Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / SOIL LOSS ASSESSMENT

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „SOIL LOSS ASSESSMENT”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "SOIL LOSS ASSESSMENT"

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Luvai, Allois, John Obiero i Christian Omuto. "Soil Loss Assessment Using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) Model". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2022 (15.02.2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2122554.

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Many catchment areas have suffered from exhaustive changes because of various land use activities over the recent past. These land use changes are associated with intensified environmental degradation witnessed in catchment areas. Such environmental problems include extreme soil erosion. Soil erosion is one of the most critical problems responsible for the degradation of land worldwide. This phenomenon occurs as a result of the complex interactions that exist between natural and human-induced factors. Most factors experience spatiotemporal variations, hence complicating the soil erosion phenomenon. This complexity in the erosion process makes it difficult to quantify soil loss. Without proper information on soil loss, it becomes quite hard for decision-makers and managers to manage catchment areas. However, the availability of soil erosion models has made it easy to estimate soil loss. Many models have been developed to consider these complexities in soil erosion studies. Empirical models such as RUSLE provide a simple and broad methodology through which soil erosion is assessed. The RUSLE model integrates well geographic information system (GIS) and above all remote sensing. This paper presents an overview of the developmental milestones in estimating soil loss using the RUSLE model. The parameterization of the RUSLE model has been adequately reviewed with much emphasis on challenges and successes in derivation of each individual factor. From the review, it was established that different equations have been developed by researchers for modeling the five factors for the RUSLE model. The development of such equations was found to take into account the different variations that depict the soil erosion process.
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Xu, Gang, Mengyu Yue, Jiawei Song i Xiaobing Chen. "Development of soil phosphorus storage capacity for phosphorus retention/release assessment in neutral or alkaline soils". Plant, Soil and Environment 68, No. 3 (16.03.2022): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/482/2021-pse.

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The concept of the soil phosphorus storage capacity (SPSC) was successfully used to evaluate the phosphorus (P) loss risk and the P retention capacity of acidic soil. This study extended the concept of SPSC from acidic soil to neutral or alkaline soil. A total of 95 surfaces (0–10 cm) soil samples were collected from the Yellow River Delta (YRD) for use in this study. Batch sorption experiments, correlation analysis, stepwise regression, and a split-line model were used to calculate the threshold value of the degree of P saturation (DPS). The SPSC was developed based on the DPS threshold value. Based on a DPS threshold value of 11.5%, we developed the following equation for calculating the SPSC: SPSC = (11.5% – soil DPS) × (0.113 × SOM (soil organic matter) + 1.343 × CaCO<sub>3</sub>). In the continuous system in this watershed, from wetland to farmland, the SPSC for vegetable fields (−94.7 ± 79.1 mg/kg) was lowest and that of the restored wetland (76.3 ± 26.1 mg/kg) was the highest. Along the transition zone in the YRD, both the natural soil development and human alternations significantly affected the soil P loss/retention capacity. In terms of P storage, the restored wetlands are the highlands for P retention and the vegetable fields contribute significantly to the P loss in the YRD. As a result, we strongly recommend that the restored wetlands be fully utilised for P retention and that P fertiliser no longer be applied to the vegetable fields to prevent P loss into the watershed.
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Naumova, Ksenia, Elena Stanis, Elena Latushkina i Nikolai Buldovich. "Assessment of agricultural land loss due to mining in Moscow region". E3S Web of Conferences 265 (2021): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126503013.

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The study discusses the impact of open cuts for the extraction of common minerals on soil resources and agricultural lands in Moscow region (MR). For this, the features of soil cover in Moscow region and the distribution of soil types by their use as agricultural resources were analyzed. Further, it was determined which types of soils are subject to varying degrees of open cut load. As a result, a schematic map of the soil cover with open cut load zones was made. It is shown which agricultural lands exposed to open cuts of varying intensity. A conclusion is made about the types of soil cover, which accounts for the greatest and least open cut load, as well as the degree of impact of open cuts on agricultural land resources and the correlation between the degree of open cut load and type of agricultural land use. It is shown that the most fertile soils, which occupy only 2.9% of the MR area, are not affected by the open cut load at all. The greatest open cut load is associated with agricultural lands, represented mainly by various sod-podzolic soils, which occupy 70.5% of the territory of the Moscow region. If economic trends and population growth rates in the Moscow region continue until 2030, we should expect a further increase in the influence of open cut load on agricultural land towards its intensification.
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Elbasiouny, Heba, Fathy Elbehiry, Hassan El-Ramady i Eric C. Brevik. "Phosphorus Availability and Potential Environmental Risk Assessment in Alkaline Soils". Agriculture 10, nr 5 (14.05.2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050172.

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Soil phosphorus (P) is an essential element that is often limiting in ecosystems. Excessive use of P fertilizers has led to P loss from soil and introduction into the environment. However, the behavior and potential risk assessment of P in alkaline soils is not well studied. Therefore, soil sampling was performed in alkaline soils in the northern Nile Delta, Egypt. Three analytical procedures (i.e., Mehlich 3 (PM3), Olsen (POlsen), and Bray 1 (PBray) solutions) were used to evaluate P availability and potential environmental risk from P loss. Selected soil properties were determined using standard methods. Mean values of P extracted were in the order PM3 > Polsen > PBray, and were significantly correlated with each other. The PM3 was the highest in silt clay loam and lowest in sandy and loamy soils. To predict potential P loss from the soils, degree of P saturation (DPS), soil P storage capacity (SPSC), and P stability ratio (Psat) were calculated. Results showed the highest DPS was recorded in sandy textured soils, indicating that they have lower sorption capacity, whereas the SPSC was highest in silt clay textures; hence, it is likely they would act as a P sink. Psat was highest in sandy soils, which indicated a high risk for P leaching. Principal component analysis (PCA) performed on the data identified four principal components that described 83.8% of the variation between P and the studied soil parameters. The results indicated that silt was the critical soil characteristic associated with both P sorption and extractability in different textures of soil. The second component confirmed the positive association between the different soil P extraction methods (PM3, POlsen, and PBray).
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Materu, S. T. "Assessment of Improved Ladder Terraces in Controlling Soil Erosion on Uluguru Mountains-Tanzania". Journal of Agricultural Science 8, nr 7 (8.06.2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n7p69.

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<p>This study assesses effectiveness of improved ladder terraces in controlling soil erosion on steep slopes of Uluguru Mountains in Morogoro Region, where runoff collection tanks were located downstream of the divisor system were all runoff from the catchment upstream where improved ladder terraces were located. The soil properties percentage weight for sand, silt and clay were average 40, 10 and 50 respectively. Half of the terraces were left barely and half were planted with maize crop. Runoff and soil loss generated during every rainstorm was collected from six field plots of improved ladder terraces to the tanks. There was statistically significant different between reductions of soil loss in bare improved ladder terrace and cropped improved ladder terrace. The amount of runoff on the bare soil was high by 15% to 18% compare to runoff on cropped soils. It was found that cropped improved ladder terrace reduced soil loss by 74% while bare improved ladder terrace reduced soil loss only by 41%. Simple linear regression shows runoff water generated from rainfall amount with soil losses from different land cover. Bare soils behave with linear relationship (r² = 0.85) unlike cropped soil were r² = 0.36 because of gradual increase of crop canopy at every crop stage hence less impact to the soil. Soils losses from the bare soil ladder terrace and that of cropped soil ladder terrace was significantly difference with correlation coefficient of 0.863 at vegetative stage and 0.928 at the full booting stage.</p>
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Risse, L. M., M. A. Nearing, J. M. Laflen i A. D. Nicks. "Error Assessment in the Universal Soil Loss Equation". Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, nr 3 (maj 1993): 825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700030032x.

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Dari, Biswanath, Vimala D. Nair i Willie G. Harris. "Parameters for Site-Specific Soil Phosphorus Loss Modeling from Soil Test Data". EDIS 2017, nr 2 (9.05.2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ss656-2017.

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This 4-page fact sheet is part of the Soil Phosphorus Storage Capacity (SPSC) for Phosphorus Risk Assessment and Management series. This series is intended for use by those who are interested in management practices and policies that minimize the risk of phosphorus loss from soils. Written by Biswanath Dari, Vimala D. Nair, and Willie G. Harris and published by the Department of Soil and Water Sciences, February 2017. SL442/SS656: Parameters for Site-Specific Soil Phosphorus Loss Modeling from Soil Test Data (ufl.edu)
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Kadam, Ajaykumar, B. N. Umrikar i R. N. Sankhua. "Assessment of Soil Loss using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE): A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach". Remote Sensing of Land 2, nr 1 (31.12.2018): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj1.18020105.

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A comprehensive methodology that combines Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), Remote Sensing data and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques was used to determine the soil loss vulnerability of an agriculture mountainous watershed in Maharashtra, India. The spatial variation in rate of annual soil loss was obtained by integrating raster derived parameter in GIS environment. The thematic layers such as TRMM [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission] derived rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), GDEM based slope length and steepness (LS), land cover management (C) and factors of conservation practices (P) were calculated to identify their effects on average annual soil loss. The highest potential of estimated soil loss was 688.397 t/ha/yr. The mean annual soil loss is 1.26 t/ha/yr and highest soil loss occurs on the main watercourse, since high slope length and steepness. The spatial soil loss maps prepared with RUSLE method using remote sensing and GIS can be helpful as a lead idea in arising plans for land use development and administration in the ecologically sensitive hilly areas.
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Kozlovsky Dufková, Jana, Vladan Jareš i Petr Húsek. "Determination of wind erosion intensity on heavy clay soils". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, nr 2 (2010): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058020155.

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Wind erosion, common problem of light-textured soils, was determined on heavy clay soils in the foothills of Bílé Karpaty Mountains, Czech Republic. Soil erodibility by wind was determined from the Map of potential erodibility of soil by wind and from the calculation of potential and real soil loss by wind. All the determinations show underestimation of soil erodibility by wind on heavy clay soils, because methods that are used for this are based above all on the assessment of clay particles content and the presumption the more clay particles soil contains, the less vulnerable to wind erosion is. The potential erodibility of soil by wind is 0,09 t . ha−1 per year. The determined value does not exceed the tolerable soil loss limit 10 t . ha−1 per year for deep soils. The real average erodibility of soil by wind has the highest value 1,47 g . m−2 on November 30th, 2008. Other soil losses that do not exceed the tolerable soil loss limit 1,4 g . m−2, were determined on March 18th and 28th, 2008. Big difficulties come with the assessment of the erodibility of heavy clay soils in the areas, where soil erosion ve­ri­fia­bly exists, but it is not assessable by objective calculating methods. Evident necessity of new know­ledge concerning the determination of wind erosion intensity follows from the results.
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Gachene, C. K. K., H. Linner, J. N. Jarvis i J. P. Mbuvi. "Field Assessment of the Effect of Cumulative Soil Loss on Soil Productivity". East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 67, nr 1-2 (lipiec 2001): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2001.11663345.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "SOIL LOSS ASSESSMENT"

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Tong, Yanan. "Nitrogen loss assessment and environmental consequences in the loess soil of China /". Umeå : Dept. of Forest Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s284.pdf.

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Garcia-Chevesich, Pablo A., Peter F. Ffolliott i Daniel G. Neary. "Soil Loss Following the Rodeo-Chediski Wildfire: An Initial Assessment". Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296632.

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Yuan, Xu. "EVALUATION OF THE PHOSPHORUS LOSS ASSESSMENT TOOL (PLAT) AND REVISED UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION (RUSLE) USING GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION". NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12212006-120809/.

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Excessive agricultural phosphorus (P) has been a major contributor to non-point source pollution. North Carolina developed the Phosphorus Loss Assessment Tool (PLAT) to evaluate the potential P loss from agricultural fields to waterbodies via four components. Our overall goal was to evaluate the potential of using spatial data to estimate P loss without physically visiting fields since many PLAT required parameters occur in spatial formats. The objective of the first study was to assess the possibility of spatial implementation of PLAT and to compare the effect of scale on the PLAT numerical results and the associated categorical rankings. Since an important input parameter, the average annual soil loss determined by the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, is not directly available from field measurement, our objective in the second study was to assess the potential of obtaining RUSLE estimates, specifically the topography factor LS, through Digital Elevation Model data in a Geographic Information System environment. In the first study, two methods of whole field average (WFA) and grid average (GA) were used to compare the difference in modeling P loss at different scales. The same list of PLAT required parameters were prepared from soil test reports and spatial database at the coarse scale of whole agriculture field and the fine scale of 0.4-ha grid. Soil tolerance value was used to temporarily replace the soil loss data. In the second study, a widely used Arc Macro Language (AML) program for estimating RUSLE topographic factor LS was evaluated through two approaches of whole field (WF) and representative profile (RP) analysis on a North Carolina landscape. Watershed delineation technique was adopted to select the representative profiles based on the references of slope distributions and field subdivisions from NRCS water quality specialists. Results from the first study indicated that soluble and particulate P loss, which occupied 59.3% and 26.3% of the total P loss through WFA method, and 56.1% and 39.0% through GA method, were the major pathways. Leaching P loss from PLAT was negligible. Particulate P loss was sensitive to scale as verified by the 12.7% increase of proportion in total P loss. The difference of particulate P loss through two methods was significant (p < 0.05), but no difference of soluble P loss and P source effect was found on a 95% confidence level. The overall P loss potential through two methods exhibited no significant difference due to the neutralization effect of individual pathways. Results from the second study showed that the AML program alone was not suitable for calculating RUSLE topographic factor on a North Carolina landscape because of the significant underestimation (~35% and ~20% through WF and RP approach, respectively). The concept of representative profile indeed improved the estimation accuracy (~15%), however, the linearity of the fitted line between field measured LS and GIS-aided LS estimate was not satisfactory. An adjustment factor was proposed rectifying the RUSLE-based AML program in order to approximate field measurements. This study demonstrated the potential of implementing PLAT model and the soil loss equation using spatial parameters derived from database instead of visiting the fields. The scale of modeling in estimating particulate P loss and RUSLE topographic factor LS was important and the adjustment factor was necessary to adapt the AML program application. The accuracy of model performance needed to be improved before claiming that GIS-aided PLAT modeling will provide a complete replacement for the field measurement.
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Dell'Olio, Laura Ashley. "Refining the Phosphorus Loss Assessment Tool for the Organic Soils of North Carolina". NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-10262006-141107/.

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Phosphorus (P) runoff and leaching from agricultural fields have been identified as major environmental concerns for the health of aquatic ecosystems. North Carolina has responded by implementing the Phosphorus Loss Assessment Tool (PLAT). The goal of the PLAT is to determine relative P losses from agricultural fields based on several site factors and characteristics, including Mehlich-3 P (M3P) soil test values. Based on previous research, the current version of PLAT is programmed to predict greater soluble P losses from organic soils than from mineral soils with the same M3P values. However, recent research specific to North Carolina?s organic soils has indicated decreased soluble P release in the presence of high Al concentrations. Our objectives were to determine (i) the Al content of Typic Haplosaprists and Terric Haplosaprists of North Carolina?s Lower Coastal Plain, and (ii) how the Al in these soils affects P retention. We sampled four organic soil series and determined M3P, Mehlich-3 Al (M3Al), Mehlich-3 Fe (M3Fe), water-soluble P (WSP), total P, pH, particle size distribution, and the organic matter content (OM). Water-soluble P and M3P were also measured in a 21-d incubation study in which P was added at a rate equivalent to 150 kg P ha-1. Total CuCl2 extractable Al and inorganic soil P fractions were identified in an Al and inorganic P fractionation study, respectively. According to the results of the incubation, multiple regression, and fractionation studies, Al was the main cation responsible for P retention; the mean topsoil M3Al concentrations (1926 mg kg-1) in these organic soils were much higher than those observed in another study of mostly mineral NC soils. The concentration of M3Fe was low in every series and was not correlated to any P characteristics. Mehlich-3 P was not consistently correlated to P retention and WSP; however, OM, M3Al, and total CuCl2 extractable Al were correlated with P retention. In the incubation study, the percentage of applied P that was adsorbed was greater in soils with lower OM and/or higher M3Al. Increased OM was associated with increased WSP and lower total P, as well as decreased P retention. The opposite effect was observed with increasing M3Al concentrations; however, the ratio of OM to M3Al showed increased correlation to P retention and WSP than when OM and Al were used alone. These results indicate that soils with higher OM and lower Al did not retain P as well as soils with lower OM and higher Al contents. Furthermore, as more Al bound P was extracted by M3P (causing higher M3P/Al-P %), WSP increased, and coincided with decreased total CuCl2 Al. The results from this study show that in high OM soils, the concentration of extractable Al controlled the solubility of P. North Carolina?s PLAT could be modified to include M3Al concentrations to more accurately predict P losses in the organic soils of the lower coastal plain, thus potentially reducing P runoff and leaching into our aquatic ecosystems.
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Rapp, John Francis 1963. "Error assessment of the revised universal soil loss equation using natural runoff plot data". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291699.

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The error associated with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was determined by utilizing data from 21 U.S. sites representing 1704 years of measurements from 206 plots. RUSLE estimates were compared to the measured values for each year and the average value for each plot duration. The model efficiency coefficient on an annual basis was (.58) and on an average annual basis was (.73). The RUSLE was consistent with a previous study of the USLE which tended to over predict on plots with low erosion rates and under predict on plots with high erosion rates. Also the Topographic Factor (LS) value and the Cover and Management Factor (C) value had the most influence on model efficiency. The basis for this study was to compare the RUSLE with the USLE and to compare RUSLE simulations with observed data that was not a part of its critical development.
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Hoffmann, Markus. "Assessment of leaching loss estimates and gross load of nitrogen from arable land in Sweden /". Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5497-2.pdf.

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Zhou, Hong. "Integration of Analytical Models for Estimating Sediment Supply and Evaluation of Channel Stability". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1456273575.

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Sharma, Kuhuk. "Assessment of heavy metal contamination and restoration of soil food web structural complexity in urban vacant lots in two post-industrial cities". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406232323.

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Baize, David. "A “Drastic” Evaluation of the Ground-Water Pollution Potential of Karst Terrain: Lost River Ground-Water Basin, Warren County, Kentucky". TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1889.

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Karst terrains, such as the Lost River Karst Ground-Water Basin, are extremely vulnerable to ground-water contamination. Seven physical factors: depth to water, recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of the vadose zone, and hydraulic conductivity, are evaluated using the DRASTIC system to determine the ground-water pollution potential of the study area. A numerical value is calculated for each of the seven factors, and a map layer for each factor is produced. These layers are then “added” together to produce a DRASTIC ground-water pollution potential map. The effectiveness of each factor in evaluating the pollution potential of karst terrain is discussed. It was determined that small scale hydrogeologic features unique to karst areas provide significant influences on contaminant transport that are not addressed by the DRASTIC methodology. Therefore, it is recommended that modifications to the DRASTIC system be made by the users of the DRASTIC system when evaluating the pollution potential of a karst terrain.
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GIRISH, KOTRA. "SOIL LOSS ASSESSMENT IN KESINGA WATERSHED USING SWAT AND USLE". Thesis, 2020. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18290.

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Land system change i.e. degradation of land is one of the nine principles of earth system which is often used to check the amount of destruction that has caused to nature. The term sixth mass extinction heard nowadays is also related to these principles. In the recent UNCCD (United Nations Convention To Combat Desertification) summit the Indian government announced to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land. The major factor that contributes to land degradation is soil erosion. In this work, the Tel river sub-basin’s southern part was taken for analysing the amount of soil getting eroded. The area of the catchment was 11400 sq.km. Soil loss assessment was performed using two models. First using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) which is an empirical equation wherein various maps of factors were prepared and overlay operation was performed using Geographic Information System (GIS). Another model used was SWAT ( Soil and Water Assessment Transport) in which HRUs (Hydrologic Response Units ) are created and analysis was done. The result obtained from SWAT is then calibrated and validated using SWAT- CUP (Calibration and Uncertainty Procedure). The comparison was done between the output and actual sediment yield from the Annual Sediment Report of CWC (Central Water Commission). The soil loss estimated using USLE was 0.801 MT whereas from SWAT it is 1.092 MT. The observed data is 0.961 MT (million tonnes). Soil loss was overestimated when SWAT was used and underestimated when performed using USLE.
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Książki na temat "SOIL LOSS ASSESSMENT"

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Mannaerts, Christiaan. Assessment of the transferability of laboratory rainfall-runoff and rainfall-soil loss relationships to field and catchment scales: A study in the Cape Verde Islands. Enschede: International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC), 1993.

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Części książek na temat "SOIL LOSS ASSESSMENT"

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Habibullah, Mohammad, Ahsan Uddin Ahmed i Zahurul Karim. "Assessment of Foodgrain Production Loss Due to Climate Induced Enhanced Soil Salinity". W Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change for Bangladesh, 55–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9325-0_5.

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Haripavan, Nekkanti, G. V. Ramalingeshwararao, G. Abbaiah i G. Sai krishna. "Assessment of Soil Erosion in Upper Tungabhadra Sub basin by Using Universal Soil Loss Equation and Geospatial Techniques". W Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 173–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77276-9_17.

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Benjamin, Joseph G., i Maysoon M. Mikha. "Predicting Winter Wheat Yield Loss from Soil Compaction in the Central Great Plains of the United States". W Land Degradation and Desertification: Assessment, Mitigation and Remediation, 649–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8657-0_49.

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Chandramani, Loukrakpam, i Bakimchandra Oinam. "Soil Loss Assessment in Imphal River Watershed, Manipur, North-East India: A Spatio-Temporal Approach". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 81–101. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8181-2_7.

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Groffman, Peter M. "A conceptual assessment of the importance of denitrification as a source of soil nitrogen loss in tropical agro-ecosystems". W Nitrogen Economy in Tropical Soils, 139–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1706-4_14.

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Jaafari, Younes, i Mohammed Benabdelhadi. "Assessment of Rainfall Soil Loss in Allal El Fassi Watershed (Mean Atlas Morocco) Using RUSLE Method Combining to GIS and Remote Sensing". W Geospatial Technology, 95–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24974-8_7.

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Rawat, K. S., A. K. Mishra, V. K. Sehgal i R. Bhattacharyya. "Soil Erosion Risk Assessment and Spatial Mapping in Jhagrabaria Watershed, Allahabad, U.P. (India) by Using LANDSAT 7ETM+ Remote Sensing Data, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Geographical Information System (GIS)". W Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences, 205–19. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54871-3_15.

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Bai, X. D., B. Wu i W. C. Cheng. "Comprehensive loess soil adhesion properties assessment: Insights from laboratory tests and atomic scale analyses". W Expanding Underground - Knowledge and Passion to Make a Positive Impact on the World, 1767–74. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348030-212.

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Li, Changbin, Jiaguo Qi, Zhaodong Feng, Runsheng Yin, Biyun Guo i Feng Zhang. "Process-Based Soil Erosion Simulation on a Regional Scale: The Effect of Ecological Restoration in the Chinese Loess Plateau". W An Integrated Assessment of China¿s Ecological Restoration Programs, 113–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2655-2_8.

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"Indicators of Soil Loss". W A Handbook for the Field Assessment of Land Degradation, 52–93. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781849776219-14.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "SOIL LOSS ASSESSMENT"

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Baise, Laurie G., i Vahid Rashidian. "A Geospatial Approach to Liquefaction Assessment for Rapid Response and Loss Estimation". W Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481462.001.

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Memon, Saud, i Paul Fromme. "Stray Current Corrosion Assessment of Utility Pipes". W 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5709.

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Stray current corrosion will occur at each point where the current transfers from a metallic conductor (such as structural reinforcement) to the electrolyte (i.e, the soil or concrete). Hence stray current leakage can cause corrosion damage to the rails, railway metallic structures, utility pipelines in the soil and any other low resistance metal buried in the vicinity. The hazard posed by stray current is not confined to structures that are within the vicinity of the railway. Stray currents can flow considerable distances (particularly in soils of low resistivity) and can therefore cause corrosion damage to what may be considered remote structures. This paper presents the importance of corrosion control on utility pipes and then presents and evaluates potential metal loss using arithmetic equations and basic modeling.
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Ge, Yonggang, Yongming Lin i Jianqi Zhuang. "Assessment of soil erosion induced nutrients loss in Xiaojiang River basin, Yunnan, China". W International conference on Human Health and Medical Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/hhme131472.

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Badulescu, Bianca. "ESTIMATION AND MODELLING OF UNCERTAINTY PROPAGATION IN SOIL LOSS ASSESSMENT USING RUSLE EQUATION". W 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/2.2/s11.099.

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Nizeyimana, Egide, Gary W. Petersen, Eric D. Warner, Xuenzheng Shi, Marc L. Imhoff, William T. Lawrence i Joseph M. Russo. "An assessment of soil productivity loss caused by expanding urban land use using remote sensing and soil productivity models". W AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 387. ASCE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.51991.

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Miftari, Lutfi, Fran Gjoka i Elvin Toromani. "Assessment of soil loss and mapping of erosion hotspots in Ulza watershed using GIS". W The 5th Virtual Multidisciplinary Conference. Publishing Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18638/quaesti.2017.5.1.359.

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Dennis C. Flanagan, James R. Frankenberger i Charles R. Meyer. "Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Technology for Assessment of Runoff, Soil Loss and Sediment Yield Potential". W 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20707.

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Qiao, Yuliang, Taisen Sun i Shangmin Zhao. "Study on agricultural application of remote sensing technology in water and soil loss district of China's Loess Plateau: taking Shanxi Province as an example". W Geoinformatics 2008 and Joint Conference on GIS and Built Environment: Monitoring and Assessment of Natural Resources and Environments, redaktorzy Lin Liu, Xia Li, Kai Liu, Xinchang Zhang i Yong Lao. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.812998.

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Costea, MARIOARA. "AN�INTEGRATED�APPROACH�GIS�RUSLE�IN�THE�ASSESSMENT�OF�EROSION�AND�SOIL�LOSS.�CASE�STUDY:�CALNIC�BASIN�(SOUTHERN�TRANSYLVANIAN�DEPRESSION,�ROMANIA)". W SGEM2012 12th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2012/s16.v4001.

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Cantalejo, Marina, Agustín Millares, Manuel Cobos, Jorge Pedro Galve, Cristina Reyes-Carmona i Asunción Baquerizo. "Runoff, soil loss and fluvial impact assessment of future climate scenarios in a semi-arid high-mountain and snowmelt-driven basin, southern Spain." W Proceedings of the 39th IAHR World Congress From Snow to Sea. Spain: International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/iahr-39wc2521711920221797.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "SOIL LOSS ASSESSMENT"

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Zhang, Renduo, i David Russo. Scale-dependency and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. United States Department of Agriculture, listopad 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587220.bard.

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Water resources assessment and protection requires quantitative descriptions of field-scale water flow and contaminant transport through the subsurface, which, in turn, require reliable information about soil hydraulic properties. However, much is still unknown concerning hydraulic properties and flow behavior in heterogeneous soils. Especially, relationships of hydraulic properties changing with measured scales are poorly understood. Soil hydraulic properties are usually measured at a small scale and used for quantifying flow and transport in large scales, which causes misleading results. Therefore, determination of scale-dependent and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties provides the essential information for quantifying water flow and chemical transport through the subsurface, which are the key processes for detection of potential agricultural/industrial contaminants, reduction of agricultural chemical movement, improvement of soil and water quality, and increase of agricultural productivity. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales at large fields; 2. to develop scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties; and 3. to determine spatial variability and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties as a function of measurement scales. The US investigators conducted field and lab experiments to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales. Based on the field and lab experiments, a well-structured database of soil physical and hydraulic properties was developed. The database was used to study scale-dependency, spatial variability, and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties. An improved method was developed for calculating hydraulic properties based on infiltration data from the disc infiltrometer. Compared with the other methods, the proposed method provided more accurate and stable estimations of the hydraulic conductivity and macroscopic capillary length, using infiltration data collected atshort experiment periods. We also developed scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties using the fractal and geostatistical characterization. The research effort of the Israeli research team concentrates on tasks along the second objective. The main accomplishment of this effort is that we succeed to derive first-order, upscaled (block effective) conductivity tensor, K'ᵢⱼ, and time-dependent dispersion tensor, D'ᵢⱼ, i,j=1,2,3, for steady-state flow in three-dimensional, partially saturated, heterogeneous formations, for length-scales comparable with those of the formation heterogeneity. Numerical simulations designed to test the applicability of the upscaling methodology to more general situations involving complex, transient flow regimes originating from periodic rain/irrigation events and water uptake by plant roots suggested that even in this complicated case, the upscaling methodology essentially compensated for the loss of sub-grid-scale variations of the velocity field caused by coarse discretization of the flow domain. These results have significant implications with respect to the development of field-scale solute transport models capable of simulating complex real-world scenarios in the subsurface, and, in turn, are essential for the assessment of the threat posed by contamination from agricultural and/or industrial sources.
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Castellano, Mike J., Abraham G. Shaviv, Raphael Linker i Matt Liebman. Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile soil organic matter fractions. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597926.bard.

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A major goal in Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems is to maximize nitrogen availability to crops while minimizing nitrogen losses to air and water resources. This goal has presented a significant challenge to global agronomists and scientists because crops require large inputs of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to maximize yield, but N fertilizers are easily lost to surrounding ecosystems where they contribute to water pollution and greenhouse gas concentrations. Determination of the optimum N fertilizer input is complex because the amount of N produced from soil organic matter varies with time, space and management. Indicators of soil N availability may help to guide requirements for N fertilizer inputs and are increasingly viewed as indicators of soil health To address these challenges and improve N availability indicators, project 4550 “Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile organic matter fractions” addressed the following objectives: Link the quantity and quality of labile soil organic matter fractions to indicators of soil fertility and environmental quality including: i) laboratory potential net N mineralization ii) in situ gross N mineralization iii) in situ N accumulation on ion exchange resins iv) crop uptake of N from mineralized soil organic matter sources (non-fertilizer N), and v) soil nitrate pool size. Evaluate and compare the potential for hot water extractable organic matter (HWEOM) and particulate organic matter quantity and quality to characterize soil N dynamics in biophysically variable Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems that are managed with different N fertility sources. Ultimately, we sought to determine if nitrogen availability indicators are the same for i) gross vs. potential net N mineralization processes, ii) diverse agroecosystems (Israel vs. US) and, iii) management strategies (organic vs. inorganic N fertility sources). Nitrogen availability indicators significantly differed for gross vs. potential N mineralization processes. These results highlight that different mechanisms control each process. Although most research on N availability indicators focuses on potential net N mineralization, new research highlights that gross N mineralization may better reflect plant N availability. Results from this project identify the use of ion exchange resin (IERs) beads as a potential technical advance to improve N mineralization assays and predictors of N availability. The IERs mimic the rhizosphere by protecting mineralized N from loss and immobilization. As a result, the IERs may save time and money by providing a measurement of N mineralization that is more similar to the costly and time consuming measurement of gross N mineralization. In further search of more accurate and cost-effective predictors of N dynamics, Excitation- Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy analysis of HWEOM solution has the potential to provide reliable indicators for changes in HWEOM over time. These results demonstrated that conventional methods of labile soil organic matter quantity (HWEOM) coupled with new analyses (EEM) may be used to obtain more detailed information about N dynamics. Across Israeli and US soils with organic and inorganic based N fertility sources, multiple linear regression models were developed to predict gross and potential N mineralization. The use of N availability indicators is increasing as they are incorporated into soil health assessments and agroecosystem models that guide N inputs. Results from this project suggest that some soil variables can universally predict these important ecosystem process across diverse soils, climate and agronomic management. BARD Report - Project4550 Page 2 of 249
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Nestleroth i Alers. L51946 Enhanced Implementation of MFL Using EMAT Sensors to Detect External Coating Disbondment. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), grudzień 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010676.

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External coatings are used routinely to protect transmission pipelines from conditions that promote corrosion. However, over time coatings may disbond, allowing corrosion to occur. To detect metal loss due to corrosion defects, transmission pipeline operators often use magnetic flux leakage (MFL) in-line inspection tools. These tools do not detect the cause of an actual problem, i.e., failure of a coating and the presence of a corrosive environment; rather, they detect only the result, i.e., a defect that may permanently alter the pressure capacity of the pipeline. Metal loss is the most common defect that occurs at a disbond; however, it is not the only defect that can occur. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) almost always occurs at disbonds. Information about disbonded and missing coatings, soil models, cathodic protection assessment, and related data could be used to assess a pipeline for the potential of cracking. Direct inspection of the coating could indicate potential problems that could lead to pipeline degradation that affects serviceability. SCC can be detected using in-line inspection technology, but such tools have a limited availability and limited success in natural gas pipelines, and the cost of inspection is high compared to MFL inspection. A novel method for the in-line evaluation of a protective coating on a pipeline was shown to be feasible. The method involves the merging of two technologies, magnetic flux leakage (MFL) and electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs). The results of the testing performed at the Pipeline Simulation Facility showed three technical accomplishments. First, EMATs could be designed to work with the magnetic fields produced by an MFL tool, although fields 2 to 3 times greater are usually optimal for EMAT sensors. Second, the EMAT transmitter and receiver could be mounted on an MFL inspection tool without interfering with the corrosion detection sensors. Finally, the EMAT sensors as implemented on the MFL pig could detect missing coating and disbonds on wrapped tar coating. While technical issues remain that would broaden the applicability, the immediate implementation of this technology for specific coating problems is possible.
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Nestleroth. L52298 Augmenting MFL Tools With Sensors that Assess Coating Condition. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), marzec 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010396.

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External coatings are routinely used to protect transmission pipelines from corrosion; however, coatings may degrade or disbond over time enabling corrosion to occur. Transmission pipeline operators often use magnetic flux leakage (MFL) in-line inspection tools to detect metal loss corrosion defects. Rather than finding the cause of a problem, failure of the coating within a corrosive environment, MFL corrosion surveys only find the result of the problem, corrosion defects that may permanently alter the pressure carrying capacity of the pipeline. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) can be detected using in-line inspection (ILI) technology, but the availability of tools is limited and the cost of inspection is high compared to MFL inspection. SCC almost always occurs at coating faults; direct coating assessment could indicate future problems that could degrade the serviceability of the pipeline. In this project, a new sensor was developed to assess external coating that could work with currently available ILI tools for minimal additional cost to perform the inspection. The sensors, electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs), generate ultrasonic waves that are guided by the pipe material around the circumference of the pipe. The coating material and adherence can influence the propagation of the ultrasonic waves; changes in ultrasonic signal features were attributed to coating faults. This development used modeling and experiments to establish a more optimal configuration for coating assessment. A multiple feature approach was used. A commonly used feature, signal amplitude, provided good sensitivity to coating condition but was influenced by inspection variables. One unique feature identified in this development is arrival time of the ultrasonic wave. For the wave type and frequency selected, the wave velocity was different for bare and coated pipe. Therefore, disbonded or missing coating can be detected by monitoring arrival time of the ultrasonic wave, a feature that is amplitude independent. Another feature for assessing coating, absorption of selective frequencies, was also demonstrated. Coating assessment capability was experimentally demonstrated using a prototype EMAT ILI tool. All three detection features were shown to perform well in an ILI environment as demonstrated at Battelle"s Pipeline Simulation Facility and BJ Inspection Services pull rigs. Improvement to the prototype occurred between each test; the most significant improvement was the design and construction of a novel set of thick-trace transmitting and receiving Printed Circuit Board (PCB) EMAT coils. Implementation variables such as moisture and soil loading were shown to have a minimal influence on results.
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Mazzoni, Silvia, Nicholas Gregor, Linda Al Atik, Yousef Bozorgnia, David Welch i Gregory Deierlein. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Selecting and Scaling of Ground-Motion Records (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, listopad 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zjdn7385.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3 (WG3), Task 3.1: Selecting and Scaling Ground-motion records. The objective of Task 3.1 is to provide suites of ground motions to be used by other working groups (WGs), especially Working Group 5: Analytical Modeling (WG5) for Simulation Studies. The ground motions used in the numerical simulations are intended to represent seismic hazard at the building site. The seismic hazard is dependent on the location of the site relative to seismic sources, the characteristics of the seismic sources in the region and the local soil conditions at the site. To achieve a proper representation of hazard across the State of California, ten sites were selected, and a site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) was performed at each of these sites for both a soft soil (Vs30 = 270 m/sec) and a stiff soil (Vs30=760 m/sec). The PSHA used the UCERF3 seismic source model, which represents the latest seismic source model adopted by the USGS [2013] and NGA-West2 ground-motion models. The PSHA was carried out for structural periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec. At each site and soil class, the results from the PSHA—hazard curves, hazard deaggregation, and uniform-hazard spectra (UHS)—were extracted for a series of ten return periods, prescribed by WG5 and WG6, ranging from 15.5–2500 years. For each case (site, soil class, and return period), the UHS was used as the target spectrum for selection and modification of a suite of ground motions. Additionally, another set of target spectra based on “Conditional Spectra” (CS), which are more realistic than UHS, was developed [Baker and Lee 2018]. The Conditional Spectra are defined by the median (Conditional Mean Spectrum) and a period-dependent variance. A suite of at least 40 record pairs (horizontal) were selected and modified for each return period and target-spectrum type. Thus, for each ground-motion suite, 40 or more record pairs were selected using the deaggregation of the hazard, resulting in more than 200 record pairs per target-spectrum type at each site. The suites contained more than 40 records in case some were rejected by the modelers due to secondary characteristics; however, none were rejected, and the complete set was used. For the case of UHS as the target spectrum, the selected motions were modified (scaled) such that the average of the median spectrum (RotD50) [Boore 2010] of the ground-motion pairs follow the target spectrum closely within the period range of interest to the analysts. In communications with WG5 researchers, for ground-motion (time histories, or time series) selection and modification, a period range between 0.01–2.0 sec was selected for this specific application for the project. The duration metrics and pulse characteristics of the records were also used in the final selection of ground motions. The damping ratio for the PSHA and ground-motion target spectra was set to 5%, which is standard practice in engineering applications. For the cases where the CS was used as the target spectrum, the ground-motion suites were selected and scaled using a modified version of the conditional spectrum ground-motion selection tool (CS-GMS tool) developed by Baker and Lee [2018]. This tool selects and scales a suite of ground motions to meet both the median and the user-defined variability. This variability is defined by the relationship developed by Baker and Jayaram [2008]. The computation of CS requires a structural period for the conditional model. In collaboration with WG5 researchers, a conditioning period of 0.25 sec was selected as a representative of the fundamental mode of vibration of the buildings of interest in this study. Working Group 5 carried out a sensitivity analysis of using other conditioning periods, and the results and discussion of selection of conditioning period are reported in Section 4 of the WG5 PEER report entitled Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment. The WG3.1 report presents a summary of the selected sites, the seismic-source characterization model, and the ground-motion characterization model used in the PSHA, followed by selection and modification of suites of ground motions. The Record Sequence Number (RSN) and the associated scale factors are tabulated in the Appendices of this report, and the actual time-series files can be downloaded from the PEER Ground-motion database Portal (https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/)(link is external).
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Ruedig, Elizabeth, i Jeffrey Jay Whicker. Dose Assessment of Los Alamos National Laboratory-Derived Residual Radionuclides in Soils within Tract A-18-2 for Land Conveyance and Transfer Decisions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1374304.

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Ruedig, Elizabeth, i Jeffrey Jay Whicker. Dose Assessment of Los Alamos National Laboratory-Derived Residual Radionuclides in Soils within Tract A-18-2 for Land Conveyance and Transfer Decisions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1418775.

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Gillis, Jessica M., i Jeffrey J. Whicker. Dose Assessment of Los Alamos National Laboratory-Derived Residual Radionuclides in Soils within C Tracts (C-2, C-3, and C-4) for Land Transfer Decisions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1237215.

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Wibowo, Johannes, i Jamie López-Soto. Field Jet Erosion Tests on Benbrook Dam, Texas. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), grudzień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42545.

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This report summarizes the results of eight field Jet Erosion Tests (JETs) performed on Benbrook Dam, TX. The results from these tests will be used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District, in assessments of the erosion resistance of the Benbrook Dam with regards to possible overtopping by extreme flooding. The JETs were performed at four different locations, i.e., two locations at the lowest crest elevation and two locations at the mid-slope face of the downstream embankment. Variations in estimated critical hydraulic shear stress and erosion rate values may have been caused by differences in soil composition, i.e., when the material changed from silt/sand to clay. The resulting values of the Erodibility Coefficient, Kd, and Critical Stress, τc, are very useful information in assessing the stability of Benbrook Dam during an overtopping event. Because of the observed natural variability of the materials, combining the erosion parameters presented in this report with the drilling logs and local geology will be imperative for assessing erosion-related failure modes of Benbrook Dam.
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James, Christian, Stephen J. James, Bukola A. Onarinde, Ronald A. Dixon i Nicola Williams. Critical review of AMR risks arising as a consequence of using biocides and certain heavy metals in food animal production. Food Standards Agency, sierpień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ich936.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial agent (a substance that kills or stops the growth of microorganisms) that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it. As a result standard antimicrobial drug treatments may become ineffective, lead to infections persisting, increasing the risk of spread to others, and negative clinical outcomes. AMR is a major public health issue worldwide and it is estimated that unless action is taken to tackle AMR, the global impact of AMR could be 10 million deaths annually from drug-resistant infections by 2050 and cost up to US $100 trillion in terms of cumulative lost global production (O’Neill, 2016). Addressing the public health threat posed by AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK and led to the Government publishing both a 20-year vision of AMR (Opens in a new window) and a 5-year (2019 to 2024) AMR National Action Plan (NAP) (Opens in a new window), which sets out actions to slow the development and spread of AMR. Intensive food animal production plays an important role in the development and spread of AMR and is one of many routes by which consumers can be exposed to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This review was carried out to help increase our understanding of whether, and to what extent, the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitisers) and heavy metals (used in feed and other uses) in animal production leads to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain (a subject highlighted in the NAP). Whether this could potentially lead to greater consumer exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria present in our food, either directly through consumption of foods derived from animals that have undergone treatment (for example from the use of heavy metals in animal feed) or indirectly (for example from exposure of crops to contaminated soil or ground water) is not known. Focused searching of three literature databases (Web of Science (Opens in a new window), Scopus (Opens in a new window), and MEDLINE (Opens in a new window)) was undertaken, supplemented by additional records identified through other sources. Due to the range of publications identified and different laboratory methodologies used in these studies no statistical analysis was possible, so instead, a narrative approach was taken to their review and to the review of supplementary materials. We conclude that there is published evidence that the release of chemicals like biocides (in particular disinfectants) and/or heavy metals from food animal production have the potential to contribute to the selection, emergence, and spread of AMR (as bacteria or genes) that could be acquired by consumers, and that this could present a potential risk to the consumer as a result. The published evidence is sparse and there are significant knowledge gaps (as detailed in this report). Currently there are insufficient data for a comprehensive and quantitative assessment of risk, and a need for focussed in-field studies (as detailed in this report) to be carried out to fill these knowledge gaps and confirm whether there is an actual risk.
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