Rozprawy doktorskie: „Soil-pile interaction in liquefiable”

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Dash, Suresh R. "Lateral pile soil interaction in liquefiable soils". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543468.

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Tang, Xiaowei. "Nonlinear Numerical Methods to Analyze Ground Flow and Soil-Pile Interaction in Liquefiable Soil". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/134545.

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Varun. "A non-linear dynamic macroelement for soil structure interaction analyses of piles in liquefiable sites". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34718.

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A macroelement is developed for soil-structure interaction analyses of piles in liquefiable soils, which captures efficiently the fundamental mechanisms of saturated granular soil behavior. The mechanical model comprises a nonlinear Winkler-type model that accounts for soil resistance acting along the circumference of the pile, and a coupled viscous damper that simulates changes in radiation damping with increasing material non-linearity. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) simulations are conducted for a pile in radially homogeneous soil to identify the critical parameters governing the response. The identified parameters, i.e., hydraulic conductivity, loading rate of dynamic loading, dilation angle and liquefaction potential are then expressed in dimensionless form. Next, the macroelement parameters are calibrated as a function of the soil properties and the effective stress. A semi-empirical approach that accounts for the effects of soil-structure interaction on pore pressure generation in the vicinity of pile is used to detect the onset of liquefaction. The predictions are compared with field data obtained using blast induced liquefaction and centrifuge tests and found to be in good agreement. Finally, the macroelement formulation is extended to account for coupling in both lateral directions. FEM simulations indicate that response assuming no coupling between the two horizontal directions for biaxial loading tends to overestimate the soil resistance and fails to capture features like 'apparent negative stiffness', 'strain hardening' and 'rounded corners'.

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Chian, Siau Chen. "Floatation of underground structures in liquefiable soils". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610082.

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Chaudhry, Anjum Rashid. "Static pile-soil-pile interaction in offshore pile groups". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7b4c8d56-184f-4c8d-98c9-2d9c69a1ef55.

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This thesis is a theoretical study, using both finite element and boundary element methods, of the behaviour of single-piles and pile groups under vertical and lateral loading. It offers an improved understanding of the soil-structure interaction that occurs in pile groups, particularly closely spaced piles subjected to lateral loads. The potential of a two- dimensional idealisation of what is a three-dimensional problem is demonstrated by achieving real insight into the complex nature of pile-soil and pile-soil-pile interaction in pile groups. A new load transfer mechanism is presented for a rigid, axially loaded vertical pile. From this an improvement is then derived to the analytical solution for pile head settlement given by Randolph and Wroth (1978). The improved mechanism has the further merit that it can be applied also to solutions for flexible piles and pile groups. The improved analytical solution is further adapted in the development of two correcting layers specifically for vertically loaded piles to model infinite boundaries in the finite element model. The correcting layers help in establishing superiority of the finite element method over the boundary element method. To model pile-soil interaction, a purely cohesive interface element is developed and then validated by performing various two-dimensional test problems, including stability analysis of flat surface footings. Footing-soil interface tension is successfully modelled in this way - an outcome that entails a significant modification to the Hansen (1970) bearing capacity solution. Stability analysis is also carried out of conical footings using a three-dimensional finite element model: the results help to explain the applicability of the existing bearing capacity theories to conical footings. The ultimate lateral soil reaction is determined and various pile loading stages are investigated through parametric studies. Study of the stage immediately following pile installation (i.e. the consolidation stage) highlights the need to develop an effective stress analysis for laterally loaded piles. Pile-soil interaction is studied using the cohesive interface element presented earlier, which proves to be quite successful in smoothing out the stress discontinuities around the pile. A new material model for frictional soils is presented, and validated by using it to model an extension test: it captures well post-peak behaviour and takes care of the effects of dilation on the response of laterally loaded piles. Finally, mechanisms of interaction in closely spaced pile groups are studied. Simple analytical expressions are derived which quantify the effects of interaction. A new method of analysis is presented for single-piles and pile groups which offers a considerable degree of reliability without having to do either impossibly expensive full scale field tests or prohibitively expensive full three-dimensional analysis using the currently available computers.

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Taherzadeh, Reza. "Seismic soil-pile group-structure interaction". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ECAP1096.

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Si la prise en compte de l'interaction sol-structure peut être abordée de façon relativement simple dans la plupart des fondations superficielles, il n'en est pas de même pour des groupes de pieux. Les principales difficultés rencontrées sont liées à la complexité et à la taille du modèle numérique nécessaire à l’analyse détaillée. Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation de l’interaction dynamique sol-structure dans le cas particulier des fondations comportant un grand nombre de pieux. Ce travail consiste à faire des modélisations avancées en utilisant un couplage entre le logiciel MISS3D d’éléments de frontière pour des milieux élastiques stratifiés et la toolbox matlab d’éléments finis SDT pour la modélisation des fondations et des structures. Après avoir validé la modélisation à partir de solutions de la littérature, les principaux paramètres gouvernant l’impédance de ces fondations ont été mis en évidence. Les modèles simplifiés de ces impédances ont ensuite été développés dans le cas de pieux flottants ou de pieux encastrés dans un bedrock. Des paramètres de ces modèles simplifiés ont été déterminés par des analyses statistiques fondées sur une base étendue de modèles numériques couvrant une large gamme de situations pratiques. Ces modèles approchés ont été validés sur des cas particuliers, puis différents spectres de réponse modifiés par la prise en compte de l’interaction sol-structure ont été proposés
Despite the significant progress in simple engineering design of surface footing with considering the soil-structure interaction (SSI), there is still a need of the same procedure for the pile group foundation. The main approach to solve this strongly coupled problem is the use of full numerical models, taking into account the soil and the piles with equal rigor. This is however a computationally very demanding approach, in particular for large numbers of piles. The originality of this thesis is using an advanced numerical method with coupling the existing software MISS3D based on boundary element (BE), green's function for the stratified infinite visco-elastic soil and the matlab toolbox SDT based on finite element (FE) method to modeling the foundation and the superstructure. After the validation of this numerical approach with the other numerical results published in the literature, the leading parameters affecting the impedance and the kinematic interaction have been identified. Simple formulations have then been derived for the dynamic stiffness matrices of pile groups foundation subjected to horizontal and rocking dynamic loads for both floating piles in homogeneous half-space and end-bearing piles. These formulations were found using a large data base of impedance matrix computed by numerical FE-BE model. These simple approaches have been validated in a practical case. A modified spectral response is then proposed with considering the soil-structure interaction effect

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Dewsbury, Jonathan J. "Numerical modelling of soil-pile-structure interaction". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.582152.

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Soil-pile-structure interaction analysis is the simultaneous consideration of the structural frame, pile foundations, and the soil forming the founding material. Failure to consider soil-pile-structure interaction in design will lead to a poor prediction of load distribution within the structure. A poor prediction of load distribution will cause the structure to deform under loads that have not been calculated for. This may result in the structure cracking or the overstressing of columns. If the actual load distribution significantly differs from that designed for, the factor of safety on structural elements may be substantially decreased. Despite the importance, there are currently no studies quantifying the effect of soil-pile-structure interaction for simple office structures. As a result the effects of soil-pile-structure interaction are often deemed unimportant, and ignored in the design of simple structures. Numerical methods are often relied upon to consider soil-pile-structure interaction for complex structures, such as tall towers. However in their current form they are limited because the meshes required for analysis, especially when in three dimensions, are difficult to verify, and take a long time to set up and run. Therefore this thesis proposes a meshing method within the framework of the finite element method that allows large, complex, and non-symmetrical pile foundation layouts to be meshed in a manner that is quick, can be easily checked, and significantly reduces the analysis run time. Application of the meshing method to an office structure (recently designed for the 2012 Olympic Games) has allowed the effects of soil-pile-structure interaction to be quantified. The subsequent normalisation of the results provides a method for assessing when it is necessary to consider soil- pile-structure interaction in future design. Comparison between the monitored performance of 'The Landmark' (a 330m tower founded on a piled raft) and numerical predictions have demonstrated the importance of correct ground stiffness selection for achieving accurate predictions of piled raft settlement, and load distribution. The role of single pile load tests and in situ testing for ground stiffness selection for piled raft design has also been assessed

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Peiris, Thanuja Pubudini. "Soil-pile interaction of pile embedded in deep layered marine sediment under seismic excitation". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/75518/1/Thanuja%20Pubudini_Peiris_Thesis.pdf.

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This research provides validated Finite Element techniques to analyse pile foundations under seismic loads. The results show that the capability of the technique to capture the important pile response which includes kinematic and inertial interaction effects, effects of soil stiffness and depth on pile deflection patterns and permanent deformations.

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TOMBARI, ALESSANDRO. "Seismic response of extended pile shafts considering nonlinear soil-pile interaction". Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242686.

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Il sistema pila-palo è largamente diffuso nelle strutture da ponte grazie ai suoi vantaggi economici e tecnici. Tuttavia questo sistema è fortemente influenzato dagli effetti dell’interazione dinamica terreno-palo-struttura. In aggiunta all’allungamento del periodo fondamentale della struttura, la cedevolezza della fondazione induce una componente rotazionale del moto sismico sul sistema globale che non può essere considerata mediante le comuni procedure di progettazione sismica. Sebbene siano stati sviluppati modelli avanzati per considerare l’interazione terreno-palo-struttura sia in campo lineare e non lineare, i modelli alla Winkler rappresentano uno degli approcci più versatili. In questo lavoro, un modello nonlineare di trave su suolo alla Winkler è stata utilizzato per indagare l’effetto sulla risposta della struttura dei principali aspetti legati al comportamento nonlineare del sistema terreno-fondazione, come ad esempio la plasticizzazione del terreno , la formazione di distacco all’interfaccia palo-terreno, il collasso delle pareti del foro e il degrado o incrudimento ciclico del terreno in prossimità del palo. Sono state eseguite analisi dinamiche incrementali per valutare gli effetti della durata del moto sismico e le non linearità del terreno sulle prestazioni della pila-palo in vari profili di terreno omogeneo e bistrato sia di argilla satura che di sabbia nello stato asciutto o saturo considerando differenti livelli di compattazione. Si è stabilita una procedura per eseguire le analisi dinamiche incrementali considerando gli effetti sia sulla risposta sismica locale sia sulle prestazioni strutturali. Gli effetti dell’interazione cinematica ed inerziale in campo non lineare sono stati analizzati mediante un’ampia indagine parametrica. Le analisi hanno evidenziato il ruolo determinante della componente rotazionale e della durata del moto sismico sulla risposta sismica della pilapalo. I risultati ottenuti sono inoltre stati confrontati con quelli ottenuti mediante un modello lineare. Infine, vengono fatte alcune considerazioni evidenziando le aree grigie della comune pratica di progettazione.
Single column bents on extended pile shafts are widely used in bridges for their economical and technical advantages. Nevertheless, this system is strongly affected by Dynamic Soil- Pile-Structure Interaction. In addition to the lengthening of the fundamental period of the structure, the compliance of the foundation induces a rocking component of the seismic motion experienced by the overall system that cannot be considered by following the procedures of a common seismic design practice. Although advanced models have been developed in order to account for Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction both in the linear and nonlinear range, Winkler-type models represent one of the most feasible approaches. In this work, a Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation model is used to investigate the importance of features typical in soil nonlinear behaviour such as yielding, gapping, soil cave-in and cyclic hardening/degradation effects on the performance of extended pile shafts. A procedure to estimate the model parameters from geotechnical soil characterization is presented. Incremental Dynamic Analyses are performed to evaluate the effects of Ground Motion Duration and soil nonlinearity on the performance of extended pile shafts in various homogeneous and two-layered soil profiles, including saturated clay and sand in either fully dry or saturated state with different levels of compaction. A procedure to perform Incremental Dynamic Analysis, including effects on both site response analysis and on the structural performance, is established. Nonlinear kinematic and inertial interaction effects are analyzed by means of an exhaustive parametric investigation. The significant effects of the rocking component and the Ground Motion Duration on the seismic response of extended pile shafts are demonstrated. Comparisons with results obtained with a linear model are also presented. Finally, some considerations are drawn pointing out grey areas of the common design practice.

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Fernandez, Carlos Javier. "Pile-structure interaction in GTSTRUDL". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21418.

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Al-Khazaali, Mohammed. "Soil-Pile, Pile Group Foundations and Pipeline Systems Interaction Behavior Extending Saturated and Unsaturated Soil Mechanics". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38843.

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Rapid growth in population along with positive trends in global economy over the past several decades has significantly contributed to an increased demand for various infrastructure needs worldwide. For this reason, the focus of this thesis has been directed towards extending the mechanics of unsaturated soils, which is an emerging geotechnical engineering field to investigate the behavior of two key infrastructure systems, namely pile foundations and energy pipeline systems. The mechanism of soil-pile foundations and soil-pipeline systems interaction behavior has several similarities. Both these infrastructure facilities require comprehensive understanding of the soil-structure interaction mechanism. Reliable estimation of mechanical properties of both the soil and the soil-structure interface is required for the rational interpretation the load-displacement behavior of pile foundations and pipeline systems. Currently, the design of systems is predominantly based on design codes and guidelines that use empirical procedures or employ the principles of saturated soil mechanics. In many scenarios, pile foundations extend either totally or partly in unsaturated soils as the groundwater table level in many regions is at a greater depth. Such scenarios are commonly encountered in semi-arid and arid regions of the world. In addition, pipeline systems are typically buried at shallow depths in unsaturated soil strata, which are susceptible to wetting and drying, freezing and thawing cycles or both, due to seasonal environmental changes. Capillary stress or matric suction in the unsaturated zone increases the effective stress contribution towards the shear strength and stiffness of soil and soil-structure interface. Extending saturated soil mechanics to design or analyze such structures may lead to erroneous estimation of pile foundation carrying capacity or loads transferred on pipeline body from the surrounding unsaturated soil. Experimental, analytical and numerical investigations were undertaken to study the behavior of single pile, pile group, and pipeline systems in saturated and unsaturated sands under static loading. The experimental program includes 40 single model pile and 2×2 pile group, and six prototype pipeline tests under saturated and unsaturated condition. The results of the experimental studies suggest that matric suction has significant contribution towards the mechanical behavior of both pile foundation and pipeline system. The axial load carrying capacity of single pile and pile group increased approximately 2 to 2.5 times and the settlement reduced significantly compared to saturated condition. The influence of matric suction towards a single pile is significantly different in comparison to pile group behavior. The cumulative influence of matric suction and stress overlap of pile group behavior in sandy soils result in erroneous estimation of pile group capacity, if principles of saturated soil mechanics are extended. Group action plays major role in changing the moisture regime under the pile group leading to incompatible stress state condition in comparison to single pile behavior. On the other hand, the peak axial load on the pipe is almost 2.5 folds greater in unsaturated sand that undergoes much less displacement in comparison to saturated condition. Such an increase in the external axial forces may jeopardize the integrity of energy pipeline systems and requires careful reevaluation of existing design models extending the principles of unsaturated soil mechanics. Two analytical design models to estimate the axial force exerted on pipeline body were proposed. The proposed models take account of matric suction effect and soil dilatancy and provide smooth transition from unsaturated to saturated condition. These models were developed since measurement of the unsaturated soil and interface shear strength and stiffness properties need extensive equipment that require services of trained professional, which are expensive and time consuming. The models utilize the saturated soil shear strength parameters and soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) to predict the mechanical behavior of the structure in saturated and unsaturated cohesionless soils. The prototype pipeline experimental results were used to verify the proposed models. The predicted axial force on pipeline using the proposed models agrees well with the measured behavior under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. Moreover, numerical techniques were proposed to investigate the behavior of pile foundation and pipeline system in saturated and unsaturated sand. The proposed methodology can be used with different commercially available software programs. Two finite element analysis programs were used in this study; namely, PLAXIS 2D (2012) to simulate soil-pile foundation behavior and SIGMA/W (2012) to simulate soil-pipeline system behavior. The proposed techniques require the information of unsaturated shear strength and stiffness, which can be derived from saturated soil properties and the SWCC. The model was verified using pile and pipeline test results from this study and other research studies from the published literature. There is a good agreement between the measured behavior and the predicted behavior for both the saturated and unsaturated conditions. The methodology was further extended to investigate the behavior of rigid and flexible pipelines buried in Indian Head till (IHT) during nearby soil excavation activity. The simulation results suggest that excavation can be extended safely without excessive deformation to several meters without the need for supporting system under unsaturated condition. The studies summarized in the thesis provide evidence that the principles of saturated soil mechanics underestimate the pile foundations carrying capacity as well as the axial force exerted on pipelines in unsaturated soils. Such approaches lead to both uneconomical pile foundation and unsafe pipeline systems designs. For this reason, the pile and pile group carrying capacity and pipeline axial force should be estimated taking into account the influence of matric suction as well as the dilatancy of the compacted sand. The experimental studies, testing techniques along with the analyses of test results and the proposed analytical and numerical models are useful for better understanding the pile foundation and buried pipeline behaviors under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. The proposed analytical and finite element models are promising for applying the mechanics of unsaturated soils into conventional geotechnical engineering practice using simple methods.

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Balendra, Surendran. "Numerical modeling of dynamic soil-pile-structure interaction". Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2005/s%5Fbalendra%5F120705.pdf.

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Guillement, Claire. "Pile – Soil Interaction during Vibratory Sheet Pile Driving : a Full Scale Field Study". Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-136578.

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Urban construction sites require strict control of their environmental impact, which, for vibratory sheet pile driving, can include damage to nearby structures due to ground vibrations. However, the lack of knowledge concerning the generation of soil vibrations makes the prediction of ground vibration levels difficult. This MSc. thesis in particular, focuses on a crucial link in the vibration transfer chain: the sheet pile – soil interface, which is also one of the least documented. The aim of this thesis is first, to carry out a full-scale field test consisting in the monitoring of sheet pile and ground vibrations during sheet pile vibratory driving. And second, to analyze a selected portion of the collected data with focus on the sheet pile – soil vibration transfer. Both aspects of the thesis work aim, more generally, to contribute to the understanding of ground vibration generation under vibratory sheet pile driving. The full-scale field study was performed in Solna in May 2013. It consisted in the vibratory driving of seven sheet piles, out of which three were fitted with accelerometers. During the driving, ground vibrations were measured by accelerometers, the closest ones placed only 0.5 m from the sheet pile line. The design and installation of the soil instrumentation was innovative in as much as accelerometers were not only set on the ground surface but also at three different depths (~ 3 m, 5 m and 6 m). The analysis presented in this thesis is primarily a comparison between sheet pile vibrations and ground vibrations measured 0.5 m from the sheet pile line. The principal aspects considered in the comparison are: the influence of penetration through different soil layers, the sheet pile – soil vibration transfer efficiency, the frequency content of sheet pile and soil vibrations, and differences between toe- and shaft-generated vibrations. The main conclusions from this study are:  Most of the vibration loss occurs in the near field: 90-99% of the sheet pile vibration magnitude was dispersed within 0.5 m from the driven sheet pile. Moreover, the sheet pile – soil vibration transfer efficiency was reduced for higher sheet pile acceleration levels and higher frequencies.  The soil characteristics strongly influence the sheet pile vibration levels. A clear distinction could be made between "smooth" and "hard" driving, the latter being associated with an impact situation at the sheet pile toe.  The focus of ground vibration studies should not only be the vertical vibrations. Indeed, the ground vibrations’ horizontal component was found to be of the same or even higher magnitude than the vertical component.

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Wilson, Daniel W. "Soil-pile-superstructure interaction in liquefying sand and soft clay /". Davis, Calif. : Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, 1998. http://cgm.engr.ucdavis.edu/download/html.

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Mattar, Joe. "An investigation of tunnel-soil-pile interaction in cohesive soils /". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112577.

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Underground tunnels are considered to be a vital infrastructure component in most cities around the world. Careful planning is always necessary to ensure minimum impact on nearby surface and subsurface structures. This thesis describes the experimental and numerical investigations carried out at McGill University to examine the effect of existing pile foundation on the stresses developing in a newly constructed tunnel supported by a flexible lining system. A small scale testing facility was designed and built to simulate the process of tunnel excavation and lining installation in the close vicinity of pre-installed piles. Lining stresses were measured for different separation distances between the tunnel and the existing piles. Significant decrease in circumferential stresses was observed when the lining was installed at a distance that ranges between one to three times the tunnel diameter from the piles. Two-dimensional finite element analyses were also conducted to investigate the different aspects of the pile-soil-lining interaction including lining deformation, axial forces and bending moments. The measured lining stresses agreed with those obtained using finite element analysis. The results presented in this study provided an insight into understanding an important aspect of this soil-structure interaction problem.

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Lee, Lin. "Soil-pile interaction of bored and cast in-situ piles". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633219.

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The research presented in this thesis was undertaken to investigate the changes of the engineering properties of clay surrounding bored piles induced by the ion migration and hence the variation of shaft carrying capacity with time. As lime forms one of the major chemical compositions in cement, it follows that the cement from the bored piles will have a similar effect of improving the engineering properties of the clay adjacent to the bored piles. A number of model piles were constructed in order to study the soil-pile chemical interaction. At a specific time, the piles were subjected to load tests and the clay surrounding the piles was tested for its engineering and chemical properties. The load-settlement curves show that failures take place at large displacements compared with the typical values of 0.5% to 2% of pile diameter normally used. From the tests and analysis of other researchers' works together with the results from this research, equations were drawn for determining the settlement to fully mobilize the shaft resistance of pile. The results obtained showed that the shaft resistance of the bored pile increased with time over the monitoring period investigated. Together with this, calcium and hydroxyl ions were detected in the clay surrounding the pile. It can be concluded that soil-pile chemical reaction does take place and it affects pile behaviour.

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Husein, Dima A. "Soil-Pile Interaction of Geothermal Foundation Subjected to Temperature Cycling". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1563974820049641.

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Lu, Chih-Wei. "Numerical Study of Soil-Pile Interaction during Earthquakes Considering Liquefaction". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148518.

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Li, Peng Loehr J. Erik. "Numerical analysis of pile group within moving soils". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6691.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 25, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Erik Loehr. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Strand, Tommy, i Johannes Severin. "Soil-Structure Interaction of Pile Groups for High-Speed Railway Bridges". Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231413.

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Pérez-Herreros, Jesús. "Dynamic soil-structure interaction of pile foundations : experimental and numerical study". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDN0002.

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La réponse dynamique d’une structure supportée par des fondations profondes constitue un problème complexe d’Interaction Sol-Structure (ISS). Sous chargement sismique, les pieux sont soumis à la sollicitation imposée par le sol (interaction cinématique) et aux forces d’inertie transmises par la superstructure (interaction inertielle). Le dimensionnement des fondations profondes soumises à des sollicitations sismiques est souvent réalisé au moyen de méthodes conservatrices visant à assurer que les fondations ne soient pas endommagées. La plupart de ces méthodes considèrent le comportement de la fondation élastique linéaire et par conséquent la capacité de la fondation à dissiper de l’énergie du fait des mécanismes non-linéaires est négligée. Cette approche était justifiée dans le passé en raison du manque d’informations sur le comportement non-linéaire des fondations et de l’absence d’outils numériques adaptés. De telles limitations deviennent de plus en plus obsolètes, puisqu’un nombre pertinent de résultats expérimentaux et numériques sont maintenant disponibles, ainsi que de nouvelles méthodes de conception (Pecker et al. 2012). Dans cette thèse, le comportement des pieux isolés et des groupes de pieux sous chargement sismique est étudié avec une approche couplant l’expérimental et le numérique. Des essais dynamiques en centrifugeuse sont effectués avec un sol stratifié, plusieurs configurations de fondations et une série de séismes et sollicitations sinusoïdales. Des calculs non-linéaires aux éléments finis sont également effectués et comparés aux résultats expérimentaux afin d’étudier la capacité des modèles numériques à reproduire de manière satisfaisante la réponse non-linéaire des fondations. Un nouveau macroélément pour les groupes de pieux sous chargement sismique est proposé et validé numériquement. Le macroélément permet de prendre en compte les effets de groupe et leur variation avec la fréquence de sollicitation (interaction pieu-sol-pieu) ainsi que la non-linéarité développée dans le système. Le nouveau macroélément est enfin utilisé pour effectuer une analyse dynamique incrémentale (IDA) du pylône centrale d’un pont à haubans
The dynamic response of a structure supported by pile foundations is a complex Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) problem. Under earthquake loading, the piles are subjected to loadings due to the deformation imposed by the soil (kinematic interaction) and to the inertial forces transmitted by the superstructure (inertial interaction). The design of deep foundations under seismic loadings is often carried out by means of conservative methods that aim to assure zero damage of the foundation. Most of these methods consider the behavior of the foundation as linear elastic. As a result, the capability of the foundation to dissipate energy during seismic loading due to nonlinear mechanisms is neglected. This approach was justified in the past due to the lack of information about the nonlinear behavior of foundations and the absence of adapted numerical tools. Such limitations are becoming more and more obsolete, as a relevant number of experimental and numerical results are now available as well as new design methods (Pecker et al. 2012). In this Ph.D, the behavior of single piles and pile groups under seismic loading is studied using both experiments and finite element calculations. Dynamic centrifuge tests are carried out with a multilayered soil profile, several foundation configurations and a series of earthquakes and sinusoidal base shakings. Nonlinear finite element calculations are also performed and compared to experimental results to investigate the ability of current computational models to satisfactorily reproduce the nonlinear response of foundations. A novel macroelement for pile group foundations under seismic loading is developed and numerically validated. It allows taking into account the group effects and their variation with the loading frequency (pile-soil-pile interaction) as well as the nonlinearity developed in the system. Finally, the macroelement model for pile groups is used to perform an Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) of the main pylon of a cable-stayed bridge

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Chin, Victor B. L. "The dynamic response of pile-soil interfaces during pile driving and dynamic testing events". Monash University, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9421.

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Toma, Tahsin Munir. "A model study of negative skin friction on a fixed base pile in soft clay". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/919.

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In this research programme, a small-scale laboratory test was carried out to investigate the phenomenon of negative skin friction through studying the interaction between a pile and the surrounding soil and to obtain, by means of an instrumented 50mm diameter model pile, an expression for the magnitude and distribution of negative skin friction for an end-bearing pile in soft clay. The programme included measurements of pore water pressures using miniature piezometers, both vertically along the pile shaft and laterally from it, as the pattern of dissipation of this pressure controls the distribution of negative skin friction along pile length at any given time. Two testing programmes were conducted. Each testing programme consisted of applying load increments on the soil up to 90 kPa as surcharge pressures. Pore pressures, settlements and pile loads were monitored until 90% consolidation had been achieved. From test results, expressions relating the surcharge pressure and soil shear strength with the developed negative skin friction have been established. The study has been extended to include predictions of negative skin friction and pore water pressures by the use of Numerical Methods such as the Finite Element Method and the Finite Difference Method. Results obtained by these methods have been compared with those measured.

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24

Kan, J. H.-S. "Behaviour of laterally-loaded piles". Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383277.

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Ahmed, Mahmoud Nasser Hussien. "Effects of Nonlinear Soil-Structure Interaction on Lateral Behavior of Pile Foundations". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/151949.

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Berenguer, Todo-Bom Luis André. "Numerical modeling of soil-pile interaction considering grain breakage in finite deformations". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01000298.

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The analysis of pile behavior is a complex problem due to the diversity of the phenomena governing the soil behavior and particularly that of the neighboring soil. The objective of this work was to develop a valid modeling tool to evaluate piles' behavior under axial loads by developing a pertinent mechanical model supported in a robust finite element program which would successfully reproduce the soil behaviour under extreme monotonic and cyclic shear strain. This is done to allow for the numerical modelling of the installation procedure of pile foundations and continued loading of high amplitude cyclic paths. In order to model the installation phase of a monotonic, jacked or dynamic pile foundation some issues must be addressed. Finite deformations take place whilst the pile is put in place requiring an adjustment in the mechanical formulation of the model at the interface level to take into account that the small deformations (rotations and strain) hypothesis is no longer valid. Moreover, the constitutive model must take into account the physical behaviour of the soil when subjected to high order of magnitude displacements. This includes the phenomenon of grain breakage, also referred to as particle crushing, which greatly influences the volumetric behaviour of soil as thus reflecting of shear stress mobilization. The elastoplastic ECP model has therefore been enhanced by introducing an internal variable taking into account the breakage mechanism. The thermodynamic admissibility criteria are verified for the original and revised constitutive models. Both monotonic and pseudo-dynamic installation procedures were numerically simulated and the results thoroughly analysed. Finally, the cyclic shear resistance degradation at the pile shaft is a commonly occurring phenomenon during continued cyclic loading of pile foundation (friction fatigue). The constitutive modelling of this phenomenon, however, is not a straightforward matter. The stress path followed by the thin layer at the soil-pile interface level is known to be directly related to the volumetric behaviour due to the boundary conditions of the problem. A comprehensive analysis of all the components of the behaviour of soil during this stage was object of study in this work.

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27

Haskell, Jennifer Jane Margaret. "Guidance for the design of pile groups in laterally spreading soil". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648830.

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Petek, Kathryn Ann. "Development and application of mixed beam-solid models for analysis of soil-pile interaction problems /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10186.

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Costa, d'Aguiar Sofia. "Numerical modelling of soil-pile axial load transfer mechanisms in granular soils". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ECAP1075.

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L’objectif du travail présenté dans cette thèse est l'analyse et modélisation numérique des mécanismes de transfert de charge axiale entre sol-pieu, dans les sols granulaires. En utilisant un modèle élastoplastique tridimensionnel d'élément finis, une attention particulière est prêtée à la modélisation du comportement de l’interface sol-structure. Ainsi, les outils numériques nécessaires ont été mis en place et les outils existants ont été améliorés afin que, l'analyse de l'interaction sol-pieu soit faisable. Deux nouveaux modèles de comportement 3D sont implémentés dans le code d'éléments finis GEFDYN: un modèle d'interface et, pour le sol, une formulation axisymétrique du modèle multimécanismes de l’ECP, déjà existant et également connus sous le nom de Hujeux. La performance des deux modèles de comportement est comparée avec des résultats expérimentaux: d'abord, en utilisant des essais directs de cisaillement sol-structure et ensuite des essais de charge statiques de pieux en modèle physiques de centrifugeuse. La formulation théorique et l'exécution numérique des modèles constitutifs se sont donc avérées adéquats pour l'analyse des mécanismes de transfert de charge de sol-pieux, pour différents états initiaux du sol, différentes rugosités de la surface sol-pieux et différentes géométries. Finalement, l'applicabilité des modèles proposés est également étudiée pour un cas d’étude réel d’essais de charge statique de pieux forés et à tarière continus, menés dans le site expérimental ISC2 à l’occasion de la 2nd International Conference on the Site Characterization. L’identification des paramètres du sol et la simulation des essais de charge in-situ a été réalisé avec succés
The purpose of the work presented in this thesis, which has a theoretical and numerical character, is the analysis and numerical modelling of soil-pile load transfer mechanisms, in granular soils, when the pile is subjected to axial vertical loads. In the three dimensional elastoplastic finite element model used, particular attention is paid to modelling soil-structure interface behavior. The necessary numerical tools were implemented and the existing ones enhanced so that, the analysis of the soil-pile interaction problem is feasible. Two newly implemented 3D constitutive laws, in the GEFDYN finite element code, are proposed: an interface model and, for soil, an axisymmetric formulation of the existing ECP multimechanism model, also known as Hujeux model. The performance of both constitutive models is compared with experimental results. First, using soil-structure direct shear tests and then, using results of static pile load tests of centrifuge physical models. The theoretical formulation and numerical implementation of the constitutive models proved to be adequate for the analysis of the soil-pile load transfer mechanisms for different soil initial states, soil-pile surface roughness conditions, and different geometries. Finally, the applicability of the proposed models, is also studied for a real case study of pile static load tests carried out in the ISC'2 experimental site, at the occasion of the 2nd International Conference on the Site Characterization. Soil’s laboratory characterization tests and in-situ pile static load tests on bored and CFA piles are simulated, and results successfully compared

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30

Anderson, Michael Alan. "A hydrogeochemical investigation of metalliferous coal pile runoff and its interaction with soil and groundwater /". This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09162005-115028/.

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Anderson, Michael A. "A hydrogeochemical investigation of metalliferous coal pile runoff and its interaction with soil and groundwater". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39371.

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Highly acidic and metal-rich runoff from coal storage facilities can have a dramatic impact on local surface and ground water quality. In order to identify important reactions governing metal transport within subsurface environments subject to infiltration of coal pile runoff, samples of uncontaminated subsoil and aquifer materials adjacent to the D-Area coal stockpile runoff containment basin at the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site were collected and subjected to leaching with the acidic, metalliferous coal pile runoff. Columns were packed to bulk densities of 1.5 Mg m³ and subjected to steady, saturated flows of 0.2 and 1.3 cm h⁻¹, Effluent was collected and multicomponent transport through the subsoil and aquifer materials evaluated. Observed transport was then related to soil chemical and mineralogical properties. Mass balance calculations, a sequential dissolution scheme in which column leaching was terminated and elements partitioned to aqueous, M NH₄CI, and ammonium oxalate in the dark (Ox)-extractable phases, and mineralogical and surface chemical analyses were used to identify important chemical processes and mineralogical alterations.
Ph. D.

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32

Mosher, Reed L. "Three-dimensional finite element analysis of sheet-pile cellular cofferdams". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37876.

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The conventional design methods for sheet-pile cellular cofferdams were developed in the 1940's and 1950's based on field and limited experimental observations. The analytical techniques of the day were unable to account for the complexities involved. The procedures used only rudimentary concepts of soil-structure interaction which do not exhibit the true response of the cofferdam for most circumstances. During the past decade it has been demonstrated that with proper consideration of the soil-structure interaction effects, the two-dimensional finite element models can be powerful tools in the investigation of cellular cofferdam behavior. However, universal implementation of the findings of these analyses was difficult to justify, since uncertainties remain about the assumptions made in arriving at the two-dimensional models. The only way to address these uncertainties was to perform a three-dimensional analysis. This investigation has focused on the study of the three-dimensional behavior of Lock and Dam No. 26 (R) sheet—pile cellular cofferdam. The work involved the development of a new three-dimensional soil-structure interaction finite element code for cellular cofferdam modeling, and the application of the new code to the study of the behavior of the first- and second-stage cofferdam at Lock and Dam No. 26 (R). The new code was used to study the cell filling process where the main cell is filled first with the subsequent filling of the arc cell. The finite element results show that interlock forces in the common wall were 29 to 35 percent higher than those in the main cell which are less than those calculated by conventional methods and compare well with the observed values. After cell filling, the new code was used to model the cofferdam under differential loading due to initial dewatering of the interior of the cofferdam and changes in river levels. The finite element analysis results show that increasing differential water loads cause the confining stresses in the cell fill to increase which results in a decrease in the level of mobilized shear strength in the cell fill. This explains why the cellular cofferdam can withstand extremely high lateral loads and lateral deformations without collapsing.
Ph. D.

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33

Rahmani, Amin. "Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis of dynamic soil-pile-structure interaction for bridge systems under earthquake shakings". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51269.

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Bridge designers have adopted simple approximate methods to take into account soil-structure-interaction (SSI) in dynamic analysis of bridge systems. The most popular one is the substructuring method in which the response of the foundation soil and its interaction with the pile foundation and the abutment system are represented by a set of one-dimensional springs and dashpots. While this method has been widely used in practice, it has never been validated by comparing the results with those obtained from full-scale analyses. This thesis aims to evaluate the substructuring method and to quantify the level of associated errors for the use in bridge engineering. To this end, the baseline data required for the evaluation process is provided by full-scale nonlinear dynamic analysis of the bridge systems subjected to earthquake shaking using continuum modeling method. This involves detailed modeling of the foundation soil, pile foundations, abutment system, and the whole bridge structure. Three representative bridge systems with two, three, and nine spans are simulated. In all models, nonlinear hysteretic response of the foundation soil and the bridge piers are accounted for in the analyses using advanced constitutive models. The numerical model of the bridge is validated by simulating the seismic response of the Meloland Road Overpass for which extensive measured data exist over past earthquake events. Subsequently each one of the three bridge systems is also simulated using the substructuring method. Comparing the obtained results with the baseline data indicates that the substructure model may not be sufficiently reliable in predicting the bridge response. In particular the method is shown to misrepresent the spectral responses of the bridge, pier deflections, shear forces and bending moments induced at the pier base, and longitudinal and transverse forces induced to the abutments. The substructuring method is shown to suffer from several fundamental drawbacks that cannot be simply resolved. Using the recent advances in constitutive modeling of geotechnical and structural materials, and in computational tools and high-performance parallel computing, this thesis shows that large-scale continuum models can gradually become a powerful and significantly more reliable alternative for proper modeling of seismic SSI in bridge engineering.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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34

Bransby, Mark Fraser. "Piled foundations adjacent to surcharge loads". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251968.

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Theland, Freddie. "Prediction and experimental validation of dynamic soil-structure interaction of an end-bearing pile foundation in soft clay". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291021.

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In the built environment, human activities such as railway and road traffic, constructionworks or industrial manufacturing can give rise to ground borne vibrations. Such vibrations become a concern in urban areas as they can cause human discomfort or disruption of vibration sensitive equipment in buildings. In Sweden, geological formations of soft clay soils overlying till and a high quality bedrock are encountered in densely populated areas, which are soil conditions that are prone to high levels of ground borne vibrations. Under such soil conditions, end-bearing piles are often used in the design of building foundations. The dynamic response of a building is governed by the interaction between the soil and the foundation. It is therefore essential that models used for vibration predictions are able to capture the dynamic soil-structure interaction of pile foundations. The purpose of this thesis is to experimentally and numerically investigate dynamic soil-structure interaction of an end-bearing pile group in clay by constructing a test foundation of realistic dimensions. The small-strain properties in a shallow clay deposit are estimated using different site investigation and laboratory methods. The results are synthesised into a representative soil model to compute the free-field surface response, which is validated with vibration measurements performed at the site. It is found that detailed information regarding material damping in the clay and the topmost soil layer both have a profound influence on the predicted surface response, especially with an increasing distance from the source. Dynamic impedances of four end-bearing concrete piles driven at the site are measured. Pile-soil-pile interaction is investigated by measuring the response of the neighbour piles when one of the piles in the group is excited. The square pile group is subsequently joined in a concrete cap and measurements of the impedances of the pilegroup and acceleration measurements within the piles at depth are performed. A numerical model based on the identified soil properties is implemented and validated by the measurements. A good agreement between the predicted and measured responses and impedances of the pile group foundation is found, establishing confidence in the ability to predict the dynamic characteristics of end-bearing pile foundations under the studied soil conditions.
Mänsklig verksamhet i urbana miljöer så som väg- och järnvägstrafik, byggnation eller maskindrift inom industri kan ge upphov till vibrationer som sprider sig via marken i närområdet. Dessa vibrationer kan ge upphov till kännbara vibrationer eller påverka vibrationskänslig utrustning i byggnader. I Sverige förekommer ofta mjuka lerjordar ovanpå berg, och inte sällan i tätbebyggda områden. Under sådana jordförhållanden används ofta spetsbärande pålar för grundläggning av byggnader. Det dynamiska verkningssättet för byggnader är beroende av interaktionen mellan jorden och byggnadens grund. Det är därför viktigt att modeller som används för vibrationsanalys i byggnader kan beskriva denna interaktion mellan jord och byggnadsfundament. Syftet med denna avhandling är att experimentellt och via numeriska modeller studera dynamisk jord-struktur-interaktion av ett spetsbärande pålfundament i lera. Jordensmekaniska egenskaper vid små töjningar utvärderas för en lerjord som är avsatt på morän och berg genom både fältförsök och laboratorieanalyser av prover. Informationen kombineras för att konstruera en lagerförd jordmodell av platsen för att beräkna jordens dynamiska respons till följd av en punktlast. Modellen valideras med vibrationsmätningar som utförts på platsen. Studien visar att detaljerad information angående lerans materialdämpning och de mekaniska egenskaperna av jordens översta lager har en stor inverkan på förutsägelser av jordens dynamiska respons vid ytan, speciellt vid stora avstånd från vibrationskällan. Experimentella tester utförs för att mäta dynamiska impedanser av fyra slagna spetsbärande betongpålar. Interaktionen mellan pålarna utvärderas genom att utföra mätningarav de omgivande pålarnas respons till följd av excitering av en påle. Pålgruppen sammanfogas därefter i ett betongfundament och impedanserna samt accelerationer inuti pålarna uppmäts. En numerisk modell baserad på de identifierade mekaniska egenskaperna av jorden upprättas och valideras genom mätningarna. De numeriska resultaten är i god överensstämmelse med de uppmätta vilket styrker användningen av numeriska modeller för att förutsäga interaktionen mellan jord och spetsbärandepålar under de studerade jordförhållandena.

QC 20210302

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36

Al-Younis, Mohamad Jawad K. Essa. "Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction on the Behavior of Offshore Piles Embedded in Nonlinear Porous Media". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/283608.

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Pile foundations that support offshore structures are required to resist not only static loading, but also dynamic loading from waves, wind and earthquakes. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the behavior of offshore piles under cyclic or dynamic loading using the finite element approach. To achieve this goal, an appropriate constitutive model is required to simulate the behavior of soils and interfaces. The DSC constitutive model is developed for saturated interfaces to study the behavior under severe shear deformation at the soil-pile interface. Monotonic and cyclic simple shear experiments are conducted on Ottawa sand-steel interfaces under drained and undrained conditions using the Cyclic-Multi-Degree-of-Freedom shear device with porewater pressure measurement (CYMDOF-P). The effect of various parameters such as normal stress, surface roughness of steel, type of loading, and the amplitude and frequency of the applied displacement in two-way cyclic loading are investigated. The data from the simple shear tests on saturated interfaces are used to calculate the parameters in the DSC model. The resulting parameters are then used to verify the DSC model by back predicting tests from which parameters are determined and independent tests that are not used in parameters determination. The model predictions, in general, were found to provide a highly satisfactory correlation with the observations. In the context of DSC, the concept of critical disturbance is developed to identify initiation of liquefaction in saturated Ottawa sand-steel interfaces. This method is based on using microstructural changes in material as an indication of liquefaction identification. The finite element method, along with DSC constitutive model, is used to investigate the response of offshore piles to dynamic loading. These include cyclic loading of axially loaded instrumented pile in clay and full-scale laterally loaded pile in sand. The DSC model is used to model the nonlinear behavior of saturated soils and interfaces. A nonlinear dynamic finite element program DSC-DYN2D based on the DSC modeling approach and the theory of nonlinear porous media is used for this purpose. Results from numerical solutions are compared with field measurements. Strong agreement between numerical predictions and field measurements are an indication of the ability to solve challenging soil-structure interaction problems.Based on the results of this research, it can be stated that the finite element-DSC model simulation allows realistic prediction of complex dynamic offshore pile-soil interaction problems, and is capable of characterizing behavior of saturated soils and interfaces involving liquefaction.

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Yuksekol, Umit Taner. "A Simple Assessment Of Lateral Pier Response Of Standard Highway Bridges On Pile Foundations". Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608135/index.pdf.

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Group of piles are widely used deep foundation systems to resist lateral and vertical loads. Seismic and static performance of pile groups mostly depend on soil type, pile spacing and pier rigidity. Not many pile lateral load tests have been performed due to high costs. Advanced and complex analytical methods were developed over the years to assess nonlinear lateral pile response. This research is conducted aiming at developing a practical analysis method to verify the lateral performance of pile groups and its effect on overall response of bridge utilizing the available pile lateral load test data. Empirical constants derived from evaluation of lateral load tests are used in a simple formulation to define the nonlinear behavior of the pile-soil system. An analysis guideline is established to model the nonlinear soil-bridge interaction by the help of a general purpose structural analysis program comprising recommendations for various cases. Results of the proposed method is compared to the results of industry accepted advanced methods using response spectrum and nonlinear time history analyses to assess the suitability of this new application. According to the analysis results, proposed simple method can be used as an effective analysis tool for the determination of response of the superstructure.

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McCarthy, Donald. "EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEENLOAD TEST DATA AND PREDICTED COMPRESSION CAPACITY OF AUGERED CAST-IN-PLACE PILES IN PREDOMINANTLY". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2985.

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Augered Cast-In-Place (ACIP) Piles are used in areas were the loading from a superstructure exceeds the soil bearing capacity for usage of a shallow foundation. In Northwest Florida and along the Gulf Coast, ACIP piles are often utilized as foundation alternatives for multi-story condominium projects. Data from 25 compression load tests at 13 different project sites in Florida and Alabama were analyzed to determine their individual relationships between anticipated and determined compression load capacity. The anticipated capacity of the ACIP pile is routinely overestimated due to uncertainties involved with the process of estimating the compressive capacity and procedures of placing the piles; therefore, larger diameter and deeper piles are often used to offset this lack of understanding. The findings established in this study will provide a better empirical relationship between predicted behaviors and actual behaviors of ACIP piles in cohesionless soils. These conclusions will provide the engineer with a better understanding of ACIP pile behaviors and provide a more feasible approach to more accurately determine the pile-soil interaction in mostly cohesionless soils.
M.S.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering MS

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39

Henriksson, Felix, i Joanna Minta. "Bucket-soil interaction for wheel loaders : An application of the Discrete Element Method". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53357.

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Wheel loaders are fundamental construction equipment to assist handling of bulk material e.g. gravel and stones. During digging operations, it withstands forces that are both large and very complicated to predict. Moreover, it is very expensive to develop prototypes of wheel loader for verification. Consequently, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) was introduced for gravel modeling a couple of years ago to enable prediction of these forces. The gravel model is connected with a Multibody System (MBS) model of the wheel loader, in this thesis a Volvo L180G. The co-simulation of these two systems is a very computer intensive operation and hence, it is important to investigate which parameters that have the largest influence on the simulation results. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the simulation sensitivity with respect to co-simulation communication interval, collision detection interval and gravel normal stiffness.The simulation results are verified by comparison with measurement data from previous tests performed by Volvo CE. The simulations are compared to investigate the relevant parameters. The conclusion of this thesis is that DEM is a method that in a very good way can predict the draft forces during digging operations.

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40

Sutman, Melis. "Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Energy Piles: Full-Scale Field Testing and Numerical Modeling". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82438.

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Energy piles are deep foundation elements designed to utilize near-surface geothermal energy, while at the same time serve as foundations for buildings. The use of energy piles for geothermal heat exchange has been steadily increasing during the last decade, yet there are still pending questions on their thermo-mechanical behavior. The change in temperature along energy piles, resulting from their employment in heat exchange operations, causes axial displacements, thermally induced axial stresses and changes in mobilized shaft resistance which may have possible effects on their behavior. In order to investigate these effects, an extensive field test program, including conventional pile load tests and application of heating-cooling cycles was conducted on three energy piles during a period of six weeks. Temperature changes were applied to the test piles with and without maintained mechanical loads to investigate the effects of structural loads on energy piles. Moreover, the lengths of the test piles were determined to represent different end-restraining conditions at the toe. Various sensors were installed to monitor the strain and temperature changes along the test piles. Axial stress and shaft resistance profiles inferred from the field test data along with the driven conclusions are presented herein for all three test piles. It is inferred from the field test results that changes in temperature results in thermally induced compressive or tensile axial stresses along energy piles, the magnitude of which increases with higher restrictions such as structural load on top or higher toe resistance. Moreover, lower change in shaft resistance is observed with increasing restrictions along the energy piles. In addition to the design, deployment, and execution of the field test, a thermo-mechanical cyclic numerical model was developed as a part of this research. In this numerical model, load-transfer approach was coupled with the Masing's Rule in order to simulate the two-way cyclic axial displacement of energy piles during temperature changes. The numerical model was validated using the field test results for cyclic thermal load and thermo-mechanical load applications. It is concluded that the use of load-transfer approach coupled with the Masing's Rule is capable of simulating the cyclic thermo-mechanical behavior of energy piles.
Ph. D.

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41

Pisano, Marilene. "Interazione dinamica di un palo singolo in terreni a comportamento lineare e non lineare". Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1160.

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Nella presente Tesi di Dottorato si tratta la risposta dinamica di un palo singolo immerso in terreni con contrasto di rigidezza e con rigidezza variabile linearmente con la profondità. Il comportamento dei depositi è assunto sia elastico lineare che non lineare, quest'ultimo reso attraverso il legame lineare-equivalente. La modellazione matematica usata è stata creata sulla base dei metodi Beam on Dynamic Winkler Foundation. Le equazioni differenziali del problema sono risolte tramite un codice di calcolo sviluppato allo scopo.

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42

Ullberg, Mårten. "Development of a Parallel Finite-element Tool for Dynamic Soil-structure Interaction : A Preliminary Case Study on the Dynamic Stiffness of a Vertical Pile". Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99381.

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This thesis has two major goals; first to develop scalable scripts for steady-state analysis, then to perform a case study on the dynamic properties of a vertical pile. The scripts are based on the numerical library PETSc for parallel linear algebra. This opens up the opportunity to use the scripts to solve large-scale models on supercomputers. The performance of the scripts are verified against problems with analytical solutions and the commercial software ABAQUS. The case study compares the numerical results with those obtained from an approximate solution. The results from this thesis are verified scripts that can find a steady-state solution for linear-elastic isotropic solids on supercomputers. The case study has shown differences between numerical and semi-analytical solutions for a vertical pile. The dynamic stiffness show differences within reasonable limits but the equivalent viscous damping show larger differences. This is believed to come from the material damping in the soil that has been excluded from the approximate solution. These two results make it possible for further case studies on typical three-dimensional problems, that result in large-scale models, such as the dynamic properties of a slanted pile or pile-groups. The scripts can easily be expanded and used for other interesting research projects and this is the major outcome of from this thesis.

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43

Venkata, Swamy B. "Stabilisation Of Black Cotton Soil By Lime Piles". Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/219.

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Modification of black cotton soils by chemical admixtures is a common method for stabilizing the swell-shrink tendency of expansive soils. Advantages of chemical stabilization are that they reduce the swell-shrink tendency of the expansive soils and also render the soils less plastic. Among the chemical stabilization methods for expansive soils, lime stabilization is most widely adopted method for improving the swell-shrink characteristics of expansive soils. Lime stabilization of clays in field is achieved by shallow mixing of lime and soil or by deep stabilization technique. Shallow stabilization involves scarifying the soil to the required depth and lime in powder or slurry form is spread and mixed with the soil using a rotovator. The use of lime as deep stabilizer has been mainly restricted to improve the engineering behaviour of soft clays Deep stabilization using lime can be divided in three main groups: lime columns, lime piles and lime slurry injection. Lime columns refer to creation of deep vertical columns of lime stabilized material. Lime piles are usually holes in the ground filled with lime. Lime slurry pressure injection, as the name suggests, involves the introduction of a lime slurry into the ground under pressure. Literature review brings out that lime stabilization of expansive clays in field is mainly performed by mixing of lime and soil up to shallow depths. The use of lime as deep stabilizer has been mainly restricted to improve the engineering behaviour of soft clays. Use of lime in deep stabilization of expansive soils however has not been given due attention. There exists a definite need to examine methods for deep stabilization of expansive soils to prevent the deeper soil layers from causing distress to the structures in response to the seasonal climatic variations. In addition, there exists a need for in-situ soil stabilization using lime in case of distressed structures founded on expansive soil deposits. The physical mixing of lime and soil in shallow stabilization method ensures efficient contact between lime and clay particles of the soil. It however has limitation in terms of application as it is only suited for stabilization of expansive soils to relatively shallow depths. Studies available have not compared the relative efficiency of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soils. To achieve the above objectives laboratory experiments are performed that study: 1. the efficacy of lime piles in stabilizing compacted black cotton soil specimens from Chitradurga District in Karnataka. The efficiency of lime piles in chemically stabilizing the compacted black cotton soil mass was investigated as a function of: a)amount of lime contained in the lime pile b)radial migration of lime from the central lime pile c)migration of lime as a function of soil depth 2. the relative impact of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil. The organization of this thesis is as follows After the first introductory chapter, a detailed review of literature performed towards highlighting the need to examine stabilization of expansive soils using lime pile technique is brought out in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents a detailed experimental programme of the study. 25 mm and 75 mm diameter lime piles were installed in the compacted soil mass to study the influence of amount of lime contained in the lime pile on the soil properties. The amount of quick lime contained in the 25 mm and 75 mm lime piles corresponded to 1 % and 3 % by dry weight of the soil mass respectively. Radial and vertical migration of lime from the central lime pile was examined by sampling soil specimens at different radial distances from the central lime pile and at different depths of soil sample. At a given depth and radial distance, migration of lime was estimated by comparing the exchangeable cation composition, pH and pore salinity of the treated soil with that of the natural (untreated) black cotton soil specimen. Alterations in the soil engineering properties at a given depth and radial distance were evaluated by comparing the index properties, swell potential and unconfined compressive strength of the lime pile treated soil specimen with those of the untreated specimen. To compare the relative efficiency of lime mixing and lime pile technique in altering the swelling behaviour of black cotton soil, batches of black cotton soil specimens were treated with 1 % and 3 % quick lime on dry soil weight basis. The compacted soil-lime mixes were cured at moisture contents of 31-34 % for a period of 10 days. The physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of the 1 % lime mixed specimens are compared with those of the 25 mm lime pile treated specimens. The properties of the 3 % lime mixed soil specimens are compared with those of the 75 mm lime pile treated specimens. Chapter 4 examines the efficacy of lime piles in stabilizing compacted black cotton soil specimens from Chitradurga District in Karnataka. Experimental results showed that controlling the swell potential of deep expansive soil deposits is possible by the lime pile technique. Treatment with lime pile caused migration of dissociated calcium and hydroxyl ions into the surrounding soil mass. In case of 25 mm lime pile, the experimental setup allowed measurement of migration of lime up to three times the lime pile diameter. In case of 75 mm lime pile, the experimental setup allowed measurement of migration of lime up to 1.6 times pile diameter. In both experiments, migration of lime was also uniform through out the soil depth of 280 mm. Migration of calcium and hydroxyl ions increased the pore salinity and pH of the treated soil mass. The increase in pH caused clustering of additional exchangeable calcium ions at the negative clay particle edges. The increased pore salinity and exchangeable calcium ions reduced the diffuse ion layer thickness that in turn suppressed the plasticity index and the swell potential of the compacted expansive soil. The laboratory results hence bring out that lime pile treatment in the field can substantially reduce the swell potential of the soil at least to a radial extent of 2 to 3 times the lime pile diameter. The 75 mm lime pile contained lime content in excess of the initial consumption of lime (ICL) value of the black cotton soil - namely 2.6 %. Laboratory results showed that migration of hydroxyl ions even from the 75 mm pile could not elevate the soil pH to levels required for soil-lime pozzoIonic reactions (pH ≥12). The very low solubility of lime in water (< 1 g/litre) and the impervious nature of the black cotton soil are considered to have impeded efficient interactions between lime and soil in course of treatment of the expansive soil with lime piles. Absence of soil-lime pozzolonic reactions precluded the formation of cementation compounds in the lime pile treated soil specimens. Cementation compounds formed by the soil-lime pozzolonic reactions are responsible for the much higher strengths of lime stabilized soils. Consequently, treatment with 25 mm pile had no impact on the unconfined compressive strength of the black cotton soil. Comparatively, treatment with 75 mm lime pile slightly increased the strength of the treated soil due to increased inter-particle attraction and particle flocculation. Chapter 5 compares the relative efficiency of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil. Experimental results showed that mixing of soil and lime promote stronger chemical interactions between lime released hydroxyl ions and clay particles than that achieved by diffusion of lime from a central lime pile. The more alkaline pH of the lime mixed soil specimens rendered the clay particle edges more negative. Consequently, more calcium ions were adsorbed at the clay particle edges of the lime mixed soil specimens imparting them higher exchangeable calcium contents than the lime pile treated soil specimens. Also, at 3 % lime addition, the pH of the lime-mixed soil was sufficiently high (in excess of 12) to cause dissolution of silica and alumina from the clay lattice necessary for the formation of cementation compounds. The stronger lime modification reactions plus the lime-soil pozzolonic reactions (applicable for soil treated with lime content greater than ICL value) achieved by the lime mixing technique rendered the expansive soil much less plastic, much less expansive and much stronger than the lime pile treated specimens. The results of the laboratory study hence suggest that if a choice exists in the field between conventional method of spreading-mixing-compacting of soil-lime mixes and treating the ground with lime piles, the former technique should be adopted because of its greater efficacy in stabilizing the expansive soil. Chapter 6 summarizes the findings of the study.

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44

Venkata, Swamy B. "Stabilisation Of Black Cotton Soil By Lime Piles". Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/219.

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Modification of black cotton soils by chemical admixtures is a common method for stabilizing the swell-shrink tendency of expansive soils. Advantages of chemical stabilization are that they reduce the swell-shrink tendency of the expansive soils and also render the soils less plastic. Among the chemical stabilization methods for expansive soils, lime stabilization is most widely adopted method for improving the swell-shrink characteristics of expansive soils. Lime stabilization of clays in field is achieved by shallow mixing of lime and soil or by deep stabilization technique. Shallow stabilization involves scarifying the soil to the required depth and lime in powder or slurry form is spread and mixed with the soil using a rotovator. The use of lime as deep stabilizer has been mainly restricted to improve the engineering behaviour of soft clays Deep stabilization using lime can be divided in three main groups: lime columns, lime piles and lime slurry injection. Lime columns refer to creation of deep vertical columns of lime stabilized material. Lime piles are usually holes in the ground filled with lime. Lime slurry pressure injection, as the name suggests, involves the introduction of a lime slurry into the ground under pressure. Literature review brings out that lime stabilization of expansive clays in field is mainly performed by mixing of lime and soil up to shallow depths. The use of lime as deep stabilizer has been mainly restricted to improve the engineering behaviour of soft clays. Use of lime in deep stabilization of expansive soils however has not been given due attention. There exists a definite need to examine methods for deep stabilization of expansive soils to prevent the deeper soil layers from causing distress to the structures in response to the seasonal climatic variations. In addition, there exists a need for in-situ soil stabilization using lime in case of distressed structures founded on expansive soil deposits. The physical mixing of lime and soil in shallow stabilization method ensures efficient contact between lime and clay particles of the soil. It however has limitation in terms of application as it is only suited for stabilization of expansive soils to relatively shallow depths. Studies available have not compared the relative efficiency of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soils. To achieve the above objectives laboratory experiments are performed that study: 1. the efficacy of lime piles in stabilizing compacted black cotton soil specimens from Chitradurga District in Karnataka. The efficiency of lime piles in chemically stabilizing the compacted black cotton soil mass was investigated as a function of: a)amount of lime contained in the lime pile b)radial migration of lime from the central lime pile c)migration of lime as a function of soil depth 2. the relative impact of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil. The organization of this thesis is as follows After the first introductory chapter, a detailed review of literature performed towards highlighting the need to examine stabilization of expansive soils using lime pile technique is brought out in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents a detailed experimental programme of the study. 25 mm and 75 mm diameter lime piles were installed in the compacted soil mass to study the influence of amount of lime contained in the lime pile on the soil properties. The amount of quick lime contained in the 25 mm and 75 mm lime piles corresponded to 1 % and 3 % by dry weight of the soil mass respectively. Radial and vertical migration of lime from the central lime pile was examined by sampling soil specimens at different radial distances from the central lime pile and at different depths of soil sample. At a given depth and radial distance, migration of lime was estimated by comparing the exchangeable cation composition, pH and pore salinity of the treated soil with that of the natural (untreated) black cotton soil specimen. Alterations in the soil engineering properties at a given depth and radial distance were evaluated by comparing the index properties, swell potential and unconfined compressive strength of the lime pile treated soil specimen with those of the untreated specimen. To compare the relative efficiency of lime mixing and lime pile technique in altering the swelling behaviour of black cotton soil, batches of black cotton soil specimens were treated with 1 % and 3 % quick lime on dry soil weight basis. The compacted soil-lime mixes were cured at moisture contents of 31-34 % for a period of 10 days. The physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of the 1 % lime mixed specimens are compared with those of the 25 mm lime pile treated specimens. The properties of the 3 % lime mixed soil specimens are compared with those of the 75 mm lime pile treated specimens. Chapter 4 examines the efficacy of lime piles in stabilizing compacted black cotton soil specimens from Chitradurga District in Karnataka. Experimental results showed that controlling the swell potential of deep expansive soil deposits is possible by the lime pile technique. Treatment with lime pile caused migration of dissociated calcium and hydroxyl ions into the surrounding soil mass. In case of 25 mm lime pile, the experimental setup allowed measurement of migration of lime up to three times the lime pile diameter. In case of 75 mm lime pile, the experimental setup allowed measurement of migration of lime up to 1.6 times pile diameter. In both experiments, migration of lime was also uniform through out the soil depth of 280 mm. Migration of calcium and hydroxyl ions increased the pore salinity and pH of the treated soil mass. The increase in pH caused clustering of additional exchangeable calcium ions at the negative clay particle edges. The increased pore salinity and exchangeable calcium ions reduced the diffuse ion layer thickness that in turn suppressed the plasticity index and the swell potential of the compacted expansive soil. The laboratory results hence bring out that lime pile treatment in the field can substantially reduce the swell potential of the soil at least to a radial extent of 2 to 3 times the lime pile diameter. The 75 mm lime pile contained lime content in excess of the initial consumption of lime (ICL) value of the black cotton soil - namely 2.6 %. Laboratory results showed that migration of hydroxyl ions even from the 75 mm pile could not elevate the soil pH to levels required for soil-lime pozzoIonic reactions (pH ≥12). The very low solubility of lime in water (< 1 g/litre) and the impervious nature of the black cotton soil are considered to have impeded efficient interactions between lime and soil in course of treatment of the expansive soil with lime piles. Absence of soil-lime pozzolonic reactions precluded the formation of cementation compounds in the lime pile treated soil specimens. Cementation compounds formed by the soil-lime pozzolonic reactions are responsible for the much higher strengths of lime stabilized soils. Consequently, treatment with 25 mm pile had no impact on the unconfined compressive strength of the black cotton soil. Comparatively, treatment with 75 mm lime pile slightly increased the strength of the treated soil due to increased inter-particle attraction and particle flocculation. Chapter 5 compares the relative efficiency of the lime pile technique and lime-soil mixing method in altering the physico-chemical, index and engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil. Experimental results showed that mixing of soil and lime promote stronger chemical interactions between lime released hydroxyl ions and clay particles than that achieved by diffusion of lime from a central lime pile. The more alkaline pH of the lime mixed soil specimens rendered the clay particle edges more negative. Consequently, more calcium ions were adsorbed at the clay particle edges of the lime mixed soil specimens imparting them higher exchangeable calcium contents than the lime pile treated soil specimens. Also, at 3 % lime addition, the pH of the lime-mixed soil was sufficiently high (in excess of 12) to cause dissolution of silica and alumina from the clay lattice necessary for the formation of cementation compounds. The stronger lime modification reactions plus the lime-soil pozzolonic reactions (applicable for soil treated with lime content greater than ICL value) achieved by the lime mixing technique rendered the expansive soil much less plastic, much less expansive and much stronger than the lime pile treated specimens. The results of the laboratory study hence suggest that if a choice exists in the field between conventional method of spreading-mixing-compacting of soil-lime mixes and treating the ground with lime piles, the former technique should be adopted because of its greater efficacy in stabilizing the expansive soil. Chapter 6 summarizes the findings of the study.

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45

Nordlöf, Anders, i Danny Holmboe. "Pile subjected to lateral load : Analytical hand calculation implemented by programming". Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302548.

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The official recommendations in geotechnical engineering are according to Swedish practice to install inclined driven piles in order to resist external horizontal loads, which usually consist of windloads. These loads gets counteracted by utilizing the pile's axial load-bearing capacity, however when designing a foundation the use of inclined piles has proven to be problematic from a number of different perspectives. This has made both engineers as well as contractors long for a solution where the piles instead are allowed to be installed vertically, which could be made possible by utilizing the lateral bearing capacity of the pile which occurs in connection with lateral resistance during pile-soil interaction. The present day knowledge about such an engineering procedure in Sweden has proven to be limited and consists mainly of one governing document, namely report 101 published by the Commission on Pile Research. The aim of our study is to test and evaluate the method in report 101 based on a number of different load cases related to lateral load effects during pile-soil interaction. An analytical method reproduced from the Commission on Pile Research's report has been implemented with help of Mathcad, a computer software for reuse of mathematical calculations. Decisive parameters that distinguish the different load cases have included external load impact in pile head, mechanical strength properties of friction or cohesive soil, along with cross-sectional dimensions and reinforcement content of piles etc. The results differed significantly depending on the loadcase, a majority of the given answers were also perceived as unreliable and in a number of load cases the method also failed to obtain an analytical solution. Our conclusion is that it is doubtful whether the elastoplastic method presented in report 101 in the end in practice benefits the engineer tasked with designing, this stands in stark contrast to an increasing demand for easily accessible knowledge within its field.
Pålar i samband med grundläggning har sedan en tid tillbaka enligt svensk praxis installerats snedslagna, detta för att med hjälp av pålens axiella bärförmåga motstå yttre horisontell lastpåverkan till följd av exempelvis vindlaster. Att snedställa pålar har visat sig vara problematiskt ur ett flertal olika perspektiv, en lösning som både konstruktörer och entreprenörer efterlängtat är att pålarna istället tillåts installeras rakställda. Detta skulle vara möjligt genom att nyttja pålens transversella bärförmåga som uppstår i samband med sidomotstånd vid interaktion påle-jord. Kunskap kring ett sådant dimensioneringsförfarande i Sverige idag har visat sig vara begränsad och till stor del bestå av ett styrande dokument, nämligen rapport 101 utgiven av Pålkommissionen. I denna studie har en analytisk handberäkningsmetod som återges ur Pålkommissionens rapport implementerats i beräkningsprogrammet Mathcad, detta i syfte att testa och utvärdera metoden utifrån ett flertal olika belastningsfall relaterade till transversell lastpåverkan vid interaktion påle-jord. Avgörande parametrar som skiljt de olika belastningsfallen åt har bl.a. utgjorts av hållfasthetsegenskaper hos friktion- eller kohesionsjord, tvärsnittsdimensioner och armeringsinnehåll hos påle, yttre lastpåverkan i påltopp. Resultaten skiljde sig åt markant beroende på typ av belastningsfall där en majoritet av svaren upplevdes som icke tillförlitliga och till ett flertal olika fall, utifrån vårt försök till implementering, klarade metoden heller inte av att erhålla någon analytisk lösning. Vi finner det därför svårt att tro att den elastoplastiska metoden som återges i rapport 101 i slutändan kommer till någon direkt praktisk nytta, vilket står i tvär kontrast mot ett uppenbart behov där lättillgänglig kunskap inom området efterfrågas.

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46

Shafieezadeh, Abdollah. "Seismic vulnerability assessment of wharf structures". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41203.

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Serving as critical gateways for international trade, seaports are pivotal elements in transportation networks. Any disruption in the activities of port infrastructures may lead to significant losses from secondary economic effects, and can hamper the response and recovery efforts following a natural disaster. Particularly poignant examples which revealed the significance of port operations were the 1995 Kobe earthquake and 2010 Haiti earthquake in which liquefaction and lateral spreading of embankments imposed severe damage to both structural and non-structural components of ports. Since container wharf structures are responsible for loading and unloading of cargo, it is essential to understand the performance of these structures during earthquakes. Although previous studies have provided insight into some aspects of the seismic response of wharves, limitations in the modeling of wharf structures and the surrounding soil media have constrained the understanding of various features of the wharf response. This research provides new insights into the seismic behavior of wharves by using new and advanced structure and soil modeling procedures to carry out two and three-dimensional seismic analyses of a pile-supported marginal wharf structure in liquefiable soils. Furthermore, this research investigates the interaction between cranes and wharves and closely assesses the role of wharf-crane interaction on the response of each of these systems. For this purpose, the specific effect of wharf-crane interaction is studied by incorporating advanced models of the crane with sliding/uplift base conditions. To reduce the computational time required for three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic analysis of the wharf in order to be applicable for probabilistic seismic demand analysis, a simplified wharf model and an analysis technique are introduced and verified. In the next step probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDMs) are generated by imposing the wharf models to a suit of ground deformations of the soil embankment and pore water pressure generated for this study through free-field analysis. Convolving PSDMs and the limit states, a set of fragility curves are developed for critical wharf components whose damage induces a disruption in the normal operation of ports. The developed fragility curves provide decision makers with essential tools for maximizing investment in wharf retrofit and fill a major gap in seismic risk assessment of seaports which can be used to assess the regional impact of the damage to wharves during a natural hazard event.

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47

CAPATTI, MARIA CHIARA. "Experimental and numerical study on the full scale behaviour of micropiles under lateral loading". Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/245331.

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Negli ultimi decenni si è assistito ad un crescente utilizzo dei micropali, sia come fondazioni di nuove costruzioni in zona sismica, che per il retrofit di fondazioni esistenti danneggiate. È dunque essenziale approfondire la conoscenza del loro comportamento dinamico sotto carichi orizzontali. Vista la carenza di dati sperimentali, è stata eseguita una campagna prove su due micropali singoli verticali e su un gruppo di quattro micropali inclinati realizzati in un deposito alluvionale. I micropali investigati sfruttano la tecnologia Tubfix. Sono state eseguite prove di vibrazione ambientale, prove di impatto, prove di rilascio (vibrazioni libere) e prove in condizioni di vibrazioni forzate. Inoltre sono state eseguite prove di carico ciclico sui micropali singoli, per valutare l’evoluzione della rigidezza orizzontale della testa del palo con il numero di cicli e con lo sviluppo di fenomeni non lineari (tra tutti, il distacco all’interfaccia micropalo-terreno). Per stimare l’influenza della tipologia e dell’intensità del carico, delle modalità esecutive e dell’inclinazione, i risultati delle prove dinamiche sono presentati in termini di frequenze fondamentali, smorzamento e forme modali ottenute dagli accelerometri sulla testa del palo e dagli estensimetri disposti lungo il fusto. Vengono inoltre proposte funzioni di impedenza derivate sperimentalmente sia per i micropali verticali che per il gruppo. I dati sperimentali sono stati confrontati con i risultati ottenuti da diversi modelli opportunamente calibrati: dapprima un approccio teorico per l’interazione dinamica 3D di pali singoli ed in gruppo, verticali o inclinati, è stato utilizzato per simulare le prove di impatto. Successivamente sono stati sviluppati modelli 3D, attraverso un codice commerciale agli Elementi Finiti, con diverse caratteristiche in termini di proprietà del terreno, del micropalo e dell’interfaccia, che permettessero di stimare il comportamento dei micropali in campo lineare e non lineare sotto forze dinamiche orizzontali.
Micropiles are increasingly used both as new foundation system for buildings in seismic zone, and for the retrofit of existing structures damaged by earthquakes. Hence, it is essential to enhance the knowledge of their dynamic behaviour under horizontal loading. Given the lack of dynamic field tests data, an experimental campaign is carried out, including both two single vertical micropiles and a group of 4 inclined micropiles embedded in alluvial soils. Ambient vibration, impact load, free vibration and forced vibration tests are performed to evaluate the micropiles dynamic behaviour under small to large deformations. Moreover, two-way cyclic horizontal load tests are carried out on the single vertical micropiles to evaluate the evolution of micropile head horizontal stiffness with the number of loading cycles, and with the development of non linear phenomena (among all, the opening of a gap at the soil-micropile interface). To evaluate the influence of loading intensity and typology, execution steps and inclination on the behaviour of micropiles, results are presented in terms of fundamental frequencies, damping and modal shapes obtained from accelerometers at the pile head and strain gages along the shaft. Impedances functions are also experimentally derived for the single micropiles and the group. The experimental data are then compared with numerical results obtained exploiting different models, properly calibrated: a 3-D theoretical approach for the dynamic interaction analysis of vertical and inclined micropile groups is adopted to simulate impact load tests on the single micropiles and on the group. Moreover, different 3-D FE models are developed in a commercial code, having different properties in terms of soil, pile and interface behaviour, to evaluate the response of micropiles in the linear and non-linear range, under dynamic horizontal forces.

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48

Vasilescu, Andreea-Roxana. "Design and execution of energy piles : Validation by in-situ and laboratory experiments". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0015/document.

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Les pieux énergétiques représentent une solution alternative intéressante, face à l’accroissement des besoins mondiaux en énergie et à la réduction de l’utilisation des énergies fossiles. L’objectif principal de la thèse est d’identifier et de quantifier les principaux facteurs influençant le dimensionnement des pieux géothermiques, qui sont impactés par les changements de température des pieux lors de leur activité. Pour ce faire, ce travail de thèse a été dressé en 3 campagnes expérimentales, dont deux à échelle réelle : (i) une première campagne à chargement thermomécanique contrôlé (Marne La Vallée), (ii) une seconde campagne en conditions d’utilisation réelles sous une station d’épuration (Sept Sorts) et (iii) une troisième campagne à l’échelle du laboratoire grâce à une nouvelle machine de cisaillement direct d’interface permettant l’étude du comportement thermo mécanique des interfaces sol-structure. Ces trois campagnes expérimentales ont pour but de quantifier l’effet de la température et des cycles de température sur le comportement des pieux énergétiques. Les premiers résultats expérimentaux de la campagne de Sept Sorts ont ensuite été simules dans le code LAGAMINE via la méthode des éléments finis, afin d’adopter une approche complémentaire permettant de mieux appréhender la réponse thermomécanique de ce type de pieu lors de l’activation géothermique. et (iii) une troisième campagne à l’échelle du laboratoire grâce à une nouvelle machine de cisaillement direct d’interface permettant l’étude du comportement thermo mécanique des interfaces sol-structure. Ces trois campagnes expérimentales ont pour but de quantifier l’effet de la température et des cycles de température sur le comportement des pieux énergétiques. Les premiers résultats expérimentaux de la campagne de Sept Sorts ont ensuite été simules dans le code LAGAMINE via la méthode des éléments finis, afin d’adopter une approche complémentaire permettant de mieux appréhender la réponse thermomécanique de ce type de pieu lors de l’activation géothermique
Energy piles, also called thermo-active piles, are an alternative solution to the increase in the global energy demand as well as in mitigating socio-economical stakes concerning the increase of energy costs due to fossil fuels. Energy piles are double purpose structures that allow transferring the loads from the superstructure to the soil and that integrate pipe circuits allowing heat exchange between the pile and the surrounding ground. The objective of this thesis is to identify and quantify the principal parameters involved in the geotechnical design of pile foundations impacted by temperature changes associated with geothermal activation. For this purpose, this research work was organized in 3 experimental campaigns: (i) A full scale load controlled test at Ecole des Ponts Paris-Tech, (ii) Full scale energy piles monitoring under real exploitation conditions at Sept Sorts, (Seine et Marne, France), (iii) Laboratory tests in order to assess the effect of temperature and temperature cycles at the soil-pile interface. The experimental results are used to estimate the effect of geothermal activation of a pile foundation, on its bearing capacity as well as on its long-term exploitation. Finally, preliminary numerical simulations were performed using a thermo-hydro mechanical model, using the finite element method code LAGAMINE able to capture the main phenomena

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49

Ferro, Newton Carlos Pereira. "Uma combinação MEC/MEF para análise de interação solo-estrutura". Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-08122017-102331/.

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No presente trabalho, uma combinação do método dos elementos de contorno (MEC) com o método dos elementos finitos (MEF) é apresentada para a análise da interação entre estacas e o solo, considerado como um meio infinito tridimensional e homogêneo. O meio contínuo tridimensional de domínio infinito é modelado pelo MEC, enquanto as estacas consideradas como elementos reticulares são tratadas pelo MEF. As equações das estacas oriundas do método dos elementos finitos são combinadas com as do meio contínuo obtidas a partir do método dos elementos de contorno, resultando em um sistema completo de equações, que convenientemente tratadas, proporcionam a formulação de coeficientes de rigidez do conjunto solo-estacas. Finalmente, uma formulação para a análise do comportamento não-linear do solo na interface com a estaca é desenvolvida, tornando o modelo mais abrangente.
In the present work a combination of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used for pile-soil interaction analyses, considering the soil as a homogeneous, three-dimensional and infinite medium. The three-dimensional infinite continuous medium is modeled by the BEM, and the piles are, considered as beam elements, modeled by the FEM. This combination also is used for studying the interaction of plates sitting on a continuous medium. The pile equations generated from the FEM are combined with the medium equations generated from the BEM, resulting a complete equation system. Manipulating properly this equation system, a set of stiffness coefficients for the system soil-pile is obtained. Finally, to make the model more comprehensive, it presented a formulation to take into account the soil nonlinear behavior at the pile interface.

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50

Tamayo, Jorge Luis Palomino. "Simulação numérica da interação solo-estaca pelo método dos elementos finitos". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/116709.

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A análise e projeto de grandes estruturas de engenharia requerem, geralmente, a utilização de fundações profundas baseadas em estacas de aço ou concreto armado. Sendo o problema de natureza tridimensional pelas condições de contorno e a variação espacial das propriedades do solo, necessita-se de uma ferramenta computacional capaz de simular esse tipo de problema em situações de interesse, tais como carregamento sísmico ou quase-estático por consolidação. Neste trabalho, propõe-se um modelo numérico tridimensional baseado no método dos elementos finitos sob pequenas deformações para a modelagem do problema de interação solo-estaca sob carregamento estático, quase-estático e dinâmico. Elementos finitos hexaédricos são utilizados para representar o meio poroso saturado e as estacas de concreto armado. Considera-se a interação parcial entre ambos meios, mediante a inclusão de elementos de interface capazes de simular separação e escorregamento. A não-linearidade física de todos os materiais envolvidos é considerada mediante a utilização da teoria de plasticidade, onde esquemas de integração explícita são utilizados. Um modelo constitutivo baseado na teoria de plasticidade generalizada é utilizado para simular o fenômeno de liquefação em areias. No caso da estaca de concreto armado, utilizou-se um modelo de fissuras distribuídas para representar o processo de fissuração, enquanto a armadura de reforço pode ser representada por uma camada distribuída equivalente ou por um modelo discreto incorporado. Exemplos numéricos são apresentados para validar a correta implementação do modelo numérico.
Deep foundations using steel or reinforced concrete piles are conmmonly used in large civil engineering structures. Due to the three-dimensional nature of the problem, its boundary conditions and spatial variability of soil properties, it is necessary to employ numerical models that must be able to simulate this problem under seismic loading as well as under quasi static consolidation processes. A three-dimensional numerical model based on the finite element method, for the static, quase-static and dynamic analysis of the soil-pile interaction problem under the small strain assumption is proposed in this work. For this purpose, coupled hexahedral finite elements are used to represent soil and concrete piles. Interface elements are used to simulate slip, bonding and opening processes at the soil-pile interface. Material nonlinear behaviour of the soil and concrete are considered by using the theory of plasticity, where explicit integration schemes are used. A suitable constitutive model based on the generalized theory of plasticity is employed to represent the liquefaction phenomena in sands under cyclic loading. For the concrete pile, a smeared approach is used to represent concrete cracking due to traction stresses, while both an equivalent smeared layer representation or a discrete unidimensional representation can be used for modeling the reinforcing steel. Numerical examples are presented in order to validate the implementation of the numerical model.

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