Artykuły w czasopismach: „Soil biodiversity”

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Bernard, Ernest C. "Soil nematode biodiversity". Biology and Fertility of Soils 14, nr 2 (październik 1992): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00336257.

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Khaziev, F. Kh. "Soil and biodiversity". Russian Journal of Ecology 42, nr 3 (maj 2011): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1067413611030088.

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Zanella, Augusto, Judith Ascher-Jenull, Jean-François Ponge, Cristian Bolzonella, Damien Banas, Maria De Nobili, Silvia Fusaro, Luca Sella i Raffaello Giannini. "Humusica: Soil biodiversity and global change". Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 14, nr 1 (1.06.2018): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0002.

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Abstract Born in Trento (Italy, 2003) for the purpose of standardising vocabulary and units of humus form classification, after publishing a first synthetic classification e-book (Zanella et al. 2011) they do not cover all site conditions in the European area. Although having basic concepts and general lines, the European (and North American, Canadian, the Humus group decided to use its classification for handling global change (Zanella and Ascher-Jenull 2018). The process is detailed in many scientific articles published in three Special Issues (Humusica 1, 2 and 3) of the journal Applied Soil Ecology. Conceptually, the whole of Humusica answers three crucial questions: A) What is soil? Soil is a biological ecosystem. It recycles dead structures and implements mineral material, furnishing more or less re-elaborated organic, mineral and organic-mineral elements to support living organisms. Article chapters: 1. Essential vocabulary; 2. Soil covers all the Earth’s surfaces (soil as the seat of processes of organic matter storage and recycling); 3. Soil may be involved in the process of natural evolution (through organisms’ process of recycling biomass after death). B) If soil has a biogenic essence, how should it be classified to serve such managerial purposes as landscape exploitation or protection? A useful classification of soil should consider and propose useful references to biologically discriminate soil features. Article chapters: 4. Soil corresponds to a biogenic structure; 5. TerrHum, an App for classifying forest humipedons worldwide (a first attempt to use a smartphone as a field manual for humus form classification). C) How can this soil classification be used for handling the current global change? Using the collected knowledge about the biodiversity and functioning of natural (or semi-natural) soil for reconstructing the lost biodiversity/functioning of heavily exploited or degraded soils. Article chapters: 6. Agricultural soils correspond to simplified natural soils (comparison between natural and agricultural soils); 7. Organic waste and agricultural soils; 8. Is traditional agriculture economically sustainable? Comparing past traditional farm practices (in 1947) and contemporary intensive farm practices in the Venice province of Italy.

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Tibbett, Mark, Tandra D. Fraser i Sarah Duddigan. "Identifying potential threats to soil biodiversity". PeerJ 8 (12.06.2020): e9271. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9271.

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A decline in soil biodiversity is generally considered to be the reduction of forms of life living in soils, both in terms of quantity and variety. Where soil biodiversity decline occurs, it can significantly affect the soils’ ability to function, respond to perturbations and recover from a disturbance. Several soil threats have been identified as having negative effects on soil biodiversity, including human intensive exploitation, land-use change and soil organic matter decline. In this review we consider what we mean by soil biodiversity, and why it is important to monitor. After a thorough review of the literature identified on a Web of Science search concerning threats to soil biodiversity (topic search: threat* “soil biodiversity”), we compiled a table of biodiversity threats considered in each paper including climate change, land use change, intensive human exploitation, decline in soil health or plastic; followed by detailed listings of threats studied. This we compared to a previously published expert assessment of threats to soil biodiversity. In addition, we identified emerging threats, particularly microplastics, in the 10 years following these knowledge based rankings. We found that many soil biodiversity studies do not focus on biodiversity sensu stricto, rather these studies examined either changes in abundance and/or diversity of individual groups of soil biota, instead of soil biodiversity as a whole, encompassing all levels of the soil food web. This highlights the complexity of soil biodiversity which is often impractical to assess in all but the largest studies. Published global scientific activity was only partially related to the threats identified by the expert panel assessment. The number of threats and the priority given to the threats (by number of publications) were quite different, indicating a disparity between research actions versus perceived threats. The lack of research effort in key areas of high priority in the threats to soil biodiversity are a concerning finding and requires some consideration and debate in the research community.

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Reeleder, R. D. "Fungal plant pathogens and soil biodiversity". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, Special Issue (1.08.2003): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-068.

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The role of biodiversity as it affects the control of soil-borne fungal pathogens is discussed. Soil-borne fungal plant pathogens have often proven difficult to manage with conventional methods of disease control. Nonetheless, researchers have characterized several naturally occurring “disease-suppressive” soils where crop loss from disease is less than would otherwise be expected. Suppressive soils can also result from the incorporation of various amendments into soil. In most cases, disease control in such soils has been shown to be biological in nature; that is, soil organisms appear to directly or indirectly inhibit the development of disease. Increased knowledge of the identity and functioning of these organisms may support the development of techniques that can be used to develop suppressiveness in soils that are otherwise disease-conducive. Populations of pathogens themselves have been shown to exhibit considerable genetic diversity; the ability of populations to respond to disease control measures should be considered when developing a management strategy. New molecular techniques can be exploited to better characterize soil communities, including the pathogens themselves, as well as community responses to various disease control options. The contributions of Canadian researchers to these areas are discussed and models for further study are proposed. Key words: Biocontrol, molecular technologies, functional diversity, integrated pest management

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Groffman, Peter M., i Patrick J. Bohlen. "Soil and Sediment Biodiversity". BioScience 49, nr 2 (luty 1999): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313539.

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Bamforth, Stuart S. "Interpreting soil ciliate biodiversity". Plant and Soil 170, nr 1 (marzec 1995): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02183064.

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Lukac, Martin. "Soil biodiversity and environmental change in European forests". Central European Forestry Journal 63, nr 2-3 (27.06.2017): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2017-0010.

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AbstractBiodiversity not only responds to environmental change, but has been shown to be one of the key drivers of ecosystem function and service delivery. Forest soil biodiversity is also governed by these principles, the structure of soil biological communities is clearly determined by spatial, temporal and hierarchical factors. Global environmental change, together with land-use change and forest ecosystem management, impacts the aboveground structure and composition of European forests. Due to the close link between the above- and belowground parts of forest ecosystems, we know that soil biodiversity is also impacted. However, very little is known about the nature of these impacts; effects they have on the overall level of biodiversity, the functions it fulfills, and on the future stability of forests and forest soils. Even though much remains to be learned about the relationships between soil biodiversity and forest ecosystem functionality, it is clear that better effort needs to be made to preserve existing soil biodiversity and forest conservation strategies taking soils into account must be considered.

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Baliuk, S., V. Medvediev, G. Momot i A. Levin. "Keep the soil alive, protect soil biodiversity". Visnyk agrarnoi nauky 98, nr 12 (15.12.2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/agrovisnyk202012-01.

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Thiele-Bruhn, Sören, Jaap Bloem, Franciska T. de Vries, Karsten Kalbitz i Cameron Wagg. "Linking soil biodiversity and agricultural soil management". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4, nr 5 (listopad 2012): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.06.004.

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Bach, Elizabeth M., Kelly S. Ramirez, Tandra D. Fraser i Diana H. Wall. "Soil Biodiversity Integrates Solutions for a Sustainable Future". Sustainability 12, nr 7 (27.03.2020): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072662.

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Soils are home to more than 25% of the earth’s total biodiversity and supports life on land and water, nutrient cycling and retention, food production, pollution remediation, and climate regulation. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that multiple sustainability goals can be simultaneously addressed when soil biota are put at the center of land management assessments; this is because the activity and interactions of soil organisms are intimately tied to multiple processes that ecosystems and society rely on. With soil biodiversity at the center of multiple globally relevant sustainability programs, we will be able to more efficiently and holistically achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Here we review scenarios where soil biota can clearly support global sustainability targets, global changes and pressures that threaten soil biodiversity, and actions to conserve soil biodiversity and advance sustainability goals. This synthesis shows how the latest empirical evidence from soil biological research can shape tangible actions around the world for a sustainable future.

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Topp, E. "Bacteria in agricultural soils: Diversity, role and future perspectives". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, Special Issue (1.08.2003): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-065.

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Bacteria in soil are very diverse, very numerous, and functionally important, and have historically been an important object of research by Canadian microbiologists. Only a small fraction of bacteria in soils are amenable to culturing in the laboratory, limiting the ability to study these organisms. Canadian scientists have contributed to the development and implementation of both nucleic acidbased and chemical biomarker-based methods now widely used for assessing soil microbial biodiversity without the need for isolation and cultivation. Pesticide degradation, and the cycling of nitrogen in soils are used here to illustrate the significance of bacterial biodiversity to soil functions relevant to human and environmental health, and crop production . There remains much to be discovered about the genetic and functional biodiversity of soil bacteria, and much to be gained from this knowledge. A number of recommendations are made for future research in soil bacteriology. Key words: Soil quality, bacteria, microbial biodiversity, pesticide biodegradation, nitrogen cycling.

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Chude, V. O., E. E. Oku, G. I. C. Nwaka i M. S. Adiaha. "Soil compaction assessment as a manipulative strategy to improve soil biodiversity: an approach for meeting SDG two and six". Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", nr 1 (25.06.2020): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202001-224.

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The rapid increase in soil deterioration has been a drawback to global development, acting like a barrier to sustainability of Agriculture and the environment. Biodiversity in soil plays a crucial role in ecosystem sustainability, but yet there exist a rapid deterioration in soil biodiversity especially due to increase soil toxins, chemical spills, wind erosion including the rapid down-pour by rainfall which destroys soil structure and degrade soil biota. Soil compaction reduction manipulation through tillage and application of fertilizer plays a major role for food production, apart from being a part of environmental sustainability strategy. Field studies was conducted, where the status of soil compaction was examined, a replicate of four (4) soil sample were collected at a twenty (20) points sampling station using the proportionate stratified random sampling technique. Laboratory analysis output indicated high soil compaction. Laboratory analysis output was ranked with FAO standardize rate for compaction effect on soil biodiversity. Result of the finding indicated high soil compaction with bulk density value range of 1,56 gcm-3 – 2,71 gcm-3 which was found to be too compact for sustainable soil biota development. And porosity value range of 1% - 41% was obtained, which indicated tight soil spore that can imped soil biodiversity. Correlation analysis (R2) revealed a positive correlation between topography and soil compacting, with a ranking output of the soil been poor in biodiversity (biota load). Outcome of this investigation concluded that proper tillage, application of fertilizer including organic matter be carried out for the study area soils and soils of its environs.

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Rai, S. N. "EARTHWORM BIODIVERSITY IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, nr 6 (30.06.2017): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i6.2017.2041.

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Researches have proved that the occurrence of different species of earthworms in good numbers is a positive sign of healthy soil. Establishment of earthworm population makes the soil more compact and the poor structure of deep soil changes in to friable top soil. Twenty two species of earthworms are identified from different land use systems. The potential soil reclaiming species are Eutyphoeus incommodus, Eutyphoeus nicholsoni, Eutyphoeus waltoni, Octochaetona surensis, Amynthas morrisi, Metaphire posthuma and Lampito mauritii. Metaphire posthuma is very abundant in garden soils. Eutyphoeus nicholsoni is mostly confined to garden litter soil with medium and low population as deep burrowing species. Octochaetona surensis is very common in dense bamboo plantations. Amynthas morrisi is mostly confined to decomposing paddy straw and composting litter. The cultivated soils of sugarcane and jowar, the species association index of Eutyphoeus incommodus and Ramiella naniana is very high though Ramiella naniana is purely a geophagous species. Seeds of earthworms can easily be transported if they are properly packed in vials with water soaked filter paper. The seeds will not hatch out within 10 days from the date of their laying.

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Rutgers, Michiel, Jeroen P. van Leeuwen, Dirk Vrebos, Harm J. van Wijnen, Ton Schouten i Ron G. M. de Goede. "Mapping Soil Biodiversity in Europe and the Netherlands". Soil Systems 3, nr 2 (12.06.2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3020039.

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Soil is fundamental for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, but our knowledge about soil organisms and the habitat they provide (shortly: Soil biodiversity) is poorly developed. For instance, the European Atlas of Soil Biodiversity and the Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas contain maps with rather coarse information on soil biodiversity. This paper presents a methodology to map soil biodiversity with limited data and models. Two issues were addressed. First, the lack of consensus to quantify the soil biodiversity function and second, the limited data to represent large areas. For the later issue, we applied a digital soil mapping (DSM) approach at the scale of the Netherlands and Europe. Data of five groups of soil organisms (earthworms, enchytraeids, micro-arthropods, nematodes, and micro-organisms) in the Netherlands were linked to soil habitat predictors (chemical soil attributes) in a regression analysis. High-resolution maps with soil characteristics were then used together with a model for the soil biodiversity function with equal weights for each group of organisms. To predict soil biodiversity at the scale of Europe, data for soil biological (earthworms and bacteria) and chemical (pH, soil organic matter, and nutrient content) attributes were used in a soil biodiversity model. Differential weights were assigned to the soil attributes after consulting a group of scientists. The issue of reducing uncertainty in soil biodiversity modelling and mapping by the use of data from biological soil attributes is discussed. Considering the importance of soil biodiversity to support the delivery of ecosystem services, the ability to create maps illustrating an aggregate measure of soil biodiversity is a key to future environmental policymaking, optimizing land use, and land management decision support taking into account the loss and gains on soil biodiversity.

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Ramirez, Kelly S., Jonathan W. Leff, Albert Barberán, Scott Thomas Bates, Jason Betley, Thomas W. Crowther, Eugene F. Kelly i in. "Biogeographic patterns in below-ground diversity in New York City's Central Park are similar to those observed globally". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, nr 1795 (22.11.2014): 20141988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1988.

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Soil biota play key roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, however, compared to our knowledge of above-ground plant and animal diversity, the biodiversity found in soils remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we present an assessment of soil biodiversity and biogeographic patterns across Central Park in New York City that spanned all three domains of life, demonstrating that even an urban, managed system harbours large amounts of undescribed soil biodiversity. Despite high variability across the Park, below-ground diversity patterns were predictable based on soil characteristics, with prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities exhibiting overlapping biogeographic patterns. Further, Central Park soils harboured nearly as many distinct soil microbial phylotypes and types of soil communities as we found in biomes across the globe (including arctic, tropical and desert soils). This integrated cross-domain investigation highlights that the amount and patterning of novel and uncharacterized diversity at a single urban location matches that observed across natural ecosystems spanning multiple biomes and continents.

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Bispo, A., D. Cluzeau, R. Creamer, M. Dombos, U. Graefe, PH Krogh, JP Sousa i in. "Indicators for Monitoring Soil Biodiversity". Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 5, nr 4 (2009): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/ieam-2009-064.1.

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Roembke, Joerg, A. Bispo, D. Cluzeau, Rachel E. Creamer, U. Graefe, Paul Henning Krogh, José Paulo Sousa, G. Peres, M. Rutgers i Anne Winding. "Indicators for Monitoring Soil Biodiversity". Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management preprint, nr 2009 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/ieam_2009-064.1.

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OYAIZU, Hiroshi, Hongik KIMU i Daiske HONDA. "Biodiversity of Unculturable Soil Microorganisms." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 73, nr 6 (1999): 614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.73.614.

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Franco, André L. C., Bruno W. Sobral, Artur L. C. Silva i Diana H. Wall. "Amazonian deforestation and soil biodiversity". Conservation Biology 33, nr 3 (4.01.2019): 590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13234.

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Wall, Diana H., Uffe N. Nielsen i Johan Six. "Soil biodiversity and human health". Nature 528, nr 7580 (23.11.2015): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature15744.

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Lee, K. E. "The biodiversity of soil organisms". Applied Soil Ecology 1, nr 4 (grudzień 1994): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0929-1393(94)90001-9.

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Brussaard, Lijbert, Peter C. de Ruiter i George G. Brown. "Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 121, nr 3 (lipiec 2007): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.013.

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Nielsen, Uffe N., Diana H. Wall i Johan Six. "Soil Biodiversity and the Environment". Annual Review of Environment and Resources 40, nr 1 (4.11.2015): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021257.

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Gams, Walter. "Biodiversity of soil-inhabiting fungi". Biodiversity and Conservation 16, nr 1 (27.10.2006): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9121-y.

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Mau, Rebecca L., Cindy M. Liu, Maliha Aziz, Egbert Schwartz, Paul Dijkstra, Jane C. Marks, Lance B. Price, Paul Keim i Bruce A. Hungate. "Linking soil bacterial biodiversity and soil carbon stability". ISME Journal 9, nr 6 (28.10.2014): 1477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.205.

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de Graaff, M. A., J. Adkins, P. Kardol i H. L. Throop. "A meta-analysis of soil biodiversity impacts on the carbon cycle". SOIL Discussions 1, nr 1 (25.11.2014): 907–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-907-2014.

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Abstract. Loss of biodiversity can impact ecosystem functioning, such as altering carbon (C) cycling rates. Soils are the largest terrestrial C reservoir, containing more C globally than the biotic and atmospheric pools together. As such, soil C cycling, and the processes controlling it, have the potential to affect atmospheric CO2 concentrations and subsequent climate change. Despite the growing evidence of links between plant diversity and soil C cycling, there is a dearth of information on whether similar relationships exist between biodiversity of soil organisms (microbes and soil fauna) and C cycling. This is despite increasing recognition that soil communities display high levels of both taxonomic and functional diversity and are key drivers of fluxes of C between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we used meta-analysis and regression analysis to quantitatively assess how soil biodiversity affects soil C cycling pools and processes (i.e., soil C respiration, litter decomposition, and plant biomass). We compared the response of pool amd process variables to changes in biodiversity both within and across trophic groups of organisms. Overall, loss of soil diversity significantly reduced soil C respiration (−27.5%) and plant tissue decomposition (−18%), but did not affect above- and belowground plant biomass. Detailed analyses showed that loss of within-group biodiversity significantly reduced soil C respiration, while loss of across-group diversity did not. Decomposition was negatively affected by losses of both within-group and across-group diversity. Further, loss of microbial diversity strongly reduced soil C respiration (−41%). In contrast, plant tissue decomposition was negatively affected by loss of soil faunal diversity, but was unaffected by loss of microbial diversity. Taken together, our findings show that loss of soil biodiversity can strongly affect soil C cycling processes, and highlight the importance of diversity across organismal groups for maintaining full C cycling functionality. However, our understanding of the complex relationships between soil biodiversity and C cycling processes is currently limited by the sheer number of methodological concerns associated with these studies, which can greatly overestimate or underestimate the impact of soil biodiversity on soil C cycling. These limitations present challenges to extrapolation to natural field settings. Future studies should attempt to further elucidate the relative importance of taxonomic diversity vs. functional diversity.

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Potter, J. W., i A. W. McKeown. "Nematode biodiversity in Canadian agricultural soils". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, Special Issue (1.08.2003): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-064.

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The biodiversity of soil-inhabiting nematodes in Canada is incompletely known, as large areas of Canada’s landmass have not been surveyed for nematode fauna. Nematodes considered as indigenous are generally well adapted to a variety of ecological niches and climatic zones. Much of the available information is based on agricultural ecosystems and agricultural species, and thus is biased toward conditions in disturbed ecosystems and away from “primeval” ecology. Introduced nematode species are frequently quite pathogenic, even to exotic host plants from the same geographic point of origin. Estimates of crop loss due to single species infestations of pathogenic nematodes and the costs of nematode control using chemicals are reasonably well known, averaging about 10% of crop value, but ranging to 100% depending on the situation; the cost of damage by multiple-species infestations is less defined. Nematode-suppressive mechanisms are understood in only a few plant species; sulfur appears to be important as a constituent of active compounds in suppressive plants of agricultural origin. Similarly, some native plants are equally adapted with allelopathic chemicals that suppress nematodes. Management of nematode populations in agricultural soils by integrated crop management methods is at an early stage, requiring research to quantify effects of nematode-suppressive plants and soil amendments containing nitrogen. An integrated program could include nematode-suppressive plants, appropriate soil amendments, and the promotion of microbial antagonists. Different mathematical methods may be required to analyze and explain multi-factor nematode control systems. Less-toxic management systems could benefit the soil-inhabiting nematodes that predate arthropod soil pests. Further research on soil-borne nematodes may demonstrate the value of nematodes as indicators of agroecosystem health and environmental pollutants. Key words: Biocontrol, biodiversity, nematode distribution, nematode management, soil ecology

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Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Richard D. Bardgett, Peter M. Vitousek, Fernando T. Maestre, Mark A. Williams, David J. Eldridge, Hans Lambers i in. "Changes in belowground biodiversity during ecosystem development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, nr 14 (15.03.2019): 6891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818400116.

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Belowground organisms play critical roles in maintaining multiple ecosystem processes, including plant productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Despite their importance, however, we have a limited understanding of how and why belowground biodiversity (bacteria, fungi, protists, and invertebrates) may change as soils develop over centuries to millennia (pedogenesis). Moreover, it is unclear whether belowground biodiversity changes during pedogenesis are similar to the patterns observed for aboveground plant diversity. Here we evaluated the roles of resource availability, nutrient stoichiometry, and soil abiotic factors in driving belowground biodiversity across 16 soil chronosequences (from centuries to millennia) spanning a wide range of globally distributed ecosystem types. Changes in belowground biodiversity during pedogenesis followed two main patterns. In lower-productivity ecosystems (i.e., drier and colder), increases in belowground biodiversity tracked increases in plant cover. In more productive ecosystems (i.e., wetter and warmer), increased acidification during pedogenesis was associated with declines in belowground biodiversity. Changes in the diversity of bacteria, fungi, protists, and invertebrates with pedogenesis were strongly and positively correlated worldwide, highlighting that belowground biodiversity shares similar ecological drivers as soils and ecosystems develop. In general, temporal changes in aboveground plant diversity and belowground biodiversity were not correlated, challenging the common perception that belowground biodiversity should follow similar patterns to those of plant diversity during ecosystem development. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that ecological patterns in belowground biodiversity are predictable across major globally distributed ecosystem types and suggest that shifts in plant cover and soil acidification during ecosystem development are associated with changes in belowground biodiversity over centuries to millennia.

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Grünwald, Niklaus. "The Significance and Regulation of Soil Biodiversity—Proceedings of the International Symposium on Soil Biodiversity". Journal of Environmental Quality 26, nr 2 (marzec 1997): 565–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020032x.

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P. Udawatta, Ranjith, Lalith Rankoth i Shibu Jose. "Agroforestry and Biodiversity". Sustainability 11, nr 10 (21.05.2019): 2879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102879.

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Declining biodiversity (BD) is aecting food security, agricultural sustainability,and environmental quality. Agroforestry (AF) is recognized as a possible partial solution forBD conservation and improvement. This manuscript uses published peer-reviewed manuscripts,reviews, meta-analysis, and federal and state agency documents to evaluate relationships betweenAF and BD and how AF can be used to conserve BD. The review revealed that floral, faunal, and soilmicrobial diversity were significantly greater in AF as compared to monocropping, adjacent croplands, and within crop alleys and some forests. Among the soil organisms, arbuscular mycorrhizaefungi (AMF), bacteria, and enzyme activities were significantly greater in AF than crop and livestockpractices. Agroforestry also creates spatially concentrated high-density BD near trees due to favorablesoil-plant-water-microclimate conditions. The greater BD was attributed to heterogeneous vegetation,organic carbon, microclimate, soil conditions, and spatial distribution of trees. Dierences in BDbetween AF and other management types diminished with time. Evenly distributed leaves, litter,roots, dead/live biological material, and microclimate improve soil and microclimate in adjacentcrop and pasture areas as the system matures. Results of the study prove that integration of AFcan improve BD in agricultural lands. Selection of site suitable tree/shrub/grass-crop combinationscan be used to help address soil nutrient deficiencies or environmental conditions. Future studieswith standardized management protocols may be needed for all regions to further strengthen thesefindings and to develop AF establishment criteria for BD conservation and agricultural sustainability.

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Angelina, J. Tracy Tina, i S. Elizabeth. "A Short Review on the Significance of Microbiota in Soil". International Journal of Agro Nutrifood Practices 1, nr 1 (12.11.2021): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijanp/01.01.a005.

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Soil offers the medium for root growth, and plants rely on the soil for all other nutrients and water, except for sources such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Soils grow through the disintegration of rocks and minerals, through the biotic activities of microbes and wildlife. The role of soil-biodiversity is well accepted in preserving fertility and the inter-dependence of physical and chemical activity. Biodiversity is the term that used to refer different living organisms (microorganisms, plants, animals, humans) from variable sources on earth which includes inter alia, land-dwelling, aquatic ecosystems, diversity within and between species of ecosystems. Biodiversity is very important for the establishment of mammoth ecological benefits that significantly promote the wellbeing of humans. Biodiversity is encompassed of different levels beginning with genes to individual genus, from species to communities of creatures and ultimately to whole ecosystems. Biodiversity of soil encompasses several kinds of organisms namely “bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, enchytraeids, earthworms, mites and springtails”. The organisms can be distinguished depending on their preferred living environment such as aboveground and belowground. The soil’s biological activity is “largely concentrated in topsoil”.

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Abakumov, E., A. Kimeklis, G. Gladkov, E. Andronov i E. Morgun. "Microbiomes of natural and abandoned agricultural soils of the Central part of Yamal region". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 941, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/941/1/012029.

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Abstract Soil cover of the northern most regions of Eurasia are considered as underestimated in terms of their possible role in expansions of current agriculture to the cryolithozone. In this context, abandoned agricultural soils of Yamal region were investigated in terms of morphology, chemistry and taxonomy microbiome compositions and compared in these terms with mature tundra and taiga soils of pristine environments. The level of soil fertility was low in all cases – former agricultural soils and pristine ones. The level of microorganism’s biodiversity was higher in soils of agricultural lands. This fact indicates that the agricultural soil treatment in polar terrestrial ecosystem results in increasing of soil microbial biodiversity due to diversification of ecological niches. Also the is an essential lack of nitrogen sources in all permafrost affected soils studied.

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de Graaff, M. A., J. Adkins, P. Kardol i H. L. Throop. "A meta-analysis of soil biodiversity impacts on the carbon cycle". SOIL 1, nr 1 (16.03.2015): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-257-2015.

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Abstract. Loss of biodiversity impacts ecosystem functions, such as carbon (C) cycling. Soils are the largest terrestrial C reservoir, containing more C globally than the biotic and atmospheric pools together. As such, soil C cycling, and the processes controlling it, has the potential to affect atmospheric CO2 concentrations and subsequent climate change. Despite the growing evidence of links between plant diversity and soil C cycling, there is a dearth of information on whether similar relationships exist between soil biodiversity and C cycling. This knowledge gap occurs even though there has been increased recognition that soil communities display high levels of both taxonomic and functional diversity and are key drivers of fluxes of C between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we used meta-analysis and regression analysis to quantitatively assess how soil biodiversity affects soil C cycling pools and processes (i.e., soil C respiration, litter decomposition, and plant biomass). We compared the response of process variables to changes in diversity both within and across groups of soil organisms that differed in body size, a grouping that typically correlates with ecological function. When studies that manipulated both within- and across-body size group diversity were included in the meta-analysis, loss of diversity significantly reduced soil C respiration (−27.5%) and plant tissue decomposition (−18%) but did not affect above- or belowground plant biomass. The loss of within-group diversity significantly reduced soil C respiration, while loss of across-group diversity did not. Decomposition was negatively affected both by loss of within-group and across-group diversity. Furthermore, loss of microbial diversity strongly reduced soil C respiration (−41%). In contrast, plant tissue decomposition was negatively affected by loss of soil faunal diversity but was unaffected by loss of microbial diversity. Taken together, our findings show that loss of soil biodiversity strongly impacts on soil C cycling processes, and highlight the importance of diversity across groups of organisms (e.g., primary consumers and secondary decomposers) for maintaining full functionality of C cycle processes. However, our understanding of the complex relationships between soil biodiversity and C cycling processes is currently limited by the sheer number of methodological concerns associated with these studies, which can greatly overestimate or underestimate the impact of soil biodiversity on soil C cycling, challenging extrapolation to natural field settings. Future studies should attempt to further elucidate the relative importance of taxonomic diversity (species numbers) versus functional diversity.

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Писаренко, П. В., С. В. Тараненко i А. О. Тараненко. "Вибір, обґрунтування та характеристика індикаторів біологічного різноманіття ґрунту". Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, nr 1 (28.03.2013): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2013.01.04.

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Обґрунтовано необхідність та важливість удосконалення системи моніторингу земельних ресурсів, а саме, застосування індикаторів біологічного різноманіття ґрунту. Запропоновано перелік можливих індикаторів для оцінки біорізноманіття ґрунту та його функцій. Проаналізовано методи, що можуть бути використані й використовуються у процесі дослідження біорізноманіття ґрунту. Проведений вибір основних індикаторів для моніторингу біорізноманіття ґрунту, які загально та більш повно характеризують досліджуваний об’єкт. Здійснено обґрунтування і дається характеристика запропонованих індикаторів біорізноманіття ґрунту. Necessity and importance of improvement of land resources monitoring system, in particular application of soil biodiversity indicators were grounded. List of possible soil biodiversity indicators for assessment of soil biodiversity and soil function was proposed. The methods which are used or can be used for research soil biodiversity were analyzed. The main indicators for monitoring soil biodiversity which characterize research object were selected. Substantiation and description of soil biodiversity indicators were realized.

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Costantini, Edoardo A. C., i Stefano Mocali. "Soil health, soil genetic horizons and biodiversity ^#". Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 185, nr 1 (luty 2022): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202100437.

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Wagg, C., S. F. Bender, F. Widmer i M. G. A. van der Heijden. "Soil biodiversity and soil community composition determine ecosystem multifunctionality". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, nr 14 (17.03.2014): 5266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320054111.

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Montanarella, Luca. "Soils and the European Green Deal". Italian Journal of Agronomy 15, nr 4 (21.12.2020): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1761.

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Soils play a central role in achieving sustainable development. The new European Green Deal is addressing all policy areas relevant to sustainable soil management: climate change, biodiversity, agriculture and desertification, including sustainable water management, are necessarily at the core of the European policies. Consistently addressing soil protection across these different policy areas will be the major challenge in front of us in the next years. Highlights - Soils play a central role in achieving the goals of the European Green Deal. - Sustainable soil management is a cross-cutting issue relevant to several policy areas addressed by the European Green Deal, such as climate change, biodiversity, agriculture, food safety. - Human health and wellbeing are closely connected with soil health and sustainable soil management.

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Taguas, E. V., C. Arroyo, A. Lora, G. Guzmán, K. Vanderlinden i J. A. Gómez. "Exploring the linkage between spontaneous grass cover biodiversity and soil degradation in two olive orchard microcatchments with contrasting environmental and management conditions". SOIL 1, nr 2 (9.11.2015): 651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-651-2015.

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Abstract. Spontaneous grass covers are an inexpensive soil erosion control measure in olive orchards. Olive farmers allow grass to grow on sloping terrain to comply with the basic environmental standards derived from the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP, European Commission). However, to date there are few studies assessing the environmental quality considering such covers. In this study, we measured biodiversity indices for spontaneous grass cover in two olive orchards with contrasting site conditions and management regimes in order to evaluate the potential for biodiversity metrics to serve as an indicator of soil degradation. In addition, the differences and temporal variability of biodiversity indicators and their relationships with environmental factors such as soil type and properties, precipitation, topography and soil management were analysed. Different grass cover biodiversity indices were evaluated in two olive orchard catchments under conventional tillage and no tillage with grass cover, during 3 hydrological years (2011–2013). Seasonal samples of vegetal material and photographs in a permanent grid (4 samples ha−1) were taken to characterize the temporal variations of the number of species, frequency of life forms, diversity and modified Shannon and Pielou indices. Sorensen's index showed strong differences in species composition for the grass covers in the two olive orchard catchments, which are probably linked to the different site conditions. The catchment (CN) with the best site conditions (deeper soil and higher precipitation) and most intense management presented the highest biodiversity indices as well as the highest soil losses (over 10 t ha−1). In absolute terms, the diversity indices of vegetation were reasonably high for agricultural systems in both catchments, despite the fact that management activities usually severely limit the landscape and the variety of species. Finally, a significantly higher content of organic matter in the first 10 cm of soil was found in the catchment with worse site conditions in terms of water deficit, average annual soil losses of 2 t ha−1 and the least intense management. Therefore, the biodiversity indices considered in this study to evaluate spontaneous grass cover were not found to be suitable for describing the soil degradation in the study catchments.

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van der Putten, Wim H., Richard D. Bardgett, Monica Farfan, Luca Montanarella, Johan Six i Diana H. Wall. "Soil biodiversity needs policy without borders". Science 379, nr 6627 (6.01.2023): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn7248.

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Guerra, Carlos A., Richard D. Bardgett, Lucrezia Caon, Thomas W. Crowther, Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo, Luca Montanarella, Laetitia M. Navarro i in. "Tracking, targeting, and conserving soil biodiversity". Science 371, nr 6526 (15.01.2021): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd7926.

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Hou, Deyi. "China: protect black soil for biodiversity". Nature 604, nr 7904 (5.04.2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00942-6.

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Aksoy, Ece, Geertrui Louwagie, Ciro Gardi, Mirko Gregor, Christoph Schröder i Manuel Löhnertz. "Assessing soil biodiversity potentials in Europe". Science of The Total Environment 589 (lipiec 2017): 236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.173.

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FITTER, A. H., C. A. GILLIGAN, K. HOLLINGWORTH, A. KLECZKOWSKI, R. M. TWYMAN i J. W. PITCHFORD. "Biodiversity and ecosystem function in soil". Functional Ecology 19, nr 3 (czerwiec 2005): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00969.x.

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Cameron, Erin K., Inês S. Martins, Patrick Lavelle, Jérôme Mathieu, Leho Tedersoo, Felix Gottschall, Carlos A. Guerra i in. "Global gaps in soil biodiversity data". Nature Ecology & Evolution 2, nr 7 (4.06.2018): 1042–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0573-8.

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André, Henri M., Xavier Ducarme i Philippe Lebrun. "Soil biodiversity: myth, reality or conning?" Oikos 96, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.11216.x.

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Usher, Michael B., i Donald A. Davidson. "Soil biodiversity in an upland grassland". Applied Soil Ecology 33, nr 2 (wrzesień 2006): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.03.005.

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Parker, Sophie S. "Buried treasure: soil biodiversity and conservation". Biodiversity and Conservation 19, nr 13 (5.10.2010): 3743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9924-8.

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Mishra, Upasana, i Dolly Wattal Dhar. "Biodiversity and biological degradation of soil". Resonance 9, nr 1 (styczeń 2004): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02902526.

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Remelli, Sara, Pietro Rizzo, Fulvio Celico i Cristina Menta. "Natural Surface Hydrocarbons and Soil Faunal Biodiversity: A Bioremediation Perspective". Water 12, nr 9 (22.08.2020): 2358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092358.

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Hydrocarbon pollution threatens aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems globally, but soil fauna in oil-polluted soils has been insufficiently studied. In this research, soil hydrocarbon toxicity was investigated in two natural oil seepage soils in Val D’Agri (Italy) using two different approaches: (i) toxicological tests with Folsomia candida (Collembola) and Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) and (ii) analysis of abundance and composition of micro- and meso-fauna. Soil sampling was done along 20 m-transepts starting from the natural oil seepages. Toxicological testing revealed that no exemplars of F. candida survived, whereas specimens of E. fetida not only survived but also increased in weight in soils with higher PAH concentrations, although no reproduction was observed. Analysis on microfauna showed that Nematoda was the most abundant group, with distance from seepages not affecting its abundance. Arthropoda results showed that Acarina, Collembola and Diptera larvae represented the most abundant taxa. The highest divergence in community composition was found between soils situated near seepages and at 5 m and 10 m distance. Arthropoda taxa numbers, total abundance and Acarina were lower in soils with high PAH concentration, while Diptera larvae were not significantly affected. Earthworms, together with Nematoda and Diptera larvae, could therefore represent ideal candidates in PAH degradation studies.

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