Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Sodium in the body

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Sodium in the body”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 1 sierpnia 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Sodium in the body"

Simpson, F. O. "SODIUM INTAKE, BODY SODIUM, AND SODIUM EXCRETION". Lancet 332, nr 8601 (lipiec 1988): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92954-6.

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Skøtt, Ole. "Body sodium and volume homeostasis". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 285, nr 1 (lipiec 2003): R14—R18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00100.2003.

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Simpson, F. O. "Sodium Intake, Sodium Handling and Body Sodium in Rats with Spontaneous Genetic Hypertension". Japanese Heart Journal 34, nr 4 (1993): 472–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1536/ihj.34.472.

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Bie, Peter. "Mechanisms of sodium balance: total body sodium, surrogate variables, and renal sodium excretion". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 315, nr 5 (1.11.2018): R945—R962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00363.2017.

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The classical concepts of human sodium balance include 1) a total pool of Na+ of ≈4,200 mmol (total body sodium, TBS) distributed primarily in the extracellular fluid (ECV) and bone, 2) intake variations of 0.03 to ≈6 mmol·kg body mass−1·day−1, 3) asymptotic transitions between steady states with a halftime (T½) of 21 h, 4) changes in TBS driven by sodium intake measuring ≈1.3 day [ΔTBS/Δ(Na+ intake/day)], 5) adjustment of Na+ excretion to match any diet thus providing metabolic steady state, and 6) regulation of TBS via controlled excretion (90–95% renal) mediated by surrogate variables. The present focus areas include 1) uneven, nonosmotic distribution of increments in TBS primarily in “skin,” 2) long-term instability of TBS during constant Na+ intake, and 3) physiological regulation of renal Na+ excretion primarily by neurohumoral mechanisms dependent on ECV rather than arterial pressure. Under physiological conditions 1) the nonosmotic distribution of Na+ seems conceptually important, but quantitatively ill defined; 2) long-term variations in TBS represent significant deviations from steady state, but the importance is undetermined; and 3) the neurohumoral mechanisms of sodium homeostasis competing with pressure natriuresis are essential for systematic analysis of short-term and long-term regulation of TBS. Sodium homeostasis and blood pressure regulation are intimately related. Real progress is slow and will accelerate only through recognition of the present level of ignorance. Nonosmotic distribution of sodium, pressure natriuresis, and volume-mediated regulation of renal sodium excretion are essential intertwined concepts in need of clear definitions, conscious models, and future attention.

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Martin, Kylie, Sven-Jean Tan i Nigel D. Toussaint. "Total Body Sodium Balance in Chronic Kidney Disease". International Journal of Nephrology 2021 (22.09.2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7562357.

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Excess sodium intake is a leading but modifiable risk factor for mortality, with implications on hypertension, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review will focus mainly on the limitations of current measurement methods of sodium balance particularly in patients with CKD who have complex sodium physiology. The suboptimal accuracy of sodium intake and excretion measurement is seemingly more marked with the evolving understanding of tissue (skin and muscle) sodium. Tissue sodium represents an extrarenal influence on sodium homeostasis with demonstrated clinical associations of hypertension and inflammation. Measurement of tissue sodium has been largely unexplored in patients with CKD. Development and adoption of more comprehensive and dynamic assessment of body sodium balance is needed to better understand sodium physiology in the human body and explore therapeutic strategies to improve the clinical outcomes in the CKD population.

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Kitada, Kento, i Akira Nishiyama. "Revisiting blood pressure and body fluid status". Clinical Science 137, nr 9 (maj 2023): 755–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20220500.

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Abstract Homeostasis of body fluid is a key component for maintaining health. An imbalance of body sodium and water causes various pathological states, such as dehydration, volume overload, hypertension, cardiovascular and renal diseases, and metabolic disorders. Conventional concepts regarding physiology and pathophysiology of body sodium and water balance have been established by several assumptions. These assumptions are that the kidneys are the master regulator of body sodium and water content, and that sodium moves inside the body in parallel with water. However, recent clinical and basic studies have proposed alternative concepts. These concepts are that body sodium and water balance are regulated by various organs and multiple factors, such as physical activity and the environment, and that sodium accumulates locally in tissues independently of the blood status and/or water. Various concerns remain unclear, and the regulatory mechanism of body sodium, fluid, and blood pressure needs to be readdressed. In the present review article, we discuss novel concepts regarding the regulation of body sodium, water, and blood pressure with a particular focus on the systemic water conservation system and fluid loss-triggered elevation in blood pressure.

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Titze, Jens, Natalia Rakova, Christoph Kopp, Anke Dahlmann, Jonathan Jantsch i Friedrich C. Luft. "Balancing wobbles in the body sodium". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 31, nr 7 (25.09.2015): 1078–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfv343.

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Cross, W. G., i H. Ing. "Sodium Activation in the Human Body". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 10, nr 1-4 (1.01.1985): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/10.1-4.265.

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Cross, W. G., i H. Ing. "Sodium Activation in the Human Body". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 10, nr 1-4 (1.01.1985): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a079428.

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Vieweg, W. V. R., i L. S. Godleski. "Psychosis, Body Weight and Plasma Sodium". British Journal of Psychiatry 153, nr 1 (lipiec 1988): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.1.122b.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Sodium in the body"

Ke, Ying, i n/a. "Mechanisms by which COMMD1 down-regulates Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) activity". University of Otago. Department of Physiology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20081205.161914.

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The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) made up of α, β and γ subunits is located at the apical membrane of polarised epithelia and mediates transport of sodium ions into the cells. Tight control of ENaC function is essential for maintaining sodium homeostasis, blood volume and blood pressure. Controlling the number of active channels present at the cell surface appears to be critically important in regulating ENaC activity. The neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated gene 4 (Nedd4) family of proteins (eg. Nedd4-2) ubiquitinate ENaC and decrease its cell surface expression. The activity of Nedd4-2 is modulated by serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase (SGK), which phosphorylates Nedd4-2 and increases cell surface expression of ENaC. The c̲o̲pper m̲etabolism gene M̲URR1 d̲omain 1 (COMMD1) protein is a recently identified ENaC binding partner and negative regulator of channel activity. Studies by other groups suggest that COMMD1 is also involved in the processes of intracellular protein trafficking and ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. The aims of this study were 1). To characterise the interactions between COMMD1 and ENaC. 2). To identify the mechanism(s) by which COMMD1 down-regulates ENaC activity. Here protein-protein interaction studies were used to show that a recently identified conserved C-terminal domain (the COMM domain) in COMMD1 is essential for its binding to ENaC. The binding site for COMMD1 in βENaC was found to be located in its N-terminal domain. COMMD1 was shown to down-regulate ENaC by increasing ubiquitin modification of ENaC and by decreasing the cell surface population. COMMD1 was found to interact with SGK and formed a complex with SGK and Nedd4-2. Ussing chamber studies of Na⁺ transport showed that COMMD1 attenuated the stimulation of ENaC by SGK and abolished insulin-stimulated ENaC current in epithelial cells. Conversely, knock-down of COMMD1 increased ENaC current in mammalian epithelial cells. These data suggest that COMMD1 plays a role in regulating ENaC activity in epithelial cells and its effect is likely mediated via SGK. In addition COMMD1 was found to bind to the adaptor protein subunit [mu]2. Mutations in COMMD1 that disrupt its interaction with [mu]2 impair its ability to decrease cell surface expression of ENaC in Cos-7 cells, therefore COMMD1 may also have a role in the endocytosis of ENaC by linking cell surface ENaC to the clathrin-dependent endocytosis machinery. In summary, this study investigated the interactions between COMMD1 and ENaC and identified that the SGK/Nedd4-2 pathway is involved in the COMMD1-mediated ubiquitination and down-regulation of ENaC activity.

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Rothenbühler, Andreas Fischbacher Andreas. "Body sodium/blood volume state in normotensive members of mormotensive and hypertensive families /". [S.l : s.n.], 1985. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Higgins, M. "The effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on whole body and isolated skeletal muscle performance". Thesis, Coventry University, 2013. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/696c40cf-9b03-4246-b996-9aa62ea4d56e/1.

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This thesis examined four key areas considered to contribute to why the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as an ergogenic aid remains equivocal. Firstly, familiarisation to and test re-test reliability of continuous constant load cycling to exhaustion (TLIM) at 110% peak power output (WPEAK) were investigated. Results indicated two trials are required before participants become fully familiarised and reliable data are obtained and that daily biological variation was 6 ± 11% (16 ± 28 s). The primary aim of study two was to determine the most appropriate exercise intensity for future studies in this thesis. A secondary aim was to elucidate why certain participants appear to respond to NaHCO3 ingestion and others do not (Price and Simons 2010, Saunders et al. 2011). Therefore, we evaluated cycling TLIM at 100%, 110% and 120% WPEAK in the same participants. NaHCO3 ingestion increased TLIM by 17% compared to placebo (PLA) at 100% WPEAK. This was due, at least in part, to attenuated localised ratings of perceived exertion (RPEL). No difference in group level data was observed between treatments at 110% WPEAK or 120% WPEAK although there was marked inter and intra individual variance. Thirdly, in order to evaluate the efficacy of NaHCO3 at a tissue level we examined the effects of NaHCO3 on dynamic isolated muscle performance undergoing cyclical length changes. Acute power output (PO) was on average 7.0% greater for NaHCO3 treated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles and 3.6% greater for NaHCO3 treated soleus (SOL) muscles compared to control (CON). Increases in PO were due to greater force production throughout shortening. Treatment of EDL and SOL did not alter the pattern of fatigue at a group level although similar to study 2 there was marked inter individual variation. Finally, to determine the effects of training status we evaluated the effects of 6 weeks high-intensity cycling training on the efficacy of NaHCO3. Overall, pre-training TLIM was 10% greater with NaHCO3 compared to PLA with a benefit to harm odds ratio of 571. Overall, post-training TLIM was 6% greater with NaHCO3 compared to PLA with a benefit to harm odds ratio of 17. Similar to studies 2 and 3 individual variation was observed. Based on daily biological variation for TLIM of 6% (as determined in study 1) and a recommended benefit to harm odds ratio threshold of > 66, NaHCO3 improved TLIM before training only. We concluded that 6 weeks high-intensity cycling training reduces the effectiveness of NaHCO3 in previously non-cycling trained males. The change in efficacy is likely due to, at least in part, training induced changes in intracellular buffering capacity. In summary, NaHCO3 is an effective ergogenic aid for TLIM cycling at 100% WPEAK in non-cycling trained males. This is due, at least in part, to attenuated localised ratings of perceived exertion (RPEL). In contrast, 6-weeks high-intensity cycling training reduces the efficacy of NaHCO3 for TLIM cycling at 100% WPEAK in previously non-cycling trained males. The change in efficacy is likely due to, at least in part, training induced changes in intracellular buffering capacity. At a skeletal muscle level, NaHCO3 increases acute PO in both predominantly fast (EDL) and predominantly slow (SOL) twitch muscle fibres, due to greater force production throughout shortening.

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Ng, Chi Wing. "Detection of sodium and potassium in single human erythrocytes by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy : instrumentation and feasibility demonstration". HKBU Institutional Repository, 1999. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/173.

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Sims, Stacy Teresa, i n/a. "Plasma volume and the physiological response to sodium loading in men and women". University of Otago. School of Physical Education, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070418.143047.

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The metabolic heat generated by exercise must be dissipated to maintain body temperature within narrow physiological limits; during exercise and heat exposure, body water is lost via sweating to enable evaporative cooling of the body. When sweating takes place, total body water is reduced (without the intake of additional fluids) from each fluid compartment due to the free exchange of water between compartments with a concomitant loss of electrolytes, primarily sodium. A series of three investigations were undertaken to evaluate: 1) the efficacy of acute sodium citrate-chloride loading on endurance trained males and females as a viable means to expand extracellular fluid volume, 2) any menstrual cycle effects on renal handling of this sodium load at rest, and 3) if any subsequent hypervolaemia reduces the physiological strain of exercise in warm conditions in both genders. The first investigation examined eight endurance-trained (VO₂[max]: 58 ml�kg⁻��min⁻� (SD 5); 36 y (SD 11)) runners in a randomized double-blind crossover study. The participants ingested a high-sodium (HighNa⁺: 164 mmol Na⁺�L⁻�) or low-sodium (LowNa⁺: 10 mmol Na⁺�L⁻�) beverage (10 ml�kg⁻�) before running to exhaustion at 70% VO₂[max] in warm conditions (32�C, 50% RH, V[a]~1.5 m�s⁻�). Results indicate that HighNa⁺ increased PV before exercise (4.5% (SD 3.7)), calculated from Hct and [Hb]), whereas LowNa⁺ didn�t (0.0% (SD 0.5); P = 0.04), and involved greater time to exercise termination in those who were stopped due to ethical end point of 39.5�C and volitional exhaustion (39.5�C: 57.9 min (SD 6) vs. 46.4 min (SD 4); n = 5, P = 0.04; EXH: 96.1 min (SD 22) vs. 75.3 min (SD 21); n = 3, P = 0.03; HighNa⁺ vs. LowNa⁺ respectively). At equivalent times before exercise termination, HighNa⁺ also involved lower core temperature (38.9 vs. 39.3�C; P = 0.00) and perceived exertion (P = 0.01), and a tendency for lower heart rate (164 vs. 174 bpm; P = 0.08). The main purpose of the second investigation was to investigate the efficacy of an acute sodium load on endurance trained women�s plasma volume and renal mechanisms across the menstrual cycle at rest. This was evaluated by inducing a sodium-mediated plasma volume expansion using HighNa⁺ at rest during the last high hormone week of the OCP cycle (HH[ocp]) or the late-luteal phase of the natural cycle (LUT[nat]) and during the low hormone sugar pill week of the OCP cycle (SUG[ocp]) or during the early follicular phase of the natural cycle (FOL[nat]. Thirteen women completed the study with one woman on a progestin-only pill (results were used for case study, not statistical analyses) and were assigned to one of two groups: 1) control (NAT, n = 6, 24 y (SD 5), 53 ml�kg�ml⁻� (SD 3)) or oral contraceptive pill (OCP, n = 6, progestin only n = 1, 29 y (SD 6), 51 ml�kg�ml⁻� (SD 2)) group according to their usage status. Across the four-hour post loading time there was greater plasma volume expansion in SUG[ocp] and FOL[nat] vs. LUT[nat] and HH[ocp] (5.06% (SD1.16) vs. 3.35% (SD 0.23), P = 0.02). OCP usage did not reliably alter the hypervolaemic response (P = 0.27), and this was not dependent on phase of cycle (P = 0.32). Plasma volume expansion occurred across both types and phases of the menstrual cycle with evidence that estradiol interactions with AVP, P[osm] and body water retention are stronger in the low hormone phase of the OCP than in the follicular phase of the natural cycle; illustrated by greater overall water retention after an acute sodium+water load. The third investigation was conducted during the high hormone phase of both OCP and NAT menstrual cycles to further examine sodium-loading effects on the physiological capacity of exhaustive cycling in warm conditions. Thirteen endurance-trained (VO₂[peak] 52 ml�kg⁻��min⁻� (SD 2); 26 y (SD 6), 60.8 kg (SD 5), mean (SD)) cyclists completed this double-blind, crossover experiment during the high hormone phase of the menstrual cycle. Cyclists ingested a concentrated sodium (HighNa⁺: 164 mmol Na⁺�L⁻�) or low-sodium (LowNa⁺: 10 mmol Na⁺�L⁻�) beverage (10 ml�kg⁻�) before cycling to exhaustion at 70% VO₂[max] in warm conditions (32�C, 50% RH, V[a]~5.6 m�s⁻�). HighNa⁺ increased PV before exercise, similar to that of the men in the first investigation, whereas LowNa⁺ didn�t (4.4% (SD 1.2) vs. -1.9% (SD 1.3); P < 0.0001), and involved greater time to exhaustion (98.6 min (SD 25.6) vs. 78.5 min (SD 24.6); P < 0.0001). There was a higher baseline core temperature and faster rate of change for HH[ocp] for both beverage conditions (HighNa⁺: 37.15 (SD 0.6) vs. 36.92�C (SD 0.4); P = 0.05, LowNa⁺: 37.04 (SD 0.6) vs. 36.90�C (SD 0.4), P = 0.05; HH[ocp] vs. LUT[nat], respectively). Through this series of investigations a greater understanding was achieved of fluid balance and the effect of pre-exercise hypervolaemia between genders; pre-exercise ingestion of a concentrated sodium beverage increased plasma volume before exercise and involved less thermoregulatory and the actual and perceived physiological strain during exercise and increased endurance in warm conditions.

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Sanders, Barry. "The effects of sodium chloride ingestion on fluid balance and body fluid distribution during exercise". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27124.

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The aim of the first experiment of this thesis was to determine whether the ingestion of a concentrated sodium chloride solution (100mEq/1) during exercise would expand the plasma volume when fluid was ingested at approximately half the rate at which it was being lost as sweat. Six male cyclists exercised for 90 minutes in the heat (32 ± 1 °C, 55 ± 5% RH) at 66 ± 1 % of VO₂ₘₐₓ while ingesting either no fluid CNF), water (W), or a saline CS) solution (100mEq/1). In the Wand S trials, subjects drank 400ml of the fluid immediately prior to commencing exercise, and 100ml of fluid every 10 minutes during exercise until 80 minutes. In the S trial sodium chloride was ingested in capsules. One capsule containing 0.585g of sodium chloride was ingested with every 100ml of water. At the end of the 90 minute exercise bout they rested in a sitting position for one hour in cool conditions (22 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5% RH). After the initial drop in plasma volume due to the onset of exercise. plasma volume decreased progressively during the NF trial and was significantly less than the 10 minute value at 80 and 90 minutes (p<0.0033). At 40, 60, 80 and 90 minutes of exercise, the plasma volume in the NF trial was significantly less than in the W and the S trials (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the W and the S trials at any time. Further, after the initial drop in plasma volume due to the onset of exercise. plasma volume did not decrease any further in either the W or the S trial. Plasma sodium concentrations in the NF and the S trial were significantly elevated at 40, 60, 80 and 90 minutes (p<0.0033). Plasma sodium concentration in the NF and the S trials were also significantly higher than in the W trial at 80 and 90 minutes of exercise (p<0.05). Since the ingestion of a sodium chloride solution containing 100mEq/1 did not have a beneficial effect on plasma volume and plasma sodium concentration, when fluid ingestion rates were approximately half of the rate of sweat loss, it is concluded the under these conditions, the ingestion of a concentrated sodium chloride beverage has no advantage over the ingestion of water. The aim of the second experiment of this thesis was to determine the effect of varying concentrations of sodium chloride ingestion on fluid balance, when the rate of fluid ingestion matched the sweat rate. Six male cyclists cycled for 4 hours at 55% of VO₂ₘₐₓ in mild conditions (20 ± 1°c and 70 ± 5% RH), while ingesting either a low salt (LS) (4.6 mEq/1), a medium salt (MS) (50 mEq/1) or a high salt (HS) (100 mEq/1) beverage. Each beverage also contained a glucose polymer in an 8% concentration (8g/100ml). The subjects ingested 400ml of beverage immediately prior to commencement of exercise, and 150ml of fluid every 10 minutes during exercise until 220 minutes. Sodium chloride in the MS and HS trials was given to the subjects as supplemental gel capsules so that the drink was palatable. At the end of exercise, subjects recovered in a sitting position for 30 minutes. At the end of the 4 hours of exercise, fluid loss via the urine was significantly greater in the LS and the MS trials than in the HS trial (p<0.05). As a result, the fluid deficits in the LS and the MS trials were significantly greater than the fluid deficit in the HS trial. There was no significant difference between the MS and the LS trials for urinary fluid loss. During the 4 hour exercise bout, plasma sodium concentrations in the LS, the MS and the HS trials were not significantly different from one another, nor were they significantly different from resting values. There was no significant difference in the rectal temperature response to exercise in the three trials. It can therefore be concluded that in conditions where fluid ingestion matches sweat rate, attenuation of urinary fluid loss to optimise fluid replacement, relies on the ingestion of sodium chloride in quantities greater than that lost in the sweat. Therefore, for the ingestion of sodium chloride in excess of that which is currently available in sports drinks to beneficial, fluid must be ingested in volumes matching sweat loss.

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Zarkadas, Marion. "Effects of sodium chloride supplementation on urinary calcium, other urine and blood electrolytes and parathyroid hormone levels in postmenopausal women". Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61693.

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McBride, Shawna M. "An examination of early life sodium manipulation and its role in amphetamine sensitization in adult offspring". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1799961721&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Hurley, Seth W. "The sensitization of sodium appetite: Plasticity in neural networks governing body fluid homeostasis and motivated behavior". Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1635.

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When most omnivores and herbivores become sodium depleted they engage in the motivated behavior of sodium appetite (AKA salt appetite), or the seeking out and ingestion of salty substances. Sodium appetite is associated with psychological processes that serve to enhance the incentive and rewarding value of salty substances in order to attract animals to salty substances and reinforce the ingestion of them. The experience of sodium depletion also produces long-lasting changes in behavior; one of the most apparent changes being a seemingly life-long increase in hypertonic salt intake which indicates sodium appetite is sensitized. Two neural circuits have been implicated in the sensitization of sodium appetite: 1) a forebrain neural circuit that regulates body fluid homeostasis, and 2) the mesolimbic dopamine system which mediates motivated behaviors. This dissertation has three aims that serve the overall purpose of providing a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate the sensitization of sodium appetite. The first aim is to develop a model of sodium depletion that is amenable to pharmacological manipulation in order to determine whether the -blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, which are critical for neural plasticity, will prevent the sensitization of sodium appetite. The second aim is to determine whether sensitization is associated with relatively long-term molecular changes in forebrain areas that regulate body fluid homeostasis. The third aim is to identify how forebrain areas involved in body fluid homeostasis may connect to and influence activity in the mesolimbic dopamine system.

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Langan, Esther M. "Sublethal effects of sodium nitrate on developmental rate and body length in Southern Toad (Bufo terrestris) tadpoles". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000863.

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Książki na temat "Sodium in the body"

United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Human Nutrition Information Service., red. Use salt and sodium only in moderation. [Fargo, N.D.]: NDSU Extension Service, 1993.

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National Kidney Disease Education Program (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases). Sodium: Tips for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Wyd. 2. Bethesda, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Kidney Disease Education Program, 2011.

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Jōji, Yamahara, red. Umi kara no enajī: Kaisōen to kaisōtan no miryoku / Yamahara Jōji hencho. Tōkyō: San Rōdo Shuppan, 1994.

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lantbruksuniversitet, Sveriges, red. Sodium and potassium regulation: With special reference to the athletic horse. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1999.

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1953-, Rettig R., Ganten D. 1941- i Luft F. C. 1942-, red. Salt and hypertension: Dietary minerals, volume homeostatis, and cardiovascular regulation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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Tisdale, Sallie. Lot's wife: Salt and the human condition. New York: Holt, 1988.

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Ian, Glynn, Ellory J. C i Company of Biologists, red. The sodium pump: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Na, K-ATPase, held at the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, in August 1984. Cambridge, U.K: Company of Biologists, 1985.

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Adrogué, Horacio J. Salt & water. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994.

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Blashfield, Jean F. Sodium. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1999.

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Bamberg, Ernst, i Wilhelm Schoner, red. The Sodium Pump. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72511-1.

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Części książek na temat "Sodium in the body"

Heath, Donald, i Paul Smith. "The Carotid Bodies and Sodium Metabolism". W Diseases of the Human Carotid Body, 127–31. London: Springer London, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1874-9_15.

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Woodcock, Thomas. "Fluid Physiology Part 1: Volume and Distribution of Water and Its Major Solutes Between Plasma, the Interstitium and Intracellular Fluid". W Rational Use of Intravenous Fluids in Critically Ill Patients, 47–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42205-8_2.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the compartmentalization of body water and its solutes, which is essential for understanding the physiology of body fluid spaces. The modern view of body fluid circulation is an actively pumped double circulation of extracellular fluid that enables solutes to be transferred to and from the intracellular fluid. The different factors that determine fluid flux across cell membrane and microvascular permeability barriers will be discussed, including hydrostatic pressure differences and solute concentration gradients. The regulation of total body water volume and body sodium is also discussed, as well as the clinical relevance of non-osmotic sodium storage capacity in the interstitium. The importance of balancing body potassium and sodium is highlighted, which depends on an adequate availability of magnesium. Additionally, this chapter emphasizes the major contributors to plasma osmolality and the danger of rapid extracellular fluid osmolality changes. However, an alternative model of body water response to intravenous infusions is proposed based on evidence from surgical practice, suggesting that adaptive mechanisms exist to stabilize intracellular volume in the face of excessive fluid infusions. Overall, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the distribution and regulation of body water and its solutes, providing important new insights into fluid physiology.

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de Châtel, R., M. Tóth, A. Tislér, I. Barna, M. Herendi i M. A. Vossbein. "Whole-Body Exchangeable Sodium in Cardiovascular and Endocrine Disorders". W Salt and Hypertension, 258–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73917-0_24.

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Krediet, Raymond T. "Dry Body Weight: Water and Sodium Removal Targets in PD". W Contributions to Nephrology, 104–10. Basel: KARGER, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000093509.

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Martin, Richard M., X. P. Li, E. L. Shirley, L. Mitáš i D. M. Ceperley. "Quantum Monte Carlo Calculations on Materials: Tests on Crystalline Silicon and the Sodium Dimer". W Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories, 451–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3466-2_31.

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Kramer, H. J. "Endogenous Inhibitors of Sodium- and Potassium-Activated Adenosine Triphosphatase: A Potential Role for Body Fluid and Blood Pressure Regulation". W Endocrine Regulation of Electrolyte Balance, 136–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71405-4_13.

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Singh, Amandeep, i Aayush Chawla. "The Place of Crystalloids". W Rational Use of Intravenous Fluids in Critically Ill Patients, 205–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42205-8_9.

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AbstractCrystalloids are commonly used in medicine as solutions containing electrolytes dissolved in water, with or without glucose. They can be used as maintenance, replacement, or resuscitation fluids, but should be administered with caution. This chapter provides an overview of basic definitions, terminology, and concepts regarding crystalloids, including their categorization by tonicity, their balanced or unbalanced nature, and the importance of strong ion difference (SID). Improper administration of crystalloids can lead to morbidity, particularly hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (HMA) and fluid overload. Moreover, saline with a SID of zero can cause a positive sodium balance and subsequent fluid accumulation, which can lead to renal dysfunction and the need for vasopressors and renal replacement therapy. Recent systematic reviews and post-hoc analyses of six major fluid trials have shown that balanced solutions (not containing glucose) reduce mortality by 1%, making them a good first choice for resuscitation in patients with sepsis and septic shock, burns, or diabetic ketoacidosis. Traumatic brain injury and gastrointestinal losses may be the only indications left for (ab)normal saline. The pediatric community still favors isotonic solutions for maintenance, although a growing body of evidence supports hypotonic crystalloids as a better choice. Hypertonic crystalloids have been described for small volume resuscitation in specific patient populations, such as post cardiac arrest, but their sodium burden may outweigh the temporarily beneficial hemodynamic effects. In case of excessive losses, fluids should be substituted or replaced by those that mimic the fluids that are lost, such as blood. Prescribing crystalloid solutions should be done with care. Fluid overload or accumulation and HMA should be avoided, as it can induce extra morbidity and mortality. Choosing the right fluid, indication, dose, and duration is crucial for preventing morbidity and mortality: it is all about giving the right dose of the right fluid at the right time for the right patient!

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Newman, Jonathan. "Sodium, Sodium Sensitivity". W Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 2109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_1284.

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Newman, Jonathan. "Sodium, Sodium Sensitivity". W Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1851–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1284.

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Bell, R. N., W. L. Jolly i L. F. Aurieth. "Sodium Pyrophosphates (Sodium Diphosphates)". W Inorganic Syntheses, 98–101. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132340.ch24.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Sodium in the body"

Monfort, Jeffrey, Andrew W. Caswell, Vincent Belovich i Bethany Huelskamp. "Experimental Characterization of Decay Rates in Bluff-Body Stabilized Flames Using Sodium Injection". W 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-1022.

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Mignot, Emmanuel, Anne Marie Morse, Judi Profant, CBSM, Teresa L. Steininger, Marisa Whalen i Kiran Maski. "Effects of Sodium Oxybate on Body Mass Index in Pediatric Participants With Narcolepsy". W AAP National Conference & Exhibition Meeting Abstracts. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.147.3_meetingabstract.301.

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Bagnato, V., L. Marcassa, C. Tao, Y. Wang i J. Weiner. "Two-Color Photo-Associative Ionization Collisions between Sodium Atoms". W High Resolution Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hrs.1993.pd6.

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Collisions of ultracold trapped atoms ( T< 1mK) have opened a new field of atomic collisions with abundant opportunities for theory and experiments. Photo-associative ionization (PAI) in sodium atoms has been the first two-body collision Studied in optical traps3. In this process two ground state Na atoms absorb two photons during the course of the collisional encounter. The first absorption at long range put the colliding system on an attractive C3/R3 potential curve, and the two atoms begin to accelerate toward each other. A second absorption promotes the system to a doubly excited Na(3p)+Na(3p) potential curve from which the PAI process takes place at short range.

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Bagnato, V., L. Marcassa, C. Tsao, Y. Wang i J. Weiner. "Two-color photo-associative ionization: observing intermediate steps of ultracold atomic collisions". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.tudd.5.

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Abdulilah ABDULMAWJOOD, Sana, Eman Salem MAHMOUD i Mohammed I. MAJEED. "INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN FEMALE RATS TREATED WITH QUERCETIN". W VI.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Applied and Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress6-29.

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The objective of this study was to determine whether quercetin, a polyphenol, could protect rats from nitrite's harmful effects. Methodologies: During the course of this investigation, twenty-one albino female rats have been used. The animals were placed in one of the three groups, which each had a total of seven rats. The groups were selected at random. Group, I received water throughout the duration of the experiment and was regarded as the healthy control group. The animals in Group II were given a solution containing 50 milligrams of sodium nitrite per kilogram of body weight via a gavage needle For the whole period of the study while those in Group III were given a solution containing both 50 milligrams of sodium nitrite per kilogram of body weight and 100 milligrams of quercetin per kilogram of rat weight. Blood samples were analyzed inflammatory markers including interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as biochemical markers including liver enzymes , urea, and serum creatinine.

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Umeda, Ryota, Toshiki Kondo, Shin Kikuchi i Akikazu Kurihara. "Experimental Study on Aerosol Transport Behavior in Multiple Cells With Expandable Connecting Pipe for Safety Assessment of Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors". W 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-61200.

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Abstract Sodium fire is one of the accidental events in case of sodium leak of sodium-cooled fast reactor. This event is basically the reaction between liquid sodium and oxygen with exothermic heat. The transport behavior of the aerosol as reaction product (sodium oxide) by sodium fire through the air duct between cells may cause damage and failure of the control devices and harmful effect against human body. Previously, many experimental works on sodium fire have been carried out in single cell. However, the finding on the sodium fire experiments using multiple cells is quite limited. Thus, the elucidation of aerosol transport phenomenon between cells is indispensable for validation of sodium fire analysis code. In this study, in order to obtain the fundamental information on aerosol transport behavior between cells, the development of Multiple cells with Expandable connecting pipe Test (hereinafter referred to as “MET”) facility and related experimental devices have been carried out since 2016. The MET facility comprises 3 cells and several expandable connecting pipes and has the flexible cells arrangement capability for desired multiple cells layout. Also, the size of the cell was determined on the basis of Grashof number to simulate the condition of natural convection heat transfer in case of sodium fire. Each cell comprises 6 wall panels made of both acryl and matte black coating aluminum. For simulant of sodium fire aerosol, silica particle (approximately 2.2 g/cm3, 1μm) was used to simulate the density of sodium oxide produced by sodium fire and primary particle size of the aerosol based on the results obtained by in-situ measurement using laser diagnostics for sodium-oxygen counter flow in our previous work. The preliminary experiments using 2 cells connected with horizontal or vertical pipe were performed to observe the particle diffusion and transport behavior. The stable particle supply was confirmed in the particle supply cell, and the basic feature on transport behavior between 2 cells was observed by using video camera. After experiment, the particle settled in the floor of each cell was collected and weighed. As a result, certain amount of particle sedimentation was detected in the adjacent cell, which is evident from observation of the particle diffusion and transport behavior. Thus, the basic feature on transport behavior and sedimentation of the particles in the MET facility were confirmed.

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Yamano, Hidemasa, Satoshi Futagami i Masanori Ando. "Structural Analysis of a Reactor Vessel in a Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Under Extremely High Temperature Conditions". W 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-93231.

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Abstract To enhance resilience of next-generation nuclear structures, it is necessary to develop design methodology that mitigates impacts of failure caused by extremely high temperature conditions which might lead to a severe accident. The purpose of this study is to understand its deformation behavior under extremely high temperature conditions and to identify the areas that should be focused on to mitigate impacts of failure. For this purpose, this study has conducted a detailed structural analysis of a reactor vessel (RV) in a loop-type sodium-cooled fast reactor using a general-purpose finite element analysis code, FINAS/STAR. The RV was heated from the normal operation condition to the sodium boiling temperature in the upper sodium plenum for 20 hours, assuming depressurization. The analysis has revealed less significant stress and strain which were sufficiently lower than failure criteria. The upper body of the RV was identified as the important area in terms of mitigation of structural failure. The RV was eventually deformed downward about 16 cm, but it resulted in no failure. This effect contributes to maintaining the RV sodium level in a long term, thereby enhancing the RV resilience.

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Svitko, S. O., K. S. Koroleva, G. F. Sitdikova i K. A. Petrova. "The role of nitric oxide in the regulation of the electrical activity of the trigeminal nerve in the rat". W VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-177-180.

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Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule that regulates a number of physiological functions, including its role in the formation of migraine has been established. NO is endogenously produced in the body from L-arginine by NO synthase. The NO donor, nitroglycerin, is a trigger of migraine in humans and is widely used in the modeling of this disease in animals, which suggests the involvement of components of the NO signaling cascade in the pathogenesis of migraine. Based on the results obtained, it was found that an increase in the concentration of both the substrate for the synthesis of NO, L-arginine, and the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, has a pro-nociceptive effect in the afferents of the trigeminal nerve. In this case, the effect of sodium nitroprusside is associated with the activation of intracellular soluble guanylate cyclase. Key words: nitric oxide, migraine, trigeminal nerve, L-arginine, guanylate cyclase, sodium nitroprusside, nociception.

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Kuang, Yu, Lili Wu, Sandi A. Kwee, Mei Li, Xun Peng, Liangxi Xie i Zhixiong Lin. "Abstract 3974:18F-sodium fluoride PET/CT-guided dose escalation in stereotactic body radiotherapy for spine oligometastases from prostate cancer". W Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3974.

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Kusumawati, Widya, i Lely Khulafa’ur Rosidah. "The Effect of Hormonal Contraception on Body Mass Index among Women in Reproductive Age". W The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.20.

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ABSTRACT Background: Hormonal contraception is still a popular contraceptive method for most women. More than six million women worldwide use the injectable hormonal contraceptive method. The hormones estrogen and progesterone contained in hormonal birth control can affect the increase of sodium and fluids. This will affect the fat layer and appetite which will cause weight gain, thus impacting body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to determine the effect of hormonal contraception on BMI. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Ngampel village, Mojoroto District, Kediri, East Java, in June – July 2019. The total of 30 women in reproductive age were selected using purposive sampling technique. The independent variable was the use of hormonal contraception. the dependent variable was BMI. The data were collected by questionnaire then analyzed using Chi Square test. Results: The use of hormonal contraception was increased the BMI among women in reproductive age. Conclusion: The use of hormonal contraception can give an effect on BMI. Sometimes, woman body should be given the opportunity to rest using non-hormonal birth control. Keywords: family planning, hormonal contraception, body mass index Correspondence: Widya Kusumawati. Dharma Husada Kediri Academy of Midwifery. Jl. Coverage No 41 A Kediri City. Email: widya.koesoemawati@gmail.com. Mobile: 085722223910. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.20

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Sodium in the body"

Champion, Theresa. Studies of Charmless Two-Body, Quasi-Two-Body and Three-Body B Decays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/784763.

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Pritchard, Joy, H. R. Whay i A. Brown. Body condition. Brooke, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.46746/gaw.2020.abi.bcs.

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Schwartz, Bertha, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ofer Danai i Yitzhak Hadar. Increasing the value of mushrooms as functional foods: induction of alpha and beta glucan content via novel cultivation methods. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600033.bard.

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During the granting period, we performed the following projects: Firstly, we differentially measured glucan content in several pleurotus mushroom strains. Mushroom polysaccharides are edible polymers that have numerous reported biological functions; the most common effects are attributed to β-glucans. In recent years, it became apparent that the less abundant α-glucans also possess potent effects in various health conditions. In our first study, we explored several Pleurotus species for their total, β and α-glucan content. Pleurotuseryngii was found to have the highest total glucan concentrations and the highest α-glucans proportion. We also found that the stalks (stipe) of the fruit body contained higher glucan content then the caps (pileus). Since mushrooms respond markedly to changes in environmental and growth conditions, we developed cultivation methods aiming to increase the levels of α and β-glucans. Using olive mill solid waste (OMSW) from three-phase olive mills in the cultivation substrate. We were able to enrich the levels mainly of α-glucans. Maximal total glucan concentrations were enhanced up to twice when the growth substrate contained 80% of OMSW compared to no OMSW. Taking together this study demonstrate that Pleurotuseryngii can serve as a potential rich source of glucans for nutritional and medicinal applications and that glucan content in mushroom fruiting bodies can be further enriched by applying OMSW into the cultivation substrate. We then compared the immune-modulating activity of glucans extracted from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii on phagocytosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, and superoxide release from HL-60 cells. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these glucans are partially mediated through modulation of neutrophileffector functions (P. eryngiiwas more effective). Additionally, both glucans dose-dependently competed for the anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibody binding. We then tested the putative anti-inflammatory effects of the extracted glucans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced model in mice. The clinical symptoms of IBD were efficiently relieved by the treatment with two different doses of the glucan from both fungi. Glucan fractions, from either P. ostreatus or P. eryngii, markedly prevented TNF-α mediated inflammation in the DSS–induced inflamed intestine. These results suggest that there are variations in glucan preparations from different fungi in their anti-inflammatory ability. In our next study, we tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α. We demonstrated that glucan extracts are more effective than mill mushroom preparations. Additionally, the effectiveness of stalk-derived glucans were slightly more pronounced than of caps. Cap and stalk glucans from mill or isolated glucan competed dose-dependently with anti-Dectin-and anti-CR-3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. Using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-inflammatory bowel disease mice model, intestinal inflammatory response to the mill preparations was measured and compared to extracted glucan fractions from caps and stalks. We found that mill and glucan extracts were very effective in downregulatingIFN-γ and MIP-2 levels and that stalk-derived preparations were more effective than from caps. The tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes and upregulating the levels of fecal-released IgA to almost normal levels. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating some IBD-inflammatory associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii. These spatial distinctions may be helpful in selecting more effective specific anti-inflammatory mushrooms-derived glucans. We additionally tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-α, which demonstrated stalk-derived glucans were more effective than of caps-derived glucans. Isolated glucans competed with anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating IBD-associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii grown at higher concentrations of OMSW. We conclude that these stress-induced growing conditions may be helpful in selecting more effective glucans derived from edible mushrooms. Based on the findings that we could enhance glucan content in Pleurotuseryngii following cultivation of the mushrooms on a substrate containing different concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and that these changes are directly related to the content of OMSW in the growing substrate we tested the extracted glucans in several models. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, we measured the colonic inflammatory response to the different glucan preparations. We found that the histology damaging score (HDS) resulting from DSS treatment reach a value of 11.8 ± 2.3 were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans, glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 20% OMSWdownregulated to a HDS value of 6.4 ± 0.5 and at 80% OMSW showed the strongest effects (5.5 ± 0.6). Similar downregulatory effects were obtained for expression of various intestinal cytokines. All tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes from 18.2 ± 2.7 % for DSS to 6.4 ± 2.0 for DSS +glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 50% OMSW. We finally tested glucans extracted from Pleurotuseryngii grown on a substrate containing increasing concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) contain greater glucan concentrations as a function of OMSW content. Treatment of rat Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) transiently transfected with Nf-κB fused to luciferase demonstrated that glucans extracted from P. eryngii stalks grown on 80% OMSWdownregulatedTNF-α activation. Glucans from mushrooms grown on 80% OMSW exerted the most significant reducing activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. The isolated glucans were tested in vivo using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice and found to reduce the histology damaging score resulting from DSS treatment. Expression of various intestinal cytokines were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans. We conclude that the stress-induced growing conditions exerted by OMSW induces production of more effective anti-inflammatory glucans in P. eryngii stalks.

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Author, Not Given. Sodium Borate Conversion to Sodium Borohydride. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/948580.

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Brown, Ashleigh. Firing: body areas. Brooke, kwiecień 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.46746/gaw.2020.abi.firbdar.

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Pritchard, Joy, i H. R. Whay. Body lesions - severity. Brooke, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.46746/gaw.2021.abi.les.sev.

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Brown. Body lesions - size. Brooke, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.46746/gaw.2020.abi.les.size.

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Alexandr, Izbreht. ABOUT BODY INERTNESS. DOI CODE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/doicode-2023.176.

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Peterson, R. A. Sodium Diuranate and Sodium Aluminosilicate Precipitation Testing Results. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/766656.

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Barrera, Barbara. Measurements of Charmless Three-Body and Quasi-Two-Body B Decays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/764975.

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