectivity was not confirmed. Since they differ substantially for matrix and structural domains, we suppose that there exists a great difference in configuration of porous systems in structural and matrix domains. The use of uniform fitting conductivity parameters for the whole range of pores is not justifiable.
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Garcia Moreno, R., T. Burykin, M. C. Diaz Alvarez i J. W. Crawford. "Effect of Management Practices on Soil Microstructure and Surface Microrelief". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/608275.

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Soil surface roughness (SSR) and porosity were evaluated from soils located in two farms belonging to the Plant Breeding Institute of the University of Sidney. The sites differ in their soil management practices; the first site (PBI) was strip-tilled during early fall (May 2010), and the second site (JBP) was under power harrowed tillage at the end of July 2010. Both sites were sampled in mid-August. At each location, SSR was measured for three 1 m2subplots using shadow analysis. To evaluate porosity and aggregation, soil samples were scanned using X-ray computed tomography with 5 μm resolution. The results show a strong negative correlation between SSR and porosity, 20.13% SSR and 41.38% porosity at PBI versus 42.00% SSR and 18.35% porosity at JBP. However, soil images show that when soil surface roughness is higher due to conservation and soil management practices, the processes of macroaggregation and structural porosity are enhanced. Further research must be conducted on SSR and porosity in different types of soils, as they provide complementary information on the evaluation of soil erosion susceptibility.
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Emerson, W. W., i D. McGarry. "Organic carbon and soil porosity". Soil Research 41, nr 1 (2003): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01064.

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The %C within the top sandy 0.15 m of a sodic Hydrosol under native trees consisted of a constant %C in uncharged organic matter and a %C in negatively charged organic matter decreasing linearly with depth, as did the specific volume of the soil. The kaolinitic clay present was strongly bonded together. In an adjoining canefield cleared 10 years earlier, incorporation of burnt cane residues to 0.35 m had more than doubled the CEC of the soil, but had not generated structural porosity. The clay in the top 0.15 m remained strongly bonded together. The rate of increase in the specific volume of the sandy soil under trees with %C was twice that reported for surface aggregates of a silty soil from rotation plots on a Chromosol, and of sectioned clay cores from a Ferrosol under softwood scrub.The rate of increase in the specific volume of pores ≤30 μm diameter with %C was measured by the water retention of aggregates at 10 kPa suction, and was 50% more for the sandy soil than for the silty soil. The difference is ascribed to the dominance of mycorrhizal fungi under trees compared with bacteria under grass. Both agents are presumed to link particles together through acidic polysaccharide gel. Subsequent air-drying then leaves pores stable to wetting and drying. It is suggested that the increase in the plastic limit of silty soils is mainly due to pores stabilised in this way. Pores in decomposing plant residues coated with inorganics could also contribute.
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Tangyuan, N., H. Bin, J. Nianyuan, T. Shenzhong i L. Zengjia. "Effects of conservation tillage on soil porosity in maize-wheat cropping system". Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 8 (9.09.2009): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/25/2009-pse.

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A study was conducted on the effect of two single practices, including soil tillage and returning straw to soil, and their interaction on soil porosity of maize-wheat cropping system. Field experiments involved four tillage practices, including conventional tillage (C), zero-tillage (Z), harrow-tillage (H) and subsoil-tillage (S), with straw absent (A) or straw present (P). Total porosity, capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity of soil were investigated. The results showed that the soil total porosity of 0–10 soil layer was mostly affected; conventional tillage can increase the capillary porosity of soil, but the non-capillary porosity of S was the highest. Returning of straw can increase the porosity of soil. Through the analysis of affecting force, it can be concluded that interaction of soil tillage and straw is the most important factor to soil porosity, while the controlling factor to non-capillary porosity was soil tillage treatment.
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Startsev, A. D., i D. H. McNabb. "Effects of compaction on aeration and morphology of boreal forest soils in Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 89, nr 1 (1.02.2009): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss06037.

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Poor soil aeration is a factor limiting the productivity of boreal forests in western Canada. Soil compaction reduces air-filled porosity, which is hypothesized to further restrict soil aeration. Soil morphology at nine clearcut sites in west-central Alberta that had been significantly compacted by ground-based harvesting equipment and soil in an adjacent non-trafficked control were related to air-filled porosity and redox regimes. A warm-season air-filled porosity of about 0.1 m3 m-3 separated soils having adequate or restricted aeration, and was confirmed by redox < 200 mV. The values applied to both the undisturbed and compacted soil. Ratios of Feo:Fed and acid-soluble Fe:Mn in concretions were only associated with hydromorphism of undisturbed soil. Compaction reduced soil aeration for 3–4 yr after harvesting, and changed morphology of moderately well-drained soil to imperfectly drained soil at two of four sites; faster removal of water because of slope or vegetation probably prevented changes at the other two sites. Morphology of better and poorer drained soils was not altered by compaction because they either remain adequately aerated or aeration was naturally restricted. Sites with moderately well-drained soils are most at risk of detrimental soil compaction and in need of protective measures to maintain their productivity in these forests. Key words: Soil morphology, drainage class, air-filled porosity, soil aeration, redox potential, boreal forest soils, compaction
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Kotorová, Dana, Jana Jakubová i Ladislav Kováč. "Dependence of Heavy Soil Transport Function on Soil Profile Depth". Agriculture (Polnohospodárstvo) 57, nr 2 (1.06.2011): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10207-011-0005-0.

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Dependence of Heavy Soil Transport Function on Soil Profile DepthThe aim of this work was to quantify the effect of soil profile depth on the transport function of heavy soils. Treatments were carried out between 2006 and 2009 in Milhostov. Two variants were examined : the (conventional soil tillage and long-time no-tilled variant). Soil samples were taken in spring and autumn from soil profile depth of 0.00-0.60 m from each 0.10 m. For further evaluation the average values were used. Particle size composition, bulk density, total porosity and maximum capillary capacity were determined. Content of clay particles in soil profile was in interval 59.64-68.53% and such soils are characterised in the range from clay-loamy soil to clayey soil. The bulk density increased with the depth of soil profile and its values reached 1 184-1 646 kg m-3. The total porosity was in range 37.68-55.17% and it decreased with the depth of soil profile. The values of maximum capillary capacity were characterised for heavy soils with high content of clay particles. The depth had statistically significant effect on all observed parameters. In average, on both variants the bulk density was higher than 1 400 kg m-3, the total porosity was lower than 47% and the content of clay was higher than 30%, pointing to the possibility of soil compaction, which will result in reduced transport function of heavy soils.
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Hussein Razzaq Nayyef. "Effect of continuous cultivation and soil texture on some soil properties". GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 13, nr 1 (30.10.2022): 077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.13.1.0271.

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The effects of soil continuous cultivation and soil texture on some of its properties, electrical conductivity, total porosity, and calcium carbonate content and soil penetration resistance. Six samples of soil material for a layer of 0-30 cm were collected from three different texture sites are Clay, Loam and Loamy Sand in Basra Governorate for three sites Abi al-Khasib, Karma and Zubair. Three of these samples represented the treatment of soil continuous cultivation, soil planted with alfalfa crop (Medicago sativa) for 7 consecutive years, and the other three samples from the same sites for uncultivated soil with three replications for each sample. The results showed a decrease in the values of electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate, soil penetration resistance, and an increase in soil porosity values in cultivated soils. The lowest EC values were 4.1, 5.3 and 6.2 dS. m-1 for soils with textures Loamy sand, Loam and Clay, respectively, and for CaCO3 of 182.3 g. kg-1 in Loamy sand, 266.7 g. kg-1 and 310 g. kg-1 for Loam and Clay soils, respectively, and for resistance to penetration of 550 KN.m-1 for clay soils. While it was 620 KN.m-1, and 714 KN.m-1, for loam soil and loamy sand soil, respectively, compared to uncultivated soil. While the soil porosity values increased for cultivated soils compared with uncultivated soils and the values of 43%, 48.53% and 53.4%, for soils with textures Loamy sand, Loam and Clay respectively, And for the average weighted diameter of 0.2537 mm, 0.2817 mm, 0.3640 mm, for soils with textures Loamy sand, Loam and Clay, respectively.
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Juliev, M., B. Matyakubov, O. Khakberdiev, X. Abdurasulov, L. Gafurova, O. Ergasheva, U. Panjiev i B. Chorikulov. "Influence of erosion on the mechanical composition and physical properties of serozems on rainfed soils, Tashkent province, Uzbekistan". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1068, nr 1 (1.07.2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012005.

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Abstract The problem of soil protection from erosion is relevant for many countries in the arid zone of the world, including the territory of Uzbekistan. In the republic, the main arrays of crops are located on rainfed lands, where the crop is created only due to moisture in precipitation. The amount of porosity (duty cycle) of soils is determined mainly by specific and bulk mass, mechanical composition, and humus content. Porosity of soils decreases from unwashed soils to washed away and down the profile. In the arable horizons of unwashed rainfed soils, it is 52%, washed out - 47.49%. Deeper in the profile, in horizons transitional to soil, due to a sharp increase in density and a decrease in the humus content in all soils, regardless of erosion, Porosity sharply drops to 48-50%. Thus, with a small bulk mass, the overall porosity of rainfed typical serozems is generally satisfactory, since it provides good soil aeration and the use of precipitation, only on highly washed away soils the porosity decreases markedly and the absorption of precipitation is slightly worsened.
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Foti, S., i R. Lancellotta. "Soil porosity from seismic velocities". Géotechnique 54, nr 8 (październik 2004): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.8.551.

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Foti, S., i R. Lancellotta. "Soil porosity from seismic velocities". Géotechnique 54, nr 8 (sierpień 2004): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.54.8.551.52010.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Soil porosity"

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Duval, Jean. "Assessing porosity characteristics as indicators of compaction in a clay soil". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59275.

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Persistent soil compaction by heavy-axle-load vehicles is a growing concern for the long-term productivity of clay soils. For optimum soil management, however, we must be able to evaluate adequately soil structural damages. This study compares different methods of assessing soil structure as affected by compaction and subsoiling treatments in a clay soil under corn production.
The tests used were: total porosity as calculated from densimeter readings and from soil cores; structural porosity; water desorption characteristics; and soil profile examination. These tests were performed in three layers of 20 cm and evaluation was based on their practicality and their ability to differentiate between treatments and to correlate with corn yield.
The results confirm that total porosity is a poor indicator of compaction in the subsoil. In soil profile assessments, ped descriptions were preferable to examination of pores. Water content and saturation deficit at $-$4.0 and $-$100 kPa were the best indicators of treatments and plant response.
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Li, Xu. "Dual-porosity structure and bimodal hydraulic property functions for unsaturated coarse granular soils /". View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202009%20LI.

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Gao, Yuncai. "Influence of subsurface drainage and subirrigation practices on soil drainable porosity". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28988.

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Subsurface drainage affects water table fluctuation patterns by removing the excess water from the soil. The annual average water table depths of the drained (A) and undrained (D) regimes are 0.83 and 0.48 m from the soil surface respectively. Subirrigation continuously provides water to the upper soil by capillary rise. The annual water table depths of the subirrigated regimes (B and C) are 0.61 and 0.70 m respectively. It is found that there is a significant curvilinear correlationship between the drainage flow rate and the water table height above the drain. Soil drainable porosity of different regimes was investigated by using the soil water balance approach. The average drainable porosity of regimes A and B are 6.0% and 4.9% from water table rise, and 5.9% and 4.5% from water table drawdown , respectively. Subirrigation adversely affects the soil drainable porosity. Soil drainable porosity is often considered as a constant. However, the results of this study indicate that it varies with the water table height above the drain. In the case of water table drawdown, this dependence can be successfully expressed by a negative exponential equation. In the case of water table rise, the correlation is not as significant, but there is still a trend that the drainable porosity decreases with the increase of the water table height above the drain. Evapotranspiration (ET) is often neglected in soil water balance models for the drain-able porosity determination. This may result in some errors. In this study, the potential ET rate was computed by the Penman and Hargreaves methods. These two methods give very similar ET values for the studied area. It is assumed that actual ET equals to the potential ET rate when the ground water table is close to the soil surface.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Jassogne, Laurence. "Characterisation of porosity and root growth in a sodic texture-contrast soil". University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0092.

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In Australia a class of soils known as sodic duplex soils covers approximately 20% of the continent. Their defining characteristic is a sharp texture contrast between the A (or E) and B horizon. The upper B horizon at the point of contact with the E horizon is often highly sodic and of such a high strength that root growth and proliferation, water conductivity, aeration, water storage and water uptake are restricted. Roots growing in these soils rely on channels created by previous roots or cracks arising from shrink– swell forces associated with seasonal wetting and drying. It has been suggested that by increasing the number of these channels in the subsoil, the structure and permeability of the subsoil would be increased as would be the number of preferential pathways for following generation roots. A biological approach for improving soil macroporosity would be to use plants that can grow through that hostile layer creating new channels. This is known as the primer plant concept. This concept is based on a better understanding of root soil interactions. It is accepted that root growth is influenced by the soil structure and the soil structure is influenced by root growth. However, a lot of these dynamics are still unknown. This project aims to contribute to improving that knowledge by investigating the use of modern techniques to study plant/root interactions in duplex soils. First macroporosity and mesoporosity were characterized in three dimensions using medical computer tomography and micro-tomography. Then the imaging methodology was improved by using a local and adaptive threshold technique based on indicator kriging instead of a global threshold. Using this new methodology, changes in porosity were analysed in intact samples when three different plant species were grown for 12 weeks. The plants were canola (Brassica napus); lucerne (Medicago sativum) and saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) hypothesizing saltbush would change the porosity more because it is a native plant species based on the primer plant concept. The results showed that the porosity changed significantly after root growth but no ii differences were found between plant species. The changes could also not all be attributed to root growth because cracks were also formed after 12 weeks. Therefore, the living roots were visualized and characterized using a new tracing algorithm 'rootviz'. This revealed that saltbush was growing more roots down through the profile. Lucerne seemed to grow roots down the profile as well but to a lesser extend. Both of these plants seemed to have more geotropic features than canola that seemed to grow more laterals and had a more exploratory behaviour.
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Masiyandima, Mutsa Cecelia. "The effect of tine geometry on soil physical properties". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23284.

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The physical state of the seedbed is of importance to the plant environment as it influences some important processes in the soil such as seedling emergence, water and solute transport, and ease of root penetration. This is affected to a large extent by tillage process, the tillage implement type and the geometry of the implement used.
A field experiment was carried out on a clay soil to determine the effect of the geometry of bladed tillage implements on some soil physical properties after tillage. The soil properties evaluated were bulk density, mean clod size distribution and total pore space after tillage and the extent of loosening achieved.
Implement parameters considered were blade width, rake angle and depth of operation of the implement. Two blade widths of 75 and 150 mm were evaluated in combination with three rake angles of 30, 60 and 90 degrees. Each tillage implement was drawn through the soil at four operating depths of 100, 150, 200 and 250 mm.
Larger rake angles were observed to result in larger mean aggregate sizes and greater bulk density reductions when compared to smaller rake angles. Greater reduction in bulk density was observed with the wider of the two blade widths evaluated. Mean clod size after tillage was also observed to be large for the wider of the two widths evaluated. Irrespective of width and rake angle, greater operating depths resulted in larger mean clod sizes and greater reductions in bulk density as compared to shallower operating depths. Fractal analysis showed the extent of fragmentation to be greater at shallower operating depths, hence the small mean clod sizes obtained.
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Esselburn, Jason Dennis. "Porosity and Permeability in Ternary Sediment Mixtures". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1245949430.

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Parry, Samuel Aneurin. "Turning rock into soil : variations in soil mineral reactivity, surface area and porosity through the critical zone". Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559249.

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This study investigated how the surface area and porosity of soil minerals varied during pedogenesis, and how these variations in conjunction with changes in soil mineralogy influence soil mineral elemental release rates over time. Soil mineral samples were collected systematically with depth from granitic soil profiles in Dartmoor and Glen Dye. The variation in the surface area, porosity, mineralogy of bulk soils prior to and following the removal of soil organic matter, amorphous and free Fe oxide phases and individual grain size fractions (2000-500, 500-250, 250, 63-2 and
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Kirk, Alastair James. "Relationships between sediment, moisture and soil crust characteristics in arid environments". Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1051/.

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From a geomorphological point of view, and environments are characterised by complex process interactions and suites of landforms which can be sensitive to their controlling parameters. Relationships between sediment, moisture and soil crust characteristics are no exception. Field research and a programme of laboratory study were undertaken between 1993 and 1995 on the soils of the northern Badia of Jordan to advance knowledge on aspects of and zone soil dynamics, with a particular emphasis on crusting. The research focuses primarily on the effect soil crusts have upon the equilibrium of sediment dynamics at a hillslope scale and a ridge-furrow scale. The implications of the crust upon moisture storage within the surface layers of the soil are examined and the spatial characteristics which arise due to management practices and climate variables considered. A new, non-destructive dielectric technique to investigate moisture content in dryland soils has been developed and tested. Monitoring has taken place to examine the effects of irrigation upon the surface characteristics of the surrounding soil, with special reference to evaporation fluxes within a furrow and the associated precipitation of salts. The role of small-scale topography tends to be underestimated. Different types of crust have been studied from various topographic locations. Soil fabric and porosity have been studied, to increase understanding of micro-scale depositional and erosional processes. A new method of tracing' fine material through the upper soil profile has been developed. As crusts form, the tracer can be used to monitor the movement of fines, permitting a much clearer understanding of soil and water dynamics as a result of rainfall events.
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White, Thomas Leslie Carleton University Dissertation Earth Sciences. "Cryogenic alteration of clay and silt soil microstructure implications for geotechnical properties". Ottawa, 1996.

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Shi, Xiusong. "Deformation behaviour of multi-porosity soils in landfills". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-205774.

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Two different soils may be generated from open-pit mining: lumpy soils with a granular structure and clay mixtures, depending on the length of the conveyor belt and the strength of the original soils. Lumpy soils may be created for a high strength of the excavated soils. They are dumped as landfills without any compaction, which permits the water and air flows via the inter-lump voids. As a result, a new structure consisting of the lumps and reconstituted soil within the inter-lump voids can be created. However, if the original soil has a low strength or a long transportation takes place, the material may disintegrate into small lumps and thoroughly mix soils from different layers. Landfills consisting of clay mixtures arise in this way. The stability and deformation of landfills are crucial for design of occupied area and landfill slopes. For this reason, three different landfill materials will be investigated in this thesis: (1) the lumpy granular soil from fresh landfills, (2) the lumpy composite soil corresponding to old landfills and (3) clay mixtures. Firstly, an artificial lumpy soil was investigated. It is a transition form between the reconstituted and natural lumpy soils. Compression, permeability and strength of lumpy materials have been evaluated based on oedometer and triaxial tests. The shear strength of the normally consolidated lumpy specimens lies approximately on the Critical State Line of the reconstituted soil. The reconstituted soil, which exists in the inter-lump voids, plays a crucial role in the behaviour of artificial lumpy materials. Similarly to the artificial lumpy soil, inter-lump voids of the natural lumpy soil are mainly closed above a relatively small stress level, which is induced by the rearrangement of the lumps. However, its limit stress state is located above the Critical State Line of the reconstituted soil, which may be caused by the diagenetic soil structure in the natural lumps. The structure transition of the lumpy granular material can be divided into three possible stages related to the stress level. Firstly, the compressibility of a fresh lumpy is relativity high due to the closure of the inter-lump voids within a low stress range. In this stage, the hydraulic conductivity is mainly controlled by the inter-lump skeleton due to the existence of macro drainage paths, while the shear strength is controlled by the reconstituted soil around the lumps. Afterwards, its compressibility decreases with the consolidation stress and the soil behaves similarly to an overconsolidated soil. The clayfill appears to be uniform visually in this stage, but its structure is still highly heterogeneous and the hydraulic conductivity is higher than that of the reconstituted soil with the same overall specific volume. Finally, the loading reaches the preconsolidation stress of the lumps, and the whole soil volume becomes normally consolidated. Isotropically consolidated drained triaxial shear tests were performed on artificially prepared specimens with parallel and series structures. The laboratory tests show that the specimens with the series structure have the same failure mode as the constituent with the lower strength; the specimens with the parallel structure have a failure plane which crosses both constituents. As a result, the shear strength of the series specimens is only slightly higher than that of the constituent with the lower strength and the strength of the parallel specimens lies between those of the constituents. Afterwards, the behaviour of an artificial lumpy material with randomly distributed inclusions is investigated using the Finite Element Method. The computation results show that the stress ratio, defined as the ratio of the volume-average stress between the lumps and the reconstituted soil within the inter-lump voids, is significantly affected by both the volume fraction and the preconsolidation pressure of the lumps under an isotropic compression path, while the volume fraction of the lumps plays a minor role under a triaxial compression path. Based on the simulation results and analysis of the two basic configurations, a homogenization law was proposed utilizing the secant stiffnesses. The compression behavior of the lumpy composite soil was analyzed within the homogenization framework. Firstly, the volume of the composite soil was divided into four individual components. The inter-lump porosity was introduced to account for the evolution of the volume fractions of the constituents, and it was formulated as a function of the overall porosity and those of its constituents. A homogenization law was then proposed based on the analysis of the lumpy structure together with a numerical method, which gives a relationship for tangent stiffnesses of the lumpy soil and its constituents. Finally, a simple compression model was proposed for the composite lumpy material, which incorporates both the influence of the soil structure and the volume fraction change of the reconstituted soil. Furthermore, a general framework for the consolidation behaviour of the lumpy composite soil was proposed based on the double porosity concept and the homogenization theory. To describe the behaviour of lumps with low stress level, a new failure line was proposed with help of the equivalent Hvorslev pressure and critical state concept. The structure effect was incorporated into the nonlinear Hvorslev surface within sensitivity framework and the generalized Cam clay model proposed by McDowell and Hau (2003) was adopted on the wet side of the critical state. A secant stiffness, defined as the ratio between the deviatoric stress and deviatoric strain, was used in the homogenization law. Finally, a simple model for the natural lumpy soil was proposed within the homogenization framework. The physical properties, compression behaviour and remolded undrained shear strength of clay mixtures were investigated by reproducing the soils artificially in the lab. Afterwards, the models for the compression and undrained shear strength of clay mixtures were proposed. The model for the strength of the clay mixture originated from simplifying the structure of a clay mixture, in which the elements of the constituents are randomly distributed in a representative elementary volume. By defining a water content ratio (the ratio of water contents between the constituents), the undrained shear strength of each constituent was estimated separately and then combined together with corresponding volume fractions. A homogenization law was proposed afterwards based on the analysis of the randomly arranged structure. A simple compression model considering $N$ constituents was proposed within the homogenization framework, which was evaluated by a mixture with two constituents
In einem Tagebau können die feinkörnigen Böden in unterschiedlichen Zustandsformen entstehen. Dies sind zum einen klumpige Böden mit einer granular ähnlichen Struktur (Pseudokornstruktur) und einer hohen Konsistenzzahl und zum anderen Mischungen aus mehreren Tonen oder Schluffen mit niedriger Konsistenzzahl. Der Zustand wird dabei massgebend von dem Transport (z.B. Länge des Förderbandes) und dem Ausgangszustand (z.B. der Anfangsscherfestigkeit) beeinflusst. Klumpige Böden entstehen bei der Abbaggerung des natürlichen Materials auf der Abbauseite, welches eine hohe Festigkeit besitzt. Alle Böden werden normalerweise ohne Verdichtung verkippt, so entstehen bei der Verkippung von klumpigen Böden grosse Makro-Porenräume zwischen den Klumpen, welche sehr luft- bzw. wasserdurchlässig sind. Nach einiger Zeit entsteht eine neue Struktur aus den Klumpen und dem Material des sich von aussen auflösenden Klumpens, welches das Füllmaterial bildet. Wenn die Festigkeit des Ausgangsmaterials niedrig ist oder lange Transportwege stattfinden, zerfallen die Klumpen. Zudem werden die Böden von verschiedenen Schichten der Abbauseite unter einander gemischt, wodurch die Tongemische entstehen. Sowohl für die Dimensionierung und Berechnung der aus den Verkippungen entstehenden Tagebaurandböschungen sowie für eine spätere Nutzung des ehemaligen Tagebaugebietes ist die Kenntnisüber das Deformations- und Verformungsverhalten von Kippenböden notwendig. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit Tagebauböden und ihr zeitlich veränderliches Verhalten untersucht. Dabei werden diese, bezugnehmend auf den Anfangszustand, in drei typische Materialien unterschieden: (1) der frisch verkippte klumpige Boden, (2) eine Mischung aus Klumpen und Füllmaterial, welche höhere Liegezeiten repräsentiert und (3) Mischungen von feinkörnigen Ausgangsböden. Zunächst wurden künstlich hergestellte klumpige Böden untersucht. Sie bilden eine Übergangsform zwischen aufbereiteten und natürlichen klumpigen Böden. Das Kompressions- und Scherverhalten sowie die Durchlässigkeit wurden an Ödometer und Triaxialversuchen bestimmt. Das Füllmaterial, welches die Makroporen zwischen den Klumpen füllt, spielt eine entscheidende Rolle für das Materialverhalten. Ähnlich wie bei den künstlich hergestellten klumpigen Böden schliessen sich auch bei den Böden im Tagebau die Makroporenschen bei niedrigen Spannungen. Dabei werden die Klumpen umgelagert. Allerdings befindet sich die Grenze des Spannungszustandes oberhalb der Critical State Line des Füllmaterials, was möglicherweise mit den unter Diagenese entstandenen Bodenstrukturen erklärt werden kann. Die Strukturänderung der klumpigen Böden kann aufgrund des Spannungsniveaus in drei mögliche Stufen unterteilt werden. Am Anfang ist die Kompressibilität der frischen verkippten Klumpen hoch, da sich die Makroporen bereits bei geringen Spannungen schliessen. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt sind auch die Durchlässigkeiten in erster Linie von den grossen Porenräumen der Makroporen, welche als Entwässerungspfade dienen, beeinflusst. Die Scherfestigkeit hingegen, wird durch die aufgeweichten Böden an den Oberflächen der Klumpen massgebend beeinflusst. Bei höheren Konsolidationspannungen sinkt die Kompressibilität und der Boden verhält sich wie einüberkonsolidierter Boden. Obwohl die Struktur aufgrund der veränderten Klumpenoberflächen zu diesem Zeitpunkt homogener wirkt, ist die Struktur noch heterogen und die Durchlässigkeit ist höher als bei einem aufbereiteten Boden mit gleichem spezifischem Volumen (Porenzahl). Letztendlich erreicht der aktuelle Spannungszustand den derüberkonsolidierten Klumpen und der gesamte Boden verhält sich wie ein normal konsolidierter Boden. Des Weiteren wurden isotrop konsolidierte drainierte Triaxialversuche an künstlich aus zwei Ausgangsmaterialien hergestellten Proben mit parallelen und seriellen Strukturen durchgeführt. Die Laborversuche zeigten, dass die Proben mit seriellem Aufbau dieselben Gleitflächen haben, wie der Ausgangsboden mit der niedrigeren Scherfestigkeit. Die Gleitfläche der Proben mit parallelen Strukturen verlief durch beide Materialien. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Scherfestigkeit der seriell aufgebauten Proben geringfügig höher, als die des Bodens mit der niedrigeren Scherfestigkeit ist. Die Scherfestigkeit der parallel aufgebauten Proben liegt zwischen den beiden Ausgangsmaterialien. Danach wurde das Verhalten der künstlich erzeugten klumpigen Böden mit zufällig verteiltem Füllmaterial mit Hilfe der Finiten Elemente Methode verglichen. Die Simulationen zeigten, dass unter einer isotropen Kompressionsbelastung das Spannungsverhältnis, definiert aus dem Verhältnis der Spannung des Volumendurchschnitts zwischen den Klumpen und dem Füllmaterial, deutlich durch die Volumenanteile und die Vorkonsoliderungsspannung der Klumpen beeinflusst wird. Während das Volumenverhältnis eine untergeordnete Rolle in den in Triaxialzellen unter Scherung belasteten Proben spielt. Aus den Simulationsergebnissen und den Laborversuchen der beiden Grundkonfigurationen wurde ein Homogenisierungsgesetz abgeleitet, welches die Sekandensteifigkeiten verwendet. Das Kompressionsverhalten der Mischungen aus Klumpen und Füllmaterial wurde mit Blick auf die Homogenisierung analysiert. Zunächst kann das Volumen der Mischungen in 4 individuelle Komponentenanteile zerlegt werden. Die Makroporosität zwischen den Klumpen wurde zur Entwicklung der Volumenanteile des Füllmaterials eingeführt. Sie wurde als eine Funktion der totalen Porosität und der Materialien formuliert. Auf Grundlage einer theoretischen Analyse an klumpigen Böden und unter Zuhilfenahme einer numerischen Methode wird ein Gesetz zur Homogenisierung vorgeschlagen. Dieses enthält eine Beziehung zwischen der Tagentensteifigkeit der Klumpen und seinem Füllmaterial. Abschliessend wird ein einfaches Kompressionsmodel für die Mischung aus Klumpen und Füllmaterial vorgeschlagen, welches den Einfluss der Bodenstruktur und der Änderung des Volumenanteils des Füllmaterials berücksichtigt. Darüber hinaus wurde eine allgemeine Formulierung für das Konsolidationsverhalten der klumpigen Böden mit Füllmaterial vorgeschlagen, welche sich auf das Konzept der doppelten Porosität (Klumpen und Füllmaterial) und eine Homogenisierungstheoerie bezieht. Um das Verhalten der Klumpen bei niedrigen Spannungen zu beschreiben, wird eine neue Grenzbedingung unter Zuhilfenahme der äquivalenten Hvorslev-Spannung und des Criticial State Konzeptes vorgeschlagen. Der Struktureffekt für sensitive Böden wurde in die nichtlineare Hvorslev-Oberfläche eingebaut. Das allgemein gültige Cam-Clay-Model von McDowell und Hau (2003) wurde um die nasse Seite des Critical State Konzeptes erweitert. Eine Sekandensteifigkeit, definiert aus dem Verhältnis zwischen der Deviatorspannung und der Deviatordehnung, wurde für das Homogenisieurungsgesetz ebenfalls verwendet. Abschliessend wird ein Modell für natürliche klumpige Böden vorgestellt, welches auch eine Homogenisierung beinhaltet. Die physikalischen Eigenschaften, das Kompressionsverhalten und die undrainierten Scherfestigkeiten von aufbereiten Tongemischen wurden im Labor unter Herstellung künstlicher Bödengemische untersucht. Anschliessend wurde ein Kompressions- und Schermodell für aufbereitete Tongemische vorgeschlagen. Das Modell der Scherfestigkeit der Tongemische entstand aus der Vereinfachung der Tongemischstruktur, in welcher die Elemente der Ausgangsmaterialien zufällig in dem Einheitsvolumen verteilt sind. Werden Wassergehaltsverhältnisse (das Verhältnis der Wassergehalte der Ausgangsmaterialien) definiert, kann die undrainierte Scherfestigkeit für alle Bestandteile separat geschätzt werden und dannüber die Volumenanteile bestimmt werden. Ein Homogenisierungsgesetz wurde auf Grundlage der theoretischen Analyse von zufällig angeordneten Strukturen entwickelt. Ein einfaches Kompressionsmodell, welches N-Ausgangsmaterielien bzw. Tone und eine Homogenisierung enthält, wird vorgeschlagen, und an einer Mischung aus 2 Bestandteilen im Labor validiert
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Książki na temat "Soil porosity"

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Horton, Robert K. Determination of effective porosity of soil materials. S.l: s.n, 1988.

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Chrétien, Jean. Rôle du squelette dans l'organisation des sols: Conséquences sur les caractéristiques de l'espace poral des sols sur arènes et sur terrasses fluviatiles. Paris: INRA, 1986.

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G, Barber Richard, i Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., red. Optimizing soil moisture for plant production: The significance of soil porosity. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2003.

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Everett, Lorne G., i Martin N. Sara. Evaluation and remediation of low permeability and dual porosity environments. Redaktorzy Symposium on Evaluation and Remediation of Low Permeability and Dual Porosity Environments (2001 : Reno, Nev.) i ASTM International. W. Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2002.

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L, Thompson Michael, McBride John F i Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory., red. Determination of effective porosity of soil materials: Project summary. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, 1988.

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R, Nimmo John, Geological Survey (U.S.) i United States. Dept. of Energy., red. Laboratory and field hydrologic characterization of the shallow subsurface at an Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory waste-disposal site. Idaho Falls, Idaho: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Guilluy, D. Effets des couvertures permanentes sur la porosité d'andosols cultivés: Étude des propriétés physiques et du fonctionnement hydrodynamique de l'horizon cultural. [Saint-Denis]: Laboratoire de physique du sol, 1991.

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K, Nielson K., i Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory., red. Correlation of Florida soil-gas permeabilities with grain size, moisture, and porosity: Project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1991.

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K, Nielson K., i Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, red. Correlation of Florida soil-gas permeabilities with grain size, moisture, and porosity: Project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1991.

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H, Anderson S., Hopmans J. W, Soil Science Society of America. Division S-1. i Soil Science Society of America. Division S-6., red. Tomography of soil-water-root processes: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by Division S-1 and S-6 of the Soil Science Society of America in Minneapolis, Minnesota, 4 Nov. 1992. Madison, Wis., USA: American Society of Agronomy, 1994.

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Części książek na temat "Soil porosity"

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Franzluebbers, Alan J. "Stratification of Soil Porosity and Organic Matter". W Encyclopedia of Agrophysics, 858–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3585-1_225.

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Hirmas, Daniel R., Daniel Giménez, Edison A. Mome Filho, Matthew Patterson, Kim Drager, Brian F. Platt i Dennis V. Eck. "Quantifying Soil Structure and Porosity Using Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning". W Progress in Soil Science, 19–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28295-4_2.

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Arroyo, Marcos, Cristiana Ferreira i Jiraroth Sukolrat. "Dynamic Measurements and Porosity in Saturated Triaxial Specimens". W Soil Stress-Strain Behavior: Measurement, Modeling and Analysis, 537–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6146-2_35.

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Song, Zhu, i Yanqiu Xiang. "Inter-porosity Exchange in Saturated Double-Porosity Hollow Cylinder Subject to Axisymmetric Load". W Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Multi-physics Processes in Soil Mechanics and Advances in Geotechnical Testing, 220–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0095-0_25.

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Rousseau, Quentin, Giulio Sciarra, Rachel Gelet i Didier Marot. "Constitutive Modeling of a Suffusive Soil with Porosity-Dependent Plasticity". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 168–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99423-9_16.

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Fruit, Laetitia, Sylvie Recous i Guy Richard. "Plant Residue Decomposition: Effect of Soil Porosity and Particle Size". W Effect of Mineral-Organic-Microorganism Interactions on Soil and Freshwater Environments, 189–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4683-2_20.

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Elton, David J. "Jar of Rocks (Soil Void Ratio, Porosity, Unit Weight, and Water Content of Soils)". W Grounded!, 76–81. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413920.ch15.

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Arunpandian, M., T. Arunprasath, G. Vishnuvarthanan i M. Pallikonda Rajasekaran. "Soil Porosity Analysis Using Combined Maximum Entropy and Class Variance Thresholding". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 641–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1906-8_65.

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Moayedi, Hossein, Loke Kok Foong, Ramli Nazir i Biswajeet Pradhan. "Investigation of Aqueous and Light Non-aqueous Phase Liquid in Fractured Double-Porosity Soil". W Advances in Remote Sensing and Geo Informatics Applications, 207–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01440-7_48.

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Mubaraka, Rafia, Muhammad Baqir Hussain, Hira Tariq, Marina Qayyum i Iqra Tariq. "Mulches Effects on Soil Physical Properties i.e. Porosity, Aggregate Stability, Infiltration Rates, Bulk Density, Compaction". W Mulching in Agroecosystems, 41–58. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6410-7_3.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Soil porosity"

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Satyanaga, Alfrendo, Harianto Rahardjo i Eng Choon Leong. "The Unsaturated Shear Strength of Dual Porosity Soil". W Geo-Chicago 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480144.068.

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Abdalla, Basel, Chengye Fan, Colin Mckinnon, Vincent Gaffard, Annie Audibert-Hayet, Edmond Coche i Ayman Eltaher. "Extended Porosity Rate Function for Frost Heave". W ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24221.

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Frost heave is a common phenomenon in the Arctic, where soil expands in the direction of heat loss due to ice lens growth upon freezing. It also occurs if a refrigerated structure is buried in unfrozen frost heave-susceptible soil, and thus special considerations are required when designing chilled or LNG pipelines in the Arctic. In the past decades, many theoretical and numerical methods have been developed to predict the frost heave of freezing soil. Among them, the rigid ice model, segregation potential model, and porosity rate function model are the most popular. These frost heave models work well in predicting the soil response during a pure freezing process, but none of these methods consider a thawing and consolidation of soil, which is the opposite but integrated process when the system undergoes the annual temperature cycle. In this study, efforts are made to extend the porosity rate function to the thawing branch based on reasonable assumptions. With the extended model, a fluctuating surface temperature can be applied on top of the soil surface to simulate a continuous changing ambient temperature. The extended model is realized in ABAQUS with user defined subroutines. It is also validated with test data available in the public domain. As an application example, the extended model is utilized to simulate a chilled gas line buried in frost-susceptible soil to estimate its frost heave over a multi-year operation.
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Aydin, Elena. "DETERMINATION OF POROSITY OF SOILS WITH DIFFERENT SOIL TEXTURE USING TWO DIFFERENT PYCNOMETERS". W 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/3.2/s13.017.

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Mokwa, Robert L., i Brent Nielsen. "Characterization of Soil Porosity Using X-Ray Computed Tomography". W GeoShanghai International Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40861(193)12.

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Anderson, Clifford E., i John C. Stormont. "Changes in the Soil Moisture Characteristic due to Porosity Variation". W Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)112.

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"Comparison of soil porosity structure under conventional and reduced tillage". W 2015 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20152188961.

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Daidzić, N. E., P. Fantazzini, S. Altobelli, E. Schmidt i J. I. D. Alexander. "Pore-Size-Distribution and Porosity Measurements in Soil Porous Media by MRI". W Ninth Biennial Conference on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40722(153)51.

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Dong, Xiao-qiang, Xiao-hong Bai i Yong-kang Lv. "The relationship between porosity and electrical resistivity in cemented soil polluted by vitriol". W 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5774559.

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Manzi de Azevedo, Walter L., Anderson R. Justo de Araujo i Jose Pissolato Filho. "Soil Water Content and Porosity on Earth Potential Rise of Vertical Grounding Rods". W 2022 Workshop on Communication Networks and Power Systems (WCNPS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcnps56355.2022.9969674.

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Wang, Xueqing, Zibo Miao, Junjie Yu, Chongfan Li, Yi Chen i Dongchao Xue. "Effects of Arrangements of Spherical Particles in the Sphere model on Rock and Soil Porosity". W 2015 3rd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaees-15.2015.274.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Soil porosity"

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Gantzer, Clark J., Shmuel Assouline i Stephen H. Anderson. Synchrotron CMT-measured soil physical properties influenced by soil compaction. United States Department of Agriculture, luty 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587242.bard.

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Methods to quantify soil conditions of pore connectivity, tortuosity, and pore size as altered by compaction were done. Air-dry soil cores were scanned at the GeoSoilEnviroCARS sector at the Advanced Photon Source for x-ray computed microtomography of the Argonne facility. Data was collected on the APS bending magnet Sector 13. Soil sample cores 5- by 5-mm were studied. Skeletonization algorithms in the 3DMA-Rock software of Lindquist et al. were used to extract pore structure. We have numerically investigated the spatial distribution for 6 geometrical characteristics of the pore structure of repacked Hamra soil from three-dimensional synchrotron computed microtomography (CMT) computed tomographic images. We analyzed images representing cores volumes 58.3 mm³ having average porosities of 0.44, 0.35, and 0.33. Cores were packed with < 2mm and < 0.5mm sieved soil. The core samples were imaged at 9.61-mm resolution. Spatial distributions for pore path length and coordination number, pore throat size and nodal pore volume obtained. The spatial distributions were computed using a three-dimensional medial axis analysis of the void space in the image. We used a newly developed aggressive throat computation to find throat and pore partitioning for needed for higher porosity media such as soil. Results show that the coordination number distribution measured from the medial axis were reasonably fit by an exponential relation P(C)=10⁻C/C0. Data for the characteristic area, were also reasonably well fit by the relation P(A)=10⁻ᴬ/ᴬ0. Results indicates that compression preferentially affects the largest pores, reducing them in size. When compaction reduced porosity from 44% to 33%, the average pore volume reduced by 30%, and the average pore-throat area reduced by 26%. Compaction increased the shortest paths interface tortuosity by about 2%. Soil structure alterations induced by compaction using quantitative morphology show that the resolution is sufficient to discriminate soil cores. This study shows that analysis of CMT can provide information to assist in assessment of soil management to ameliorate soil compaction.
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Fuchs, Marcel, Jerry Hatfield, Amos Hadas i Rami Keren. Reducing Evaporation from Cultivated Soils by Mulching with Crop Residues and Stabilized Soil Aggregates. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568086.bard.

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Field and laboratory studies of insulating properties of mulches show that the changes they produce on the heat balance and the evaporation depend not only on the intrinsic characteristics of the material but also on the structure of air flow in boundary layer. Field measurements of the radiation balance of corn residue showed a decrease of reflectivity from 0.2 to 0.17 from fall to spring. The aerodynamic properties of the atmospheric surface layer were turbulent, with typical roughness length of 12 to 24 mm. Evaporation from corn residue covered soils in climate chambers simulating the diurnal course of temperature in the field were up to 60% less than bare soil. Wind tunnel studies showed that turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer added a convective component to the transport of water vapor and heat through the mulches. The decreasing the porosity of the mulch diminished this effect. Factors increasing the resistance to vapor flow lowering the effect of wind. The behavior of wheat straw and stabilized soil aggregates mulches were similar, but the resistance to water of soil aggregate layer with diameter less than 2 mm were very large, close to the values expected from molecular diffusion.
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Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf i Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, październik 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.

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The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Russo, David, Daniel M. Tartakovsky i Shlomo P. Neuman. Development of Predictive Tools for Contaminant Transport through Variably-Saturated Heterogeneous Composite Porous Formations. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7592658.bard.

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The vadose (unsaturated) zone forms a major hydrologic link between the ground surface and underlying aquifers. To understand properly its role in protecting groundwater from near surface sources of contamination, one must be able to analyze quantitatively water flow and contaminant transport in variably saturated subsurface environments that are highly heterogeneous, often consisting of multiple geologic units and/or high and/or low permeability inclusions. The specific objectives of this research were: (i) to develop efficient and accurate tools for probabilistic delineation of dominant geologic features comprising the vadose zone; (ii) to develop a complementary set of data analysis tools for discerning the fractal properties of hydraulic and transport parameters of highly heterogeneous vadose zone; (iii) to develop and test the associated computational methods for probabilistic analysis of flow and transport in highly heterogeneous subsurface environments; and (iv) to apply the computational framework to design an “optimal” observation network for monitoring and forecasting the fate and migration of contaminant plumes originating from agricultural activities. During the course of the project, we modified the third objective to include additional computational method, based on the notion that the heterogeneous formation can be considered as a mixture of populations of differing spatial structures. Regarding uncertainly analysis, going beyond approaches based on mean and variance of system states, we succeeded to develop probability density function (PDF) solutions enabling one to evaluate probabilities of rare events, required for probabilistic risk assessment. In addition, we developed reduced complexity models for the probabilistic forecasting of infiltration rates in heterogeneous soils during surface runoff and/or flooding events Regarding flow and transport in variably saturated, spatially heterogeneous formations associated with fine- and coarse-textured embedded soils (FTES- and CTES-formations, respectively).We succeeded to develop first-order and numerical frameworks for flow and transport in three-dimensional (3-D), variably saturated, bimodal, heterogeneous formations, with single and dual porosity, respectively. Regarding the sampling problem defined as, how many sampling points are needed, and where to locate them spatially in the horizontal x₂x₃ plane of the field. Based on our computational framework, we succeeded to develop and demonstrate a methdology that might improve considerably our ability to describe quntitaively the response of complicated 3-D flow systems. The results of the project are of theoretical and practical importance; they provided a rigorous framework to modeling water flow and solute transport in a realistic, highly heterogeneous, composite flow system with uncertain properties under-specified by data. Specifically, they: (i) enhanced fundamental understanding of the basic mechanisms of field-scale flow and transport in near-surface geological formations under realistic flow scenarios, (ii) provided a means to assess the ability of existing flow and transport models to handle realistic flow conditions, and (iii) provided a means to assess quantitatively the threats posed to groundwater by contamination from agricultural sources.
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