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Adams, E., i Jamie Branam Kridler. "A History of Socials Welfare in America". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5850.
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Gleeson, Damian John School of History UNSW. "The professionalisation of Australian catholic social welfare, 1920-1985". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of History, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26952.
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This thesis explores the neglected history of Australian Catholic social welfare, focusing on the period, 1920-85. Central to this study is a comparative analysis of diocesan welfare bureaux (Centacare), especially the Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide agencies. Starting with the origins of professional welfare at local levels, this thesis shows the growth in Catholic welfare services across Australia. The significant transition from voluntary to professional Catholic welfare in Australia is a key theme. Lay trained women inspired the transformation in the church???s welfare services. Prepared predominantly by their American training, these women devoted their lives to fostering social work in the Church and within the broader community. The women demonstrated vision and tenacity in introducing new policies and practices across the disparate and unco-ordinated Australian Catholic welfare sector. Their determination challenged the status quo, especially the church???s preference for institutionalisation of children, though they packaged their reforms with compassion and pragmatism. Trained social workers offered specialised guidance though such efforts were often not appreciated before the 1960s. New approaches to welfare and the co-ordination of services attracted varying degrees of resistance and opposition from traditional Catholic charity providers: religious orders and the voluntary-based St Vincent de Paul Society (SVdP). For much of the period under review diocesan bureaux experienced close scrutiny from their ordinaries (bishops), regular financial difficulties, and competition from other church-based charities for status and funding. Following the lead of lay women, clerics such as Bishop Algy Thomas, Monsignor Frank McCosker and Fr Peter Phibbs (Sydney); Bishop Eric Perkins (Melbourne), Frs Terry Holland and Luke Roberts (Adelaide), consolidated Catholic social welfare. For four decades an unprecedented Sydney-Melbourne partnership between McCosker and Perkins had a major impact on Catholic social policy, through peak bodies such as the National Catholic Welfare Committee and its successor the Australian Catholic Social Welfare Commission. The intersection between church and state is examined in terms of welfare policies and state aid for service delivery. Peak bodies secured state aid for the church???s welfare agencies, which, given insufficient church funding proved crucial by the mid 1980s.
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Tait, Irvine Wallace. "Voluntarism and the state in British social welfare 1914-1939". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1995. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5065/.
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The New Right's critique of the welfare state has generated considerable interest in the history of alternative forms of welfare provision. Recent work has focused upon the continued existence of voluntarism alongside the growth of twentieth century state welfare. In doing this, it has reacted against the tendency of post-war social welfare writing to concentrate exclusively on the statutory social services. This thesis, therefore, adds to a growing body of writing on inter-war voluntary social action. However, it differs from the work of others by focusing upon the interplay of voluntary and statutory sectors in the face of war, industrial unrest and mass unemployment: in other words the upheavals of the early twentieth century. The main body of the research not only deals with the part played by both sectors in the delivery of social services, but also places voluntarism in a wider social context by exploring its ideological response to working-class assertiveness. Indeed, the belief in a British national community with interests that transcended class or sectional divisions was a common feature in voluntarism's attitude towards the above challenges and their implications for social stability. Thus, by highlighting the class objectives of the middle-class volunteer, this thesis avoids treating voluntary groups as simply the deliverers of social services in partnership with the state. As middle-class organisations operating within civil society, the charities covered in the pages ahead are placed alongside the state and capital in the defence of the existing economic and social order. Differences may have existed amongst charities over the correct mix in the statutory-voluntary welfare mix, but, as this thesis seeks to prove, this should not blind us to voluntarism's commitment to an over riding class interest.
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Shafer, Linda K. "Rethinking the history of social welfare policy : poverty, citizenship and ideology in antebellum debates /". view abstract or download file of text, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9986758.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2000.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 253-266). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Low, Murray McIntosh. "The social democratic model and the American states : a study in welfare state geography /". The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487848078451513.
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Bennett-Ruete, Jackie. "A social history of Bad Ems : spa culture and the welfare state in Germany". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1987. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66766/.
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This thesis is about the spa town of Bad Ems in West Germany - its social and economic development. It analyses the town's rise to fame as a fashionable centre for relaxation and recuperation and the emergence of a 'spa culture' in the nineteenth century. It also studies the impact of the gradual 'democratisation' of cures i.e. how spa towns like Bad Ems changed in this century with the increase in the number of cure-guests funded by the statutory insurance bodies. This inevitably involves an examination of the system of national health provision from the late 19th century and the incorporation of spa treatment into benefit schemes. The subsequent analysis of medical knowledge and opinion, with particular reference to spa remedies and treatment considers both medical practitioners in Bad Ems and the development of the science of balneology over the past one hundred and fifty years. This analysis includes the debates and arguments about the modern cure and the growing concern since the Second World War with the efficiency and effectiveness of social insurance cures. Finally, this study looks at the cure-takers themselves, both in their relationship with the medical profession and their experience of spa life. Because no comprehensive study of Germany's spas has been attempted, this thesis aims to bring together different perspectives adopted by various disciplines. However, given the present state of research, it seemed that the only viable approach would be through a case study which analyses the town of Bad Ems at a grass-root level, though without ignoring the impact of national events and policies in Germany on cure-taking and spa culture. The findings of the research indicate that the introduction of cures as a benefit of national welfare policies ensured the survival of spas as health centres. No less importantly, today a cure is no longer the preserve of a wealthy elite as in the 19th century but available to all Germans. The success of cures in Germany today would also seem to reflect a culturally specific attitude to health and illness which stands in marked contrast to that in this country where spas have declined and where there is little interest in the forms of treatment offered by mineral springs and thermal waters.
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Flores-Martinez, Artemisa. "Women's empowerment and the welfare of children". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59698/.
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This thesis investigates whether women's empowerment affects children's wellbeing in two developing countries: Mexico and India. The first chapter provides a background on women's empowerment. The second chapter evaluates a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, which provides poor women in Mexico with tools to be better mothers, in terms of its impact on birthweight. The third chapter analyses whether empowered women, referred as those who have progressive gender attitudes, are more likely to have a firstborn girl in Delhi, India. Specifically, the second chapter evaluates PROGRESA-Oportunidades, a program that pays mothers cash in exchange of their investment in their children's human capital: education, health, and nutrition. Using quantile regressions, the chapter finds a positive and significant program effect, but babies at the upper tail of the conditional birthweight distribution seem to have benefited the most. Moreover, maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with a 459-gram decrease on birthweights at the 20th percentile of the conditional distribution, completely wiping out any program benefits. This effect is not picked up by least squares regression estimates, which is the technique used by previous literature on the subject. The third chapter turns to India, a country that has lost millions of girls to sex-selective abortions. The chapter first constructs a women's empowerment (progressivity ) index using a latent factor model, and then assesses whether progressive women are more likely to have a firstborn girl in Delhi. The latter territory has, unlike the Indian average, 'missing' women even among first order births. The results show that a one-standard deviation increase in the progressivity index is associated with a 5.8-percentage point increase in the likelihood of a firstborn girl relative to women who have not yet given birth.
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Hollis, Sylvea. "Race, capitalism, and social welfare after the Civil War, 1864-1911: the CKOP and the COC". Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6137.
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“Race, Capitalism, and Social Welfare after the Civil War, 1864-1911: The CKOP and the COC” is a cultural history. It examines the African American fraternal association, the Colored Knights of Pythias and their women’s auxiliary, the Court of Calanthe. The project straddles the periods before and after enslaved people’s relationship to labor and capitalism shifted in the US. For example, free and enslaved blacks purchased and owned goods before emancipation, but slavery’s demise created a new landscape for many African Americans in the transition from their bodies being considered commodities and contrabands to free laborers. Who were the people who were drawn to fraternal insurance as a product? What did their communities look like? What distinctions emerge in places that fought the hardest to create such tools as insurance among fraternals? This project uncovers the wartime and post-Civil War biographies of CKOP and COC members in order to create a more intimate story of their lives and understood how they responded to the political and economic risks of post-Reconstruction existence in the South. My project makes four key interventions. First, a more mature understanding of the capitalist state emerged in African American communities after the Civil War and understanding how African Americans interpreted this transition is important. Telling this story also means creating space to examine how freedmen and freeborn African Americans imagined their new relationship to capitalism as well as to each other. Secondly, both women and men believed their gender empowered them to also organize for social welfare and reform. Third, internal debates among the CKOP and COC over how to manage their business affairs as well as their social welfare programs are important sites of black identity formation. Lastly, the South is not a monolithic in this project – place matters. Through chapters grounded in regional studies, readers see the distinctive characteristics that defined community building in Washington, DC, Vicksburg, MS, New Orleans, LA and Birmingham, AL.
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Lane, Sharron. "The significance of individual contributions to the history of Kildonan UnitingCare". Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2018. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/ea4f8560a432d03164b18aa89fed22966846a36436570c72c80aa4bab658f685/2984814/LANE_2018_The_significance_of_individual_contributions_to.pdf.
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This thesis explores the history of the Victorian community service organisation which until June 2017 was known as Kildonan UnitingCare, and its historical predecessors, through the prisms of leadership and change. The Neglected and Criminal Children’s Act 1864 established a child welfare system where both the government and private establishments could take charge of children. Successive governments did not merely tolerate these private providers but actively partnered with them, and over the course of two decades this entrenched a decentralised system. The thesis argues that this created an environment where individuals within private organisations could develop new methods of care and use their organisations as a platform to change the nature of the sector more broadly.
Kildonan, established in 1881, provides three examples of such significant contributions. Selina Murray MacDonald Sutherland founded the work as a lady missionary at the Scots’ Church in Melbourne, and achieved a position of such prominence that she was able to persuade government to legitimate the work of private child rescuers through legislation, a recognition that was sought but rarely achieved by child rescue advocates in other parts of the world. In the 1950s two more leaders emerged, transforming not only Kildonan but also leading changes across the sector as a whole. Alison Player brought insights from her training as a social worker to lead the planning process that moved the organisation away from a focus on institutional care in the 1950s. She was followed by Alfred Spencer Colliver who, as Superintendent from 1957, developed the scattered family group home system, and worked alongside government to persuade other child care organisations to follow a similar path.
By comparing a range of sources to reconstruct what has been a poorly documented field this thesis shows how individuals, and the informal relationships they were able to develop with others in the sector, were crucial to the ongoing development of child welfare policy across Victoria’s decentralised array of support services.
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Williams, Samantha. "Poor relief, welfare and medical provision in Bedfordshire : the social, economic and demographic context, c.1770-1834". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272409.
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Muirhead, Jennifer. "“The children of today make the nation of tomorrow” : a social history of child welfare in twentieth century South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20199.
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: “The cry of the children of the needy is bitter and heartrending, and any effort towards stilling it deserves the best support and encouragement of the community… every day it rises in despairing appeal for succour and relief.” So wrote a South African newspaper editor in the early 1900s. This “cry” was answered by the emergence of a fledgling child welfare movement in South Africa, largely under the impetus of private charities mimicking international trends – particularly those of the metropole. The 1913 Children’s Act codified child protection, whilst government policies such as child maintenance grants helped in targeting one of the key challenges of child welfare: (white) poverty. Progressively, state and welfare became ever more entwined, epitomised by the formation of the National Council of Child Welfare in 1924 and the Social Welfare Department of 1937. Whilst the state played a constructive role when the aims of child welfare organisations tallied with its own goals (such as eliminating white poverty) it took on a more malevolent form when child welfare organisations did not toe the party-line, by turning their attention from white children to black children in the late 1930s.
The movement towards an apartheid state in 1948 saw the consolidation of de facto racial policies into de juro government legislation. This thesis explores the delicate balance between maintaining state support, whilst upholding the values of independent welfare, “irrespective of race or class, of politics or creed”. Despite asserting such inclusive sentiments, borrowed from international discourses, child welfare in South Africa could not be removed from its local socio-political context. The 1953 Bantu Education Act and the 1960 Children’s Act consolidated racial separation through the unequal allocation of state resources to black and white children. Despite the muted concerns of child welfare activists, apartheid discrimination towards African children increased as the century progressed, intensifying hostility and necessitating the agency of African youth towards the apartheid government culminating in the Soweto Uprising of 16 June 1976 and its aftermath. The key aim of this thesis is to illustrate that, while government involvement in welfare brought many benefits to the South African child welfare movement, it simultaneously created a dependence that would make child welfare organisations vulnerable to racialised party politics and bureaucracy in the twentieth century. This is evidenced in the divergence of child welfare along racial lines with white children receiving care similar to that in the Anglophone west, whilst African children were largely neglected. The unequal allocation of resources according to race served to consolidate white hegemony for generations of South Africans, as the “children of today make the nation of tomorrow”.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: “Die geween van die kinders in nood is hartverskeurend en bitter, en enige pogings om hierdie nood te verlig, verdien om deur die gemeenskap ondersteun en aangemoedig te word … elke dag is daar wanhopige krete tot hulp en verligting.” Só het ʼn Suid-Afrikaanse koerantredakteur in die vroeë twintigste eeu geskryf. Die “geween” is beantwoord deur die ontstaan van ʼn kinderwelsynsbeweging in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie beweging is grootliks ondersteun deur private welsynsbewegings wat internasionale tendense nagevolg het, in besonder dié van die metropool. Die 1913 Kinderwet het kinderbeskerming gedefinieer en regeringsbeleid soos onderhoudstoekennings het terselfdertyd gehelp om een van die grootste probleme in kinderwelsyn, naamlik (wit) armoede aan te spreek. Die staat en kinderwelsyn het toenemend met mekaar verweef geraak wat uiteindelik gelei het tot die stigting van die Nasionale Raad van Kinderwelsyn in 1924 en die Department van Maatskaplike Welsyns in 1937. Die regering het ʼn konstruktiewe rol gespeel wanneer kinderwelsyn organisasies se doelwette met die van die regering (soos om wit armoede uit te wis) gesinkroniseer het. In gevalle waar die organisasies regeringsbelied uigedag het soos in die geval van die verskuiwing van die fokus van hul aktiwiteite in die 1930s na swart kinders het die regering se rol ‘n meer destruktiewe aard ontwikkel. Met die beweging na ʼn apartheid staat in 1948 was daar ʼn vereenselwiging van die de facto rassebeleid met die de jure regeringsbeleid. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die delikate balans tussen die behoud van regeringsondersteuning en die handhawing van die beleid van verkaffing van onafhanklike welsyn, “ongeag ras, klas, politieke oortuigings of geloof.” Ten spyte van die handhawing van hierdie inklusiewe benadering in navolging van internasionale diskoers, kon kinderwelsyn in Suid-Afrika nie sy plaaslike sosio-politieke konteks ontkom nie. Die 1953 Wet op Bantoe-Onderwys tesame met die 1960 Kinderwet het rasseskeiding verskans deur die oneweredige toekenning van regeringshulpbronne aan swart en blanke kinders. Ten spyte van kinderwelsyn-aktiviste se gedempte protes, het diskriminasie teenoor swart kinders deur die loop van die eeu toegeneem. Dit het wrewel jeens die regering verdiep wat weerstand onder die swart jeug aangemoedig het en uiteindelik in die Soweto opstande van 16 Junie 1976 gekulmineer het. Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis is om te illustreer dat, alhoewel regeringsbetrokkenheid in welsyn vele voordele vir die Suid-Afrikaanse kinderwelsynsbeweging ingehou het, dit terselfdertyd ʼn soort afhanklikheid geskep het wat die kinderwelsynsorganisasies in die twintigste eeu kwesbaar gelaat het vir rasgebaseerde party politiek en burokrasie. Die kwesbaarheid word ten beste geillustreer deur die ontwikkeling van rasgebaseerde kinderwelsyn in terme waarvan wit kinders behandeling soortgelyk aan die van die Engelstalige weste ontvang het, terwyl swart kinders grootliks verwaarloos is. Die ongelyke toekenning van hulpbronne ten opsigte van ras het gelei tot die verstewiging van wit dominansie in Suid-Afrika vir talle generasies, aangesien “die kinders van vandag die nasie van môre is”.
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
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Willmets, Simon. "Falling out with history : Hollywood and the Central Intelligence Agency, 1945 - 1975". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/47074/.
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This thesis examines the representation of the Central Intelligence Agency and its predecessor the Office of Strategic Services in Hollywood cinema from 1945-1975. It argues that the development of these cinematic representations over time has articulated a growing scepticism towards "official" narratives of the past that regard the state as the arbiter of historical authenticity. This scepticism towards state-sourced history is a consequence of increasing US government secrecy. In other words, secrecy fundamentally problematizes state-sourced approaches to historical representation, which rely on the state as an authoritative, trustworthy and relatively transparent producer of the documentary record. The epistemological problem of representing secret institutions is referred to here as the "paradox of secrecy" for historical representation. It is argued that Hollywood’s shift away from state-sourced representations of the CIA is a consequence of this paradox. This thesis is influenced by Hayden White's notion that a given form of historical representation is inherently ideological and even specifically political in its ramifications. In this sense, it is argued that the political content of the films examined here are very much a product of their approach to historical representation itself. This thesis identifies four dominant forms of the American spy film during this period. The first, which was dominant from roughly 1945 up until 1959, was the "semi-documentary". This form of spy thriller celebrated the centrality of the state as the arbiter of historical authenticity and relied upon extensive liaison between filmmakers and government. In chapter 1-3, this thesis traces the rise and fall of the semi-documentary and its ultimately frustrated attempts to represent the CIA. Chapter 4 examines the second dominant form of the spy thriller: the romantic fable. This form, epitomized by James Bond, represents an ironic "camp" reaction to state-sourced approaches to historical representation. Chapter 5 provides a detailed analysis of Alfred Hitchcock’s trilogy of Cold War spy films. It argues that Hitchcock moved away from the camp fable towards the third dominant form: realism. This form, epitomized by the novels of John Le Carré, began a move away from the playful irony of the camp spy fables and offered a far more skeptical and politicized critique of the state and Cold War espionage as Machiavellian in nature. This scepticism towards the state paved the way for the fourth dominant form of the spy film: the conspiracy thriller, which is examined in chapter 6. The 1970s conspiracy thriller represents the precise opposite of the semi-documentary in that it regards the state and state secrecy as the primary obstacle to historical veracity and authenticity. By asserting the possibility of recovering "historical truth" from the miasma of state secrecy, however, the conspiracy narrative moves away from the irony of 1960s spy cinema and articulates the possibility of the redemption of the past. This diachronic transformation of the American spy thriller from the semi-documentary to the conspiracy thriller traces the broader cultural process of growing distrust in government narratives.
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Whitten, Doreen Muriel. "Protection, prevention, reformation a history of the Philanthropic Society, 1788-1848". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/137/.
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This study explores the origins and early evolution of the Philanthropic Society with the aim of making a contribution to our understanding of the dynamics of philanthropy. The Society was founded, in 1788, at a time of growing public concern over the failure of existing legal measures to stem a perceived rising tide of crime. Explicitly conceived as a crime prevention enterprise, the Society focused its attention on a constituency of poor children who either seemed destined for or who had already embarked on a criminal career. The Society's educational experiment in moulding them into law-abiding citizens was initially located in a group of family houses scattered around the village of Hackney. It then made a swift transition to a purpose built Institution in Southwark and remained there until a decision to establish a Reformatory Farm School, at Redhill, was taken in 1848. On one level, this study describes how the Society's development was nurtured by Philanthropists with a diversity of interests in the fields of commerce, jurisprudence, medicine, local poor-law and penal administration. It presents new information on the interplay of ideas and influences that helped shape the Society's institutional policy and practice over the period. At another level, this study takes us through a pre-modem policy landscape to the point at which a voluntary enterprise in protection, prevention and reformation attracted the support of the Government and became the subject of statutory action. By examining hitherto underused Philanthropic archival sources and previously overlooked Government documents, it traces a complex network of interaction between informal and formal agencies in the dissemination of reforming ideas and the shaping of social policy. In doing so, it describes how conventional views on the respective roles and relationships between charitable agencies and the State began to change during the early nineteenth century. A revised version of this thesis has been published as 'Nipping crime in the bud: how the philanthropic quest was put into law' (2010), Waterside Press, Hook, ISBN 1904380654
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Rasell, Michael. "Social citizenship, disability and welfare provision in contemporary Russia : views from below". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3190/.
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This thesis uses an area studies approach to examine the complex relationship between citizenship, disability and welfare provision. It does so through a bottom-up analysis of how the state welfare system affects the everyday lives of physically disabled adults in contemporary Russia. Drawing on thirteen months of qualitative fieldwork in the city of Kazan, I study how tensions between guaranteeing rights and providing care are balanced in social provision. My focus on physical disability offers a sharp insight into the socially constructed tropes of control and exclusion that can mediate experiences of citizenship and also seeks to rectify the lack of research on disabled people in non-Western contexts, especially the postsocialist region. My research is underpinned by a theoretical and methodological framework that sees ‘social citizenship’ as an explicitly relational, emotional and embodied phenomenon and therefore values lived experiences of welfare provision. Each of my four empirical chapters considers a particular dimension of citizenship: needs interpretation, livelihoods, mobility and personal agency. Together they highlight that welfare provision is not always empowering and can create powerful inequalities. At the same time, I show that citizenship is often reworked from below through actions and discourses that challenge official ideas about the capacities and needs of disabled people.
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Corrie, Elizabeth M. "Social development and social policy in Guinea : health and education 1958-1984". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13702/.
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Guinea, a former French colony, experienced an abrupt severing of relationships with the colonial power when President Sékou Touré rejected De Gaulle’s offer of becoming part of a French commonwealth of nations and opted for total independence instead. France withdrew all support, trade and personnel within a matter of days, and Sékou Touré attempted to develop this new nation along strongly independent and ideological lines. He made a verbal commitment to social development and evolved an ambitious programme to develop the health and education services. This thesis uses dependency theory as a tool of analysis to ascertain whether independent, autonomous development indeed took place, particularly in the fields of health and education, once the break with the metropolis was made. The period under review, 1958 - 1984, was the period of Sékou Touré’s presidency. The four criteria used to assess the measure of development achieved are: a) The successful rejection of Western models of development. b) Equal development and an equal distribution of resources between the regions. c) No urban/rural imbalance. d) Services available for all rather than limited to an elite. In the light of these criteria, Guinea was indeed able to experience some measure of independent, autonomous development, more particularly in education. The health sector had been less developed as only 2.1% of the national budget was devoted to it in 1981, compared to 17.6% spent on education in 1980. The inequalities in the health service were particularly noticeable in the urban/rural imbalance, Conakry in particular enjoying a larger share of available resources, but this was not the case in education where no such imbalance appeared to exist. The area of Labé emerged as the least developed area of the country but the discrepancies in provision were not too marked. Guinea also achieved much in the promotion of women and the eradication of elites, especially among the different ethnic groups. With the death of President Sékou Touré in 1984, Guinea's experimenting with a revolutionary form of development came to an end. The nation's future, now in the hands of the military, is uncertain.
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Balkan, Sule 1966. "Social insurance programs and compensating wage differentials in the United States". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282704.
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This dissertation brings together empirical analyses of the impact of social insurance programs on compensating wage differentials under different institutional frameworks. I study three periods: the late nineteenth century prior to the introduction of Unemployment Insurance, the Great Depression when Unemployment Insurance is introduced, and then the recent period, in which UI has been long established. Initially, late nineteenth century labor markets with no social programs for workers were investigated. Three different data sets were analyzed from two different states, Maine and Kansas, to examine the precautionary saving behavior of workers and the wage premium they received for the expected unemployment prevalent in their industry. Results showed that workers were receiving statistically and economically significant wage premiums in two of the three samples. Also, in two of the three samples, households were able to save against expected unemployment using family resources. In the second chapter, after reviewing the historical backgrounds of social insurance programs, namely Workers' Compensation, Compensation for Occupational Diseases, and Unemployment Insurance (UI), the empirical literature about the impacts of these programs on wages is reviewed. Later in the chapter, hours and earnings data for various manufacturing industries across forty-eight states for the years 1933-1939 are brought together with the state UI, Workers' Compensation, and Compensation for Occupational Diseases provisions to test the impact of these laws on wage rates. The economic history and origins of UI have not been elaborated before and no previous study has analyzed the simultaneous impacts of different social insurance programs. Results showed that higher accident rates, limited working hours and the higher regional cost of living had a positive impact on wages. Workers' Compensation continued to have a negative impact on wages. During its infancy, UI benefits did not have a statistically significant effect on wages. The last chapter analyzes the impact of UI and the unemployment rate for the labor market of the worker on wage rates using micro level modern data. Results from the analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth suggest that expected UI benefits have a negative and statistically significant impact on wages, holding worker and labor market characteristics constant. However, the unemployment rate of the labor market did not have a statistically significant impact on wages.
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Hind, John Richard. "Churches, chapels and communities : comparative studies in County Durham 1870-1914". Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/976/.
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This study examines the role of the churches of various Christian denominations during the period 1870-1914. It investigates three areas of County Durham. The Borough of South Shields is the main focus of the study and provides evidence of the churches' work in a large urban centre. Two comparative studies are also included: the coal mining villages of the Deerness Valley close to Durham City provide evidence from a newly industrialised area whilst the villages of Upper Teesdale illustrate trends in a more rural area in which the lead mining industry was in significant decline during this period. The approach of the study is comparative throughout. The study concentrates on several aspects of the churches' work. The provision of manpower and buildings are examined as the churches' response to the needs created by social change; there is also an investigation of the effectiveness of evangelical mission as a means of recruiting support for the churches. The study examines the churches' work with and attitude towards children - both inside and outside Sunday school - and with adults in various non liturgical activities. There are also sections on the churches' role in education and social welfare work. The study reflects recent developments in the fields of social and religious history in its examination of the churches' fears of 'decline' during this period and the extent to which such fears were justified. The comparative approach enables urban developments to be compared and contrasted with rural activities and allows the experience of different denominations to be included in the study.
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Kendrick, Cyril Ignatius. "The roots of welfare reform: "the social forces underlying the Wisconsin Learnfare Program"". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40412.
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Two sets of theories are used sequentially in the analysis of the policymaking behind Learnfare. The first series consIsts of theories of the overall pollcymaking process, and includes the rational comprehensive, incrementalist, and two models of "organized anarchy" including the "garbage can" and "policy windows" perspectives. The second series focuses more specifically on the role of policy analysis itself within the larger process, and includes models I abstracted from several recent writings on the subject. The task here is to characterize the nature of analysis and the work of the analyst. These models consist of the "anti-analytic" and "analyst subordination" theses, and the perspective of "policy analysis as art and craft". For the most part, both sets of models afforded helpful and distinct insights into the Learnfare policymaking process.Ph. D.
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Hughes, Lesley Patricia School of Social Work UNSW. "To labour seriously : Catholic sisters and social welfare in late nineteenth century Sydney". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Social Work, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19047.
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This thesis examines the social welfare work of four Catholic Sisterhoods in Sydney in the late nineteenth century. The work of Catholic women religious is largely missing from Australian women???s history and the history of social welfare and social work in Australia. The present investigation seeks to add to knowledge of women???s agency in Australian society and to extend the knowledge of Australian social work history. The aim of the thesis is to understand what the Sisters were attempting to do in their work with the poor of Sydney and how they went about it. The emphasis is on understanding the Sisters??? work from their own perspective, particularly the values which underpinned their work and the resources and constraints which affected it. A qualitative, inductive approach is used in which the data are drawn mainly from the Sisterhoods??? narratives and other historical documents. The thesis does not aim to test particular theoretical propositions, but rather to contribute to a number of ???unfolding stories??? about the history of Australian social work, about women???s work in the public realm, and about the development of the caring professions The thesis argues that the social welfare work of four Sydney Sisterhoods had a number of characteristics which made it unusual for the time, and which constituted it as ???proto-professional???. These included the codification of the prescribed stance towards the poor, of methods of work, and a high level of expertise in administration and management. The Sisters??? approach pre-figured later social work in a number of respects including an inclusive and accepting stance, respect for the dignity of the individual, and a concern to develop individuals??? capacities and self-esteem. The professionalism of the Sisters??? work is shown to be related to features which were integral to Catholic women???s religious institutes and to their role and status in the Catholic Church of the day. The Sisters??? social welfare work did not ???evolve??? into secular, professional social work however. It is contended that reasons for this were related to developments in Australian society, the situation of the local Catholic Church and restrictions on membership of the Sisterhoods. The thesis has significance for bodies of knowledge on ???woman???s sphere??? charity in the late nineteenth century, the history of social work in Australia, and theory on the professionalisation of caring occupations.
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Green, Donna L. "The sustainability of the social democratic welfare state in recessionary periods : a case study of Barbados 1974-1994". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/72937/.
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This thesis examines the factors and forces which contributed to the continued existence of Barbados’ social democratic welfare development model, despite changes in the global economy which favoured neoliberal policies promoted by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. This is achieved through an assessment of three World Bank funded education projects which were negotiated and implemented from 1974 to 1994. During this period the Government of Barbados also entered into three stabilisation programmes and a structural adjustment loan with the International Monetary Fund. These periods create the ideal analytical platform to investigate the impact of, and resistance to, the neoliberal ideology espoused by the World Bank and the IMF on Small Island Developing States. The thesis therefore contributes to the dearth of information on the welfare states in developing countries and highlights the importance of understanding the socio-political history, especially the role of colonialism, when assessing the emergence of social policy and planning in the global South. A thorough investigation of this period (1974 to 1994) was conducted, and the data collected from interviews and public archives disclosed that in times of crisis the social democratic welfare state model is challenged but it is the labour unions who strategically organise themselves to confront what they perceive as a movement away from the core principles of the model. They confront both the local policymakers and the international financial institutions. This study therefore demonstrates that even in difficult times some level of agency can still be expressed. This however, in the case of Barbados, did not happen at the level of the technocrats but from the level of organised labour. The case of the labour movement in Barbados, specifically the teachers’ unions (Barbados Union of Teachers and the Barbados Secondary Teachers’ Union) demonstrated that at the height of the neoliberal agenda organised labour was and still is significant in determining the direction of state policy.
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Rowe, Robyn. "Gender and the politics of welfare : a study of social assistance policies towards lone mothers in Britain, 1948-1966". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3561/.
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The thesis is a study of social assistance policies and practices towards separated wives and divorced and never-married women with children between 1948 and 1966 in Britain. It uses historical analysis of archival documents to address questions regarding gender and welfare state change. In doing so, the thesis builds on and critically examines existing social policy discourse concerned with the historical shift away from assumptions that women would be wives and/or mothers towards an assumption that all adults are, or should be, workers that has been linked to restructuring, the rise of neo-liberalism and social-economic change. The research focuses on policies towards this group of women because they have long been identified as a kind of ‘litmus test’ of women’s more general position within the welfare state. Policy towards this group of women offers a window into the relationship between ideas about gender, class, race, political economy and the state. The research makes three distinct contributions to different areas of scholarly debate. First, it further develops the conceptual analysis of gender and welfare state change. In contrast to much of the existing literature that has emphasized the significance of recent changes in the structural context and principles that shape policies, this research draws attention to important continuities in the interaction between social-economic shifts, political ideas and the position of women in relation to the state. Second, the research brings to light a great deal of previously unexplored archival material that provide new perspectives on the 1950s. While they support and build on recent revisionist histories of the decade, they challenge the conventional wisdom about the postwar welfare state and the idea of postwar ‘consensus’ that social policy scholarship tends to rely on. Finally, the research provides an empirical study of the role of institutions and bureaucratic agents in policy development, and demonstrates the important insights gained from multilayered historical analysis in understanding the complex interactions between actors, ideas and structures that underpin the policy process.
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Hicks, David. "Support and advocacy needs on Merseyside for parents who misuse substances in respect of children's welfare and child protection concerns". Thesis, Edge Hill University, 2014. http://repository.edgehill.ac.uk/6169/.
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This thesis explores implications of support and advocacy with substance-misusing women during and after pregnancy in promoting parental involvement and children’s welfare within the regulatory child care framework. It is uniquely situated in relation to social construction, juridification of family lifeworlds, relations of power, and theorisation of an enabling process informed by a rights discourse that facilitates communicative action. Chapter 1 introduces the rationale for this research and contextualises the work of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children’s (NSPCC) Liverpool Families and Substance Support Team (FaSST) service for substance-misusing parents. It utilises observation evidence, outlining FaSST’s relationship to wider professional and agency networks. An expanded overview of chapter organisation makes the distinctiveness of this exploratory research clear; as it relates theory and practice within the previously little researched area of advocacy with substance misusing parents to promote the best interests of children’s welfare. Chapter 2 develops issues of social construction, identity, risk and relations of power vi affecting substance misusing parents within the modern state. Chapter 3 considers the development of child protection, children’s safeguarding, actuarialism and issues of governance. Chapter 4 examines Habermas’ theory of communicative action, rights discourses and how support and advocacy might develop. Remaining chapters examine research fieldwork. Chapter 5 explains the qualitative research design, research method and ethical considerations. Chapter 6 analyses data in terms of governance and risk and tentatively theorises those matters, and chapter 7 analyses data and theorises possibilities for support and advocacy. Chapter 8 formulates conclusions regarding how the FaSST has addressed parents’ concerns and promoted involvement in their children’s interests within the regulatory child care framework. It theorises support and advocacy in that context, and it identifies implications for its further development.
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Belfrage, Claes Axel. "The neoliberal restructuring of the welfare state : pension system reform in Sweden : a critical case study". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7307/.
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This thesis draws on the 'critical case' of Sweden and focuses on the provision of pensions to assess the extent to which the post-war social democratic regime and adherent meanings and practices in daily life have been transformed in a neoliberal direction. The Swedish economy of the late 1990s, still distinctly social democratic, although retrenched and increasingly 'financialised', was not stable. The 1999 pension reform has further privatised financial risk and hence potentially advanced neoliberalism. By subjecting the ability to consume, in working-life as well as m retirement, to financial market performance, the rate of growth of inequity 1s accelerated. The systemic infrastructure and the knowledge-formation required for this pension system to function as intended as well as be accepted as legitimate seem however to be lacking. The system engineers, following neoliberal ideas, sought to fulfil the objective of institutionalising a mass investment culture in the everyday by promoting the notion of risk as potentially profitable if managed well. Yet, as argued in the thesis, due to their politico-ideological preferences, they underestimated the resilience of existing demographic and geographical cleavages formed by the traumas and desires provoked by economic restructuring and financialisation in the post-war period. By analysing subject-formation in the everyday, the thesis shows that for a finance-led accumulation regime to be stable in Sweden, these cleavages and inadequacies have to be regulated. The new pension system in Sweden thus points to the tendential microfoundational limits of the projects of neoliberalism and financialisation.
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Ewing, Eve L. "Shuttered Schools in the Black Metropolis: Race, History, and Discourse on Chicago’s South Side". Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27112696.
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In 2013, the Chicago Public Schools shuttered 53 schools, citing budget limitations, building underutilization, and concerns about academic performance. Approximately 12,000 students were re-assigned to new schools; of those affected, 94% are low-income and 88% are African- American, leading many to level allegations of racism—a charge which district officials vehemently contest. In this study, I ask: what can disputes about the role of race in the Chicago school closings teach us about broader societal tensions regarding racism and urban school policy? I explore these questions by constructing a portrait of the South Side community of Bronzeville, an important site of African-American culture and history from the Great Migration to the present.
Across four chapters, I draw from varying methods and perspectives to build an understanding of school closures and their impact on the community. I use historical sociology to explore the history of racialized sociopolitical change in Bronzeville, and the relationship of public school policy to the rise and fall of public housing in the community. Using critical discourse analysis of hearings and meetings surrounding school closure, I compare community members’ and district officials’ opinions of race and racism and their role in the policy decision. I then present the narrative case of Dyett High School, which was slated for closure and later set to re-open after a hunger strike and vehement community protest. Finally, I present a theory of institutional mourning, a framework for understanding the emotional aftermath of school closure, developed from interviews with community members, parents, teachers, and students.
This study offers insight to Chicago stakeholders facing the post-closure landscape and will provoke a new set of questions for district leaders and community members across the country to consider as they evaluate the effectiveness of school closings as a policy. Further, the study models a framework for critically examining the popular conceptualization and social consequences of racism itself in order to enable more productive conversation about the role race plays in school closures and in debates about district policies more broadly.
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Neij, Max. "Sinnesslö, sinnessjuk & asocial : En kartläggning och analys av den rashygieniska steriliseringsdebatten under 1900-talets Sverige". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76838.
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In 1997 the journalist and author Maciej Zaremba published an article in the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter. The article drew associations between racial biology, eugenics and the Swedish social democratic governance. Zaremba’s article presented records from a period of forty years when over 60 000 people of the Swedish population were sterilized. The records showed that many of them were executed under questionable circumstances. Zaremba woke a debate within the Swedish mass media with the intended goal to foil the general view of the Swedish state of welfare. In this study the debate that led to the laws of sterilization will be investigated to provide answers if the motives behind the law were based on eugenic motives. Furthermore, any disagreements between the different parties in the parliament are analyzed. Previous published research in the field evolves around the origin and the consequences of the Swedish sterilization laws however, the analysis of the argumentation that led to the creation of the regulations seems to be missing. The empirical data is gathered through qualitative research of parliament protocols and newspapers followed by an analysis based on Foucaults concept of bio power. The model for a power analysis by Axelsson and Qvarsebos have been used to concretize the concept of bio power. The analysis shows that the arguments were often rooted in eugenic thoughts and beliefs. The overall purpose was to improve the human race through the fabrication of sterilizations.
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Ferguson, Sean Michael. "Plastics Without Petroleum History and Politics of 'Green' Plastics in the United States". Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3557924.
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Among the new technologies heralded as part of the emerging bioeconomy are plastics made from plant material, known as bioplastics. This dissertation examines the political and historical underpinnings of the bioplastics that are now being offered as an alternative to petrochemicals in the United States. As a case study of "green" technological development, bioplastics challenge dominant conceptions of innovation for sustainability. The bioplastics being developed and marketed today are the outcome of interventions in commodity crop prices, incubation of research on biomass during periods of fossil fuel dominance, and the commercialization of publicly funded research. Their origins can be traced at least as far back as the 1920s, when advocates of "chemurgy" encouraged the federal government to create research centers to discover new industrial uses of agricultural crops.
Research in science and technology studies (STS) indicates that social structures shape perceptions of problems, condition viable solutions, and limit the diversity of stakeholders and ideas present in the social construction of technology. This study examines these processes in the history and current debates about bioplastics. The dissertation asks who has influenced the social construction of bioplastics and why bioplastics have become part of a larger bioeconomic vision now. Theoretical insights are drawn from the sociological theory of the treadmill of production, which argues that environmental problems cannot be solved in a capitalist system in which the federal government, private industries, and organized labor continuously seek the expansion of production and consumption at the expense of environmental sustainability. Major players in the chemical and biotechnology industries have pursued bioplastics as a means of continuing economic growth and consumption of goods, even as petroleum becomes costly and environmentalists voice objections to petrochemicals. There are many critiques of bioplastics and their impacts at every stage of bioplastics, from sourcing feedstocks from food crops to disrupting existing recycling and composting systems. Nevertheless, the bioplastics currently on the market were not designed to resolve these environmental concerns. Increasingly, however, activists are using non-governmental institutions, particularly the development of voluntary standards, to shape the industry and technology. The study examines the extent to which such reforms might lead to the production of more sustainable alternatives to petrochemicals.
Ultimately, this dissertation presents the history and politics surrounding the field of bioplastics in order to highlight how things "might have been otherwise" and what changes in society could be useful for producing more sustainable technologies.
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Du, Toit Marijke. "Women, welfare and the nurturing of Afrikaner nationalism : a social history of the Afrikaanse Christelike Vroue Vereniging, c.1870-1939". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26212.
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This thesis focuses on the Afrikaans Christian Women's Organisation (ACVV), placed within the context of Afrikaner nationalist activity, and traces the variety of ways in which white, Afrikaans, middle-class women sought to construct a racially exclusive 'Afrikaner' people. Stereotypical portrayals of Afrikaner women as passive followers of an ideology constructed by men are challenged. The gendered construction of nationalism is initially examined by tracing the transition from a religious, evangelical, late nineteenth century gender discourse to an increasingly explicit Afrikaner nationalist discourse in the early twentieth century. The ACVV participated in the construction of a popular Afrikaner nationalist culture that portrayed Afrikaans women as mothers of the people or volksmoeders. The first ACVV leaders were acutely aware of the 'New Women' who abandoned conventional notions of femininity - they tried to construct a public, political identity for Afrikaans women that met the challenges of the 'modern' world, yet remained true to Afrikaner 'tradition'. The ACVV sought to fashion Afrikaans whites into 'Afrikaners' through philanthropic activity. At first, this was especially true of rural branches, but from the early 1920s, Cape Town's ACVV also responded to the growing influx of 'poor whites' by focusing specifically on social welfare work. One particular concern was the danger that women working together with blacks posed for the volk. Research on the ACVV's philanthropy is complemented by a study of the lives of landless and impoverished whites in the Cape countryside and Cape Town. Archival material and 'life history' interviews are used to explore the working lives of white, Afrikaans-speaking women who moved from rural areas to Cape Town during the 1920s and 1930s. Complex and contradictory strands made up the private and political lives of female Afrikaner nationalists. During the 1920s, they sought to create a political role for themselves by constructing a 'maternalist', nationalist discourse that articulated the notion of separate spheres for men and women -but extended vrouesake (women's issues). In many ways these were conservative women - yet they adjusted, even challenged, conventional gender roles in Afrikaans communities. In the 1930s, the four provincial Afrikaans women's welfare organisations sought to shape state-subsidised social welfare programmes. The ACVV and its sister organisations had increasingly fraught dealings with Afrikaner nationalist men in the state and church. who did not share the women's vision of female leadership in social welfare policy.
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Tarrant, Iona Elizabeth. "Is there a conflict between liberty and social welfare? : an historical perspective on Sen's "Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal"". Thesis, University of Hull, 2000. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3952.
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Springfield, Martin G. "Revenue first, temperance second| Jean Sheppard, repeal and the creation of the New York State Liquor Authority, 1930-1934". Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1543767.
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The amending of the Volstead Act and repeal of national prohibition did not answer the "liquor question" but passed the issue to the states. This thesis examines New York's reaction to the change in national alcohol policy and the states decision to legalize and regulate the beverage with the establishment of the New York State Liquor Authority. It traces the activities of Jean Sheppard who led the state division of the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR) and became one of the key architects of New York's modern alcohol control system. As an expert in alcohol control policies Sheppard developed a plan she believed would be respected by the public while also mitigating the problems associated with alcohol. Sheppard proposed an elaborate system of control which made temperance the objective. Through her position as Chairman of the New York State WONPR Sheppard gained the attention of Governor Herbert H. Lehman who nominated her to the New York State (Conway) Commission on Alcoholic Beverage Control Legislation. As a member of the Commission and then the New York State Alcohol Beverage Control Board, Sheppard was given the opportunity to propose her theories on control. The final legislation creating the New York State Liquor Authority embodied Sheppard's plan in regards to administrative structure but fell well short of her dream of a system that used the full power of the state to put temperance ahead of revenue.
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Hagesfeld, Elise C. "Saving the World by Saving Its Children: The Birth of the Modern Child Welfare Agency and the Children's Homes of the National Benevolent Association of the Disciples of Christ, 1887-1974". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1506620005033965.
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Abel, Karin M. "Private or Public Insurance? The Institutional History of Health Care in the United States and the United Kingdom". DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/819.
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The primary question at issue in this paper is the following: given the similarities between the two countries with regard to welfare state institutions, why have the United States and the United Kingdom diverged on the issue of health care? Drawing on sociological institutionalism, a branch of the new institutionalist paradigm, this paper provides an answer to this question: during the formative years of the health care stories in the two countries, variations in institutional and cultural conditions produced contrasting policy outcomes. More specifically, this paper discusses how the combination of institutions (political, labor, and medical) and culture led to private insurance in the United States and public insurance in the United Kingdom. Of course, this paper has implications for several areas of scholarship, as well as for current policy debates on a wide range of issues.
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Featherstone, Lisa. "Breeding and feeding: a social history of mothers and medicine in Australia, 1880-1925". Australia : Macquarie University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/38533.
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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Humanities, Department of Modern History, 2003.Bibliography: p. 417-478.
Introduction: breeding and feeding -- The medical man: sex, science and society -- Confined: women and obstetrics 1880-1899 -- The kindest cut? The caesarean section as turning point -- Reproduction in decline -- Resisting reproduction: women, doctors and abortion -- From obstetrics to paediatrics: the rise of the child -- The breast was best: medicine and maternal breastfeeding -- The deadly bottle and the dangers of the wet nurse: the "artificial" feeding of infants -- Surveillance and the mother -- Mothers and medicine: paradigms of continuity and change.
The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw profound changes in Australian attitudes towards maternity. Imbibed with discourses of pronatalism and eugenics, the production of infants became increasingly important to society and the state. Discourses proliferated on "breeding", and while it appeared maternity was exulted, the child, not the mother, was of ultimate interest. -- This thesis will examine the ways wider discourses of population impacted on childbearing, and very specifically the ways discussions of the nation impacted on medicine. Despite its apparent objectivity, medical science both absorbed and created pronatalism. Within medical ideology, where once the mother had been the point of interest, the primary focus of medical care, increasingly medical science focussed on the life of the infant, who was now all the more precious in the role of new life for the nation. -- While all childbirth and child-rearing advice was formed and mediated by such rhetoric, this thesis will examine certain key issues, including the rise of the caesarean section, the development of paediatrics and the turn to antenatal care. These turning points can be read as signifiers of attitudes towards women and the maternal body, and provide critical material for a reading of the complexities of representations of mothers in medical discourse.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Israelsen, Trevor L. ""Nothing remains stationary": Child Welfare and Health in Cincinnati's Episcopal Hospital for Children, 1884-1931". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1467370529.
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Minoff, Elisa Martia Alvarez. "Free to Move? The Law and Politics of Internal Migration in Twentieth-Century America". Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10957.
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The history of the United States in the mid-twentieth century is, in significant measure, a history of internal migration. Between 1930 and 1970, as national quota laws kept the nation's foreign-born population at record low levels, the attention of journalists, lawmakers, jurists, social workers, civil rights activists, and the broader public turned to internal migration. The rapid pace of urbanization and the industrialization of agriculture made internal migration a pressing national question and a flashpoint in American politics. Migration was implicated in many of the seminal events of the era: from the Dust Bowl Migration to the Second Great Migration, the New Deal to the Great Society, the Bonus Army to the Watts Riots. Historians have largely overlooked this period of intense interest in internal migration and they have entirely neglected its significance. This dissertation offers the first historical appraisal of the law and politics of internal migration in the mid-twentieth century. Drawing on a broad source base—including federal and state court casefiles, the records of Congress and presidential administrations, personal and organizational papers, and contemporary published accounts—it explains how the debates over migration took shape and what their long-term effects were for policy and polity. During this period, a community of migrant advocates recommended fundamental reforms to social welfare and labor market policies. These social workers, legislators, public welfare officials, social scientists, and lawyers often faced indifference and resistance from lawmakers and the general public. They were not able to accomplish all that they hoped. But they convinced Congress and the Supreme Court to reform central pillars of the welfare state and redefine citizenship. At the beginning of the period, migrants, like all Americans, were defined by law and custom as local citizens, and local laws determined whether they could receive benefits or even move from one place to the next. By the end of the period, migrant advocates had convinced policymakers that the federal government bore some responsibility for migrants and that migrants, as national citizens, were entitled to the same rights and privileges as long-time residents. The contemporary welfare state and conception of national citizenship emerged out of these debates over internal migration.History
35
Rose, Diana. "Representations of madness on British television : a social psychological analysis". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1995. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3178/.
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This thesis attempts to describe and delineate the ways in which madness is represented on British television. The empirical analyses are guided by two theoretical approaches. These are social psychology, particularly the theory of social representations, and media studies. The central findings are that madness is very strongly associated with violence on British television; that nearly all representations are negative; that there is a lack of explanation and accounting for madness; that psychiatric experts are tinged with the same negative evaluations and even violence that characterises the representations of those who are mentally distressed; that there is multiplicity and confusion in the representations and that filming styles mark off the mad person as different to other characters who appear in the data. These findings lead to the argument that the mad person is constituted as Other on British television. The empirical data are compared to the theoretical frameworks and it is proposed that, in terms of the theory of social representations, mental illness is not represented in the same way as other social objects. Madness does not obey the laws of representation as proposed by social psychologists. Rather the mad person resists safe classification and thereby is constructed as a fearful Other. The thesis also attempts to integrate theoretical ideas from social psychology and media studies. It is suggested that there is scope for this around the concepts of narrative structure, cardinal news values and dramatic form although integrating postmodernist approaches is more difficult. The methodological contribution of the thesis consists in the attempt to combine quantitative and qualitative means of analysis and to eschew the search for underlying meanings or deep structures. Future work will build on current analyses of audience responses to media representations of mental illness and will also look at those responsible for television productions. It is argued that the symbolic environment of television has an impact on social attitudes towards mental illness and may adversely affect the policy of caring for mentally distressed people in community, social settings.
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Mathews, Paul Samuel. "Plasticity, life history and inclusive fitness : an evolutionary demography perspective on individual variation in fertility and fertility preferences in contemporary Britain". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/438/.
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This thesis consists of three papers that explore variation in individual fertility and fertility preference. The setting for all three papers is the contemporary UK, though the conclusions have utility for a general understanding of human fertility. All three papers are motivated by theories arising from evolutionary biology, principally inclusive fitness theory and life history theory. The first two papers investigate actualised fertility and whether patterns of fertility in contemporary Britain are consistent with inclusive fitness theory. Both papers conduct secondary data analysis of the British Household Panel Study. Inclusive fitness theory predicts that because relatives share genes an individual may obtain fitness benefits by increasing the reproduction of a relative. Results support this hypothesis showing that for contemporary British women kin having more opportunities to influence reproductive decision-making is associated with pro-fitness fertility outcomes. In the first paper I find kin accelerate the transition to first birth, and the second paper shows kin also accelerate the transition to second birth. The final paper tests a different hypothesis derived from evolutionary theory. Life history theory predicts that reproductive strategy should have ‘plasticity’ and be liable to alter as perceived environmental risk changes. This paper uses primary data collected from University students using an internet experiment and finds that priming respondents using preceding questions on mortality does alter reported fertility preferences, though the effects depend upon the priming, fertility preference measure and the sex of the respondent. The paper also has methodological relevance as it demonstrates the potential for ‘context effects’ from preceding questions to influence the reporting of fertility preferences. All three papers present evidence that the incorporation of theories from evolutionary biology have utility in the understanding of contemporary fertility patterns and processes.
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Manji, Kainde Aisha. "Conditionality, surveillance, and citizenship : examining the impacts of the 2010-2015 Coalition Government's welfare reform program on disabled people living in Scotland". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8250/.
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This thesis examines the impact of reforms to disability benefits enacted by the Coalition Government of 2010-2015 on disabled people living in Scotland. Situating the Coalition’s reform agenda in the context of disability policies since the late Victorian era, it is apparent that the evolution of disability policy has not been a smooth, coherent, or strategic process. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify three trends that have been apparent since 2010. The first relates to the primacy given to participation in employment as the basis for ‘active’ citizenship, underpinned by a conditional approach to the receipt of benefits. The second relates to the conception of disability as an administrative category which is inherently expansive and therefore prone to crisis. Finally, the way in which reforms have been justified with reference to concepts such as ‘independent living’ is identified as a significant divergence from previous approaches to disability policy. Based on semi-structured depth interviews with twenty-three working-age disabled people, this thesis explores the impact of the Coalition’s reform agenda on disabled people living in Scotland across three dimensions. Firstly, it examines the extent to which behavioural responses to perceived ‘welfare dependency’ are based on a restrictive conception of agency that fails to capture the many and varied ways in which those in receipt of benefits act. Secondly, it explores the reforms as characteristic of a ‘crisis’ in the disability category, and considers the impacts of attempts to contain this crisis through increased reliance on medical testing. Finally, it considers the use of policy language derived from the disabled people’s movement to ascertain whether these changes are reflective of a citizenship agenda in disability policy. Key findings include that while the Coalition’s approach emphasized participation in the labour market, and drew disabled people increasingly into conditionality, this had not resulted in a rise in labour market involvement for those in this study. Nevertheless, this study also demonstrated that disabled people can and do make a range of contributions to society whether they are in work or not. The findings presented here therefore stand in contrast to narratives that portray those in receipt of benefits as feckless and work-shy. They also serve to challenge some of the dominant assumptions about the agency of those in receipt of disability benefits, and highlight that structural barriers continue to shape individuals lives in many ways. Furthermore, this work serves to illustrate the challenges of negotiating an increasingly complex process of accessing and being assessed for disability benefits. An important insight related to the way in which tighter eligibility criteria combined with a ‘climate of fear’ brought about by media reporting of the reforms to generate a form of ‘hidden conditionality’. Participants described being under surveillance by authorities and their own communities. Dominant narratives had served to foster feelings of resentment and indeed vindictiveness against a group who were seen to be receiving favourable treatment at a time of austerity. This was reflected in an increase in incidents of hate crime and violence against disabled people. Finally, this thesis provides an evaluation of the extent to which the Coalition’s linguistic support for independent living was reflected in the lived reality of their reforms. It finds that while the Coalition explicitly drew on the language of the disabled people’s movement in the framing of policies, this discursive support had not been reflected in the experience of these policies. New approaches to the organization of social care in Scotland have also sought to advance the citizenship of disabled people living here. While the introduction of Self-directed Support (SDS) demonstrated considerable potential for a citizenship approach, the overall trend during this period was towards a reduction in the amount of choice and control disabled people were able to exercise. This work is among the first substantive pieces of research to examine the impacts of the Coalition’s reforms on disabled people living in Scotland. It contributes to knowledge in this area across four dimensions: firstly to debates around the agency and assumed agency of those in receipt of disability benefits; secondly to the understanding of disability as an administrative category, and the implications of this for policy; thirdly in connecting literatures concerning the narrative trends around reform to those concerning surveillance, vindictiveness, and resentment; and finally to the literature on ‘personalization’ in health and social care, and the emerging body of work on the impact of SDS in Scotland.
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Wanner, Eli S. "Tough Love on a Level Playing Field: The Intellectual History of George W. Bush’s Faith-Based Initiative". Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors161911823275382.
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Stolpe, Christoffer. "Välfärd eller tillväxt? : Idéanalytisk studie av socialdemokratiska argument och motiveringar för respektive mot en ny ekonomisk politik 1990–1992". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-36443.
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In 1982, when the Social Democrats returned to power, they had two goals. One was to increase the growth in the economy, another to decrease the public debt. This led to a new economic policy for the Social Democrats. The new economic policy was influenced by the neoliberal ideology that started to spread throughout the world from the late 1970s. The purpose of this study is to examine if the Social Democrats favoured economic growth over welfare, fair distribution and state ownership. The results of the study was analyzed with the use of Hiroto Tsukadas Welfare State Theory. The theory claims that politicians favour investments over welfare because welfare consumption decreases economic growth. The empirical analysis is based on parliament debates, party and union congresses, policy programs and memoirs. The results show that the arguments from leading social democrats were pro-growth and for investments over welfare spending and fair distribution policy.
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Repique, Jeanelle Kathleen. "The Emergency Immigrant Education Act of 1984| Past, Present, and Future of Federal Aid for Recent Immigration Education". Thesis, University of Redlands, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3637627.
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The Emergency Immigrant Education Act of 1984 (EIEA) was passed by the 98th U.S. Congress to provide funds to states to "meet the costs of providing immigrant children supplementary educational services" (Emergency Immigrant Education Act of 1984, Title VI, Sec. 607). This study analyzes the culture, values, and political context in which the Emergency Immigrant Education Act of 1984 was developed, passed, and amended through its most recent reauthorization. EIEA is the only federal legislation that specifically targets new immigrant students. However, EIEA has been largely overlooked by education policy analysts, because new immigrant students are rarely considered as different from limited English proficient (LEP) students. The study employs historical document and content analysis, applying Kingdon's (2011) theoretical framework of agenda-setting and Manna's (2006) concept of borrowing strength to explain EIEA's path to the agenda. In addition, it applies McDonnell and Elmore's (1987) policy framework to EIEA to understand how policymakers sought to realize EIEA's goals, as well as that of Wirt, Mitchell, and Marshall (1988) to identify the cultural and political values revealed in the rhetoric of the legislation. In tracing EIEA's 30-year route, I describe how the nature of the legislation changed from a primarily capacity-building policy to more of an inducement. In addition, the study revealed a change in an egalitarian culture to one that emphasizes quality.
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Crisp, Anthony Gerard. "People with a learning disability in society and in the church : theological reflections on the consequences of contemporary social welfare policies as seen through the lens of social capital theory". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4058/.
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Jürgen Moltmann suggests that where liberal market welfare policies are introduced people with learning disabilities are disadvantaged, whereas Christian communities provide a more favourable environment. This hypothesis is investigated by assessing the social capital available to two groups of people with a learning disability. The members of one group are being supported to live independent lives as ‘citizen consumers.’ The second group are members of a Roman Catholic parish community supported by their families. The results suggest that both groups have few resources of bridging or linking capital. The second group have larger and richer resources of bonding capital which comes largely through family networks. They also had significant resources of spiritual capital but not religious capital. In the light of the results, a theological critique is undertaken of some aspects of contemporary social policy and consumer culture. A distinction is made between human relationships as transactions and as gifts. Insights from the theology of gift relationships are offered. The question is raised whether it is appropriate to consider gift relationships as a form of capital and Churches as a form of social capital. Liturgy is considered as a form of liberative praxis.
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Badroodien, Azeem. "A history of the Ottery School of Industries in Cape Town: issues of race, welfare and social order in the period 1937 to 1968". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2001. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The primary task of this thesis is to explain the establishment of the 'correctional institution', the Ottery School of Industrues, in Cape Town in 1948 and the programmes of rehabilitation, correctional and vocational training and residential care that the institution developed in the period until 1968. This explanation is located in the wider context of debates about welfare and penal policy in South africa. The overall purpose is to show how modernist discourses in relation to social welfare, delinquency and education came to South Africa and was mediated through a racial lens unique to this country. In doing so the thesis uses a broad range of material and levels from the ethnographic to the documentary and historical. The work seeks to locate itself at the intersection of the fields of education, history, welfare, penalty and race in South Africa.
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Pinilla, Roncancio Monica Viviana. "The realities of disability and poverty in Latin America". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6236/.
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Disability and poverty are related: there is a higher risk of disabled people becoming poor and of poor people becoming disabled. Although this relationship is recognised within disability scholarship, there is a lack of empirical evidence particularly in the context of Latin America. Taking data from five Latin American Countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Mexico), this study tests the hypothesis that households with disabled members have higher levels of poverty compared with other households. Two research designs were used: a small-N comparative variable-oriented design using most-different cases; and a cross sectional design. Secondary data analysis revealed that households with disabled members have higher levels of poverty using direct and indirect measures (e.g. income; subjective and multidimensional indices) compared with other households and that this held true across the five countries studied. The findings from this research have salience for policy makers internationally. The most important policy implication is that disabled people and their families need to be explicitly included in poverty reduction strategies and their extra needs should be recognised within these policies. Mitigating the risk of poverty for disabled people should be a universal policy goal.
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Lilly, Alice Olivia Louise. "A shared moment : antipoverty policy under the New Democrats and New Labour, 1992-2005". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43233/.
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This thesis seeks to answer two research questions. Firstly, building on a small corpus of literature that has identified welfare-to-work programmes as a key commonality between the New Democrats and New Labour, it asks whether there were other common aspects of their antipoverty policies. Drawing on a range of archival sources, as well as a variety of other primary materials, it finds that there were two other key areas of commonality: efforts to ensure the value of work through the use of in-work tax credits and minimum wages; and attempts to reduce teenage pregnancy rates. Both parties, it is argued, saw these three strands of policy as complementary. It is also shown that the specific policies that they implemented in each area were, at times, the result of the active sharing of policies through transatlantic networks of advisors and intellectuals. It is also acknowledged that different national contexts affected the precise nature of these common policies. Secondly, this thesis considers whether this common New Democrat-New Labour approach to poverty might be considered distinctive. Whilst much literature has suggested that both parties hewed to a conservative approach to poverty, or reflected neoliberal ideas, it is argued here that the New Democrats and New Labour presented an approach which, taken as a whole, went beyond the two existing intellectual approaches to poverty—that James T. Patterson has termed “neoconservative” and “structuralist”—and the policies that they generated. Drawing on Daniel T. Rodgers’ concept of a transatlantic “moment” in social policy, it insists on the existence of a distinctively New Democrat-New Labour “moment” on antipoverty policy between 1992 and 2005. Their distinctiveness was rooted in their analysis of the new economy, and the need for antipoverty policy to stress the themes of both responsibility and opportunity.
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Potter, Clare. "Drug assisted sexualised assault in the UK : a feminist, discursive-narrative exploration of the experiences of women and professionals". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2009. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/6977/.
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This research was concerned with drug assisted sexualised assault(hereafter referred to as DASA*)in the UK. Sexual assault has been highlighted by the Home Office as a top priority and a recent consultation document(Home Office, 2000)recognises that different forms of rape have come to the attention of the public over the last ten years, for example, date rape, drug rape and male rape. However studies relating to DASA in the UK are extremely limited and therefore relatively little is known empirically or conceptually about the phenomenon. The research had a number of aims: 1) To explore the discourses within the accounts of professionals when discussing their experiences of providing services to survivors of DASA. 2) To explore how survivors perceive their experiences of being subjected to DASA. 3) To explore how discourses around rape and DASA relate to survivors’ accounts of their experiences after the assault. 4) To contribute towards the development of a conceptual understanding of DASA in terms of experience and ‘recovery’. A total of ten interviews were carried out with individual women about their understandings and experiences of DASA. The sample included survivors, policewomen, counsellors and managers of sexual assault services. A discursive analysis based on a ‘macro approach’ (Foucault, 1972) was carried out on the interviews with professionals. The analysis highlighted the ways in which the ‘tellability’ (Livesey, 2002) of DASA may be undermined by a number of current dominant discourses reflected in the accounts of professionals. Analysis of the interviews with survivors took a narrative approach in that the interviews were analysed for the ways in which women storied themselves within their accounts (Taylor, Gilligan and Sullivan, 1996). There were a number of ways in which the survivors interviewed seemed to be constrained by dominant cultural resources relating to sexualised violence. These survivors were not, however, constituted by these dominant resources but rather sought to resist them in a number of ways. This provides a challenge to discourses around sexualised violence as having a permanently devastating impact on women’s lives, suggesting that women can and do move on to regain control over their lives after having been subjected by men to DASA. * The author was reluctant to abbreviate drug assisted sexualised assault to DASA - to do so may contribute to the ‘hidden’ nature of this form of violence against women. However the decision was made to use the DASA abbreviation in order to improve the readability of the text.
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King, Samuel Joshua. "Going straight on probation : desistance transitions and the impact of probation". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3172/.
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This thesis explores primary desistance as a transitional phase between offending and crime cessation. Recent work has explored desistance within an integrated theoretical framework, combining elements of both structure and agency theories, and this thesis builds upon this by exploring the initial transitions towards desistance, and the prospective strategies to sustain it, among a group of adult male offenders under Probation supervision. Where agency has been employed in such accounts its conceptualisation has tended to be vague, and this thesis seeks to address this by examining agency as the temporally located reflexive deliberations of adult offenders upon their future goals and present social environment. This allows for the identification of individuals’ future goals in relation to desistance and the strategies that they intend to pursue to achieve them, in relation to their personal and social contexts. The thesis finds that recent Probation policy has delimited the role of supervising officer towards that of Offender Manager, which inhibits the relationship between officer and offender such that would-be desisters tend to revert to past repertoires of thought and action in their strategies. This is likely to sustain the social contexts that led to offending in the past, and is likely to hinder desistance in the future.
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Brill, Kenneth Henry. "The Curtis experiment". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1991. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1315/.
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The thesis examines the experience of English local authorities under the arrangements recommended by the The Care of Children Committee, chaired by Dame Myra Curtis, Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge. The committee was set up in 1946 by three government departments to enquire into existing methods of care for children who have from loss of parents or from any cause whatever been deprived of a normal home life with their own parents or relatives; and to consider what further measures should be taken to ensure that the children are brought up under circumstances best calculated to compensate them for the lack of parental care". The committee recommended that the children in public care should come under one department in each authority with a children's officer as head and free of other duties. In paragraph 441 of their report they said, "this may indeed be said to be our solution to the problem referred to us". The committee examined the existing statutory provisions and administrative arrangements and said how the children were cared for at the time. Their extensive list of recommendations was broadly put into effect by the Children Act 1948, which remained in force until 1 April 1971 when social services for children were taken over by the social services committees under the Local Authority Social Services Act of 1970.
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Whitaker, Emilie Morwenna. "Following and losing the phenomenon : an ethnographic study of self-directed support in children's social work". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5678/.
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This doctoral thesis explores how personalisation gets done in one children’s social work team. It is concerned with the everyday work of social work. Arising from an interest in the stories told about personalisation, its slipperiness and its stickiness, the study explores how amorphous and multiple claims for user choice and control play out on the professional frontline. It does this through the prism of an agent-focused institutional ethnography of social work practice. The study is inspired by a concern with naturally-occurring talk, interaction and discourse, exploring the sense-making and disciplining activities of social workers as they are tasked with making personalisation real. I explore how performances of personalisation are made visible and justifiable within the context of social work with children and families. Through the immersive nature of the case the study encounters paradigmatic themes of contemporary social work with children and families - needs talk, the realities of market-based choice and the moral warrant of child-centred talk. These paradigmatic features impede upon and emerge within the local production of personalisation, uncovering incongruities as workers are caught between burgeoning facilitative cultures for practice and the entrapment of instrumental forms of system rationality at a time of risk anxiety.
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Hart, Diane. "The contested subject : child protection assessment before birth". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/365588/.
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The study focused on the activity of an inner city local authority during one year. This was contextualised by an analysis of statistical data, the policy and procedural framework and the organisational structure of the study authority. Data from the case files of all babies (31) either unborn or under the age of one year who were subject to an Initial Child Protection Case Conference during 1993-4 year were then collected using a pro forma. Key documents were copied and studied in their entirely. Three levels of textual analysis were applied: a description of the families, the operation of the child protection system and the outcome for the babies one year after the Conference; case studies illustrating both the range of dilemmas and social work styles, and a thematic analysis of the ways in which the assessing social workers constructed the notion of a 'safe baby'. These levels of analysis are reflected in the presentation of the findings. The population of families who had been the subject of pre-birth assessment was found to be particularly troubled, with mothers experiencing substance use or mental health problems. Many also had a history of difficulty in caring for previous children. There were indications that the child protection system provided an inadequate framework for undertaking pre-birth assessments and the responses to referrals was inconsistent. However, only a quarter of the babies where pre-birth or neo-natal assessment had taken place were living with their mother in the community at follow-up, supporting the view that this vulnerable population is particularly in need of an adequate social work response. The case studies confirmed this vulnerability whilst demonstrating the variable nature of social work practice. When this practice was further explored thematically, judgements were found to be based on constructions about the natural mother, the peripheral father and the passive baby. Fundamental issues were raised about an alternative paradigm for practice where the subject status of those involved in the assessment process could more effectively be recognised in the construction of evidence. However, the political framework would need to support such an approach and further debate is needed about the proper role of social workers at this point in a child's life.
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Fitzpatrick, Suzanne. "Pathways to independence : the experience of young homeless people". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1322/.
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Youth homelessness surged in the late 1980s and has been sustained at very high levels in the 1990s. It is a distressing phenomenon which has attracted considerable, if intermittent, attention from politicians, researchers and the media in the past few years. Their concerns have focused mainly on young people sleeping rough in city centre streets and staying in homeless hostels. However, within the research community at least there has been growing recognition of 'hidden' homelessness amongst young people living in local communities. It was these broader patterns of youth homelessness which I set out to investigate in this research. The central aim of my study was to illuminate the processes of youth homelessness by exploring the experiences of young people from a peripheral housing scheme in Glasgow called Drumchapel. I investigated the existence of distinct subgroups within the young homeless population by focusing upon the range of 'pathways' they took through homelessness. A 'life course' approach was taken in the thesis, in other words, young people's experiences of homelessness were placed in the context of their lives as a whole. There were three phases of empirical research. The initial stage involved 8 group discussions with young people in Drumchapel. The main stage of data collection consisted of 25 biographical interviews with young homeless people who were living in, or originated from, Drumchapel. The final phase of fieldwork was a follow-up exercise to 'track' these 25 young people one year later. Altogether, 53 young people participated in the research. A framework of six pathways through homelessness was developed based on three variables: the location, stability and status (as 'official' or 'unofficial') of young people's accommodation.