Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Soil macrofauna”

Little is known of the ecological structure of macro-invertebrate assemblages that live in the soil and leaf litter of British woodlands. This is the first study to investigate these assemblages at the whole community level, examining them at a range of resolutions from higher taxonomic unit (HTU) to species-level diversity and abundance across seven major groups including beetles, spiders and earthworms. Using the National Vegetation Classification (NVC) as a framework, 17 different wet and dry woodland types were sampled across England to examine the macro-invertebrate soil and litter communities, to compare and contrast the range of functional roles in each case, and to uncover the complex vegetational and environmental factors that influence invertebrate assemblage composition and structure. As the most widespread and invertebrate diverse woodland in the UK, an additional ten oak woodlands were sampled to explore the influence of geographic and climatic variables upon the patterns of soil/litter macro-invertebrates. The key findings suggest that soil moisture is most influential in determining the invertebrate species composition in all woodland types, indicating the wet woodlands are not only different to each other but to all other woodlands, and that the dry woodlands are more similar. Geographic location and soil type were found to have most influence on the diversity and abundance of both plant and invertebrate species in the dry woodlands. Air temperature is a key environmental influence on the oak woodlands as they can be grouped by geographic area, namely northern, western and central England localities. An oak woodland was further investigated for temporal patterns of soil invertebrates over a 12-month period. Findings indicate that most invertebrate species and functional groups peak in abundance at two key periods during the year: spring/early summer and later summer/autumn, this coincides with food availability for these groups at these times.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The agricultural sector in South Africa relies heavily on the use of pesticides to protect crops against pest organisms. Pesticides can affect non-target organisms such as the meso- and macrofauna in the soil detrimentally. Since these organisms play an important role in the processes of mineralization and decomposition in the soil and contribute to soil fertility, it is important that they are protected. A large amount of published literature exists on the biological importance of soil meso- and macrofauna and the effects that various agricultural practices have on them. The main aim of this study was to investigate the influence of agricultural practices on the abundance and diversity of meso- and macrofauna in different vineyard soils. A comparative study was conducted of an organically managed, conventionally managed and an uncultivated control soil. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of these agricultural management practices on the biological activity of these animals. Soil samples were taken, from which mesofauna (Collembola and Acari) were extracted with a modified Tullgren extractor, identified and counted. Earthworms were extracted from the soil using hand sorting methods. Soil parameters such as pH, water holding capacity, organic matter content, soil texture and soil respiration were determined. Bait lamina and litter-bags were also used to help determine the biological activity within the soil. The mesofauna diversity was quantified using the Shannon Weiner diversity index, as well as a diversity index described by Cancela da Fonseca and Sarkar (1996). Differences in abundance of both the meso-and macrofauna were statistically measured using ANOVA's. Biological activity results were also interpreted using ANOV A's. Results indicate that the abundance of the meso fauna was the highest at the organically treated vineyard soil and lowest in the conventionally managed soil where pesticide application took place. The earthworms also showed the same trend as the mesofauna, but were much more influenced by seasonal changes. Biological activity, according to the bait lamina and the litter-bag results, was higher in both the conventionally and organically managed soils than in the control, but no statistical significant differences were found between the two experimental soils. The soil respiration (C02-flux), also indicating biological activity, was highest in the organically treated soil and lowest in the conventionally treated soil. The different sampling techniques used gave variable results and although the organically managed soil proved to have higher abundances of both meso- and macrofauna, the biological activity did not show the same trends. In conclusion the data did not give enough evidence as to whether organic management practices were more beneficial than conventional management practices for the maintenance of soil biodiversity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid Afrikaanse Landbousektor steun hewig op die gebruik van verskillende chemiese pestisiede om oeste teen pes organismes te beskerm. Pestisiede kon ook verskeie ander nie-teikenorganismes soos die meso- en makrofauna in die grond negatief affekteer. Hierdie organismes behoort beskerm te word omdat hulle 'n belangrike rol speel in grondprosesse soos mineralisering, en die afbreek van organiese materiaal. Hierdie organismes dra ook by tot die vrugbaarheid van die grond. Daar is heelwat gepubliseerde literatuur beskikbaar wat verband hou met die biologiese belangrikheid van grond meso- en makrofauna en die effekte wat verskeie landbou behandelings op hulle het. Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stel watter invloed konvensionele landboupraktyke op die hoeveelheid en diversiteit van meso- en makrofauna in verskillende wingerdgronde het. 'n Vergelykende studie is gedoen om wingerdgronde wat konvensioneel en organies behandel is sowel as 'n onbehandelde kontrolegrond met natuurlike plantegroei met mekaar te vergelyk. 'n Sekondêre doel van hierdie studie was ook om die effek van die verskillende boerderymetodes op die biologiese akitiwiteit in die grond te ondersoek. Grondmonsters is geneem, waaruit die meso fauna (Collembola en Acari) deur middel van 'n aangepaste Tullgren ekstraktor ge-ekstraheer, geïdentifiseer en getel. Die erdwurms is deur middel van handsorteringsmetodes versamel. Die volgende grond parameters is gemeet: pH, waterhouvermoë, organiese materiaal inhoud, grondtekstuur en grondrespirasie. "Bait lamina" en "litter bags" is ook gebruik om biologiese aktiwiteit in die grond te bepaal. Die diversiteit van mesofauna is bepaal met die Shannon Weiner diversiteitsindeks, as ook 'n diversiteitsindeks wat deur Cancela da Fonseca en Sarkar (1996) ontwikkel is. Die resultate van beide die meso- en makrofauna hoeveelhede in die verskillende wingerdgronde is met mekaar vergelyk deur van ANOV A's gebruik te maak. Die resultate van die biologiese aktiwiteit is ook deur middel van ANOVO's statisties met mekaar vergelyk. Die resultate het aangetoon dat die hoeveelheid mesofauna die hoogste in die organies behandelde grond en die laagste in konvensionele grond was. Die erdwurms het dieselfde patroon as die mesofauna getoon, maar is baie meer deur seisoenale faktore geaffekteer, bv. reënval. Volgens die resultate van die "bait lamina" en die "litter bags" was die biologiese aktiwiteit in die grond hoër in beide die eksperimentele grond as in die kontrolegrond. Die grondrespirasie (C02-puIs) was hoër in die kontrolegrond as in die ander eksperimentele gronde. Daar was groot variasie tussen die resultate wat met die verskillende tegnieke verkry is en alhoewel die organiese perseel hoër hoeveelhede van beide meso- en makrofauna gehad het, het die biologiese aktiwiteit nie dieselfde tendens gewys nie. Vanuit die data wat verkry is kon daar dus nie met sekerheid afgelei word dat organiese boerderymetodes beter vir die biodiversiteit van gronde,soos hier gemeet, is as konvensionele boerderymetodes nie.

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Spindola
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: A biodiversidade no Brasil é considerada uma das maiores do planeta. Parte significativa desta permanece desconhecida. Nesse caso, encontra-se a fauna de solo. Além da importância ecológica, esses organismos têm se revelado fundamentais para o bom funcionamento do sistema edáfico. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e identificar grupos taxonômicos da macrofauna de solo e estabelecer os respectivos índices ecológicos em: áreas florestais conservadas e em recuperação da degradação por mineração; e áreas sob manejo agrícola - biodinâmico e tradicional. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas utilizando-se os métodos - Pitfall traps e TSBF. Os animais coletados foram identificados em grandes grupos taxonômicos e contabilizados para se obter densidades, riquezas e índices ecológicos. Os resultados indicam que a densidade de grupo, associada à riqueza e índices ecológicos, contribui de forma importante para um entendimento integrado. Os solos em processo de recuperação apresentaram valores que diferiram entre si, principalmente nas camadas mais superficiais. Pastos com braquiária podem ser diferentes entre si com relação à macrofauna de solo, principalmente em favor do manejo biodinâmico com maior diversidade de espécies vegetais. Finalmente, modelos matemáticos das densidades podem contribuir com a análise ou previsão das condições do solo. Porém, estudos complementares são necessários, reforçando a possibilidade de tornar viável o uso de organismos da macrofauna de solo como bioindicadores ambientais
Abstract: Biodiversity in Brazil is considered one of the greatest on the planet. Important part of it has kept unknown and many species have been extinguished quite before scientifically identified, mainly because of the small size of those organisms or the restricted access to them. That may be particularly the case of soil fauna. Besides their ecological importance, those organisms have played fundamental role for a good work of edaphic system. The objective of this work is to analyze and identify taxonomic groups of soil macrofauna, establishing the respective ecological indexes at: conserved rainforest and in recovery process from degradation by tin mining areas; and areas under biodynamic system and conventional management. In order to that, collects were taken by using two methods - Pitfall traps and TSBF. The collected animals were identified into broad taxonomic and counted to determine their densities, richness and ecological indexes. The general results suggest that the density of each animal taxonomic unit, associated to richness of groups and ecological indexes, supplies in an important way for a global understanding. Soils in different recovery process showed different results, mainly within the superficial layers. Biodinamyc managed pastures with Brachiaria sp may be different between each other about epigeic and edaphic macrofauna, mostly where greater diversity of consorted plant species are present, even in conventional management approach. Finally, mathematical models for density may contribute to analyze and forecast the soil conditions. Nevertheless, additional studies are necessary in order to make possible the use of soil macrofauna as environmental bioindicators
Doutorado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Doutor em Ciências

Globally land use change (LUC) with increasing in land use intensity has led to a decrease in soil organic matter (SOM). The reduction of soil C stock across LUC has been accompanied by a destabilization of soil structure and increases the soil erosion susceptibility. The destabilized soil structure is also concomitant with a loss of soil biodiversity and in particular, soil macroinvertebrate community. The focus of this dissertation is the effect of LUC with increasing in land use intensity on soil macrofauna, aggregation and SOM allocation. We hypothesized that LUC reduces soil macrofaunal biodiversity and consequently decreases soil engineering processes, resulting in destabilization of soil structure and impairing the ability of soil to physically protect SOM from decomposition inside stable aggregates, finally leading to depleted SOC stocks across LUC. In order to test these hypotheses, we conducted a field survey in 3 chronosequences of land use comprising native vegetation (NV), pasture (PA), and sugarcane crop (SC) in Central-Southern Brazil. This land use sequence provides a gradient of land use intensity and is projected to add 6.4 Mha of new sugarcane areas in Brazil by 2021. At each sampling point soil blocks of 25 X 25 cm and 5 x 5 cm to 10 cm depth were simultaneously collected from 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm soil layers, for macrofauna isolation and aggregate fractionation, respectively. Within a radius of 6 meters around each sampling point, 12 subsamples were also collected from the same soil layers, and combined for total soil C and N concentration. An average reduction of 89% in the density of the soil macrofaunal community was observed when SC replaces PA, and a loss of 39% in the diversity of macrofauna groups. Our findings showed that, over a range of soil textures (16 - 66% clay), such biodiversity loss was strongly correlated with the destabilization of soil structure across LUC, whereas soil texture was not so. These observations consistently indicate that the abundance of detritivore soil animals, especially earthworms and termites, may be a significant predictor of soil structure transformations across LUC in tropical environments. Moreover, the sharp reduction in the abundance of earthworms was strongly positively correlated with the decrease in intra macroaggregate-associated C. As a result, after more than 20 years of sugarcane crop there were losses of 40 and 35% of C and N stocks, respectively, resulting in a rate of C emission of 1.3 Mg ha-1 yr-1. This C loss primarily occurred in the macroaggregate-associated C, as a result of the faster macroaggregate turnover under SC. In summary, the results presented here provide a mechanistic explanation as to why there is soil C depletion when increasing land use intensity in tropical soils: the huge reduction in the abundance of soil engineering invertebrates after LUC impair the ability of soil to physically protect SOM from decomposition inside stable aggregates, and therefore it is a primary mechanism controlling the soil C stocks\' depletion across LUC.
Globalmente mudanças no uso da terra (MUT) com o aumento da intensidade de uso do solo têm levado a uma diminuição da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). A redução do estoque de C do solo após MUT tem sido acompanhada por uma desestabilização da estrutura do solo e aumento da susceptibilidade a erosão. A desestabilização da estrutura também é concomitante com a perda da biodiversidade do solo e, em particular, da comunidade de macroinvertebrados do solo. O foco deste trabalho é o efeito de MUT com aumento na intensidade de uso do solo sobre a macrofauna do solo, agregação e alocação da MOS. Nossa hipótese é que MUT reduz a diversidade da macrofauna do solo e, conseqüentemente, diminui os processos de engenharia de solo, resultando na desestabilização da estrutura do solo e prejudicando a capacidade do solo para proteger fisicamente a MOS da decomposição dentro de agregados estáveis, finalmente levando a redução dos estoques de C após MUT. Foi realizada uma pesquisa em 3 cronosseqüências de uso da terra que compreendem vegetação nativa (NV), pastagem (PA), e cana-de-açúcar (CA) na região Centro-Sul do Brasil. Esta MUT fornece um gradiente de intensidade de uso do solo e é projetada para adicionar 6,4 Mha de novas áreas de CA no Brasil até 2021. Em cada ponto de amostragem de solo blocos de 25 x 25 cm e 5 x 5 cm a 10 cm de profundidade foram coletados simultaneamente das camadas 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm e 20-30 cm de solo, para isolamento da macrofauna e fracionamento de agregados, respectivamente. Foi observada uma redução média de 89% na densidade da comunidade da macrofauna quando CA substitui PA, e uma perda de 39% da diversidade de grupos. Nossos resultados mostraram que, em um intervalo de texturas do solo (16-66% de argila), tal perda de biodiversidade foi fortemente correlacionada com a desestabilização da estrutura do solo após MUT. Estas observações indicam consistentemente que a abundância de animais detritívoros, especialmente minhocas e cupins, pode ser um preditor significativo de transformações da estrutura do solo em MUT. Além disso, a forte redução na abundância de minhocas foi fortemente e positivamente correlacionada com a diminuição do C alocado intra macroagregados. Como resultado, após mais de 20 anos de cultura de CA houve perdas de 40 e 35% dos estoques de C e N, respectivamente, resultando em uma taxa de emissão de C de 1,3 Mg ha-1 ano-1. Esta perda de C ocorreu principalmente no C associado aos macroagregados, como um resultado da reciclagem mais rápida dos macroagregados sob CA. Em resumo, os resultados aqui apresentados fornecem uma explicação mecanicista a respeito de porque há esgotamento do C do solo quando aumenta-se a intensidade de uso do solo em ambientes tropicais: a enorme redução na abundância de invertebrados \"engenheiros do solo\" após MUT prejudica a capacidade do solo para proteger fisicamente a MOS da decomposição dentro de agregados estáveis, e, portanto, é um mecanismo primário controlando a redução dos estoques de C no solo relacionada a MUT.

Les sols représentent environ 63% des émissions de N2O et à eux seuls les sols tropicaux représentent 23% de ce budget soit une contribution bien plus élevé que les sols tempérés. Ces sols sont connus pour abriter une grande biodiversité d'invertébrés dominés par quatre types i.e. termites, vers de terre, fourmis et larves de scarabaeid. Ces groupes macrofaunal sont considérés comme des ingénieurs des sols via notamment leurs actions de régulation de la disponibilité des ressources chimiques, tels que l'azote minéral pour les micro-organismes. Cette régulation est due à leurs capacités de digestion spécifiques de la matière organique ainsi que la création et/ou la modification des habitats des sols. Cette étude est basée sur l'hypothèse suivante (i) l'environnement digestif et les structures biogéniques de ces ingénieurs du sol sont considérées comme des « hot spot » d' émissions de N2O (ii) les taux d'émission de N2O varient en fonction de leurs régimes alimentaires, cette macrofaune ingérant des substrats avec différents C:N (iii) le taux d'émission de N2O de chaque invertébré est corrélé à la densité des communautés bactériennes digestives impliquées dans l'émission de N2O (bactéries nitrifiantes et dénitrifiantes) et à leur teneur en azote minéral dans leur tube digestif. Pour évaluer ces différentes hypothèses, des mesures des taux d'émission de N2O ont été effectuées in vitro en aérobiose pour la macrofaune (30 espèces différentes en provenance d'Afrique, d'Amérique du Sud et d'Europe) et leurs matériels biogéniques associées (nids, turricules). L'abondance des gènes fonctionnelles des bactéries nitrifiantes (AOA et AOB) et dénitrifiantes (nirK, nirS, nosZ) ont été quantifiés par PCR quantitative. Les termites humivores et champignonnistes ainsi que les larves de scarabaeid émettent des quantités significatives de N2O alors que les fourmis n'en émettent pas. Quand aux termites xylophages et litièrivore, ils absorbent le N2O. Les structures biogéniques des vers de terre (turricules) et des fourmis (nid) émettent des quantités importantes de N2O ce qui n'est pas le cas des nids de termites. La faune du sol et leurs structures biogéniques associées, sont donc, dans la majorité des cas étudiés, un lieu d'émission de N2O, confirmant ainsi notre première hypothèse. Ce travail a également démontré qu'il y a avait une étroite corrélation entre régime alimentaire et intensité de l'émission de N2O au sein de chaque type de macrofaune étudié. En revanche, l'abondance des gènes des communautés digestive nitrifiantes et dénitrifiantes et le contenu en N minéral au sein du tube digestif ne semblent pas être des proxies pertinents des émissions de N2O. A partir de ces mesures, des calculs ont été effectuées pour déterminer l'importance de ces émissions à l'échelle des écosystèmes tropicaux étudiés (forêt et savane). Ces calculs suggèrent que la macrofaune du sol dans ces écosystèmes pourrait contribuer entre 0,1 à 11,7% et 0,1 à 8,8% du budget total des émissions de N2O, respectivement. Les résultats de ces travaux devraient contribuer à une meilleure prise en compte de la composante biotique dans la modélisation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre provenant des sols en milieu tropical
Soils account for about 63% of N2O emissions. Tropical soils are estimated to emit 23% of global N2O emission budget which is much higher than temperate soil N2O emissions. These soils also harbor a huge biodiversity of invertebrates dominated by four types of macrofauna i.e. termites, earthworms, ants and scarabaeid grubs. These macrofaunal groups are considered as soil engineers because they regulate the availability of chemical resources, like mineral nitrogen, for the microorganisms via their specific digestion capabilities and/or by creating and modifying soil habitats. This study is based on the following hypothesis (i) the gut environment or biogenic structures of these soil engineers are considered as hotspots of N2O emission (ii) the N2O emission rates will vary according to their feeding behavior as these macrofauna thrive on diverse substrates with different C:N ratio (iii) the rate of N2O emission in each soil fauna will also depend on the gut density of the bacterial communities involved in the N2O emission (nitrifiers and denitrifiers) and on the mineral nitrogen content within the gut. To assess these different hypotheses in-vitro short-term N2O emission rates were assessed for either live macrofauna (30 species collected from Africa, South America and Europe) or their biogenic materials or both under aerobic incubations. Genes abundance of nitrifiers (AOA and AOB) and denitrifiers (nirK, nirS, nosZ) were quantified by real time quantitative PCR. Soil-feeders and fungus-growing termites and scarabaeid grubs emitted in-vivo N2O while ants did not. Surprisingly, wood- and grass-feeding termites revealed an uptake of N2O. Biogenic structures of earthworms and ants emitted substantial amount of N2O while those of termites did not. The emission difference between macrofauna or their biogenic materials and their control materials was significant for most of the macrofaunal groups studied confirming our first hypothesis. We also confirmed that the feeding behavior (total N content and C:N ratio of food material) is the main factor explaining the observed N2O emission pattern of each macrofaunal group investigated whereas genes abundances, particularly of denitrifiers and gut N mineral content did not appear to be relevant proxies of the N2O emissions rates. A back-on-the-envelope data upscaling suggests that soil macrofauna could contribute from 0.1–11.7% and 0.1–8.8% of the total soil N2O emissions, respectively, for the tropical rainforest and dry savanna ecosystems. This work should contribute to a better estimation of the soil biotic compartment in the different models of greenhouse gas emissions from tropical soils

This thesis presents the findings of an investigation of the spatial and temporal distribution of soil macrofauna at multiple scales within smallholder agriforestry fields in a remote, mountainous area of western Honduras. Since 1990, smallholder farmers in the study area have switched from traditional slash-and-burn agriculture to a form of slash-and-mulch agriforestry based on cultivating maize, beans and sorghum amongst dispersed trees. The principal objective was to examine the influence of the slash-and-mulch agricultural system on soil macrofauna abundance, biomass and community composition, and relate soil macrofauna distribution patterns to environmental variables. The initial stage of the research comprised transect-based sampling of soil macrofauna and biophysical variables in four common land uses of the study area. All four land uses (secondary forest, young milpa (agriforestry), mature milpa, and pasture) supported abundant, diverse and heterogeneous soil macrofauna communities, with few notable differences in soil macrofauna distribution among land uses. The most abundant soil macrofauna taxa were termites, ants, earthworms and beetles. Of the 'explanatory' environmental variables that were measured (including land use and selected soil properties, vegetation characteristics and topographic variables), those that had the strongest relationships with soil macrofauna abundance were land use, tree density and soil organic matter content. The second stage of the research was spatially-orientated and used stratified sampling based on within-field differences in farmer-defined soil type, as well as grid-based sampling of soil macrofauna surface activity. There was substantial within-field variation in soil type and topography, which was related to distribution patterns of at least one agriculturally-important soil macrofauna taxon. Earthworm activity was higher in areas of fertile soil and lower slope positions. At a finer scale, there was a positive spatial correlation between tree distribution and earthworm casting activity. The final phase situated the biophysical research in the local socio-economic context through participant observation and interviews with farmers. The results of the three phases of the study were incorporated into an original conceptual model of the relationships among soil macrofauna and environmental variables in the study area across multiple spatial scales and along a chronosequence of land use changes. Specific pointers are provided for further research on the role of soil fauna in influencing soil structure, nutrient cycling and pest species abundance, and for further investigating local knowledge and the socio-economic and cultural drivers of land use change.

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O sistema de plantio direto (PD) é apresentado como técnica agrícola que melhora as propriedades químicas, físicas e biológicas do solo. No entanto, ainda permanecem muitas questões quanto ao efeito do tipo e sequência de culturas sobre as interações planta-organismos-solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de sequências de culturas em sistema de plantio direto na comunidade da macrofauna edáfica e nas características químicas e físicas dos agregados em duas épocas de avaliação, seca e chuvosa em áreas de domínio morfológico de Mata Atlântica. As hipóteses testadas foram: i) a rotação de culturas com espécies de gramíneas/leguminosas (milho/soja) favorece a formação dos agregados de diferentes tipos morfológicos com diferentes características físicas e químicas, devido à atuação de raízes e a seleção alimentar pela macrofauna do solo; ii) a época de avaliação promove mudanças no ambiente para a formação dos agregados em função da cultura recente e da sazonalidade; iii) os agentes biológicos (macrofauna e raízes) alteram a dinâmica da matéria orgânica associada aos agregados do solo, devido à seleção alimentar pela macrofauna e pela atuação de raízes; iv) a rotação de gramíneas/leguminosas promove maior riqueza de indivíduos, uniformidade da macrofauna edáfica, maior abundância de grupos decompositores de matéria orgânica e engenheiros do ecossistema quando comparada com gramíneas ou com leguminosas, devido a melhoria na disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. O experimento foi realizado sob PD em Jaboticabal - SP, os tratamentos analisados foram: monocultura de soja (leguminosa) no verão e crotalária (leguminosa) na entressafra (S-C), monocultura de milho (gramínea) no verão e milho na entressafra (M-M), rotação soja/milho no verão e uma milho na entressafra (S/M-M) e rotação soja/milho no verão e crotalária ...
The no-tillage system (NT) is presented as an agricultural technique that improves the chemical, physical and biological soil properties. However, many questions still remain as to the effect of the type and sequence of cultures on plantsoil- organisms interactions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of crop sequences in no-tillage system in the community of soil macrofauna and chemical and physical characteristics of aggregates in two evaluation periods, dry and wet in areas of morphological domain of Atlantic Forest. The hypotheses tested were: e) crop rotation with species of grass/legumes (corn/soybean) favors the formation of aggregates of different morphological types with different physical and chemical characteristics, due to the action of roots and food selection by soil macrofauna; ii) the evaluation period promotes changes in the environment for the formation of aggregates due to the recent culture and seasonality; iii) biological agents (macrofauna and roots) alter the dynamics of organic matter associated with soil aggregates due to food selection by macrofauna and action of roots; iv) the rotation of grass/legumes promotes greater richness of individuals, uniformity of soil macrofauna, greater abundance of groups decomposers of organic matter and engineers of the ecosystem when compared to grasses or legumes, due to improvement in the availability of food resources. The experiment was conducted under NT in Jaboticabal - SP, the treatments analyzed were: soybean monoculture (legume) in the summer and sun hemp (legume) in the off season (S-SH), corn monoculture (grass) in the summer and corn in the off season (C-C), rotation soybean/corn in the summer and a corn in the off season (S/C-C) and rotation soybean/corn in the summer and sun hemp in the off-season (S/C-SH). The sampling was carried out in August 2012 and March 2013. ...

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The study was performed on a rural property in the locality the Hidraulica city of Capão do Leão - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to evaluate the influence of mineral fertilizers, organo-mineral and organic on macrofauna and mesofauna the soil. We used the following succession crops: Zea mays L.-forage Consortium (Trifolium repens L., Trifolium pratense L., Lotus corniculatus L. and Lolium multiflorum Lam), Sorghum bicolor L., Brassica napus L., Panicum maximum-Lolium multiflorum Lam, Helianthus annuus L.-Triticum aestivum L. Investigated the following treatments: T1-Control, T2-fertilizer mineral , T3- organo-mineral fertilizer, T4-compost fertilizer and T5-organic fertilizer turkey litter. The variables were: precipitation, soil properties (pHágua, pHSMP, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, carbon / nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, sodium, manganese, copper and zinc), attributes Soil physical (moisture and temperature), agronomic responses (yield and biomass) and soil macrofauna and mesofauna. Sowing of summer species occurred in December 2007, while those of winter, in May 2008. Grain crops were harvested at the end of their cycle, while forage in summer and winter amounted to seven six cuts successive, respectively. The results of soil temperature, soil moisture, yield, agronomic and representatives of the fauna were subjected to analysis of variance, mean test (Duncan 5%) probability. The fauna found was also analyzed for density, richness, relative frequency, classification by Abundance, diversity index and evenness index. Results related to soil fauna, macronutrients, micronutrients and soil conductivity were also submitted to multivariate analysis. The Fertilizers compost and organic-mineral was associated more effectively the majority of taxos, justifying larger the variation of data the exception of the catch of the soil inner in the culture of aruana. In experiment 1 the groups Acari, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Oligochaeta and Nematoda and nitrogen content, zinc, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus and calcium were those who 9 had contributed more in variation of the data. In experiment 2 the groups Isopoda, Diplura, Myriapoda, Acari and Dermaptera and the magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, copper, sodium, aluminum and iron were those who had contributed more in variation of the data. In experiment 3 the groups Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diplura, Myriapoda, Protura and the magnesium, nitrogen, iron and manganese were those who had contributed more in variation of the data. In experiment 4 the groups Acari, Nematoda, Dermaptera, Protura, Diplura, Coleoptera and Oligochaeta and the contents of potassium, iron, copper and calcium were those who had contributed more in variation of the data.
O estudo foi realizado em uma propriedade rural, na localidade da Hidráulica no município de Capão do Leão - Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com objetivo de avaliar a influência dos fertilizantes mineral, organo-mineral e orgânico sobre a macrofauna e mesofauna do solo. Foram dispostos quatro experimentos individualizados em delineamento estatístico blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições cada, em um ARGISSOLO AMARELO Distrófico típico, franco arenoso. Utilizou-se as seguintes culturas em sucessão: Zea mays L.-Consórcio forrageiro (Trifolium repens L., Trifolium pratense L., Lotus corniculatus L. e Lolium multiflorum Lam.); Sorghum bicolor L.-Brassica napus L.; Panicum maximum-Lolium multiflorum Lam.; Helianthus annuus L.-Triticum aestivum L. Investigaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: T1-Testemunha, T2-Fertilizante mineral, T3-Fertilizante organo-mineral, T4-Fertilizante-composto e T5-Fertilizante orgânico cama de peru . As variáveis analisadas foram: precipitação, propriedades químicas do solo (pHágua, pHSMP, condutividade elétrica, carbono orgânico, nitrogênio, carbono/nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, ferro, alumínio, manganês, sódio, cobre e zinco), atributos físicos do solo (umidade e temperatura), respostas agronômicas (rendimento de grãos e de fitomassa) e a macrofauna e mesofauna do solo. A semeadura das espécies de verão se deu no mês de dezembro de 2007, enquanto as de inverno, foram a partir de maio de 2008. As colheitas foram realizadas nas culturas de grãos no final do respectivo ciclo, enquanto, nas forrageiras de verão e de inverno totalizaram-se sete e seis cortes sucessivos, respectivamente. Os resultados de temperatura do solo, umidade do solo e rendimento agronômico e representantes da fauna foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de médias (Duncan 5%) de probabilidade. A fauna encontrada também foi submetida à análise de Densidade, Riqueza, Freqüência relativa, classificação por categoria de Abundância, índice de diversidade, índice de equitabilidade. Os resultados referentes à fauna edáfica, macronutrientes, micronutrientes e condutividade elétrica do solo foram submetidos também a análise multivariada. Conclui- se que: a menor diversidade e equitabilidade foram encontradas no Fertilizante mineral nas coletas realizadas no interior do solo do consórcio forrageiro, da canola, da aruana e do trigo. Assim como, nas coletas de superfície que mostram no milho, no consórcio forrageiro, na canola e na aruana e azevém os menores índices ecológicos. Os grupos Collembola, Acari, Hymenoptera e Coleoptera mostraram as maiores densidades entre os experimentos. O rendimento agronômico do milho e da aruana e azevém influenciaram mais na disposição da fauna edáfica nas coletas de interior do solo, enquanto que, nas coletas de superfície a maior contribuição foi no consórcio forrageiro no sorgo e no trigo. Aos Fertilizantes, composto e organo-mineral associaram-se mais efetivamente a maioria dos táxons, justificando-se a maior variação dos dados levantados nas coletas de interior e superfície do solo a exceção das coletas de interior do solo na cultura da aruana. No experimento 1 os grupos Acari, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Oligochaeta e Nematoda e os teores de nitrogênio, zinco, magnésio, manganês, fósforo e cálcio contribuíram mais efetivamente com a variação dos dados. No experimento 2 os grupos Isopoda, Diplura, Myriapoda, Acari e Dermaptera e os teores de magnésio, nitrogênio, fósforo, zinco, cobre, sódio, alumínio e ferro contribuíram mais efetivamente com a variação dos dados. No experimento 3 os grupos Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diplura, Myriapoda, Protura e os teores de magnésio, nitrogênio, manganês e ferro contribuíram mais efetivamente com a variação dos dados. No experimento 4 os grupos Acari, Nematoda, Dermaptera, Protura, Diplura, Coleoptera, e Oligochaeta e os teores de potássio, ferro, cobre e cálcio contribuíram mais efetivamente com a variação dos dados.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The use of biofertilizers has been effective alternative to proper disposal of waste. However, addition of organic waste culture systems can influence the soil biota, microorganisms, and the physical properties of the soil. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of biofertilizer application in fauna and soil physical properties. The study was conducted in four experiments. The first consisted of the evaluation of soil fauna with the use of biofertilizers bovine in a randomized design with factorial arrangement 5 x 12, five fertilization (0 (no biofertilizer control), 150, 300, 450 and 600 L ha-1 biofertilizer bovine), twelve months, with four replications. The second study was analyzed the multiplication of springtails in laboratory conditions under different crop residues and doses of bovine biofertilizer. Another experiment was conducted to evaluate the microbiological changes in soil submitted to fertilization with bovine biofertilizer with randomized block experimental design and, finally, we evaluated the physical properties of an Oxisol submitted to doses of bovine biofertilizer. It was observed that the bovine biofertilizer not interfere in the analyzed biological variables and for the orders, all varied over the time of collection except for Lepidoptera. In reproduction of Collembola laboratory, bovine biofertilizer favors until the estimated dose of 266 L ha-1 and crop residues tested without the use of yeast favors the proliferation of Collembola. The activity of soil organisms is greater on the surface and the estimated dose of 298 L ha-1 bovine biofertilizer and the application of bovine biofertilizer only enabled the rise of evidence macroporosity and microporosity decreased when used doses up to 268 and 293 L ha-1, respectively, necessitating further studies to confirm these results.
O uso de biofertilizantes tem sido alternativa eficiente para descarte correto dos dejetos. Contudo, a adição de resíduos orgânicos em sistemas de cultivo pode influenciar a biota do solo, microrganismos e as propriedades físicas do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influencia da aplicação biofertilizante sobre os organismos e propriedades físicas do solo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em quatro experimentos. O primeiro constou da avaliação da fauna edáfica com o uso de biofertilizante bovino em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 5 x 12, sendo cinco adubações (0 (controle sem biofertilizante), 150, 300, 450 e 600 L ha-1 de biofertilizante bovino), doze meses, com 4 repetições. O segundo trabalho foi analisado a multiplicação de colêmbolos em condições de laboratório submetidos a diferentes resíduos vegetais e doses de biofertilizante bovino. Outro experimento foi realizado para avaliar as alterações microbiológicas em solo submetido à adubação com biofertilizante bovino com delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso e, por fim, foi avaliado as propriedades físicas de um Latossolo submetido a doses de biofertilizante bovino. Observou-se que o biofertilizante bovino não interfere nas variáveis biológicas analisadas e em relação as ordens, todas variaram ao longo da época de coleta com exceção da Lepidóptera. Na reprodução dos colêmbolos em laboratório, o biofertilizante bovino favorece até a dose estimada de 266 L ha-1 e os resíduos vegetais testados sem o uso de fermento biológico favorecem a multiplicação de colêmbolos. A atividade dos organismos do solo é maior na superfície e na dose estimada de 298 L ha-1 de biofertilizante bovino e a aplicação de biofertilizante bovino apenas possibilitou indícios de aumento da macroporosidade e diminuição da microporosidade quando utilizado doses de até 268 e 293 L ha-1, respectivamente, necessitando-se de mais estudos para confirmação destes resultados.

Orientador: Maria Helena Moraes
Coorientador: José Eduardo Corá
Coorientador: Maria Elizabeth Fernandes Correia
Banca: Nilvania Aparecida de Mello
Banca: Maria de Fátima Guimarães
Banca: Lucia Helena Cunha dos Anjos
Banca: Juliano Carlos Calonego
Resumo: O sistema de plantio direto (PD) é apresentado como técnica agrícola que melhora as propriedades químicas, físicas e biológicas do solo. No entanto, ainda permanecem muitas questões quanto ao efeito do tipo e sequência de culturas sobre as interações planta-organismos-solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de sequências de culturas em sistema de plantio direto na comunidade da macrofauna edáfica e nas características químicas e físicas dos agregados em duas épocas de avaliação, seca e chuvosa em áreas de domínio morfológico de Mata Atlântica. As hipóteses testadas foram: i) a rotação de culturas com espécies de gramíneas/leguminosas (milho/soja) favorece a formação dos agregados de diferentes tipos morfológicos com diferentes características físicas e químicas, devido à atuação de raízes e a seleção alimentar pela macrofauna do solo; ii) a época de avaliação promove mudanças no ambiente para a formação dos agregados em função da cultura recente e da sazonalidade; iii) os agentes biológicos (macrofauna e raízes) alteram a dinâmica da matéria orgânica associada aos agregados do solo, devido à seleção alimentar pela macrofauna e pela atuação de raízes; iv) a rotação de gramíneas/leguminosas promove maior riqueza de indivíduos, uniformidade da macrofauna edáfica, maior abundância de grupos decompositores de matéria orgânica e engenheiros do ecossistema quando comparada com gramíneas ou com leguminosas, devido a melhoria na disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. O experimento foi realizado sob PD em Jaboticabal - SP, os tratamentos analisados foram: monocultura de soja (leguminosa) no verão e crotalária (leguminosa) na entressafra (S-C), monocultura de milho (gramínea) no verão e milho na entressafra (M-M), rotação soja/milho no verão e uma milho na entressafra (S/M-M) e rotação soja/milho no verão e crotalária ...
Abstract: The no-tillage system (NT) is presented as an agricultural technique that improves the chemical, physical and biological soil properties. However, many questions still remain as to the effect of the type and sequence of cultures on plantsoil- organisms interactions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of crop sequences in no-tillage system in the community of soil macrofauna and chemical and physical characteristics of aggregates in two evaluation periods, dry and wet in areas of morphological domain of Atlantic Forest. The hypotheses tested were: e) crop rotation with species of grass/legumes (corn/soybean) favors the formation of aggregates of different morphological types with different physical and chemical characteristics, due to the action of roots and food selection by soil macrofauna; ii) the evaluation period promotes changes in the environment for the formation of aggregates due to the recent culture and seasonality; iii) biological agents (macrofauna and roots) alter the dynamics of organic matter associated with soil aggregates due to food selection by macrofauna and action of roots; iv) the rotation of grass/legumes promotes greater richness of individuals, uniformity of soil macrofauna, greater abundance of groups decomposers of organic matter and engineers of the ecosystem when compared to grasses or legumes, due to improvement in the availability of food resources. The experiment was conducted under NT in Jaboticabal - SP, the treatments analyzed were: soybean monoculture (legume) in the summer and sun hemp (legume) in the off season (S-SH), corn monoculture (grass) in the summer and corn in the off season (C-C), rotation soybean/corn in the summer and a corn in the off season (S/C-C) and rotation soybean/corn in the summer and sun hemp in the off-season (S/C-SH). The sampling was carried out in August 2012 and March 2013. ...
Doutor

Orientador: Admilson Írio Ribeiro
Resumo: Os processos industriais e de urbanização promovidos nas últimas décadas geraram uma grande dualidade, visto que, proporcionaram o desenvolvimento econômico, em contrapartida suas atividades de implantação e operação ocasionaram diversos impactos ambientais negativos, comprometendo funções ecológicas em diferentes ecossistemas. Diante disso, ações voltadas para a recuperação das áreas degradadas consistem em medidas compensatórias para ambientes que perderam a capacidade de resiliência ou que demandem de um longo período para reestabelecimento das funcionalidades ecológicas e da biodiversidade. Dessa maneira, o monitoramento torna-se uma importante estratégia de gestão para avaliar a evolução da recuperação e verificar o quão próximo encontram-se das metas estabelecidas no Plano de Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas. Assim, além de mensurar aplicabilidade das ações e métodos de recuperação adotados o monitoramento das áreas auxilia na identificação de fatores que possam contribuir para a gestão da área, no decorrer do tempo. Durante essa fase, uma das principais necessidades está na escolha dos indicadores ambientais, pois eles são responsáveis por expressar as condições ambientais durante o processo de monitoramento. A utilização de bioindicador ambiental, relacionados com a macrofauna edáfica torna-se útil, tendo em vista sua capacidade e sensibilidade, as ações antrópicas. Dessa forma, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a tendência da macrofauna edáfica em diferentes ár... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a fauna edáfica ocorrente no processo de vermicompostagem dos resíduos de erva-mate, borra de café, estercos bovino, equino e ovino, assim como, analisar química e fisicamente estes materiais. Estes substratos foram armazenados em vasos plásticos com capacidade de 10 litros, em bancadas horizontais em laboratório, utilizando-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições, onde, após um período de estabilização, inoculou-se 150 minhocas da Califórnia (Eisenia foetida) em cada tratamento. Como ferramenta de análise dos dados, utilizou-se o programa estatístico DivEs® para o cálculo dos índices ecológicos de diversidade, dominância, equitabilidade e riqueza de espécies, utilizados para análises da mesofauna edáfica. Foram realizadas avaliações de macronutrientes, relação C/N, carbono orgânico, pH, densidade, umidade, contagem edáfica da mesofauna (ácaros e colêmbolos), da macrofauna (minhocas e casulos) e microorganismos (fungos totais, bactérias degradadoras de celulose e bactérias diazotróficas) além da respiração microbiana. Os resíduos estudados apresentaram resultados distintos entre si. Foi verificado uma superioridade numérica da mesofauna edáfica nos resíduos vegetais quando comparado com os de origem animal, havendo um predomínio de colêmbolos em todos os tratamentos avaliados (95%). Com relação a macrofauna, observou-se um maior número de casulos (n = 323) e minhocas (n = 236) ao final do processo de vermicompostagem, no esterco ovino. Ao longo da execução do experimento notou-se que somente no tratamento esterco bovino houve uma diminuição no desenvolvimento de bactérias degradadoras de celulose (de 6,6 x 1011 para 2,3 x 109 ), já para as bactérias diazotróficas, apenas no tratamento esterco equino ocorreu um aumento na sua população (de 6,0 x 103 para 9,5 x 107 ). Fungos totais mantiveram uma distribuição homogênea no decorrer das avaliações em todas as unidades experimentais. Na totalidade das amostras houve uma redução da respiração microbiana durante o processo de vermicompostagem, devido a maturação dos resíduos orgânicos. Observou-se uma diminuição da relação C/N, com destaque para os resíduos vegetais que apresentaram os maiores valores da mesma, entretanto, nestes resíduos foram verificados as menores concentrações dos macronutrientes P, K e Mg. Com exceção do esterco equino, o pH ajustou-se para valores recomendáveis ao final do experimento em todos os substratos. Os índices ecológicos de diversidade e equitabilidade mostraram um predomínio de organismos no esterco ovino. Diante dos resultados obtidos neste estudo, pode-se sugerir a utilização destes resíduos para a vermicompostagem, e recomendar o uso de seus vermicompostos como adubo orgânico com precauções.
The objective of this work was to study the edaphic fauna occurring in the vermicompost process of the residues of herb-checkmate, coffee drag, bovine, equine and ovine manure, as well as to analyze chemically and physically these materials. These substrates were stored in 10 liter plastic plots in horizontal laboratory benches, using a completely randomized design with five replications, where, after a stabilization period, 150 California worms (Eisenia foetida) in each treatment. As a tool for data analysis, the statistical software DivEs® were used to calculate the ecological indexes of diversity, dominance, equitability and species richness, used for analysis of the edaphic mesofauna. In this study different evaluations were made such as: macronutrients, C/N ratio, organic carbon, pH, density, humidity, counting of the edaphic mesofauna (mites and collembolans), macrofauna (worms and cocoons) and microorganisms (total fungi, cellulose-degrading bacteria and diazotrophic bacteria) and microbial respiration. The residues studied presented different results among themselves. It was verified a numerical superiority of the edaphic mesofauna in the vegetal residues when compared with the ones of animal origin, being a predominance of collembolans in all the evaluated treatments (n = 121864). With regard to macrofauna, a larger number of cocoons (n = 323) and earthworms (n = 236) were observed at the end of the vermicompost process in ovine manure. During the execution of the experiment it was noticed that only in the bovine manure treatment there was a decrease in the development of cellulose degrading bacteria (from 6.6 x 1011 to 2.3 x 109 ), already for the diazotrophic bacteria, only in the treatment equine manure occurred an increase in its population (from 6.0 x 103 to 9.5 x 107 ). Total fungi maintained a homogeneous distribution throughout the evaluations in all the experimental units. In all the samples there was a reduction of the microbial respiration during the vermicompost process due to the maturation of the organic residues. It was observed a decrease in the C/N ratio, with emphasis on the vegetable residues that presented the highest values of the same, however, in these residues were verified the lowest concentrations of the macronutrients P, K and Mg. With the exception of equine manure, the pH adjusted to values recommended at the end of the experiment on all substrates. The ecological indexes of diversity and equitability showed a predominance of organisms in ovine manure. Considering the results obtained in this study, we can suggest the use of these residues for vermicomposting, and recommend the use of their vermicompost as an organic fertilizer with the precautions.

A qualidade do solo está relacionada ao seu funcionamento e é mensurada por indicadores físicos e químicos, como também por organismos, os quais desempenham as mais variadas funções ecossistêmicas. A diversidade da pedofauna nos ecossistemas pode ser afetada por vários fatores, justamente por esses invertebrados serem sensíveis às mudanças ambientais. A pesquisa avaliou a qualidade de solos de fragmentos florestais urbanos na cidade de São Paulo, especificamente nos parques Cientec, Cantareira e Jaraguá, utilizando espécies de minhocas como bioindicadoras. Foi realizada nas áreas de estudo uma coleta concentrada no inverno (09/2014; 10/2014) em ambientes seco e úmido, com o objetivo de verificar a diversidade, ocorrência, biomassa (g.m²) e densidade (Ind.m²) dos indivíduos coletados e sua relação com as variações ambientais, especialmente com a temperatura do solo, profundidade do solo, presença e ausência de drenagem na parcela e atributos químicos como, pH, C.O, K, P, Ca, Mg e Al. Delimitou-se aleatoriamente, em ambiente seco e úmido, uma área fixa de 1,7 hectare por parcela amostral, onde foram amostrados nove TSBF por ambiente, com espaçamento de 30 m entre cada ponto e 20 m de bordadura, totalizando 54 pontos amostrais. Os exemplares de pedofauna subsuperficial foram capturados pela técnica TSBF (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility), que consiste em monólitos de 30x30 de largura e 30 cm de profundidade. Após a triagem do solo os exemplares foram colocados em soluções de álcool 92%, e posteriormente, mensurados estatisticamente pelos índices de diversidade, equabilidade, e biomassa; por fim, foram identificados ao nível de espécie, as minhocas, e ao nível de família e gênero, as classes arachnida, coleoptera, quilopoda e diplopoda. Nos mesmos pontos do TSBF foram coletadas amostras de solo para a análise dos atributos químicos, assim como foram utilizados dados climáticos para avaliação de atributos físicos, que serviram como variáveis ambientais explicativas. Dos atributos climáticos, nos meses analisados a precipitação mensal não atingiu 70 mm e, em geral, ficou abaixo da média climatológica, caracterizando um período extremamente seco. Encontrou-se uma correlação positiva entre temperatura do solo, diversidade ecológica funcional, distribuição vertical no solo, hábito alimentar e dinâmica de biopedoturbação das minhocas. A umidade do solo influenciou diretamente ocorrência de Ind.m², além de favorecer espécies e gêneros específicos. Na análise de parâmetros químicos, a diminuição da acidez do solo, o aumento do teor de C.O e elevada disponibilidade de macronutrientes influenciaram no aumento de Ind.m² e o que justifica os 159 Ind.m² em ambiente seco e 148 Ind. m² em ambiente úmido para o Parque Jaraguá, representando 46% do total de exemplares coletados. O parque Cientec e Cantareira apresentaram solos muito ácidos e menores índices de C.O e macronutrientes se comparados com o parque Jaraguá, totalizando 24% e 30% dos exemplares coletados. Os índices bioestatísticos apontaram que as minhocas foram predominantes, tanto em densidade (minhocas.m²) quanto em biomassa (g.m²) dentre toda a macrofauna edáfica coletada e confirmaram que as variáveis químicas e climáticas do solo tem maior relevância para explicar a diversidade, ocorrência, biomassa e densidade de minhocas e consequentemente, as funções ecossistêmicas desempenhadas pelas mesmas.
Soil quality is related to its functioning and is measured by physical and chemical indicators, but also by organisms inserted therein, which play the most diverse ecosystem functions. The diversity of soil macrofauna in ecosystems can be affected by many factors, due these organisms being sensitive to environmental changes. The research evaluated the quality of urban forest fragments soils in São Paulo, specifically in Cientec, Cantareira and Jaraguá parks, using earthworms as bioindicators. It was performed at study sites a concentrated collection in winter (09/2014, 10/2014), in dry and wet environments, in order to assess the diversity, occurrence, biomass and density of individuals collected in accordance with variations in environment ,especially with soil temperature, soil depth, presence and absence of the drainage portion and chemical attributes such as , pH, O.C, K, Ca, Mg and Al. Delimited randomly, in a dry and humid environment a fixed area of 1.7 hectare per plot sample, where was sampled nine TSBF per environment, with spacing of 30 m between each point and 20 m margin, totaling 54 sampling points. Exemplary subsurface pedofauna were captured by adapted TSBF technique (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility) consisting of monoliths 30x30 wide and 30 cm deep. After the soil screening the specimens were fixed in 92% alcohol solution and subsequently measured statistically by the diversity index, equability, and biomass; finally, were identified to species level, earthworms, and the family level and genus, the arachnida, coleoptera, quilopoda and diplopoda classes. In the same points of TSBF soil samples were collected for analysis of chemical attributes, as well as climate data were used for evaluation of physical attributes, which served as explanatory environmental variables. About the climatic attributes in the analyzed months, the monthly rainfall did not reach 70 mm and, in general, was below the climatological average, featuring an extremely dry period. It was found a positive correlation between soil temperature, functional ecological diversity, vertical distribution in the soil, feeding habits and dynamics of bioturbation of earthworms. Soil moisture directly influenced the frequency Ind.m², besides favoring specific genus and species. In the analysis of chemical parameters, the reduction of soil acidity, increased O.C. content and the high nutrient availability influenced the increase of Ind.m² which explains the 159 ind.m² in dry conditions and 148 ind. m² in a humid environment for the Jaraguá park, representing 46% of all copies of the collection TSBF. The Cientec and Cantareira park had more acidic and lower rates of soil organic carbon and macronutrients if compared to the Jaraguá park, totaling 24% and 30% of the collected specimens. The biostatisticians indexes pointed out that the worms were prevalent in both density (earthworms.m²) and biomass (g.m²), among all the soil macrofauna collected in contrasting environments and sites and confirmed that chemical soil and climatic variables have greater relevance to explain the diversity, occurrence, biomass and density of earthworms and consequently the ecosystem functions performed by them.

A Araucaria angustifolia (Bertoloni) O. Ktze. é uma espécie de elevado valor sócio-econômico e ambiental, característica da floresta subtropical brasileira. Por sua excelente qualidade e ampla utilização de sua madeira ela tem sido uma das espécies nativas mais exploradas no Brasil. Atualmente, encontra-se presente na lista oficial de espécies da flora brasileira ameaçadas de extinção, exigindo emprego imediato de tecnologias visando sua manutenção e recuperação. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estabelecer as alterações da comunidade da macrofauna edáfica decorrentes do manejo e da ação do fogo em ecossistemas com araucária nativa e ecossistemas com araucária introduzida, no município de Campos do Jordão (SP). A macrofauna foi coletada em superfície amostral de 25 x 25 cm, nas profundidades do solo de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm e na serapilheira. Os pontos de amostragens ficaram distanciados 10 metros entre si, ao longo de um transecto determinado ao acaso. Foram coletadas dez amostras por ecossistema, nos meses de outubro de 2002 e março de 2003, caracterizados como sendo de período seco e período chuvoso, respectivamente. Alterações na densidade e diversidade da macrofauna do solo foram observadas nos ecossistemas que sofreram intervenção na sua cobertura vegetal. A ocorrência do fogo acarretou em baixa qualidade da serapilheira, tendo sido esta agravada na época seca. Os resultados demonstraram que a fauna está correlacionada com os parâmetros químicos da serapilheira e do solo nestes ecossistemas. As características químicas do solo e da serapilheira, aliadas às condições climáticas, contribuiram para as alterações nesta comunidade.
Araucaria angustifolia (Bertoloni) O. Ktze. is a species with a high socialeconomical and envirommental value, and it is characteristic of the subtropical Brazilian forest. Due to the excellent quality of the wood, it has been one of the most exploited native species in Brazil. Today this tree is considered an endangered species, requiring maintenance and recuperation through an immediate use of technologies. This study had the objective to evaluate the changes in the soil macrofauna community in an ecosystem with native araucaria and in replanted areas in Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil. The macrofauna was collected in 25 x 25 cm areas, at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil depth and in the litter. Along the transect determined at random, the sampling points were distributed with 10 meter distance from one another. Was collected ten sampling points por ecossistema. in october 2002 and in march 2003, which represent the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Changes in density and diversity of the soil macrofauna due to an intervention in the litter layer were observed. The litter was partially eliminated by the fire and its quality was even worse in the dry season. The results suggest that there is a great influence of soil chemical parameters as well as of the climatic conditions upon the soil macrofauna.

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The swine production is an economic and common management in the Southern region of Brazil, including Paraná Western area. It has also been producing great amounts of waste with high-polluting level, which are commonly loaded into soil as fertilizer in order to increase soil fertility and provide higher crop yields. Such wastes can cause environmental problems when managed improperly, such as loss to soil fauna, an important constituent of soil. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the tolerance levels of soil fauna by applying different swine wastewater (SWW) doses and the effects on abundance and diversity of meso and macrofauna organisms. The trial was carried out in Campo Bonito-PR, in an agricultural area that has been submitted to a non-tillage management for 13 years. Twenty one 25 m2 plots were set where corn, black oats and soybeans were cropped in different periods. Seven treatments were recorded as: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 m3 ha-1 from swine wastewater from a lagoon and there was a treatment using chemical fertilizers, according to the agronomic recommendations for each crop. The seventh treatment corresponded to the parts that were prepared in a remaining native vegetation area. Soil fauna was evaluated by the Tropical Soil Biology Fertility (TSBF) method, Berlese-Tullgren extractor and Pitfall traps. The collected organisms were classified based on their orders and results were evaluated by multivariate statistics, according to the correlation analysis (CA) technique, repeated measures indexes and indexes of Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness (Equitability) and richness of groups. The relation between fauna ecology and soil chemical properties was determined by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). According to the results, it was observed that the application of swine wastewater/ slurry, stored in lagoon, has affected in a negative way the soil fauna when it received doses greater than 100 m3 ha-1, even though such dose has promoted greater similarity in abundance of organisms with the forest area. It was found out that the sampled orders characterize the forest area according to the simulated conditions: Collembola, Hymenopeptera, Araneae, Diptera, Acari, Hemiptera, Diplura, Protura and Oligochaeta, while Coleoptera order characterized the agricultural soils that are fertilized with swine wastewater. The results also showed that the soil fauna has its abundance affected by season and chemical composition of soil.
A suinocultura é uma prática econômica comum na região Sul do País, incluindo a região Oeste do Paraná, todavia, gera grande quantidade de dejetos, com elevado poder poluente. Esses são, comumente, lançados ao solo como fertilizantes; aumentam a fertilidade dos solos, proporcionam maior produtividade das culturas, embora possam trazer riscos ao ambiente quando manejados de maneira inadequada, tais como prejuízos à fauna edáfica, importante constituinte do solo. Por essa razão, foi estabelecido como objetivo deste trabalho avaliar os níveis de tolerância da fauna edáfica pela aplicação de diferentes doses de água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) e os efeitos sobre a abundância e a diversidade de organismos representados pela meso e macrofauna. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Campo Bonito PR, em área agrícola submetida ao manejo de plantio direto há 13 anos. Foram instaladas 21 parcelas experimentais de 25 m2, nas quais foram cultivados milho, aveia e soja em períodos distintos. Foram avaliados sete tratamentos: 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 m3 ha-1 de água residuária da suinocultura proveniente de esterqueira e um tratamento utilizando fertilizantes químicos, de acordo com as recomendações agronômicas de cada cultura. O sétimo tratamento corresponde às parcelas instaladas em área de vegetação nativa remanescente. A fauna edáfica foi avaliada pelo método do Tropical Soil Fertility Biology (TSBF), extrator de Berlese-Tullgren e armadilhas Pitfall. Os organismos coletados foram classificados em nível de ordem e os resultados obtidos avaliados pela estatística multivariada, de acordo com a técnica de análise de correlação (CA), índices de medidas repetidas e índices de diversidade de Shanon, Equitabilidade de Pielou e Riqueza de grupos. A relação entre a ecologia da fauna e os atributos químicos do solo foi determinada pela análise de correspondência canônica (ACC). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que a aplicação da água residuária de suinocultura armazenada em esterqueira afetou negativamente a fauna edáfica em doses superiores a 100 m3 ha-1, porém a dosagem de 100 m3 ha-1 favorece maior semelhança em abundância de organismos com a área de mata. Verificou-se que, as ordens amostradas a seguir caracterizam a área de mata sob as condições avaliadas: Collembola, Hymenopeptera, Aranae, Diptera, Acari, Hemiptera, Diplura, Protura e Oligochaeta, enquanto a ordem Coleoptera caracteriza as áreas agricultáveis e fertilizadas com água residuária da suinocultura. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram ainda que a fauna edáfica tem sua abundância afetada sazonalmente bem como pela composição química do solo.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A utilização incorreta dos solos vem causando alterações nos mesmos, tornando-os cada vez menos produtivos, aumentando assim as áreas com solos degradados. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos estudar a recuperação de um Latossolo Vermelho degradado, por meio do uso de adubos verdes e lodo de esgoto, sendo cultivado com uma espécie arbórea nativa de cerrado. A pesquisa foi instalada em 2004, na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa, Setor de Produção Animal, da Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira (Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP), situada no município de Selvíria, MS. O monitoramento das alterações do solo foi realizado nos anos de 2005, 2006 e 2007. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com 5 tratamentos e 5 repetições, sendo também caracterizada uma área controle (solo com vegetação nativa de cerrado). Os tratamentos foram: testemunha - solo exposto (sem manejo); espécie arbórea Astronium fraxinifolium; Astronium fraxinifolium+Canavalia ensiformis; Astronium fraxinifolium+Raphanus sativus até 2005, depois substituído por Crotalaria juncea; e Astronium fraxinifolium+Brachiaria decumbens+lodo de esgoto (60 t ha-1 a base seca). Avaliaram-se no solo: macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, densidade do solo, estabilidade de agregados em água, cátions trocáveis, pH, acidez potencial (H+Al), soma de bases (SB), saturação por bases (V %), CTC e macrorganismos. Nos tratamento com adubos verdes, foi avaliada a massa seca e, para a espécie arbórea, a altura e diâmetro de caule. Na testemunha não foi aplicada nenhuma 8 écnica de recuperação do solo. O preparo inicial do solo foi realizado com subsolagem, gradagem leve e incorporação de 2 t ha-1 de calcário. Os tratamentos adotados estão recuperando as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo. O tratamento com Astronium fraxinifolium+Brachiaria...
The inadequate soil use causes changes which lead to lower productivity, thus increasing the areas with degraded soil. The present work had as objective to recovery a degraded soil, using green manure, sewage sludge and native tree specie. The investigation began in 2004 and was conducted in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The evaluations were done in the years of 2005, 2006 and 2007. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were: control (degraded soil without management); Astronium fraxinifolium; Astronium fraxinifolium + Canavalia ensiformis; Astronium fraxinifolium + Raphanus sativus after substituted by Crotalaria juncea; and Astronium fraxinifolium + Brachiaria decumbens + sewage sludge (60 t ha-1 on dry basis). A control area whit the original vegetation (savannah) was also used as control. The following soil properties were evaluated: macro porosity, micro porosity, total porosity, bulk density, exchangeable cations, pH, potential acidity, base saturation, CEC and macrofauna. For green manure the dry matter was evaluated. In tree species were evaluated: average and diameter of stem. In the control the technique of recovery of the soil was not applied. The initial preparation of the soil was carried out with sub soiling, leveling disk and incorporation of 2 t ha-1 of lime. The treatments are recovering the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The Astronium fraxinifolium + Brachiaria decumbens + sewage sludge was the best treatment because of its similarity in macrofauna compared to the natural soil conditions. The macrofauna increased in the soil with time and this indicates the improvement in soil properties. The presence of grub and beetle was the best indicator of soil macrofauna recovery. The treatment Astronium 10 fraxinifolium + Brachiaria decumbens + sewage sludge is...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The master work presents the research of macrofauna (Lumbricidae) quantity, depending on the spieces of the plants grown and the hydrotermic modes. Research object: the soil macrofauna in the light granulometre composition of soils (in Akemnė district, Smiltinė village). Research objective: by field research to evaluate quantity of macrofauna (Lumbricidae) in the nothern part of Lithuania in the light granulometre composition of soils, in the ecological production farm, depending on the spieces of the plants grown and the hydrotermic modes. Research methods: the quantity of earthworms was established by digging 0.5 x 0.5 m and 0.25 m depth monolyths of soil, gathering earthworms, calculating, weitghting and measuring them. The research established that the quantity, weight, length of the earthworms depended on the species of plants grown, forecrops and hydrotermic modes. The most advantageous crops were the kitchen-garden, the garden, the potatoes. The best forecrops were the kitchen-garden. During the years of research strong reverse correlation links between the quantity of earthworms and the hydrotermic modes were established.

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The Semiarid Northeast Brazil is characterized by hydric deficit, has low soil organic matter, mainly due to erosion, high temperatures and reduced replacement of plant residues and/or organic fertilization. The inadequate use and management in farming systems in the semiarid region may decline the soil's ability to sustain short-time production. This can lead an itinerant agriculture in search of new areas on the caatinga, causing the loss of biodiversity and vulnerability of food production. In this context, currently, there is a demand of the scientific community to develop sustainable agricultural systems and the world population with healthy foods. Therefore, the transition of agricultural systems in Semiarid from conventional to agroecological becomes strategic for resilience, maintaining the soil productivity and less pressure on the caatinga. The agroecological management of soil excludes the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and at the same time, contributed to attachment of organic carbon, nutrient cycling, soil protection and diversity of culture. In this sense, the aim of this study is to prove the relevance of soil quality in irrigated agroecological systems (A area) compared to conventional (C area). For this, it were used areas A and C and other natural vegetation (V area), without human action, for characterization purposes; located in the community of family farmers Sombras Grandes, Caraúbas, RN. The historical use and management of the A, C, V areas were recorded, in order to observe the trend of soil quality indicators from a time frame. In the A and C areas, simple soil samples were used to determine physical (Bd, TP, CDW, FD, AW, AW/TP and Mfc/TP) and chemical (pH, Ca, Mg, K, Na, P assimilable, SB, Al + H, BS, CEC, TOC, CS, EC and ESP) indicators in the layers 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm in the sampling grid of 0.5 ha, in five georeferenced points/year, between 2009 and 2012, totaling 40 samples per area; soil penetration resistance (SPR) with the use of impact penetrometer IAA/Planalsucar - Stolf model, to a depth of 0-20 cm, 0.05 m of intervals, in five points with five replications, between 2009 and 2011; and soil quality index (SQI), integrated quality index (IQI) and soil quality index through soil deterioration (SQId). The analysis of soil macro fauna was performed by Pitfall traps, in order to identify the organisms into functional groups and the wealth index of species of Margalef, Shannon diversity and uniformity of Pielou. It was used the statistical method nonparametric Kruskal Wallis for comparison of soil quality indicators between A and C areas at 5% and 1% significance; the Pearson correlation matrix to test the association between the variables; and principal component analysis (PCA) to check the indicators sensitivity . The use and management in the A area, 0-20 cm layer, it were significantly different and presented better results of soil quality to the C area, in relation to physical (Bd, TP, CDW and FD) and chemical (TOC, CS and Al + H) indicators of soil. The chemical indicators (Ca, Mg, K, CEC, P and SB) didn‟t achieve significant difference between A and C areas, but presented high values able to maintain soil fertility . There were significant difference of PR values in the A area and the best results in relation to the C area, the layers 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm. In A area, layers 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm, there was a significant correlation (p ≤ 0.01) and positive between TOC and CEC (r = 0.71, r= 0.71, respectively). In the A area, 0-20 cm layer, TP showed significant correlation (p ≤ 0.01) with TOC and positive (r = 0.70). In the A area, Factor 1, 0-20 cm layer, it was the main component (MC) that explained most of the variance data corresponding to 34.20%; and soil variables that presented significant correlation (p≤0.01) and positive with the agroecological farming system were Mg (0.716946), SB (0.849990), BS (0.821112), CEC (0.848423), TOC (0.859802), CS (0.825854) and TP (0.776193), indicating that agroecological practices positively affected soil quality indicators over time. The richness, diversity and uniformity of soil fauna indices in A area showed higher values than the C area. The different methodologies and depths studied, soil quality indices were better classified in the A area in relation to C area. The A area had physical indicators, chemical and biological able to maintain and/or increase the soil productive capacity, without the use of chemical fertilizers.
O Semiárido do Nordeste do Brasil é caracterizado por déficit hídrico, apresenta baixa matéria orgânica do solo devido, principalmente, a processos de erosão, elevadas temperaturas e reduzida reposição de resíduos vegetais e/ou adubação orgânica. O uso e manejo inadequados em sistemas de cultivo na região semiárida podem declinar a capacidade do solo em sustentar a produção em tempo reduzido. Isso pode levar uma agricultura itinerante à busca de novas áreas sobre a caatinga, gerando a perda da biodiversidade e vulnerabilidade da produção de alimentos. Neste contexto, atualmente, há uma procura da comunidade científica em desenvolver sistemas agrícolas sustentáveis e da população mundial por alimentos saudáveis. Portanto, a transição de sistemas agrícolas no Semiárido de convencionais para agroecológicos se torna estratégico para resiliência, manutenção da capacidade produtiva do solo e menor pressão sobre a caatinga. O manejo agroecológico do solo exclui o uso de adubos químicos e agrotóxicos e, ao mesmo tempo, contribuiu para fixação de carbono orgânico, ciclagem de nutrientes, proteção do solo e diversidade de cultivo. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho é comprovar a relevância da qualidade do solo em sistemas de cultivo irrigado agroecológico (área A) comparativamente ao convencional (área C). Para isso, foram utilizadas as áreas A e C e uma de vegetação natural (área V), sem ação antrópica, para fins de caracterização; na comunidade de agricultores familiares de Sombras Grandes, Caraúbas, RN. Foram registrados os históricos de uso e manejo nas áreas A, C, V, de modo a observar a tendência dos indicadores de qualidade do solo a partir de um recorte temporal. Nas áreas A e C, foram utilizadas amostras simples de solo para determinação dos indicadores físicos (Ds, PT, ADA, GF, AD, AD/PT e Uvcc/PT) e químicos (pH, Ca, Mg, K, Na, P assimilável, SB, Al + H, V, CTC, COT, Est C, CE e PST), nas camadas 0-20 cm e 20-40 cm, numa malha amostral de 0,5 ha, em cinco pontos georreferenciados/ano, entre 2009 e 2012, totalizando 40 amostras por área; resistência à penetração do solo (RP) com utilização de penetrômetro de impacto modelo IAA/Planalsucar – Stolf, 0-20 cm, intervalos de 0,05m, em cinco pontos com cinco repetições, entre 2009 e 2011; e índice de qualidade do solo (IQS), índice de qualidade integrada (IQI) e índice de qualidade através da deterioração do solo (IQSd). A análise da macrofauna do solo foi realizada através de armadilhas tipo Pitfall, visando à identificação dos organismos em grupos funcionais e dos índices de riqueza de espécies de Margalef, diversidade de Shannon e uniformidade de Pielou. Foi utilizado o método estatístico não paramétrico de Kruskal Wallis para efeito de comparação dos indicadores de qualidade do solo entre as áreas A e C a 5% e 1% de significância; a matriz de correlação de Pearson para testar a associação entre as variáveis; e análise de componentes principais (ACP) para verificar a sensibilidade dos indicadores. O uso e manejo na área A, camada 0-20 cm, apresentaram diferença significativa e melhores resultados de qualidade do solo que à área C, em relação aos indicadores físicos (Ds, PT, ADA e GF) e químicos (COT, Est C e Al + H) do solo. Os indicadores químicos (Ca, Mg, K, CTC, P e SB) não obtiveram diferença significativa entre as áreas A e C, mas apresentaram valores altos capazes de manter a fertilidade do solo. Houve diferença significativa dos valores de RP na área A e melhores resultados em relação à área C, nas camadas 0-5 cm e 5-10 cm. Na área A, camadas 0-20 cm e 20-40 cm, houve correlação significativa (p≤ 0,01) e positiva entre COT e CTC (r = 0,71, r = 0,71, respectivamente). Na área A, camada 0-20 cm, a PT apresentou correlação significativa (p≤ 0,01) com COT e positiva (r = 0,70). Na área A, o Fator 1, camada 0-20 cm, foi o componente principal (PC) que explicou a maior variância dos dados que correspondeu a 34,20%; e as variáveis do solo que apresentaram correlação significativa (p≤ 0,01) e positiva com o sistema de cultivo agroecológico foram o Mg (0,716946), SB (0,849990), V (0,821112), CTC (0,848423), COT (0,859802), Est C (0,825854) e a PT (0,776193), evidenciando que as práticas agroecológicas afetaram positivamente os indicadores de qualidade do solo ao longo do tempo. Os índices de riqueza, diversidade e uniformidade da fauna edáfica na área A apresentaram maiores valores que a área C. Nas diferentes metodologias e profundidades estudadas, os índices de qualidade do solo foram melhores classificados na área A em relação a C. A área A apresentou indicadores físicos, químicos e biológicos capazes de manter e/ou elevar a capacidade produtiva do solo, sem a necessidade da utilização de adubos químicos.

Orientador: Marlene Cristina Alves
Banca: Marcelo Andreotti
Banca: Sérgio Luis de Carvalho
Banca: Diva de Souza Andrade
Banca: José Miguel Reichert
Resumo: A utilização incorreta dos solos vem causando alterações nos mesmos, tornando-os cada vez menos produtivos, aumentando assim as áreas com solos degradados. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos estudar a recuperação de um Latossolo Vermelho degradado, por meio do uso de adubos verdes e lodo de esgoto, sendo cultivado com uma espécie arbórea nativa de cerrado. A pesquisa foi instalada em 2004, na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa, Setor de Produção Animal, da Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira (Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP), situada no município de Selvíria, MS. O monitoramento das alterações do solo foi realizado nos anos de 2005, 2006 e 2007. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com 5 tratamentos e 5 repetições, sendo também caracterizada uma área controle (solo com vegetação nativa de cerrado). Os tratamentos foram: testemunha - solo exposto (sem manejo); espécie arbórea Astronium fraxinifolium; Astronium fraxinifolium+Canavalia ensiformis; Astronium fraxinifolium+Raphanus sativus até 2005, depois substituído por Crotalaria juncea; e Astronium fraxinifolium+Brachiaria decumbens+lodo de esgoto (60 t ha-1 a base seca). Avaliaram-se no solo: macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, densidade do solo, estabilidade de agregados em água, cátions trocáveis, pH, acidez potencial (H+Al), soma de bases (SB), saturação por bases (V %), CTC e macrorganismos. Nos tratamento com adubos verdes, foi avaliada a massa seca e, para a espécie arbórea, a altura e diâmetro de caule. Na testemunha não foi aplicada nenhuma 8 écnica de recuperação do solo. O preparo inicial do solo foi realizado com subsolagem, gradagem leve e incorporação de 2 t ha-1 de calcário. Os tratamentos adotados estão recuperando as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo. O tratamento com Astronium fraxinifolium+Brachiaria...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The inadequate soil use causes changes which lead to lower productivity, thus increasing the areas with degraded soil. The present work had as objective to recovery a degraded soil, using green manure, sewage sludge and native tree specie. The investigation began in 2004 and was conducted in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The evaluations were done in the years of 2005, 2006 and 2007. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were: control (degraded soil without management); Astronium fraxinifolium; Astronium fraxinifolium + Canavalia ensiformis; Astronium fraxinifolium + Raphanus sativus after substituted by Crotalaria juncea; and Astronium fraxinifolium + Brachiaria decumbens + sewage sludge (60 t ha-1 on dry basis). A control area whit the original vegetation (savannah) was also used as control. The following soil properties were evaluated: macro porosity, micro porosity, total porosity, bulk density, exchangeable cations, pH, potential acidity, base saturation, CEC and macrofauna. For green manure the dry matter was evaluated. In tree species were evaluated: average and diameter of stem. In the control the technique of recovery of the soil was not applied. The initial preparation of the soil was carried out with sub soiling, leveling disk and incorporation of 2 t ha-1 of lime. The treatments are recovering the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The Astronium fraxinifolium + Brachiaria decumbens + sewage sludge was the best treatment because of its similarity in macrofauna compared to the natural soil conditions. The macrofauna increased in the soil with time and this indicates the improvement in soil properties. The presence of grub and beetle was the best indicator of soil macrofauna recovery. The treatment Astronium 10 fraxinifolium + Brachiaria decumbens + sewage sludge is...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização da macrofauna edáfica, da regeneração natural de espécies arbóreas, lianas e epífitas em três áreas em processo de restauração com plantio misto de espécies arbóreas nativas na região do Pontal do Paranapanema com idades de 6, 11 e 16 anos, com plantios nos anos de 1998, 1993 e 1988, respectivamente. A avaliação desses plantios através dos vários grupos de organismos formadores do ecossistema é de suma importância na tentativa de caracterizar a retomada da biodiversidade dessas áreas. Em cada área alocaram-se 3 parcelas amostrais de 900m2 de área, nas quais a estrutura da floresta foi caracterizada a partir do CAP (circunferência a altura do peito) e altura de todas as árvores com CAP ≥ 15 cm. Nestas árvores foi constatada a presença ou ausência de lianas e epífitas. A regeneração de espécies arbóreas foi levantada em três sub-parcelas circulares de 1,5 m de raio por área e a macrofauna do solo foi coletada através de monolitos de solo com dimensões de 25x25x25cm. Em cada parcela foram amostrados 5 monolitos distanciados 5 m um do outro. Foram realizadas duas coletas, uma na época chuvosa e outra na época seca. Os resultados mostram que as florestas em processo de restauração apresentaram incremento da diversidade em todos os elementos avaliados, exceto das epífitas, demonstrando uma tendência ao aumento na sua complexidade estrutural e retomando os processos ecológicos aliados a estes elementos. Foram registradas um máximo de 22 espécies arbóreas decorrente da regeneração natural. As espécies encontradas na regeneração natural não se diferenciaram das espécies plantadas, isto devido provavelmente à distância de fontes colonizadoras, baixa dispersão de propágulos, ausência de banco de sementes e histórico do uso da terra. A macrofauna edáfica e as lianas foram os grupos mais eficazes na recolonização destas áreas avaliadas, principalmente a macrofauna pela estruturação de sua comunidade. Nas áreas avaliadas foram registrados no máximo 18 grupos taxonômicos para macrofauna e 13 espécies de lianas. As epífitas foram praticamente ausentes em todas as áreas avaliadas. Apesar da retomada de certos grupos ainda a diversidade dessas áreas representa parte da diversidade original. Alguns grupos, como as epífitas, carecem de outras pesquisas sobre sua dinâmica, pois provavelmente necessitariam ser reintroduzidas e/ou manejadas.
This study aimed to describe the soil macrofauna community, the natural tree species regeneration, lianas and epiphytes in three different restoration areas at Pontal do Paranapanema. These areas were planted with a mix of regional native tree species, aging 6 years (planted in 1998), 11 years (1993 plantation) and 16 years (1988 plantation). The evaluation of these plantations through distinct groups of organisms that structure the ecosystem represent great importance when it comes to describe the biodiversity reestablishment of these areas. For each restored area, three sampling plots of 900m2 were located and its forest structure analyzed by CBH (circumference at breast height) measurement. Every CBH ≥ 15cm tree was observed for presence or absence of lianas and epiphytes. Natural regeneration assessment was taken by three 1.5m radius sub-plots located within each area. Five soil samplings of 25x25x25cm were taken from each area, allowing soil macrofauna community evaluation. Samples within the same area were at least 5m apart from each other. Soil macrofauna community was observed in two different moments: dry and rainy season. The forests showed a diversity enhancement in every evaluated component, except by the epiphytes. This fact emphasizes a disposition towards a higher structural complexity leading to an increase in ecological processes related to the components studied here. A maximum of 22 tree species were found for natural regeneration and they didn't differ from the planted ones. This may be explained by the distance among these areas and forest remnants, lower seed dispersion, lack of seed bank and land use history. Soil macrofauna and lianas were the most effective on recolonization of these areas, presenting a maximum of 18 taxonomic groups for macrofauna and 13 for lianas. Epiphytes were almost absent in every evaluated area. The demand for another intervention after the introduction of tree species and the necessity of other life forms organisms is a question that arises from these facts, once the aimed objective is the Forest Restoration. Despite of the reestablishment of some groups, the diversity in these areas still represents part of the original diversity. Some groups, e.g. epiphytes, lack more researches about dynamics, because probably they should be reintroduced and/or managed.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The soil macrofauna is influenced to several biotic and abiotic environmental factors, from changes in the physical environment to a variety of interactions among the species involved, affecting the patterns of biodiversity of soil fauna. The power and specificity of the mechanisms that act on soil organisms vary greatly depending on environmental conditions at different scales of space and time. The Caatinga has great spatial heterogeneity of vegetation, climate and soil, so the soil macrofauna would follow this local spatial variation in the environment? This study aimed to investigate the effects of local environmental variables on biological parameters (taxa richness, total abundance and biomass) of soil macrofauna in a fragment of caatinga in Jo?o C?mara, Rio Grande Norte, Northeast Brazil. The study was conducted in the Caua?u farm, where a grid of 2000m x 500m was drawn, and later, 30 sampling points were randomly selected. The methodology used to collect the macrofauna was the TSBF method. We tested the effects of 10 environmental variables on macrofauna across the plots and across the layers of soil. The hypothesis that macrofauna soil responds to changes in the environment was not supported throughout the plots, but was confirmed to soil layers. The soil macrofauna shows a pattern of concentration in the surface layer and decreases considerably in the deeper layers. This pattern had significant and positive relationship with the aerial plant biomass and fine root stock. The aerial plant biomass releases plant necromass that accumulates in the surface layer, providing an important source of resource and shelter for soil macrofauna, explaining their greater abundance in this layer. The roots are used as a means for the arrival of nutrients to the soil from the primary production, thus a greater amount of root conditions higher food intake for macrofauna, especially the herbivores
A macrofauna de solo est? sujeita a diversos fatores ambientais bi?ticos e abi?ticos, desde varia??es no ambiente f?sico ? variedade de intera??es entre as esp?cies envolvidas, afetando os padr?es de biodiversidade da fauna de solo. A for?a e a especificidade dos mecanismos que atuam sobre os organismos de solo variam bastante de acordo com as condi??es ambientais em diferentes escalas de espa?o e de tempo. A Ccaatinga apresenta grande heterogeneidade espacial da vegeta??o, clima e solo, sendo assim, a macrofauna de solo acompanharia essa varia??o espacial local no ambiente? Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos das vari?veis ambientais locais sobre os par?metros biol?gicos (riqueza de t?xons, abund?ncia de indiv?duos e biomassa) da macrofauna de solo em um fragmento de Caatinga no munic?pio de Jo?o C?mara, Rio Grande no Norte, Nordeste do Brasil. O estudo foi conduzido na fazenda Caua?u, onde foi tra?ada uma grade de 2000m x 500m, e posteriormente, foram sorteados 30 pontos de coleta. A metodologia usada para a coleta da macrofauna foi o m?todo TSBF. Foram testados os efeitos de 10 vari?veis ambientais sobre a macrofauna ao longo das parcelas e ao longo das camadas de solo. A hip?tese de que a macrofauna de solo responde as varia??es no ambiente n?o foi corroborada ao longo das parcelas, mas foi confirmada para as camadas de solo. A macrofauna de solo apresenta um padr?o de concentra??o na camada superficial e diminui consideravelmente nas camadas mais profundas. Padr?o esse que teve rela??o significativa e positiva com a biomassa vegetal a?rea e o estoque de ra?zes finas. A biomassa vegetal a?rea libera necromassa vegetal que se acumula na camada de superf?cie, constituindo uma importante fonte de recurso e de abrigo para a macrofauna de solo, explicando sua maior abund?ncia nessa camada. As ra?zes servem como via para a chegada ao solo de nutrientes provenientes da produ??o vegetal, dessa forma, uma maior quantidade de ra?zes condiciona maior entrada de alimento para a macrofauna, principalmente os herb?voros

Les savanes tropicales sont très importantes pour la production agricole et de nombreux services écosystémiques. En Colombie, ces savanes ont été traditionnellement gérées par l'élevage extensif et l'agriculture à faible intrants. La conversion actuelle de ces systèmes naturels en agriculture intensive peut avoir des effets dévastateurs sur la biodiversité du sol et au-dessus du sol. La macrofaune du sol représente une part importante de la biodiversité des agroécosystèmes et certains groupes ont reçu une attention considérable en tant qu'ingénieurs des écosystèmes. L'objectif général de la thèse est d'évaluer et d'analyser les impacts des paysages agricoles sur les communautés d'ingénieurs des sols et les services écosystémiques fournis par le sol dans les Llanos colombiens. Trois questions principales ont été abordées: (1) Quel est l'impact de la gestion agricole sur les communautés de fourmis et est-il possible d'identifier des espèces de fourmis qui pourraient servir d'indicateurs des services écosystémiques basés sur le sol? (2) Quel est l'impact de l’usage des sols sur les communautés de fourmis et de termites et cet impact est-il lié aux modifications des propriétés physiques et chimiques des sols? (3) Les traits écologiques et morphologiques des fourmis répondent-ils aux usages du sol et aux propriétés du sol?Les résultats de cette thèse confirment que les communautés de fourmis sont très sensibles aux changements d'usage de sols et constituent de bons indicateurs précoces des services écosystémiques basés sur les sols. Plus précisément, les cultures annuelles se sont révélées le plus préjudiciables aux communautés de fourmis et de termites, et cela est probablement dû à l'application d'intrants chimiques, ainsi qu'au travail du sol et aux pesticides. Tous les usages du sol (savanes, plantation de caoutchouc ou palmiers à huile, pâturages améliorés et cultures annuelles) ont une faune particulière, mais certaines espèces ont des besoins particuliers en termes d’habitat pour leurs nids, leur nourriture, ou des refuges. Certaines espèces sont plus généralistes et particulièrement adaptées aux environnements perturbés. En ce sens, la présence de toutes les utilisations du sol dans un paysage contribue dans une certaine mesure à la diversité totale. On a constaté que les usages des sols avec une couverture arborée permettent le maintien d’espèces rares, discrètes et souvent avec exigences de habitat particulaires
Tropical savannas are highly important for agricultural production and many other ecosystems services. In Colombia, these savannas have been traditionally managed through extensive livestock production and low-input agriculture. The current conversion of these natural systems to intensified agriculture can have devastating impacts on belowground and aboveground biodiversity. Soil macrofauna represents an important part of agroecosystem biodiversity and some groups have received considerable attention as ecosystem engineers. The general goal of the thesis is to evaluate and analyze the impacts of agricultural landscapes on soil engineer communities and soil ecosystem services in the Colombian Llanos. Three main questions were addressed: (1) What is the impact of agricultural management on ant communities and is it possible to identify ant species that could be used as indicators of soil-based ecosystem services? (2) What is the impact of land uses on ant and termite communities and is this impact associated with modifications of soil physical and chemical properties? (3) Do the ecological and morphological traits of ants respond to land uses and soil properties?The results of this thesis confirm that ant communities are highly sensitive to land use changes and constitute good early indicators of soil-based ecosystem services. More accurately, annual crops have shown to be detrimental to ant and termites communities and this is probably due to the application of chemical inputs, as well as to tillage and pesticides. All land uses (Savannas, rubber or oil palm plantations, improved pastures and annual crops) have a particular soil fauna, but some species have particular habitat requirements for nest sites, food, refugees, etc. Some species are more generalist and are particularly adapted to disturbed environment. The presence of all land uses within a landscape contributes to a certain extent to the total diversity. It was found that sites with a tree cover protect rare, sometimes inconspicuous and perhaps fragile species

Les plantations d'Eucalyptus, au Congo (région de Pointe-Noire) comme au Maroc (forêt de la Maâmora), soulèvent des controverses quant à leurs effets sur des sols sableux pauvres en matière organique. Dans un enjeu de développement durable de tels écosystèmes anthropiques, les recherches sur le sujet se sont multipliées. Toutefois, les connaissances relatives au fonctionnement biologique des sols sous ces plantations méritent encore d'être approfondies. Principaux acteurs de ce fonctionnement biologique, les organismes vivant dans ces sols et leurs activités ne sont que trop peu décrites, et nécessitent en ce sens de se trouver au cœur des études sur le sujet. Notre travail de thèse s'inscrit dans ces problématiques. Ainsi, nous évaluons les conséquences du reboisement sur les communautés de la macrofaune et des microorganismes de ces sols, et également l'activité des enzymes clés liées aux principaux cycles biogéochimiques (C, N et P).Cette recherche présente la particularité de la prise en compte simultanée de deux facteurs peu souvent évoqués, que sont, l'« âge des plantations » et la « profondeur du sol ». Nous avons abordé ces questions par une étude multi-échelle.Ainsi, nous avons étudié les macroinvertébrés quant à leur diversité taxonomique et à leur composition verticale, selon une approche combinée (TSPF + carré anglais). Par la suite, les premières caractérisations de structure et de diversité des communautés microbiennes ont été réalisées. Ceci, par mesure de densité et par déterminations morphotypiques (cultures in vitro) et génétiques (DGGE), au niveau des communautés totales. Par mesure du potentiel métabolique pour ce qui est des communautés fonctionnelles (plaques Biolog). Enfin, l'activité biologique des sols a été évaluée en mesurant l'activité de huit enzymes et l'activité microbienne globale (hydrolyse FDA).Ainsi, par comparaison à la forêt naturelle adjacente, cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence que l'introduction d'eucalyptus sur savane (Congo) ou sur chêne-liège dégradé (Maroc), modifie la structure et la diversité des communautés de la macrofaune et des microorganismes du sol ainsi que le profil des activités enzymatiques. Aussi bien en fonction de l'âge des plantations que de la profondeur du sol, ceci est valable. C'est le fonctionnement biologique qui se trouve donc impacté.Les proportions et les conséquences de cet impact restent toutefois particulières à chaque cas. Il faut cependant noter exception pour les activités enzymatiques liées au cycle de l'azote, qui apparaissent influencées de façon comparable dans les deux cas à l'étude. Ces activités diminuent significativement avec l'âge du peuplement, confirmant le statut déficitaire en azote de ce type de plantation
Eucalyptus plantations in Congo (Pointe-Noire region) and in Morocco (Mamora forest) raised certain controversies regarding their effects on the sandy poor soils. In such anthropogenic ecosystems, researches on the subject have multiplied in order to ensure their sustainable management. However, knowledge on the biological functioning of soils in these plantations still needs to be explored. Main actors of this biological functioning are soil organisms and their activities which have been described very little, and need to be more studied. Our thesis encompasses this problematic. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of reforestation on the communities of macrofauna and microorganisms of soil, and the activity of different key enzymes, as well, related to main biogeochemical cycles (C, N and P). This research presents, particularly, a simultaneous consideration of two factors rarely mentioned before: the "age of the plantations" and "soil depth". We addressed these issues by a multi-scale study. We studied macroinvertebrates by their taxonomic diversity and vertically composition by a combined approach (TSPF + English square). Subsequently, the characterization of structure and diversity of microbial communities was done by density measurements, morphotype-specific (in-vitro culture) and the genetic determinations (DGGE) and by measuring the metabolic potential in terms of functional communities (Biolog plates). Finally, soil biological activity was evaluated by determining the activity of eight different enzymes and the total microbial activity (FDA hydrolysis).Therefore, as compared to the adjacent natural forest soils, this study allowed us to demonstrate that the introduction of eucalyptus plantations, in savanna (Congo) or in degraded cork oak ecosystem (Morocco), alters the structure and diversity of macrofauna communities, soil microorganisms and the enzymatic activity profiles. Consequently, the biological functioning of the soils is impacted both in terms of the age of plantations and soil depth. However, the proportions and the consequences of this impact were very specific in each case, with the exception of enzymatic activities related to the nitrogen cycle, which influenced comparatively in both studies. These activities decreased significantly along with the stand age of eucalyptus plantations, confirming the deficient status of nitrogen in such plantations

Ce travail de recherche s'inscrit dans le contexte de contamination des sols par les pesticides utilisés en agriculture. Cette problématique est un enjeu majeur et actuel puisque l'étendue spatio-temporelle de la contamination est méconnue. Il s'agit donc ici de mieux comprendre la dynamique des herbicides dans les écosystèmes pour mieux en évaluer les risques a priori et plus précisément de savoir dans quelle mesure et par quels mécanismes les organismes édaphiques régulent leurs dynamiques physiques et chimiques. Deux hypothèses alternatives ont été testées avec la molécule herbicide modèle, l'atrazine : i) la macrofaune lombricienne contribue à la dégradation partielle ou totale de l'atrazine en stimulant l'activité de la microflore dégradante et ii) la macrofaune lombricienne favorise la liaison de l'atrazine avec les complexes argilo-humiques du sol, au sein de microsites favorisant la rétention et la rémanence de l'herbicide. Des expérimentations en présence et en absence de Lumbricus terrestris et Aporrectodea caliginosa ont été effectuées à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles, avec de l'atrazine-14C. S'agissant du rôle de la macrofaune lombricienne, les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont montré que : • l'ingestion du sol par la macrofaune lombricienne favorise l'adsorption de l'atrazine et conduit à un redistribution des quantités d'atrazine et de ses résidus liés dans les biostructures (avec dans l'ordre : parois de galeries - déjections excrétées dans les galeries – déjections en surface ou turricules – contenus intestinaux ou endentères) par rapport au sol non ingéré et due à un enrichissement en carbone organique conjugué à une plus forte microporosité. • inversement, la minéralisation de l'atrazine n'est pas stimulée voire ralentie en présence de vers. C'est le passage du sol dans le tractus digestif, au cours duquel la structuration des communautés bactériennes initiales du sol est modifiée, qui limite la dégradation totale de l'atrazine par voie microbienne. • une diminution significative du potentiel génétique dégradant (gènes atz) consécutive à l'ingestion a été mise en évidence, suggérant une forte déplétion de la population bactérienne dégradante Pseudomonas sp. ADP. De ces résultats originaux, il est conclu que l'activité de la macrofaune lombricienne dans les sols tendrait à augmenter le temps de résidence du polluant et donc sa rémanence mais s'opposerait à son élimination par biodégradation naturelle par les bactéries.

En Amazonie brésilienne, la surface déforestée était, en 1998, supérieure à 50 millions d'hectares pour l'essentiel remplacée par des paturages. Après quelques années d'utilisation ces paturages se sont dégradés et plus de la moitie des zones mises en valeur ont été abandonnées. Cette évolution ne semble pas directement dépendante d'un appauvrissement chimique du sol, car les réserves organiques se maintiennent relativement constantes après l'installation des pâturages. Nous avons testé l'hypothèse que la baisse de la diversité de la macrofaune, en interaction avec les mécanismes physiques du sol, entraine une dégradation de la structure du sol responsable d'une perte de fertilité. Le nombre de morphotypes de macroinvertébrés diminue de 156 dans la forêt à 48 dans un päturage abandonné hydromorphe. Dans ce dernier, une seule espèce de vers de terre pontoscolex corethrurus devient largement dominante (400 ind. M - 2. L'activité de cette population provoque la formation d'une couche compacte, continue et imperméable, constituée de turricules, atteignant 20 cm d'épaisseur. Dans cette situation l'effet compactant de p. Corethrurus apparait au moins aussi intense que celui des engins lourds utilisés dans certaines pratiques de défrichement. Pour mettre en evidence la nature des mécanismes, la caractérisation physique des sols dans differents systèmes a d'abord été réalisée. On a ensuite mis en place une expérimentation basée sur l'échange de blocs de sol entre la forêt et le pâturage dégradé. L'étude de ces blocs, par analyse d'image, montre que, après un an, la porosité moyenne entre 0 et 15 cm a diminué en un an de 37% sous forêt à 19% dans les blocs de la forêt transplantés dans le pâturage. Dans le sens contraire, la porosité moyenne sous paturage, qui était de 15%, a augmenté jusqu'a 33% dans les blocs de pâturage transplantés dans la forêt. On constate ainsi que les processus de dégradation et de regénération de la structure du sol engendrés par la macrofaune sont reversibles et se réalisent à une échelle de temps voisine de l'année.

Un système d'indicateurs de la qualité des sols a été mis au point pour comparer l'effet des types de gestion des sols dans une région du Sud de la Chine. Ce système synthétise en 5 sous indicateurs et un indicateur général la nature complexe du système sol qui exige la prise en compte simultanée des aspects physique, chimique et biologique. Les méthodes statistiques multivariées sont utilisées ici pour traiter des tableaux de données comportant des dizaines de variables différentes. On a évalué la qualité du sol dans la région de YingDe, (Province de Canton dans le sud de Chine), sur 20 parcelles avec différents type d'utilisation du sol: plantations de thé à différents degrés d'intensification (labour et fertilisation), plantation d'orangers, de canne à sucre, de bambou et de pin. Un ensemble de paramètres mesure l'état physique, chimique, la qualité et quantité de matière organique, l'aggrégation et la morphologie du sol superficiel (0 à 5 cm), ainsi que la diversité et la composition de la communauté de macroinvertébrés du sol. Ces 5 sous-indicateurs (physique, chimique, matière organique, morphologique, biodiversité) sont ensuite regroupés pour former un indicateur général de la qualité du sol (IGQS). Le diagnostic ainsi effectué montre des différences significatives entre la nature des plantations, entre les méthodes de gestion et l'ancienneté des diverses plantations de thé. Les plantations de thé recevant les plus grands apports de résidus organique et de fumier ont des valeurs d' IGQS plus élevées que celles qui reçoivent de l'urée comme apport azoté, La plantation d'orangers fertilisée avec du fumier, de la chaux et et du N, P, K comme fertilisants a la valeur d'IGQS la plus élevée des 20 sites. Comparé aux pratiques recourant à la fertilisation chimiques et à l'utilisation de pesticides chimiques, l'apport de fumiers ou résidus organiques, combiné à la lutte naturelle contre des insects nuisibles améliore beaucoup la qualité du sol ainsi que le recyclage du carbone. Le sous-indicateur de morphologie du sol semble être affecté par le type d'engrais. La matière organique est le facteur le plus important dans la détermination de la qualité du sol. Des apports importants favorisent la diversité, l'abondance et l'activité des invertébrés ; ceux ci produisent plus d'agrégats biogéniques qui peuvent exercer leurs effets à long terme sur les divers services écosystémiques du sol. Le sous indicateur chimique est apparu très sensible aux applications de fumier, d'engrais chimique ou de chaux. A l'inverse, l'indicateur physique est moins fluctuant, la teneur en argile étant la principale variable qui discrimine les sites sur des critères physiques.

La nécrose de l'écorce (Trunk Phloem Necrosis : TPN) est la maladie de l'hévéa économiquement la plus importante or, à l'heure actuelle, son origine et les causes de son apparition sont mal connues. Cette étude vise à préciser les relations entre les activités biologiques du sol et la présence de TPN. Une première étude a été menée sur une parcelle d'hévéa très infestée par la TPN. L'analyse de la faune du sol montre que la présence de termites est fortement liée aux arbres malades. A l'inverse, les polysaccharidases sont moins actives sous les arbres affectés par la TPN alors que les activités liées au cycle de l'azote y sont plus élevées. La structure des communautés fongiques est différente dans les sols sous les arbres sains de sous les arbres malades. Une seconde étude s'est intéressée à l'influence de deux amendements, apport de matière organique seule et couverture de Pueraria + M.O., sur le fonctionnement biologique du sol. L'apport de M.O. entraîne une augmentation de la croissance des arbres et de la production de latex et préviennent aussi l'apparition de TPN. Dans ces sols, la densité de macrofaune est significativement plus faible dans les parcelles sans amendement mais la diversité y est comparable. L'ACP réalisée à partir des activités enzymatiques montre que la plupart des enzymes présentent des activités plus faibles dans les sols non amendés. Les sols des parcelles avec Pueraria ont les plus fortes xylanases alors que l'activité FDase est plus élevée dans les sols des parcelles n'ayant reçu que l'apport organique.

Conventional agriculture is one of the widely adopted agricultural practices globally with an aim to increase production. This practice effectually increases yields, but with a growing array of environment and health concerns. Organic agriculture is reflected as a "sustainable substitute" for conventional agriculture, this phenomenon was investigated in this study by comparing the patterns of diversity and community structure of soil macrofauna as well as their relations with soil properties in organic and conventional ecosystems. Macrofauna was selected as model organisms for this study because these fauna groups are sensitive to changes in their environment and changes in their community structure offer an integrative assessment of ecosystem effects. Soil macrofauna were sampled using standardised procedures of Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility, in organic, intercropped and conventional wheat agroecosystems. The results show that the studied soil macrofauna groups, with an exception of Hymenoptera termites, are negatively affected by the intensity of conventional management, the organic and the intercropped systems exhibited similarities in species distributions, this was attributed to the cultural management practices applied to these systems where livestock manures and mulches, as well as practices such as no-till, are incorporated into the soil. Results obtained from the soil characterisation and analysis revealed that the dissimilarities in agroecosystem management have a significant influence on soil physicochemical properties, which consequently influences the distribution of the macrofauna assemblages. Stable isotopes did not reveal any significant differences between the systems, however macrofauna taxa, plant and soil samples from the organic systems were rich in natural abundance stable isotopes signatures, this aspect needs further investigation through extensive sampling under long term experiments, to observe clear differences. The general results of this study show that organic farming as an agricultural management strategy is the most stable system that positively supports the diversity in the soil macrofauna community and soil physicochemical properties as compared to the conventional system. Macrofauna diversity and functioning in the soil are affected by conventional agriculture, this may have negative implications for nutrient cycling and soil health in ecosystems cultivated under conventional monoculture, tillage and chemical intensifications. Continual research would be imperative to discover how the soil macrofauna contributes to ecosystem function and how they affect the soil ecosystem itself.
College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences

Prescribed fire is commonly used as a land management tool to enhance and maintain habitats and to mitigate wildfire risk. However, their beneficial/detrimental role in forest structure and the consequences for forest-dwelling biota is not consensual. Hence, this study aimed to assess the impact of prescribed fire in the flora and in the soil edaphic community, and to understand their evolution since the fire occurrence. This study was conducted in Baldio de Carvalhais, a private land managed by the Montis association, which was divided in four sub-areas: three areas that were managed with prescribed fire (4 months, 1 and 2 years ago); and one fourth that was not burnt recently. The data collected in each sub-area included the soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and organic matter (OM), as well as the composition and structure of the flora and the edaphic macrofauna. The results showed lower OM values and slightly lower pH values in the sub-areas that burnt more recently. The EC only presented lower values in the sub-area burnt recently. Regarding the vegetation, this study highlights the role of prescribed fire in promoting their diversity, the abundance, species richness and evenness of the plants. Also, the use of natural engineering seems to have contributed to an increase in abundance and diversity of the flora in one of the sub-areas. In an opposite trend, the edaphic macrofauna decrease in their richness and evenness due to the fire. This study also revealed that with the time since the fire occurrence, the flora and edaphic macrofauna in the burnt sub-areas are recovering and approaching the unburned area. Nevertheless, more temporal studies and more soil parameters are required to better insight into the impacts of prescribed burning in the ecosystem functions and their services.
O fogo controlado é geralmente usado como uma ferramenta de gestão de solos para melhorar e manter habitats e para mitigar riscos de incêndios florestais. No entanto, o seu papel benéfico / prejudicial na estrutura da floresta e as consequências para o seu biota não são consensuais. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto do fogo controlado na flora e na comunidade edáfica do solo e compreender a sua evolução desde a ocorrência do fogo. Este estudo foi realizado no Baldio de Carvalhais, uma propriedade privada administrada pela associação Montis, e que foi dividida em quatro subáreas: três áreas geridas com fogo controlado (há 4 meses, 1 e 2 anos); e uma quarta que não foi queimada recentemente. Os dados recolhidos em cada subárea incluíram o pH do solo, a condutividade elétrica (CE) e a matéria orgânica (MO), assim como a composição e estrutura da flora e da macrofauna edáfica. Os resultados mostraram valores mais baixos de MO e valores de pH ligeiramente mais baixos nas subáreas ardidas mais recentemente. A CE apresentou apenas valores mais baixos na subárea queimada recentemente. Em relação à vegetação, este estudo destaca o papel do fogo prescrito na promoção de sua diversidade, abundância, riqueza de espécies e uniformidade das plantas. Além disso, o uso da engenharia natural parece ter contribuído para um aumento na abundância e diversidade da flora numa das subáreas. De modo oposto, a macrofauna edáfica diminuiu a sua riqueza e uniformidade devido ao fogo. Este estudo também revelou que, com o tempo decorrido desde a ocorrência do incêndio, a flora e a macrofauna edáfica nas subáreas queimadas estão-se recuperando e aproximando da área não queimada. No entanto, mais estudos temporais e mais parâmetros do solo são necessários para uma melhor compreensão dos impactos do fogo controlado nas funções do ecossistema e nos seus serviços.
Mestrado em Ecologia Aplicada

The paper follows up on previous analyses of changes in soil microstructure in the process of soil development on dumps around Sokolov, Czech Republic, using the soil thin section method. The distribution of structures in the topsoil of the profile was studied in two chronosequences, one overgrown with spontaneous vegetation and one reclaimed by alder planting. A comparison with historical data obtained at these locations 10 years ago was used, and, therefore, the same methods were also applied (Frouz et al., 2007b). The most distinct trend in the process of soil development over time, as observed through both a comparison of soil thin sections from various areas of chronosequence and changes in particular sites over time, is a gradual reduction of purely mineral structures and their replacement by organic matter - litter and its fragments, faecal pellets of arthropods, earthworms coprolites, and roots. This is illustrative of a high share of biogenic structures and a fundamental contribution of organisms to forming topsoil, a fact also pointed out by other authors. Keywords: Soil macrofauna; Soil microstructure; Soil thin section; Reclamation; Post-mining sites; Soil development; Earthworms