Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Soil biological activity

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Soil biological activity”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 12 lutego 2022

Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych

Wybierz rodzaj źródła:

Spis treści

Zobacz listy aktualnych artykułów, książek, rozpraw, streszczeń i innych źródeł naukowych na temat „Soil biological activity”.

Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.

Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.

Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Soil biological activity"

1

Šmejkalová, M., O. Mikanová i L. Borůvka. "Effects of heavy metal concentrations on biological activity of soil micro-organisms". Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 7 (10.12.2011): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4131-pse.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
The distribution of cadmium, lead and zinc in exchangeable, organic, and 2M HNO3-extractable fractions as well as the effect of heavy metal concentrations on soil microflora was investigated. Six sampling transects were chosen in theLitavkaRiveralluvium in 1999–2001. Concentrations of all metals increased with decreasing distance from the source of contamination. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in exchangeable fraction were higher than in organically bound fraction, a reverse trend was found in Pb speciation. All measured parameters of soil microbial activity were affected by heavy metal concentrations. The decrease in CFU was most significant in the case of oligotrophic bacteria and spore-forming bacteria. Significant inhibition of C-biomass occurred in soils highly contaminated by heavy metals. The Cbiomass:Cox ratio decreased with increasing soil pollution. Generally, the values of enzymatic activities were highest in the soil above the source of contamination and they were decreased as approaching the source of contamination. Our results demonstrate that several parameters of microbial activity could be used as good indicators of increasing concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in soil.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
2

Formánek, P., i V. Vránová. "The effect of spruce stand thinning on biological activity in soil". Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 11 (16.01.2012): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4795-jfs.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
The effect of thinning of young spruce stands by 500 trees/ha on biological activity in the soil profile was studied in the mountainous area of the Moravian-Silesian Beskids. The biological activity of soil was determined under optimal laboratory conditions by tests of soil respiration, catalase activity and intensity of cellulose decomposition. No statistically significant differences were found between the individual biological tests when the two experimental stands were compared (P-level 0.05). All biological activities within each stand were correlated, and significant correlations were found between biological activities in the soil and ammonium nitrogen content.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
3

Růžková, M., L. Růžek i K. Voříšek. "Soil biological activity of mulching and cut/harvested land set aside". Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 5 (19.05.2008): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/396-pse.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Formerly arable luvic chernozem set aside for ten years (1997–2006) with different herbaceous cover (grass, legumes and their mixtures) and agronomical practices (mulching and cut/harvesting) was studied. The experimental plot was maintained as black, spontaneous and controlled fallows from 1997 until July 2003 (BD period). In July 2003 the plots were desiccated by glyphosate herbicide and were run as a black fallow until August 2004 (AD). The last period (AG) was characterized by monoculture of Italian ryegrass cut/harvested twice a year until October 2006. The experimental soils were characterized with 18 parameters. Mulched plots in all periods (BD, AD and AG) were evaluated as highly microbial active plots. The black fallow (BD) permanently maintained by glyphosate herbicide was the lowest in biological parameters. The desiccation caused a highly significant increase (<I>P</I> < 0.01) of nitrates in topsoil, but in following period (AG) their significant decrease was detected. Desiccation enhanced carbon immobilization into microbial cells especially on mulched and cut/harvested sites (BD, AD). Due to mulching accumulation of soil organic matter highly significantly increased (<I>P</I> < 0.01). This induced a highly significant (<I>P</I> < 0.01) increase in the basal respiration (AD, AG) as the soil organic matter accumulated in the period BD was intensively mineralized.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
4

Remeš, J., i R. Šíša. "Biological activity of anthropogenic soils after spoil-bank forest reclamation". Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 7 (7.01.2008): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2075-jfs.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
The paper presents the results of relatively long-term research focused on spoil bank revitalization pro-cesses in the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin after the first three years of observations. The biological activity of soil (namely catalase and phosphatase activity), indicators of basal and potential soil respiration, ammonification and growth, development and nutrition status of forest plantations were selected as indicators of this revitalization process. These parameters were determined in five localities of different age of reclamation where different technological approaches and tree species compositions were used. The results confirm the distinct time dependence of revitalization processes. From the aspect of biological activity older reclamations are close to natural forest soil. The enrichment of top soil layer with organic matter before the plantation (by ploughing in cellulose fibres and peat addition) increased some parameters of soil biological activity. The positive amelioration effect of black alder (<i>Alnus glutinosa</i>) was also confirmed.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
5

Franzluebbers, Alan J. "Should Soil Testing Services Measure Soil Biological Activity?" Agricultural & Environmental Letters 1, nr 1 (styczeń 2016): 150009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/ael2015.11.0009.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
6

Syshchykov, D. V., I. V. Agurova i O. V. Syshchykova. "Biological activity of edaphotopes of anthropogenic transformed ecosystems". Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, nr 154 (21.10.2020): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2712-7788-2020-1-154-141-152.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
As a result of the carried out studies of biological activity of edaphotopes of anthropogenic transformed ecosystems, it was found that the largest number of microorganisms and streptomycetes it was characteristic for common chernozem. For the soil horizons of primitive undeveloped fragmented soils, was recorded the lowest percentage of the microorganisms number (on average 4-5% relative to the control). The number of streptomycetes in both intrazonal and soils of anthropogenic transformed soils and zonal soils varies in horizons. However, we have noted that in intrazonal and anthropogenic transformed soils streptomycetes are in most cases concentrated in underlying soil horizons. Our studies on micromycetes have found that this group of microscopic fungi accounts for up to 50% of the total number of microbiocenosis, with the smallest number recorded in the genetic horizons of primitive undeveloped soils on sandstone. Cellulose-destroying microorganisms in the soil microbocenosis of monitoring sites are least represented.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
7

Startsev, N. A., D. H. McNabb i A. D. Startsev. "Soil biological activity in recent clearcuts in west-central Alberta". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, nr 1 (1.02.1998): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-028.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Soil biota response to changes in the soil physical environment following forest harvesting is relatively unknown in boreal forests. Soil biological activity was measured at four sites with Luvisolic soil following clear-cut forest harvesting. Aerobic respiration rate and cellulose decomposition in flooded soils were measured on soil samples collected from treatment plots subjected to tree removal only and tree removal associated with three levels of skidding activity immediately after clear-cut harvesting and after 1 and 2 yr. More than half of variation in respiration and cellulose decomposition rates was related to soil properties. Soil respiration rate increased significantly after 1 yr but was not affected by skidder traffic. Cellulose decomposition was highest in soil with air-filled porosity <0.10 m3m−3, and increased significantly with skidder traffic. Air-filled porosity measured in the field at the time of harvest indicated a poorly aerated environment that becomes wetter in subsequent years. The results imply that soil had biota well adapted to poor soil aeration. The development of a fully anaerobic soil environment following forest harvesting only occurred on compacted soil after heavy precipitation, but partial anaerobiosis of these boreal forest soils was common. Although partial anaerobiosis increased decomposition rate, it is considered sufficient to adversely affect the growth of plant roots and change the availability and mobility of nutrients. Key words: Forest harvesting, soil compaction, biological activity, respiration rate, decomposition rate, Alberta, boreal forests
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
8

Gedgafova, Fatima, Olga Gorobtsova, Tatyana Uligova, Rustam Tembotov i Elena Khakunova. "Biological activity of mountain meadow subalpine soils of Central Caucasus". BIO Web of Conferences 35 (2021): 00008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213500008.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Indicators of biological activity (humic content and stock, Cmic content and stock, hydrolytic and redox enzymes activity) were measured for the first time in the upper horizons of mountain meadow subalpine soils of Central Caucasus (elbrus altitudinal zonality in Kabardino-Balkaria). The comparative assessment was performed for the biological characteristics together with soil density and acid-base properties for soils of natural and pasture ecosystems. The integral index of ecological and biological soil state (IIEBSS) was calculated to estimate the level of changes in biological activity. It was shown that pasture degradation leads to 30% decrease of IIEBSS compared to the undisturbed soil. The defined biological parameters of natural undisturbed mountain meadow soils could be used as diagnostic indicators for the ecological studies of ecosystems under anthropogenic load.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
9

Števlíková, Tatiana, Soňa Javoreková i Jana Vjatráková. "Soil Biological Activity within Integrated and Ecological Management of Soil". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, nr 1 (12.05.2002): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/3536.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
The effects of the integrated (IS) and ecological (ES) management of soil on chosen parameters of soil biological activity were investigated in the period 1999-2000. The following characteristics were determined: biomass of microorganisms (Cmic), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), an amount of potentially mineralizable nitrogen (Nbiol), and nitrification intensity. Soil samples were collected from a stationary field experiment established in 1990 on gley brown soil at the Experimental Station of Slovak Agricultural University, Nitra. For each field with a different crop rotations two fertilization treatments were selected: (a) no fertilization and (b) use of manure for silage maize and, within IS, also mineral fertilizers. There was a statistically significant difference at α = 0.05 in the amount of biologically released nitrogen (Nbiol) between both systems and in the nitrification intensity in favour of ES. A higher amount of microbial biomass (Cmic) was noted for ES but without statistical significance. Cultivated crops and the timing of soil sampling were found to have the greatest effect on all the parameters observed in individual experimental years and within the two systems of soil management.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
10

Korzh, Yu V., I. V. Dragovoz i L. V. Avdeeva. "Lytic Exoenzymes of Soil Strains of Bacillus Representatives and Manifestations of their Biological Activity". Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 83, nr 4 (17.08.2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj83.04.054.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Bacteria of the genus Bacillus make up a significant (8–12%) part of the soil microbiome. Manifestation of their biological activity, in particular, the antagonistic and lytic activity against other microorganisms directly depends on their exometabolites. According to the literature, such properties of soil bacteria of the genus Bacillus thus can be related to their various lytic exoenzymes. Aim. To evaluate the role of lytic exoenzymes of the studied soil bacteria strains of the genus Bacillus in the manifestation of their biological (antagonistic, lysing) activity. Methods. The antagonistic activity of bacteria strains of the genus Bacillus against phytopathogenic micromycetes was determined by the method of double culture in Petri dishes on potato-glucose agar. For qualitative analysis of the presence of extracellular enzymes, strains of bacteria of the genus Bacillus were plated on Petri dishes with solid mineral-salt medium and a suitable substrate inducer. The ratio of the diameter of substrate hydrolysis zone to the diameter of the colony was taken as the relative enzymatic activity of the culture. Bacteriolytic activity of the studied strains was determined by the change in optical density of living cells of phytopathogenic bacteria suspension at 540 nm. Results. Six strains of bacteria of the genus Bacillus were selected by the results of preliminary screening, with at least five types of lytic activity, namely proteolytic, chitinase, amylolytic, cellulase, and xylanase of different levels (low, average, high). Analysis of the antagonistic activity of the selected strains of bacteria of the genus Bacillus to the main groups of phytopathogenic bacteria (six test cultures) singled out the strain Bacillus sp. 41 for a careful study of the nature and spectrum of its antagonism. Analysis of the level of antagonistic activity of the selected Bacillus strains against the phytopathogenic micromycetes showed that the minimum decrease of antagonism (the decrease of growth inhibition zones) during the observation period (at the 3rd and 7th days) was in Bacillus sp. 41 strain. Therefore, only this strain showed a stable and relatively wide range of antagonistic activity against phytopathogens of bacterial and fungal etiology. The nature of this antagonism is probably complex and conditioned by the participation of various biochemical mechanisms, in particular, the synthesis of a complex of lytic exoenzymes. To assess the lysing activity of Bacillus strains, three strains with the highest proteolytic and cellulolytic activity of exoenzymes were taken from the six previously chosen. Only Bacillus sp.1913 strain showed high (70%) lytic activity against gram-negative polyphagous phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae UCM B-1027T. Such activity of the strain did not manifest against the rest of the phytopathogenic test cultures. The high lytic activity of Bacillus sp. 1913 strain may be associated with high activity of exogenous proteases and cellulases of the lytic complex, which is quite consistent with the literature data on the lytic activity of bacteria of the genus Bacillus. Conclusions. The spectrum and activity of lytic exoenzymes of strains of the studied soil bacteria of the genus Bacillus indicate the indirect participation of these enzymes in the manifestation of biological activity (antagonistic and lytic).
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
Więcej źródeł

Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Soil biological activity"

1

Franey-Gardiner, Mercedes. "The dynamics and biological activity of ALS-inhibiting herbicides in soil". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426107.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
2

Berglund, Hanna. "Biological Soil Invertebrate Activity in a Tropical Rainforest : A comparison of soil invertebrate activity in two tropical rain forests in Borneo". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-411109.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Logging of tropical forests is increasing worldwide. Logging alters the forest conditions such as temperature, soil water content and litter input into the soil. This study explored how soil invertebrate activity in Borneo differs between pristine forests and two secondary forests, with 10 and 40 years of recovery time since the last logging. To measure the soil fauna feeding activity, the bait lamina stick method was applied. The study was conducted in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, during April and May 2019. 33 forest plots were examined with ten lamina sticks placed in each of the three replicas per forest plot. The sticks were kept in the soil for four weeks before being removed. Upon removal, the soil invertebrate activity was determined by assessing how many holes of the bait lamina sticks were eaten and at what depth. The activity was related to the above-ground carbon density (ACD, a density measure for amount of above-ground carbon), as well as depth-specific activity in the different plots. Moreover, further relationships with the invertebrate activity and environmental conditions such as cumulative throughfall during the study time as well as the soil water content were studied. The results showed that the soil activity slightly decreased with increased ACD, but no statistical significance was found. This study also suggests that the activity was higher in the upper 0-5cm of the soil than in the lower 5-10 cm. Lastly, the results showed that the activity was highest in the forest with the shortest recovery time (10 years). This implies that it might be possible to regain the original soil activity since the activity of the 40-year-old forest was closer to the pristine forest than that of the 10- year-old forest.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
3

Choosai, Chutinan. "Biological activity in paddy fields : the role of soil engineers in ecosystem functioning". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066156.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Les ingénieurs du sol modifient les propriétés physicochimiques des sols à travares la création de structures biogéniques. Ce travail vise à déterminer le rôle respectif de deux types de structures : les buttes termitiques et les turricules de vers de terre. Les buttestermitiques agissent comme des sites de hute activité boilogique. Ils constituent des refuages pour la macrofaune. Ces buttes sont enrichies en C,K,P et argiles par rapport aux sols environnants. Les vers de terre en accumulant leurs turricules au pied du riz favorise l'hétérogénèïté spatiale. Ces structures biogéniques constituent des taches de fertilité dans les rizières avec plus de particules fines et d'éléments minéraux. En conclusion cette étude montre que les structures biogéniques produites par les termites et les vers de terre jouent des rôles clés dans la régulation de certains processus écologiques
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
4

Park, Kee Choon. "Enzymatic activity, microbial diversity, and weed seed banks in soils receiving different organic amendments and the biological fertilizer EM(tm) /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3164535.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004.
(tm) after EM in title is for Trademark symbol. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-142). Also available on the Internet.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
5

Kurek, Danielle K. "Effects of prescribed burning on soil physical, biological, and chemical properties of the Oak Openings region of Northwest Ohio". Toledo, Ohio : University of Toledo, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1271430752.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Toledo, 2010.
Typescript. "Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Science Degree in Biology." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: p. 58-63.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
6

Oppong, Francis Kofi. "Studies on the biological activity of a novel herbicide (Triasulfuron) including studies of mobility and persistence in soil". Thesis, Bangor University, 1988. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/studies-of-the-biological-activity-of-a-novel-herbicide-triasulfuron-including-studies-of-mobility-and-persistence-in-soils(20ca442c-519c-4e3a-a11e-9e0b162ff25e).html.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Triasulfuron (3-(6-methoxy-4-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-1-[2-(2- chloroethoxy)-phenylsulfonyl)-urea} is a new pre- and post-emergence herbicide developed for the control of broad-leaved_'Teeds and some grasses in small grain cereals at rates of 10-20gha . Oilseed rape, pea, broad bean, Senecio vulgaris, Veronica persica, Lolium renne, Poa annua, Poa trivialis and prates were severely a ed 5y pre-emergence and post-emergence applications of triasulfuron but wheat and barley were much more resistant. The development of injury symptoms was generally slow and was characterized by an initial growth retardation followed by chlorosis and necrosis with death occuring 3-4 weeks after application. The herbicide had a flat dose-response curve throughout the investigations. Wheat and barley showed greater tolerance to post-emergence than to pre-emergence applications. Pre-emergence applications of triasulfuron reduced tiller numbers in barley and wheat but application of the herbicide at the 2-3 leaf stage stimulated the outgrowth of tiller buds but this effect was temporary and was not the result of visible physical damage to the shoot meristem. There was no intra-specific variability between cultivars of wheat and barley. Grain yield and other yield components of spring barley were not affected by post-emergence treatments of triasulfuron. Triasulfuron had high activity through the soil and both the roots and subterranean shoots of developing seedlings absorbed the herbicide from the soil. The bioactivity and mobility of the herbicide down the soil profile was inversely related to the organic matter content of the soil. The amount and frequency of rainfall directly influenced the rate of leaching of the herbicide down the soil profile. Comparisons of the rates of disappearance of triasulfuron in autoclaved and non-autoclaved soils suggested the involvement of a biglogical degragation pathway. Triasulfuron disappeared faster at 30 °C than at 10 °C and higher moisture levels enhanced the rate of breakdown. Studies on the mode of action of triasulfuron indicated that the herbicide acts by inhibiting cell division in susceptible plants. Evidence suggested that the inhibition occurred during interphase rather than during the mitotic sequence. The addition of a 1: 1 mixture of isoleucine and valine to the treatment solution prevented the inhibition of cell division at the root tips of broad bean.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
7

Shi, Shengjing. "Influence of root exudates on soil microbial diversity and activity". Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1549.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Interactions between plant roots and soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere are critical for plant growth. However, understanding of precisely how root exudates influence the diversity and activity of rhizosphere microorganisms is limited. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) root exudates on rhizosphere soil microbial communities, with an emphasis on the role of low molecular weight organic anions. The study involved the development and validation of new methods for investigating rhizosphere processes in a purpose-built facility. This included development of an in situ sampling technique using an anion exchange membrane strip to collect a range of organic anions exuded from radiata pine roots grown in large-scale rhizotrons. These included tartarate, quinate, formate, malate, malonate, shikimate, lactate, acetate, maleate, citrate, succinate and fumarate. Soil microbial activity and diversity were determined using dehydrogenase activity and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Links between organic anions in root exudates and rhizosphere soil microbial community structures were investigated by comparing wild type and genetically modified radiata pine trees which were grown in rhizotrons for 10 months. As expected, there was considerable temporal and spatial variability in the amounts and composition of organic anions collected, and there were no consistent or significant differences determined between the two tree lines. Significant differences in rhizosphere microbial communities were detected between wild type and genetically modified pine trees; however, they were inconsistent throughout the experiment. The shifts in microbial communities could have been related to changes in exudate production and composition. Based on results from the main rhizotron experiment, a microcosm study was carried out to investigate the influence of selected pine root exudate sugars (glucose, sucrose and fructose) and organic anions (quinate, lactate and maleate) on soil microbial activity and diversity. Soil microbial activity increased up to 3-fold in all of the sugar and organic anion treatments compared to the control, except for a mixture of sugars and maleate where it decreased. The corresponding impacts on soil microbial diversity were assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rRNA phylochips. Addition of the exudate compounds had a dramatic impact on the composition and diversity of the soil microbial community. A large number of bacterial taxa (88 to 1043) responded positively to the presence of exudate compounds, although some taxa (12 to 24) responded negatively. Organic anions had a greater impact on microbial communities than sugars, which indicated that they may have important roles in rhizosphere ecology of radiata pine. In addition, a diverse range of potentially beneficial bacterial taxa were detected in soil amended with organic anions, indicating specific regulation of rhizosphere microbial communities by root exudates. This project highlighted the considerable challenges and difficulties involved in detailed investigation of in situ rhizosphere processes. Nonetheless, the findings of this study represent a significant contribution to advancing understanding of relationships between root exudates and soil microbial diversity, which will be further enhanced by refinement and application of the specific methodologies and techniques developed.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
8

Uhrová, Anna. "Remediační potenciál huminových kyselin". Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234455.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
V předložené práci byly testovány modifikované lignitické huminové kyseliny za účelem zjištění jejich schopnosti remediace zemědělské půdy. Před samotnou extrakcí jednotlivých huminových kyselin byl lignit modifikován jednou ze série deseti organických kyselin. Cílem modifikace byla simulace procesů vyskytujících se v rizosféře, tj. procesů, kdy malé organické molekuly způsobují změny ve struktuře půdní organické hmoty, během nichž dochází k produkci biologicky aktivních agregátů/molekul podílejících se na růstu rostlin. Prvním krokem této práce bylo zkoumání fyzikálně chemických vlastností vyprodukovaných huminových kyselin a jejich molekulové struktury prostřednictvím elementární analýzy, infračervené spektroskopie s Fourierovou transformací (FTIR), vysokoúčinné gelové chromatografie (HPSEC), metodou měření povrchového napětí a plynovou chromatografií s hmotnostní spektrometrií (GC-MS). Dalším krokem bylo studium parametrů biologické aktivity, získaných z experimentů zaměřených jak na vyšší rostliny, tak na remediaci mikrobiologické aktivity zemědělské půdy. Biologická aktivita vůči vyšším rostlinám byla zkoumána na základě experimentu s kukuřicí, byla měřena délka a hmotnost kořenů, rozvětvení jejich laterálních kořenů a obsah sacharidů a proteinů. Z experimentů cílených na půdu se jednalo o měření množství uvolněného CO2 při laboratorní inkubaci ošetřené půdy a půdní hydrofobicitu (metoda měření kontaktního úhlu). Na závěr byly výsledky podrobeny statistické analýze s využitím Pearsonova korelačního koeficientu s cílem nalézt vztahy mezi fyzikálně chemickými vlastnostmi a biologickou a povrchovou aktivitou studovaných huminových kyselin. Korelace byly zjištěny mezi biologickou aktivitou a fyzikálně chemickými vlastnostmi huminových kyselin. Naopak, nebyly zjištěny mezi povrchovými a fyzikálně chemickými vlastnostmi. Nejefektivnějším modifikačním činidlem z pohledu biologické aktivity byla 20% kyselina mravenčí, nejméně efektivním 20% kyselina propionová.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
9

Short, Nicolyn. "Implications of green manure amendments on soil seed bank dynamics". University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0022.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
[Truncated abstract] Weeds are a major limitation to agricultural and horticultural production and the main method of control is the use of herbicides. In addition to the resulting chemical pollution of the environment, the wide spread and continues use of herbicides have resulted in many weeds developing resistance to commonly used herbicides. This study investigated the potential of using green manures as a cultural method of control of weed invasion in agricultural fields. To understand the general mechanisms involved in the suppression of seed germination in green manure amended soils, seeds of crop species with little or no dormancy requirements were used in certain studies. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds were sown to a sandy soil amended with green manures of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), Brassica juncea, or oats (Avena sativa) to determine if the amendments affected seed germination and/or decay. It was hypothesised that the addition of plant material would increase the microbial activity of the soil thereby increasing seed decay, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Initial experiments used lettuce, cress and lupin seeds. Lettuce and cress are commonly used as standard test species for seed viability studies. Subsequent experiments used seeds of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), silver grass (Vulpia bromoides), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and wild oat (Avena fatua) as these weed species are commonly found throughout agricultural regions in Western Australia. Amending the soil with lupin or Brassica green manure was established as treatments capable of developing environments suppressive to seed germination. Lupin residues as green manure showed the strongest inhibition of seed germination and seed decay. The decay of certain seeds was enhanced with changes to soil microbial activity, dissolved organic carbon and carbon and nitrogen amounts in lupin amended soil. Seeds of weed species were decayed in lupin amended soil, but showed varied degree of decay. Annual ryegrass and silver grass were severely decayed and wild oat and wild radish were less decayed, in lupin amended soil.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
10

Fialho, Jamili Silva. "Indicadores da qualidade do solo em Sistemas AgrÃcolas anuais e perenes na Chapada do Apodi - CE". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2005. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1739.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Este trabalho se propÃs a avaliar as alteraÃÃes nas atividades microbiana, quÃmica e fÃsica em solo sob sistemas agrÃcolas anuais e perenes na regiÃo da Chapada do Apodi - CE. Procurou-se testar a hipÃtese de que o uso agrÃcola de Ãreas sob sistemas anuais e perenes causam alteraÃÃes ambientais que influenciam a biomassa e a atividade microbiana do solo, reduzindo-a em relaÃÃo a Ãreas sob vegetaÃÃo natural. Foram selecionadas duas Ãreas com respectivas testemunhas (vegetaÃÃo natural); a primeira sob cultivo de bananeiras (Fazenda Frutacor) e a outra sob cultivo de rotaÃÃo milho e soja (Fazenda Faedo). Coletaram-se amostras compostas de solo em trÃs profundidades (0-5, 5-15 e 15-25 cm) com quatro repetiÃÃes. Nas amostras coletadas foram realizadas anÃlises fÃsicas, quÃmicas e microbiolÃgicas. Fisicamente, observou-se uma elevaÃÃo no teor de argila, com o aumento da profundidade na Ãrea cultivada com banana e na mata natural pivot. Em relaÃÃo aos atributos quÃmicos do solo, os riscos potenciais de salinidade e de saturaÃÃo por sÃdio aparentemente sÃo desprezÃveis. As prÃticas de manejo reduziram o N e o carbono orgÃnico total nos solos das Ãreas sob cultivo. Quanto à microbiologia dos solos, o carbono da biomassa microbiana e a populaÃÃo de fungos micorrÃzicos arbusculares foram mais elevados na profundidade de 0-5cm do solo. A respiraÃÃo basal do solo mostrou que os solos das Ãreas avaliadas tÃm baixa atividade microbiana quando comparados a solos do Cerrado. A atividade e produÃÃo da arilsulfatase e da fosfatase Ãcida foram estimuladas possivelmente, pela competiÃÃo dos Ãnions H2PO4 - e SO4 - pelos mesmos sÃtios de adsorÃÃo nos colÃides do solo, nas Ãreas de banana e rotaÃÃo milho e soja. A maior atividade da enzima β-glucosidase ocorreu nas Ãreas cultivadas, influenciada pela quantidade e qualidade do resÃduo vegetal retornado ao solo.
This work had the proposed to evaluate the alterations in the microbial activities, chemistry and physics in soil under annual and perennial agricultural systems in the area of the Chapada do Apodi - CE. It tried to test the hypothesis that the agricultural use of areas under annual and perennial systems causes environmental alterations that they influence the biomass and the microbial activity of the soil, reducing it in relation to areas under natural vegetation. Two areas were selected with respective witness (natural vegetation); the first under cultivation of banana trees (Fazenda Frutacor) and the other under cultivation of rotation corn and soy (Fazenda Faedo). Samples composed of soil were collected in three depths (0-5, 5-15 and 15-25 cm) with four repetitions. In the collected samples physical analyses, chemistries and microbiological were accomplished. Physically, an elevation was observed in the clay text, with the increase of the depth in the area cultivated with banana and in the forest natural pivot. In relation to the chemical attributes of the soil, the potential risks of salinity and of saturation for sodium seemingly are worthless. The handling practices reduced N and the total organic carbon in the soils of the areas under cultivation. With relationship to the microbiology of the soils, the carbon of the microbial biomass and the population of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were more elevated in the depth of 0-5cm of the soil. The basal breathing of the soil identified that the soils of the appraised areas have microbial when compared low activity the soils of the Cerrado. The activity and production of the arylsulphatase and of the acid phosphatase were stimulated possibly, for the competition of the anions H2PO4- and SO4- for the same ranches of adsorption in the coloides of the soil, in the banana areas and rotation corn and soy. The largest activity of the enzyme β-glucosidase happened in the cultivated areas, influenced by the amount and quality of the vegetable residue come back to the soil.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
Więcej źródeł

Książki na temat "Soil biological activity"

1

Vaughan, D., i R. E. Malcolm, red. Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
2

Wüthrich, Christoph. Die biologische Aktivität arktischer Böden mit spezieller Berücksichtigung ornithogen eutrophierter Gebiete, Spitzbergen und Finnmark =: The biological activity of arctic soils with special consideration of ornithogenic soils, Spitzbergen and Finmark. Basel: Geographisches Institut der Universität Basel, 1994.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
3

Vaughan, D., i R. E. Malcolm. Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity. Springer, 2014.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
4

D, Vaughan, i Malcolm R. E, red. Soil organic matter and biological activity. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff/W. Junk, 1985.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
5

Hope, Sharon Margaret. Biologic activity in two western Oregon Douglas-fir stands: A research link to management. 1995.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
6

Wilshire, Howard G., Richard W. Hazlett i Jane E. Nielson. The American West at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142051.001.0001.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
The American West at Risk summarizes the dominant human-generated environmental challenges in the 11 contiguous arid western United States - America's legendary, even mythical, frontier. When discovered by European explorers and later settlers, the west boasted rich soils, bountiful fisheries, immense, dense forests, sparkling streams, untapped ore deposits, and oil bonanzas. It now faces depletion of many of these resources, and potentially serious threats to its few "renewable" resources. The importance of this story is that preserving lands has a central role for protecting air and water quality, and water supplies--and all support a healthy living environment. The idea that all life on earth is connected in a great chain of being, and that all life is connected to the physical earth in many obvious and subtle ways, is not some new-age fad, it is scientifically demonstrable. An understanding of earth processes, and the significance of their biological connections, is critical in shaping societal values so that national land use policies will conserve the earth and avoid the worst impacts of natural processes. These connections inevitably lead science into the murkier realms of political controversy and bureaucratic stasis. Most of the chapters in The American West at Risk focus on a human land use or activity that depletes resources and degrades environmental integrity of this resource-rich, but tender and slow-to-heal, western U.S. The activities include forest clearing for many purposes; farming and grazing; mining for aggregate, metals, and other materials; energy extraction and use; military training and weapons manufacturing and testing; road and utility transmission corridors; recreation; urbanization; and disposing of the wastes generated by everything that we do. We focus on how our land-degrading activities are connected to natural earth processes, which act to accelerate and spread the damages we inflict on the land. Visit www.theamericanwestatrisk.com to learn more about the book and its authors.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Części książek na temat "Soil biological activity"

1

Tate, K. R. "Soil Phosphorus". W Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, 329–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1_10.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
2

Ladd, J. N. "Soil Enzymes". W Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, 175–221. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1_6.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
3

Sparling, G. P. "The Soil Biomass". W Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, 223–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1_7.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
4

Hartley, R. D., i D. C. Whitehead. "Phenolic Acids in Soils and their Influence on Plant Growth and Soil Microbial Processes". W Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, 109–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1_4.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
5

Cheshire, M. V. "Carbohydrates in Relation to Soil Fertility". W Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, 263–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1_8.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
6

Vaughan, D., i B. G. Ord. "Introduction Soil Organic Matter — A Perspective on its Nature, Extraction, Turnover and Role in Soil Fertility". W Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, 1–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1_1.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
7

Anderson, H. A., i D. Vaughan. "Soil Nitrogen: Its Extraction, Distribution and Dynamics". W Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, 289–327. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1_9.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
8

Scott, N. M. "Sulphur in Soils and Plants". W Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, 379–401. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1_11.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
9

Linehan, D. J. "Organic Matter and Trace Metals in Soils". W Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, 403–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1_12.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
10

Parsons, J. W. "Organic Farming". W Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, 423–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5105-1_13.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Soil biological activity"

1

Darwesh, Dalshad, i Amel Ibrahim. "Assessment the Impact of Oil Refinery Residues on Soil Enzymatic Activity". W 4th International Scientific Conference of Cihan University-Erbil on Biological Sciences. Cihan University-Erbil, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/bios17.21.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
2

Dumitru, Sorina. "THE INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY ON SOIL STRUCTURE BY THE ORGANIC MATTER BIOTURBATION". W 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/32/s13.078.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
3

Semancova, Petra. "THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SOIL ECOSYSTEMS IN THE LOCALITY OF DRY POLDER BESA". W 14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b32/s13.035.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
4

Namsaraev, C. B., O. N. CHudinova i S. ZH Gulgenov. "Assessment of soil biological activity at a solid utility landfill waste city of Ulan-Ude". W Scientific dialogue: Young scientist. ЦНК МОАН, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/spc-22-11-2019-09.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
5

Tembotov, Rustam. "Ecosystem services and assessment of the soil biological activity exemplified by the mountain chernozem soils of the Central Caucasus". W 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/108111.

Pełny tekst źródła
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
6

Shuliko, N. N. "THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE RHIZOSPHERE OF SPRING BARLEY UNDER THE APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST STEPPE OF WESTERN SIBERIA". W 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-270-274.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
The biological activity of the rhizosphere soil increased upon the application of mineral fertilizers (N18P42) and their combination with straw (N18P42 + straw) by 58 and 70 %, in comparison to the control. Of the three studied factors, the application of mineral fertilizers had the highest positive effect on the number of microorganisms in the barley rhizosphere, both separately and in combination with the studied factors.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
7

Rawat, Monika. "Soil Respiration Variation under the Canopy of Dominant Tree Species across different seasons in Temperate Forest". W Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0021.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Soil respiration is defined as the production of carbon dioxide when soil organisms are active. It is an important process in the ecosystem and has direct influence on climate change. Therefore understanding it under different vegetation types is an essential goal in soil science. The major sources which effect the soil respiration rate are plant roots, the rhizosphere, microbes and soil fauna and these sources are control by various factors like temperature, moisture, nutreint content and oxygen in the soil. Soil respiration rate is important for understanding soil biological activity, nutrient cycling, soil microbial biomass, soil organic matter and its decomposition.Therefore soil respiration was studied under the canopy of ten dominant tree species of temperate forest. Our study determined that highest soil respiration was under the canopy of Eunonymous pendulus (EP) i.e. 20.01 μmolm−2 s−1 and across season it was high during the rains.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
8

Kruteakova, V., Nina V. Pilyak, V. Dishliuk i O. Nikipelova. "The influence of bioderified on the basis of urban wastewater sediments on agricultural productivity on the example of corn on grain". W International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.27.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
Sewage sludge (SS) is a secondary resource that can be used in modern biotechnology to produce fertilizers. This is the bioconversion of organic waste – obtaining available organic raw materials (compost) with the participation of phosphate-mobilizing microorganisms with the addition of fillers. Biofertilizers based on SS of biological treatment plants (SBU) "Southern" and "Northern" of Odessa with different fillers (winter wheat straw and sunflower seed husk) were studied. The effectiveness of biofertilizers was studied in a field experiment on chernozem ordinary medium humus. Culture in the experiment: corn for grain (medium-ripe hybrid FAO 400). According to the results of determining the biological activity of the soil, the highest indicators of corn yield are shown when using new biofertilizers in comparison with the control, which provided an increase in corn yield per grain and improved economic performance.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
9

Mikhalev, E. V., i D. D. Khilov. "INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ORGANIC WASTE OF AGROINDUSTRIAL COMPLEX ON PRODUCTIVITY OF ROW CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION". W STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.494-497.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
The introduction of unprocessed organic waste into the soil leads to the accumulation of nutrition elements for their subsequent assimilation by plants in the land-use system from the organomineral complexes of the soil, which will significantly increase the yield of agricultural crops. However, for 2- 3 years with constant introduction of "raw" manure, soil degradation occurs. So, with the constant introduction of "fresh" litter will be the oppression of cultivated plants by "osmosis" and the subsequent destruction of their root rot due to its high content of raw litter of pathogenic organisms and high level of Pro-infectious potential, which reduces fungistasis soil, leading to lower yields. The cardinal way out of this situation is to add composted manure to the soil. In addition to increasing the content of organic matter in the soil, including humus. Due to this, there is a decrease in osmosis and phytopathogenic load. The biological activity of the soil when composting will be slightly lower than when applying " raw " manure. However, due to this fact, in the following years, when using complex compost, the soil will contain more organic matter compared to the control. In addition," full "composting reduces "osmosis", kills weed seeds and destroys potentially dangerous pathogens of agricultural crops. Based on the above, it can be assumed that the introduction of new organic fertilizers should have a multi-sided effect on the agronomic properties of the soil, which in the end, with the correct use of complex compost, dramatically increases the yield of crops, including cereals.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
10

BIKOVENS, Oskars, Jevgenija PONOMARENKO, Sarmite JANCEVA, Maris LAUBERTS, Laima VEVERE i Galina TELYSHEVA. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE APPROACHES FOR COMPLEX UTILIZATION OF BROWN ALGAE (FUCUS VESICULOSUS) BIOMASS FOR THE OBTAINING OF VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS". W RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.091.

Pełny tekst źródła
Streszczenie:
The seaweed collected after stranding on beaches of Latvia is underexploited natural resource, which has a potential as raw material for biologically active compound extraction for cosmetic and pharmacy and fertilizer in sustainable agriculture. The aim of the present study was development of the approach for the processing of brown alga Fucus vesiculosus biomass, collected from the Gulf of Riga. The thorough characterization of the chemical composition of Fucus vesiculosus has shown that it is a potential source for obtaining of nitrogen-containing fertilizers, and biologically active compounds. One of the proposed approaches for the processing of the Fucus vesiculosus biomass under study includes algae extraction with organic solvents and CaCl2 solution and obtaining soil organic amendment on the basis of the extract-free residue. The ethyl acetate extract was rich in phenolic compounds (430 ± 30 GAE mg/g) with high antioxidant activity in DPPH• and ABTS•+ tests. The ethanol extract contained significant amounts of phlorotannins that was confirmed by the data of LC-MS/MS analysis. The CaCl2 extract was used for the obtaining of sulphated polysaccharide fucoidane (yield ≈7% on the basis of oven dry matter, o.d.m.), which has numerous biological activities. The extract-free residue didn’t show phytotoxicity. The extract free algal biomass exhibited positive effect in root elongation tests with oat (Avena sativa). As alternative approach for processing of the algal biomass, the mechano-chemical treatment of algal biomass with lignin was proposed. EPR analyses confirmed interaction between algal biomass and lignin.
Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.
Możesz być także zainteresowany rozszerzonymi bibliografiami na temat „Soil biological activity” dla poszczególnych typów źródeł:
Artykuły w czasopismach Rozprawy doktorskie
Oferujemy zniżki na wszystkie plany premium dla autorów, których prace zostały uwzględnione w tematycznych zestawieniach literatury. Skontaktuj się z nami, aby uzyskać unikalny kod promocyjny!

Do bibliografii