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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Social sciences -> philosophy -> eastern"
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Chen, Ming-Jer. "Competitive dynamics: Eastern roots, Western growth". Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 23, nr 4 (3.10.2016): 510–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-05-2016-0098.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to bridge the understanding of apparent dichotomies such as East and West, philosophy and social sciences, and antiquity and modernity, and to continue the vibrant expansion of competitive dynamics study into the realm of East-West theoretical fusion. Design/methodology/approach The author looks to classical Chinese philosophy to discover the origins and nature of competitive dynamics. The paper develops the premise that the foundational thrusts of this contemporary Western management topic spring from ancient Eastern conceptions of duality, relativity, and time. Findings Research inroads are made along two paths. First, the paper traces the theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of competitive dynamics to Eastern thinking. Then by bridging what have customarily been perceived as fundamentally different paradigms, it reveals, in a new light, empirical findings in this strategy subfield. Research limitations/implications Linking Western management science, and specifically the study of competitive dynamics, to classical Eastern philosophy raises new research questions in the areas of international management and management education as well as competitive dynamics. In the latter, the paper suggests opportunities for exploring connections between traditional Chinese concepts and contemporary organizational and competition research issues, including competitive and cooperative relationships at the industry level. Future research may also investigate the fundamental differences and similarities between Eastern and Western philosophies, and their implications for competitive strategies. Originality/value From a relatively obscure corner of business academia, competitive dynamics now occupies a distinct place in strategic management research and is a topic of intense interest to scholars in a variety of disciplines. The usual view is that competitive dynamics fits squarely in the spectrum of social sciences, an organically home-grown area of Western study. This paper examines the topic from a distinctly different angle – through the lens of ancient Eastern philosophy – to discern deeper a deeper meaning and wider application.
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Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Identities, i Naum Trajanovski. "The Partisan Counter-Archive: Retracing the Ruptures of Art and Memory in the Yugoslav People’s Liberation Struggle by Gal Kirn; a review by Naum Trajanovski". Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture 18, nr 1-2 (10.12.2021): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51151/identities.v18i1-2.483.
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Author(s): Naum Trajanovski Title (English): A Review of the Partisan Counter-Archive: Retracing the Ruptures of Art and Memory in the Yugoslav People’s Liberation Struggle by Gal Kirn Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 18, No. 1-2 (2021). Publisher: Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities - Skopje Page Range: 106-108 Page Count: 3 Citation (English): Naum Trajanovski, “A Review of the Partisan Counter-Archive: Retracing the Ruptures of Art and Memory in the Yugoslav People’s Liberation Struggle by Gal Kirn,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 18, No. 1-2 (2021): 106-108. Author Biography Naum Trajanovski, Graduate School for Social Research, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Naum Trajanovski (Graduate School for Social Research, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences) is a PhD candidate at the GSSR. He was a project co-coordinator at the European Network Remembrance and Solidarity (2017) and a researcher at the Faculty of Philosophy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University – Skopje (2018-2020). His major academic interests include memory politics in North Macedonia and sociological knowledge transfer in 1960s Eastern Europe. He authored several papers and a monograph, in Macedonian, on the memory politics in the state after 1991.
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Mа, Weiyun. "A Review of Chinese Eastern Railway Study in China". Problemy dalnego vostoka, nr 6 (2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120017866-3.
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The article reviews research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China. The research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China began in the early 20th century, has a history of more than 100 years. The existing research results mainly focus on the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway and Tsarist Russia's expansion policy, negotiation between China and Russia (Soviet Union) on the railway issue, the contradictions and struggles of Japan and the United States around the railway problem and so on. These documents cover a wide range of issues which almost involve the political, diplomacy, economy and trade, culture and other fields of international relations in the Far East from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, provide a broad vision for the study of Chinese Eastern Railway. But there are problems in the research. Although there are many works on Chinese Eastern Railway, but most discussions are limited to a certain stage, there are few works on the whole history of Chinese Eastern Railway. Not only should we pay attention to the study of the early 20th century in other words the period of the Qing Empire, moreover, we should strengthen the research in the period of the Republic of China and the new China period, this is of great significance to the study of the whole history of Sino — Soviet relations. In addition due to specific historical conditions, part of the Russian data of Chinese Eastern Railway in China was lost, in addition, there is no detailed and authoritative reference book for Russian archives of Chinese Eastern Railway, this situation makes the cited materials in Chinese works appear too old the materials cited in the book seem too old. The authors thank for proofreading and examining the translation A.I. Kobzev, Ph.D. (Philosophy), professor, director of China Department, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, director of TSC of Humanities and Social Sciences and director of Philosophy Department of MIPT (SRI), director of TSC «Oriental Philosophy» of RSUH, Chief researcher of Russian language, literature and culture research center of Heilongjiang University.
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Kosiewicz, Jerzy, i Andrzej Smoleń. "The Social Sciences of Sport: Assumptions, Associations, and Conferences". Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 57, nr 1 (1.03.2013): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2013-0008.
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Abstract New national and international societies that examine sports have been created and developed in Europe as well as on other continents. These societies, which examine the complex phenomena, issues, and questions concerning sports as seen from the different scientific points of view, are rooted in two main research directions: the natural sciences on the one hand, and the social sciences on the other.The authors of the paper point to the significant and ongoing development of the social sciences of sport. In particular, the authors discuss the development of the sociology of sport, philosophy of sport, psychology of sport, pedagogy of sport, history of physical culture, sports and Olympics, the organization and management of sport, social and cultural foundations of tourism and recreation, social relationships associated with sports training and tactics, as well as the humanistic theories of Eastern martial arts.The authors have listed several national, continental, and international scientific organizations that unite representatives of the aforementioned disciplines. However, the authors’ main focus is on theoretical and organizational assumptions of the International Society for the Social Sciences of Sport, an organization founded in 2009.The society’s main objectives are to unite the particular social sciences of sport in one organized and scientific body (while maintaining the existing differences between the sciences); to enable the annual debate and exchange of views on the substantive and methodological matters; as well as to provide joint scientific publications connected with common work of the group and with the journal Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research.The authors discuss the research and publishing activities of the Polish Society for Social Sciences of Sport, introducing the organization as an example of any future organization that could cooperate with the International Society for the Social Sciences of Sport.
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GÜRCAN, Nurettin. "A MODERN ACHIEVEMENT ON THE BASIS OF EASTERN MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY: 30 AUGUST VICTORY". IEDSR Association 6, nr 15 (20.09.2021): 420–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46872/pj.388.
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The concepts of management and leadership are phenomena that have existed since the existence of humanity. Both of these concepts have undergone significant evolutions over the centuries in which humanity has developed. The concept of management, which is one of the important descriptors of the organizational field, has emerged in different ways in different environments. Different styles of management have led to the emergence of different leadership behaviors in organizational environments. One of the most important reasons for the formation of different leadership styles in different organizational environments is cultural values. In societies with different cultural value patterns, the experiences of socio-economic life also differ. Here, the unique aspects of social values shape many basic elements. The management and leadership styles of the society or the organizational structures within the social structure are one of these basic elements. As the management and leadership styles of the countries change, the management and leadership styles of the organizations also differ. One of the most important distinctions in this regard is made with the distinction between east-west culture in the literature. The eastern management culture and leadership styles differ from the western approaches. This difference is also reflected in the understanding of management and leadership in social phenomena. As a matter of fact, the ancient Turkish and Eastern philosophers, who described the times spent with wars and struggles on the subject, touched on important points. Philosophers have made references to the foundations of management philosophy and leadership with their predictions about management in many works from Kutadgu Bilig to the works of Hsun Tzu examining the art of war. Similarly, rooted victories in the Turkish administrative culture, in which the eastern management philosophy was used, were won in the wars and the struggle for independence. One of the most important of these victories is the 30August Victory. It is possible to say that in this victory, which represents an important turning point for the Turks to gain their independence, many successful management behaviors, which the eastern philosophers have made their subject, were also used. In this sense, in this study, it is tried to examine the importance of the 30 August Victory, which is an important representation of the struggle for existence of a country that takes Western values as an example, as well as the eastern-based administrative behaviors.
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Zavadski, Mikhail B. "Partnership of Philosophical Schools of Belarus and Russia and Its Contribution to Development of the Scientific Potential of the Eastern European Region". Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 65, nr 3 (16.09.2022): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2022-65-3-153-159.
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The summary reveals various areas of Belarusian-Russian collaboration in philosophy: problems of the methodology of scientific knowledge, transdisciplinary synthesis of philosophy and science, philosophical foundations of physics, scientific realism, theory of harmony and self-organization of complex systems, modern epistemological theories, the sociocultural foundations, risks, and prospects of the digital society, human problems in the context of convergent technologies, anthropological foundations of intercultural communication, the world heritage of philosophical thought, the reception of Russian philosophy in the Belarusian intellectual tradition. Special attential is paid to the content, possibilities, and prospects of the agreement on cooperation in the field of scientific and educational activity between the Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The areas of mutual interest are scientific research activity, academic work, publishing, humanitarian expertise, training of scientific personnel, interaction of young scientists, career guidance work with schoolchildren, popularization of philosophical knowledge. Under current conditions, the Belarusian and Russian philosophers consider important the studies of civilizational dynamics in the light of the formation of a multipolar world, the philosophical and ethical aspects of the transformation of social practices in the post-COVID era, the philosophical problems of developing artificial intelligence, and the praxeological dimension of philosophical knowledge. Emphasis is placed on the importance of scientific and humanitarian partnership in the development of research and educational potential in the post-Soviet space.
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Tweney, Ryan D. "Lorenzo Magnani & Ping Li (Eds.) Philosophy and cognitive science: Western & Eastern studies". Mind & Society 12, nr 2 (15.05.2013): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11299-013-0129-1.
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Butterworth, Charles. "Revelation and Political Philosophy". American Journal of Islam and Society 10, nr 2 (1.07.1993): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v10i2.2511.
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This is a "work in progress" presentation based on mearch I am nowconducting about the development of Islamic political philosophy duringthe classical period of Islam. My contention is that a better understandingof that tradition puts the current debate about Islamic fundamentalism orresurgence into a new perspective. Behind the sensational, popular demandsfor greater adherence to the strictures of the revealed law of Islamlies an issue of fundamental importance: how divine revelation is to beunderstd and interpreted for political guidance. Those who developedIslamic political philosophy spoke directly to this issue and did so in amanner that merits the attention of contemporary Muslim activists, scholarsinterested in Islam, and thoughtful human beings in general. Theythought clearly about the relationship between religious belief andpolitical practice because they addressed the issue ditectly and withoutpreconceptions. Consequently, whatever our religious and cultural origins,we can benefit greatly from their teaching.One of my goals is to refocus current social science scholarship whileengaging Muslim scholars in debate on topics they deem urgent. Lately,there have been many, perhaps too many, reports and prognostics concerningthe success of resurgent Islam as well as the challenges it posesto Middle Eastern and western regimes. Such studies invariably talkabout, rather than with, those calling for greater attention to Islamic preceptsand practices; they presuppose and reinforce an attitude of "us" and"our valued' vetSUS "them" and "their values." Such a posture not onlyfosters antagonism and misunderstanding, it also ignores the way Muslimsare now addressing this complex phenomenon.Indeed, for almost a decade, Muslims trained in the West have beeninvestigating how western learning, especially the social sciences, illuminatestraditional Islamic sciences and vice versa. This task addresses, atthe highest level, the issue behind the call for application of the Shari'ahand offers the best Contemporary possibility of achieving some kind ofintercultural understanding. It offers those interested in western and Islamicculture a unique opportunity to delve mare deeply into another cultureand thereby understand the other and their own culture better.Another goal is to investigate how philosophers within the classicalperiod of Islam understood revelation and its outward manifestationprophecy-to influence political life. While mast scholars recognize the ...
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Schaller, Klaus. "Patoĉka's Interpretation of Comenius and Its Significance for Present-Day Pedagogics". Science in Context 6, nr 2 (1993): 617–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700001526.
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The ArgumentThe political changes in Czechoslovakia and in other Eastern European countries in 1989 are closely related to Jan Patoĉka's philosophy. He was one of the first speakers for the human rights manifesto “Charta 77” and died following his political interrogations in 1978. Vàclav Havel, the president of the ĉSFR, was one of his students. Patoĉka's philosophy is sketched here following his interpretation of Comenius, beginning with an early work of 1932 and until his interpretation of Comenius' The Paradise of the World and the Labyrinth of the Heart in his book Die Philosophic der Erziehung des J. A. Comenius (1970) (J. A. Comenius' Philosophy of Education).As a phenomenologist who transcends both Husserl and Heidegger, Patoĉka's conflict with the political system of his country was inevitable. The regime could not put up with his thesis on the “open soul” which, due to its existential openness, can hear the “call of conscience.” Behind this thesis stands Patocka's teaching of the three movements of existence. And out of this follows his “Education of the Turning.” Patoĉka's theory of education leads straight to some nondogmatic conceptions of education such as the “Communication Pedagogics” which dates back to the dialogical education of Martin Buber.
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Tar, Zolt�n. "A political theorist from Eastern Europe". Studies in Soviet Thought 29, nr 4 (maj 1985): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01121337.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "Social sciences -> philosophy -> eastern"
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Redgrave, Kim. "All happy families are not alike : a feminist Aristotelian perspective on the good family". Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2014. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/993/.
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In this thesis, the claim that a flourishing family life should be characterised as a social practice, according to Alasdair MacIntyre’s definition of a practice, is defended. Furthermore, it is argued that the social practice of making and sustaining family life pursues certain goods, the achievement of which are constitutive of the family’s flourishing. The argument proceeds through the following stages. In the first part I focus on the Aristotelian premises of the argument and set out MacIntyre’s theoretical framework. I then apply this framework of the relationship between practices and institutions and internal and external goods to the family. In the second part I explore three important contemporary moral theories and how they address what a flourishing family life involves. In doing so, I look at how the Aristotelian approach adopted in this thesis compares to these approaches. The three approaches explored are contemporary liberalism (in particular liberal perfectionism), liberal feminism and feminist care ethics. At the end of this part of the thesis I argue that a synthesis of the Aristotelian framework and the particular insights of care ethics will provide a richer view of what a flourishing family life involves. In the final part of the thesis I provide an outline of some of the goods internal to the practice of life and the different activities and relationships which are constitutive of these goods. I then go on to suggest how families often fail to flourish as a result of the pursuit of external goods as ends in themselves or due to a lack of external goods. The conclusion of this thesis and its original contribution to knowledge is twofold: firstly, that MacIntyre’s contemporary Aristotelianism in combination with the insights of care ethics provides the tools with which we can identify the goods that contribute to and constitute familial flourishing. Secondly, that in order to identify the barriers to flourishing that families encounter, we must first understand what the goods internal and external to the practice are. We must then ensure that the institutions designed to sustain the family subordinate the goods external to family life to the internal goods, which only family members themselves can achieve through co-operative activity with each other.
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Beitmen, Logan R. "Neuroscience and Hindu Aesthetics: A Critical Analysis of V.S. Ramachandran’s “Science of Art”". FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1198.
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Neuroaesthetics is the study of the brain’s response to artistic stimuli. The neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran contends that art is primarily “caricature” or “exaggeration.” Exaggerated forms hyperactivate neurons in viewers’ brains, which in turn produce specific, “universal” responses. Ramachandran identifies a precursor for his theory in the concept of rasa (literally “juice”) from classical Hindu aesthetics, which he associates with “exaggeration.” The canonical Sanskrit texts of Bharata Muni’s Natya Shastra and Abhinavagupta’s Abhinavabharati, however, do not support Ramachandran’s conclusions. They present audiences as dynamic co-creators, not passive recipients. I believe we could more accurately model the neurology of Hindu aesthetic experiences if we took indigenous rasa theory more seriously as qualitative data that could inform future research.
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Vimont, Michael. "The anthropological construction of Czech identity : academic and popular discourses of identity in 20th century Bohemia". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bb316968-60a1-472c-bee4-b8de3af5ebbd.
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Through close textual analysis of 20th century Czech anthropological texts from the Revivalist and Socialist periods and contemporary social research conducted after the Velvet Revolution, I demonstrate certain prominent discourses of identity developed in early Bohemian anthropology and their continuities in present day popular discourses. In each period, identity is deeply intertwined with teleological theories of history with Czech populations at the apex of cultural evolutionary development. In the Revivalist period this apex was believed to be the democratic nation state, transitioning to a Marxist nation state in the Socialist period, and in the contemporary period is conceived of as a neoliberal nation state. A major function of anthropology in the Revivalist and Socialist periods was to legitimate either period’s respective teleological theory and Czech possession of relevant values as 'objective' and 'natural' fact, a general mode of discourse which continued in the contemporary period in numerous editorials in the 1990s on the advantages of capitalism. The contemporary manifestation has particularly noteworthy consequences for the Roma minority, which I argue has provided Czech discourses with an ethnic category 'anti-thetical' to their own identity, providing a 'repository' for negative Czech self-stereotypes emerging from collaboration in the Socialist period.
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Guibal, Francis. "Social Sciences and Political Philosophy. Eric Weil's Post-Weberian Kantianism". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú - Departamento de Humanidades, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113269.
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The historical success of sciences and their tendency to extendt hemselves universally to all of realityis a fact. In order to understand their sense, they should be referred to acultural (rational) project, whose presuppositions ought to be judged in accordance with a reason conceived both as practical (ethical-political) and speculative (philosophical). E. Weil's rigorous thought is here compared in all of these points with high-ranging positions: only after going through Hegelian, Marxian and Weberian positions he intends an original reappropiation of Kantian insights.El éxito histórico de la(s) ciencia(s)y su extensión tendencialmente universal a toda realidad es un hecho. Comprender su sentido exige que se le refiera a un proyecto cultural (racional) cuyos supuestos han de ser juzgados conforme a una razón inseparablemente práctica (ético-política) y especulativa (filosofía). Sobre todos estos puntos, el pensamiento riguroso de E. Weil se compara y se contrasta aquí con posiciones de alto vuelo: solamente después de atravesar los planteamientos hegelianos, marxianos y weberianos, es como intenta retomar,de manera original, orientaciones kantianas.
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Solbrig, Jacob H., i Jacob Hagen Solbrig. "Stasi Brainwashing in the GDR 1957 - 1990". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2431.
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This thesis examines the methods used by the Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MfS), more commonly known as the Stasi, or East German secret police, for extraction of information from citizens of the German Democratic Republic for the purpose of espionage and covert operations inside East Germany, as it pertains to the deliberate brainwashing of East German citizens. As one of the most efficient intelligence agencies to ever exist, the Stasi’s main purpose was to monitor the population, gather intelligence, and collect or turn informants. They used brainwashing techniques to control the people of the GDR, keeping the populace paralyzed with fear and paranoia. By surrounding themselves with a network of informants they prevented actions against the dictatorial communist regime. Using the video testimonies of former prisoners, and former confidential informants who worked closely with and collaborated with Stasi agents, in combination with periodicals and previous historical studies, this work argues that the East German Police State’s brainwashing techniques had long and lasting consequences both for German citizens, and for the psychiatric health of former GDR citizens. The scope and breadth of the techniques and data compiled for use by the Stasi were exhaustive, and the repercussions of their use are still being felt and discovered twenty five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall. This study aims to show the lasting effects brainwashing had on former informants and the Stasi’s victims.
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Kenny, Heather Violet. "Female Aggression Level Mediates The Impact Of Anthropogenic Noise Pollution In Eastern Bluebirds". W&M ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1616444446.
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We asked whether anthropogenic noise and animal personality interact to influence the settlement patterns and parental behaviors of individual eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) in a suburban landscape. Our hypothesis was that individuals with bold-type personalities would be less sensitive to noise pollution because they are more risk-tolerant. We collected repeated measures of neophobia, aggression, and nestling feeding rate in adult bluebirds while manipulating the sound environment at nest boxes. First, we added a recording of traffic noise during the nestling stage. We found that when exposed to experimental noise, aggressive females had higher feeding rates than less-aggressive females. Individual bluebirds were moderately repeatable in aggression and neophobia, but the two behaviors did not correlate to form bold-type and shy-type personalities. In a second experiment, we manipulated the noise environment during territory establishment, nest-building, and egg-laying. We found that less-aggressive females tended to settle in noise-treated nests, and these females delayed egg-laying by an average of four days, although this was not statistically different from controls. These results suggest that female aggression level is important for mediating the effects of anthropogenic noise pollution on this population bluebirds by influencing spatial arrangement and noise exposure, by directly delaying egg-laying, and by influencing nestling feeding rate. By identifying the role of personality in mediating human impacts on animal populations, we can implement more finely tuned conservation and management programs.
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Gómez, Camilo Tamayo. "Memory, recognition and solidarity : the victims of eastern Antioquia as communicative citizens". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/27006/.
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This doctoral research focuses on the relationship between civil society, collective action and the victims’ social movements of the Colombian armed conflict. It analyses the communicative and expressive dimensions of victims’ collective action as a mechanism to restore a sense of citizenship. It shows how collective belonging is constructed through processes of memory, recognition and solidarity in the midst of armed conflicts. It introduces the concept of communicative citizenship field in which emotions and affection act as a catalyst to generate collective actions for counterpublic groups in armed conflict societies transforming their victim status into an active citizenship condition. The case study of this research is Eastern Antioquia in Colombia, particularly the victims’ social movement of this Colombian region, and through a participative action research approach and developing a set of qualitative strategies, this research explores (together with the studied groups) the communicative and expressive resources they can access to obtain symbolic, cultural and political power and to act effectively within fragile public spheres. A key objective here is to understand what kind of citizen processes these collective communicative actions and strategies can open up within contexts of armed conflict and how these practices have been affecting the structure and shape of the regional and local public spheres of Eastern Antioquia in the last seventeen years. Furthermore, this doctoral research aims to present non-official narratives about the Colombian armed conflict, using the victims’ perspective to understand the dynamics of contestation in the construction of memory, recognition and solidarity during the conflict, as well as in the claiming of public and conflict‐related spaces and the construction of victims’ collective identity as civilians before the cessation of violence. This study finally argues that the communicative citizenship field is part of a new research agenda to better understand, analyse and describe contemporary processes of collective action of victims’ social movements in armed conflicts and post-armed conflict societies.
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Erdemir, Burcu. "The Specifity Of The Eastern Enlargement:". Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606138/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyses the Eastern enlargement of the EU in comparison with the past four enlargement rounds, as a result of which it proves that Central and Eastern enlargement (CEE) is a unique experience for the EU. After the fourth enlargement, the EU turned its face to the CEECs, which witnessed unexpected events of a historic nature, with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. This date symbolises a great change for the CEECs, such as the end of communism, transition to open market economy, democratisation and stability. A special focus is given to the inclusion of the CEECs into the EU necessitating to make adjustments both in the EU and in the CEECs. The specifity of the fifth enlargement derives from all the changes and challenges that it poses to the applicant countries and the Union but also to its neighbours. It concludes that the factors of uniqueness of the Eastern enlargement will strengthen the probability of the inclusion of the future applicants in the Eastern part of the continent. This enlargement is a positive development for the old and the new member states, it is one of the most important &lsquopolitical necessities&rsquo
and &lsquo
historical opportunities&rsquo
that the EU is facing since its establishment, because it will not only ensure the unification, stabilisation, security, economic growth and general well-being of the continent but also because it has opened the way of membership to the future possible applicants in the Eastern part of the continent.
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Runhardt, Rosa. "Causal inquiry in the social sciences : the promise of process tracing". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3099/.
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In this thesis I investigate causal inquiry in the social sciences, drawing on examples from various disciplines and in particular from conflict studies. In a backlash against the pervasiveness of statistical methods, in the last decade certain social scientists have focused on finding the causal mechanisms behind observed correlations. To provide evidence for such mechanisms, researchers increasingly rely on ‘process tracing’, a method which attempts to give evidence for causal relations by specifying the chain of events connecting a putative cause and effect of interest. I will ask whether the causal claims process tracers make are defensible, and where they are not defensible I will ask how we can improve the method. Throughout these investigations, I show that the conclusions of process tracing (and indeed ofthe social sciences more generally) are constrained both by the causal structure ofthe social world and by social scientists’ aims and values. My central argument is this: all instances of social phenomena have causally relevant differences, which implies that any research design that requires some comparison between cases (like process tracing) is limited by how we systematize these phenomena. Moreover, such research cannot rely on stable regularities. Nevertheless, to forego causal conclusions altogether is not the right response to these limitations; by carefully outlining our epistemic assumptions we can make progress in causal inquiry. While I use philosophical theories of causation to comment on the feasibility of a social scientific method, I also do the reverse: by investigating a popular contemporary method in the social sciences, I show to what extent our philosophical theories of causation are workable in practice. Thus, this thesis is both a methodological and a philosophical work. Every chapter discusses both a fundamental philosophical position on the social sciences and a relevant case study from the social sciences.
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Nicolau, Daniela. "Knowledge production and transfer in physical and life sciences". Thesis, Nicolau, Daniela (2002) Knowledge production and transfer in physical and life sciences. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/229/.
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Questions about knowledge flows between different fields of science are important from a policy perspective. This thesis focuses on knowledge transfer between physical sciences and life sciences. Science and technology are increasingly intertwined in a complex continuum. This complexity of the science and technology today asks for a concerted, articulated and comprehensive understanding of the process of science and technology. The approach that this research has taken is to analyse the process of science and technology. The thesis asks: What is the trade of science and technology? In order to answer this question we developed an anatomy of knowledge and we analysed the internal developments in science via the analysis of the role of the researchers as carriers and producers of knowledge.
Secondly the thesis asks: What are the mechanisms and directions on which scientfic knowledge migrates? This research postulates that the analysis of the process of science and technology translates to the analysis of the production and transfer of scientific and technological knowledge.
What is obvious and essential for science and technology is the difference between the specific mechanisms of knowledge production. This thesis suggests that the modem mode of knowledge production is characterized by an increasing density of communication on three levels: between science and technology - on one hand - and society on the other-; between scientific practitioners; and with the entities of the physical and social world. Central to our research is the concept of 'mode of knowledge production ' with mode 1 and mode 2 being defined by Gibbons.
The four case studies employed emphasise on how collaboration across disciplines is highly important for the production of new knowledge. The main characteristic of newly emerging fields in an increasing synergy between disciplines, which leads to several types of communication between them. With the increasing of the interdisciplinary intensity the border between the production of knowledge and the transfer of knowledge begins to be blurred. The transfer of knowledge occurs today at a more conceptual level. It follows that the production of knowledge has a large component of knowledge transfer. To study it, this thesis proposes a quasiquantitative model. In this unified framework for the knowledge transfer mechanisms, transfer is seen as a process with a number of stages and forms. We tested our framework on four case studies.
The third part of the thesis proposes a taxonomy of interdisciplinarity. and deals with the social engineering of knowledge transfer that is the design of adequate guidelines for policies aiming at maximization of knowledge transfer. In this way the thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of processes of development of new emerging scientific fields.
Książki na temat "Social sciences -> philosophy -> eastern"
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Avineri, Shlomo. Solidarity and the Crisis of Trust. Redaktor Jacek Koltan. Gdansk, Poland: European Solidarity Centre, 2016.
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Gordon, Graham. Contemporary social philosophy. Oxford, UK: B. Blackwell, 1988.
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Wisdom, J. O. Philosophy of the social sciences. Aldershot, Hants, England: Avebury, 1987.
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Mantzavinos, C., red. Philosophy of the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511812880.
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Wisdom, J. O. Philosophy of the social sciences. Aldershot, Hants, England: Avebury, 1987.
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Rosenberg, Alexander. Philosophy of social science. Boulder: Westview Press, 1988.
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Rosenberg, Alexander. Philosophy of social science. Wyd. 2. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1995.
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Braybrooke, David. Philosophy of social science. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1987.
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James, Katorobo, red. The Social sciences in Eastern Africa: An agenda for research. [S.l.]: Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern Africa (OSSREA), 1985.
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Bunge, Mario Augusto. Finding philosophy in social science. New Haven, [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 1996.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Social sciences -> philosophy -> eastern"
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Donohue, Christopher. "“A Mountain of Nonsense”? Czech and Slovenian Receptions of Materialism and Vitalism from c. 1860s to the First World War". W History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 67–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_5.
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AbstractIn general, historians of science and historians of ideas do not focus on critical appraisals of scientific ideas such as vitalism and materialism from Catholic intellectuals in eastern and southeastern Europe, nor is there much comparative work available on how significant European ideas in the life sciences such as materialism and vitalism were understood and received outside of France, Germany, Italy and the UK. Insofar as such treatments are available, they focus on the contributions of nineteenth century vitalism and materialism to later twentieth ideologies, as well as trace the interactions of vitalism and various intersections with the development of genetics and evolutionary biology see Mosse (The culture of Western Europe: the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Westview Press, Boulder, 1988, Toward the final solution: a history of European racism. Howard Fertig Publisher, New York, 1978; Turda et al., Crafting humans: from genesis to eugenics and beyond. V&R Unipress, Goettingen, 2013). English and American eugenicists (such as William Caleb Saleeby), and scores of others underscored the importance of vitalism to the future science of “eugenics” (Saleeby, The progress of eugenics. Cassell, New York, 1914). Little has been written on materialism qua materialism or vitalism qua vitalism in eastern Europe.The Czech and Slovene cases are interesting for comparison insofar as both had national awakenings in the middle of the nineteenth century which were linguistic and scientific, while also being religious in nature (on the Czech case see David, Realism, tolerance, and liberalism in the Czech National awakening: legacies of the Bohemian reformation. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2010; on the Slovene case see Kann and David, Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526-1918. University of Washington Press, Washington, 2010). In the case of many Catholic writers writing in Moravia, there are not only slight noticeable differences in word-choice and construction but a greater influence of scholastic Latin, all the more so in the works of nineteenth century Czech priests and bishops.In this case, German, Latin and literary Czech coexisted in the same texts. Thus, the presence of these three languages throws caution on the work on the work of Michael Gordin, who argues that scientific language went from Latin to German to vernacular. In Czech, Slovenian and Croatian cases, all three coexisted quite happily until the First World War, with the decades from the 1840s to the 1880s being particularly suited to linguistic flexibility, where oftentimes writers would put in parentheses a Latin or German word to make the meaning clear to the audience. Note however that these multiple paraphrases were often polemical in the case of discussions of materialism and vitalism.In Slovenia Čas (Time or The Times) ran from 1907 to 1942, running under the muscular editorship of Fr. Aleš Ušeničnik (1868–1952) devoted hundreds of pages often penned by Ušeničnik himself or his close collaborators to wide-ranging discussions of vitalism, materialism and its implied social and societal consequences. Like their Czech counterparts Fr. Matěj Procházka (1811–1889) and Fr. Antonín LenzMaterialismMechanismDynamism (1829–1901), materialism was often conjoined with "pantheism" and immorality. In both the Czech and the Slovene cases, materialism was viewed as a deep theological problem, as it made the Catholic account of the transformation of the Eucharistic sacrifice into the real presence untenable. In the Czech case, materialism was often conjoined with “bestiality” (bestialnost) and radical politics, especially agrarianism, while in the case of Ušeničnik and Slovene writers, materialism was conjoined with “parliamentarianism” and “democracy.” There is too an unexamined dialogue on vitalism, materialism and pan-Slavism which needs to be explored.Writing in 1914 in a review of O bistvu življenja (Concerning the essence of life) by the controversial Croatian biologist Boris Zarnik) Ušeničnik underscored that vitalism was an speculative outlook because it left the field of positive science and entered the speculative realm of philosophy. Ušeničnik writes that it was “Too bad” that Zarnik “tackles” the question of vitalism, as his zoological opinions are interesting but his philosophy was not “successful”. Ušeničnik concluded that vitalism was a rather old idea, which belonged more to the realm of philosophy and Thomistic theology then biology. It nonetheless seemed to provide a solution for the particular characteristics of life, especially its individuality. It was certainly preferable to all the dangers that materialism presented. Likewise in the Czech case, Emmanuel Radl (1873–1942) spent much of his life extolling the virtues of vitalism, up until his death in home confinement during the Nazi Protectorate. Vitalism too became bound up in the late nineteenth century rediscovery of early modern philosophy, which became an essential part of the development of new scientific consciousness and linguistic awareness right before the First World War in the Czech lands. Thus, by comparing the reception of these ideas together in two countries separated by ‘nationality’ but bounded by religion and active engagement with French and German ideas (especially Driesch), we can reconstruct not only receptions of vitalism and materialism, but articulate their political and theological valances.
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Hawkesworth, Mary. "Social sciences". W A Companion to Feminist Philosophy, 204–12. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781405164498.ch20.
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von Gall, Caroline. "Eastern European Legal Realism". W Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, 1–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6730-0_98-1.
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Kincaid, Harold. "Social Sciences". W The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Science, 290–311. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470756614.ch14.
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Nordstrom, Susan Naomi. "Practices of Care with the Anthropocene: Scenes from the 2019 Nebraska Flood". W Palgrave Studies in Education and the Environment, 227–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35430-4_13.
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AbstractThis chapter, written not too long after the March 2019 US Midwestern floods, responds to those floods and the connective practices of care they created. Inspired by Gough’s (Shaking the treed, making a rhizome: Towards a nomadic geophilosophy of science education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 38(5), 625–645, 2006) call for more literary and artistic modes of representation in science education, this chapter offers an affect-rich account of the flood and learning to live in the Anthropocene. Drawing on a trip to the area in July 2019, newspaper articles, social media, and discussions with family and friends, this account follows the watery we’s—the connections between humans, nonhumans, and so much more—that the flood collected and the affective practices of care that the flood continues to generate. To do this work, I first situate the 2019 Midwestern flood, with a focus on Eastern Nebraska. Then, I share how I put Puig de la Bellacasa’s (Matters of care: Speculative ethics in more than human worlds. University of Minnesota Press, 2017) conception of care to work by examining moments that created different affect-rich currents in practices of care. This responsive work, told in more artistic modes of representation, aims to create resonating moments for careful thoughts about learning to live in the Anthropocene.
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Baert, Patrick, i Fernando Domínguez Rubio. "Philosophy of the Social Sciences". W The New Blackwell Companion to Social Theory, 60–80. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444304992.ch3.
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Gilbert, Margaret. "Philosophy and the Social Sciences". W In the Scope of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, 445–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0475-5_5.
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Benton, Ted, i Ian Craib. "Critical Realism and the Social Sciences". W Philosophy of Social Science, 120–41. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28521-8_8.
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Ackermann, Robert. "Popper and German Social Philosophy". W Popper and the Human Sciences, 165–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5093-1_11.
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Dühring, Lisa. "The Philosophy of the Social Sciences". W Reassessing the Relationship between Marketing and Public Relations, 69–114. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18034-8_3.
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Dimkov, Petar R. "The concept of self in Eastern and Western philosophy". W 5th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.05.17197d.
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Guo, Siwen. "THE REFLECTION OF EASTERN PHILOSOPHY IN I. TURGENEV’S NOVEL ON THE EVE". W Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isemss-19.2019.87.
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W.G., Indunil Philip Shantha, i Svetlana Rykova. "Karma and Sin: Foundation of Moral Philosophy in Theravāda Buddhism and Eastern Orthodoxy". W 4th International Symposium on Social Science (ISSS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isss-18.2018.85.
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Zhdanov, Vladimir V., i Polina S. Zhorova. "Man in the Spiritual Culture of the Eastern Mediterranean: A Variety of Interpretations". W 5th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities - Philosophy of Being Human as the Core of Interdisciplinary Research (ICCESSH 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200901.007.
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Xu, Yulian, i Ailin Xie. "A Study of the Deep Differences Between Eastern and Western Philosophies in Ideological and Political Education". W 6th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities. (Philosophy of Being Human as the Core of Interdisciplinary Research) (ICCESSH 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210902.044.
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Ba Trinh, Nguyen. "Convergent Philosophy". W 5th International Conference on New Findings On Humanities and Social Sciences. Acavent, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/5th.hsconf.2020.11.102.
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Zhang, Xiao-long. "Study on Phenomenological Philosophy of Social Sciences". W Proceedings of the 2018 3rd International Conference on Modern Management, Education Technology, and Social Science (MMETSS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mmetss-18.2018.88.
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ABBAS, Nada Mousa. "AL-MAQDISI'S HISTORICAL PHILOSOPHY". W I. International Baghdad Congress for Humanities and Social Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/baghdad.congress1-3.
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At the end of the fourth century AH / tenth century AD, Al-Mutahhar bin Tahir Al-Maqdisi, who died in 390 AH / 999 AD, completed his book “The Beginning and History” to present to us in its introduction his philosophical theory of history! Trying to find unity and union between philosophy and history! And revealing a philosophical characteristic in historical material, by trying to search behind historical events (local and global), diagnosing the causes (historical causality), and emphasizing the comprehensive view in writing history. Accordingly, the above book is considered one of the most important and prominent works of the Abbasid era, which in its explanation came close to what became known as the term _philosophy of history_, with the subject of contemplating the universe and its history, in addition to his other theories in the fields of knowledge and reason. This is because he departed from the usual classical approach to writing history, and did not limit the historical material to being merely a storehouse of historical knowledge that assists Islamic law, and is directed to the state system and the organization of its individuals. He intended to subject this material to his philosophical outlook, and to formulate laws that develop the process of studying history and scientific research. in it
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Abbas, Prof Dr Nada Mousa. "AL-YAQOUBI'S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY". W I. International Dubai Social Sciences and Humanities Congress. Rimar Academy, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/dubaicongress1-2.
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The philosophy of history needs the availability of basic components, namely: historical material (cognitive), historical thought (historical mentality represented by sense and historical awareness), and a balanced academic method (organized and precise) in order for the rational philosophical vision to emerge from comprehensive study of a civilizational nature for which laws (theories) can be formulated. ), with realistic evidence and evidence, called the philosophy of history! . Al-Yaqubi (third century AH / ninth century AD) showed comprehensive analysis with his sense and historical awareness, and through his historical criticism and his renewal of the method of historical recording, he distinguished himself from those who preceded him and those who followed him with his book entitled “The Problem of People of Their Time and What Predominates in Every Age,” thus revealing the beginning of For the idea of the philosophy of history, where he laid the foundations for the theory of the problem (imitation, imitation) as one of the engines of the wheel of history, a factor influencing the spirituality of the era, the natures of the members of society, and an important and vital part in the formation of human civilizations . The law of problematization, in its philosophical theory, requires AlYaqoubi to reveal the characteristics of each caliph in his policies, interests, and social behaviors, which applies to those with power, influence, prestige, and authority, and as a symbol and role model for society (an elite group), in a collective imitation of their behaviors (at all times and places) by individuals. Human societies. Accordingly, Al-Yaqubi assumed that rulers have a fundamental role in preserving states and societies, and developing civilizations. They can either reform or corrupt them at all levels of civilization, and therefore the problem changes according to the trends of the elite symbols !
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Makovetskaya, Maria. "THE ONTOLOGY OF ART IN PHILOSOPHY OF NICOLAI HARTMANN". W NORDSCI Conference on Social Sciences. SAIMA CONSULT LTD, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2018/b1/v1/44.
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Bengio, Yoshua, Caroline Lequesne, Hugo Loiseau, Jocelyn Maclure, Juliette Powell, Sonja Solomun i Lyse Langlois. Interdisciplinary Dialogues: The Major Risks of Generative AI. Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l’intelligence artificielle et du numérique, marzec 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61737/xsgm9843.
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In an exciting series of Interdisciplinary Dialogues on the societal impacts of AI, we invite a guest speaker and panellists from the fields of science and engineering, health and humanities and social sciences to discuss the advances, challenges and opportunities raised by AI. The first dialogue in this series began with Yoshua Bengio, who, concerned about developments in generative AI and the major risks they pose for society, initiated the organization of a conference on the subject. The event took place on August 14, 2023 in Montreal, and was aimed at initiating collective, interdisciplinary reflection on the issues and risks posed by recent developments in AI. The conference took the form of a panel, moderated by Juliette Powell, to which seven specialists were invited who cover a variety of disciplines, including: computer science (Yoshua Bengio and Golnoosh Farnadi), law (Caroline Lequesne and Claire Boine), philosophy (Jocelyn Maclure), communication (Sonja Solomun) and political science (Hugo Loiseau). This document is the result of this first interdisciplinary dialogue on the societal impacts of AI. The speakers were invited to respond concisely, in the language of their choice, to questions raised during the event. Immerse yourself in reading these fascinating conversations, presented in a Q&A format that transcends disciplinary boundaries. The aim of these dialogues is to offer a critical and diverse perspective on the impact of AI on our everchanging world.
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HEFNER, Robert. IHSAN ETHICS AND POLITICAL REVITALIZATION Appreciating Muqtedar Khan’s Islam and Good Governance. IIIT, październik 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.001.20.
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Ours is an age of pervasive political turbulence, and the scale of the challenge requires new thinking on politics as well as public ethics for our world. In Western countries, the specter of Islamophobia, alt-right populism, along with racialized violence has shaken public confidence in long-secure assumptions rooted in democracy, diversity, and citizenship. The tragic denouement of so many of the Arab uprisings together with the ascendance of apocalyptic extremists like Daesh and Boko Haram have caused an even greater sense of alarm in large parts of the Muslim-majority world. It is against this backdrop that M.A. Muqtedar Khan has written a book of breathtaking range and ethical beauty. The author explores the history and sociology of the Muslim world, both classic and contemporary. He does so, however, not merely to chronicle the phases of its development, but to explore just why the message of compassion, mercy, and ethical beauty so prominent in the Quran and Sunna of the Prophet came over time to be displaced by a narrow legalism that emphasized jurisprudence, punishment, and social control. In the modern era, Western Orientalists and Islamists alike have pushed the juridification and interpretive reification of Islamic ethical traditions even further. Each group has asserted that the essence of Islam lies in jurisprudence (fiqh), and both have tended to imagine this legal heritage on the model of Western positive law, according to which law is authorized, codified, and enforced by a leviathan state. “Reification of Shariah and equating of Islam and Shariah has a rather emaciating effect on Islam,” Khan rightly argues. It leads its proponents to overlook “the depth and heights of Islamic faith, mysticism, philosophy or even emotions such as divine love (Muhabba)” (13). As the sociologist of Islamic law, Sami Zubaida, has similarly observed, in all these developments one sees evidence, not of a traditionalist reassertion of Muslim values, but a “triumph of Western models” of religion and state (Zubaida 2003:135). To counteract these impoverishing trends, Khan presents a far-reaching analysis that “seeks to move away from the now failed vision of Islamic states without demanding radical secularization” (2). He does so by positioning himself squarely within the ethical and mystical legacy of the Qur’an and traditions of the Prophet. As the book’s title makes clear, the key to this effort of religious recovery is “the cosmology of Ihsan and the worldview of Al-Tasawwuf, the science of Islamic mysticism” (1-2). For Islamist activists whose models of Islam have more to do with contemporary identity politics than a deep reading of Islamic traditions, Khan’s foregrounding of Ihsan may seem unfamiliar or baffling. But one of the many achievements of this book is the skill with which it plumbs the depth of scripture, classical commentaries, and tasawwuf practices to recover and confirm the ethic that lies at their heart. “The Quran promises that God is with those who do beautiful things,” the author reminds us (Khan 2019:1). The concept of Ihsan appears 191 times in 175 verses in the Quran (110). The concept is given its richest elaboration, Khan explains, in the famous hadith of the Angel Gabriel. This tradition recounts that when Gabriel appeared before the Prophet he asked, “What is Ihsan?” Both Gabriel’s question and the Prophet’s response make clear that Ihsan is an ideal at the center of the Qur’an and Sunna of the Prophet, and that it enjoins “perfection, goodness, to better, to do beautiful things and to do righteous deeds” (3). It is this cosmological ethic that Khan argues must be restored and implemented “to develop a political philosophy … that emphasizes love over law” (2). In its expansive exploration of Islamic ethics and civilization, Khan’s Islam and Good Governance will remind some readers of the late Shahab Ahmed’s remarkable book, What is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic (Ahmed 2016). Both are works of impressive range and spiritual depth. But whereas Ahmed stood in the humanities wing of Islamic studies, Khan is an intellectual polymath who moves easily across the Islamic sciences, social theory, and comparative politics. He brings the full weight of his effort to conclusion with policy recommendations for how “to combine Sufism with political theory” (6), and to do so in a way that recommends specific “Islamic principles that encourage good governance, and politics in pursuit of goodness” (8).
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Davies, Will. Improving the engagement of UK armed forces overseas. Royal Institute of International Affairs, styczeń 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135010.
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The UK government’s Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy, published in March 2021 alongside a supporting defence command paper, set a new course for UK national security and highlighted opportunities for an innovative approach to international engagement activity. The Integrated Review focused principally on the state threats posed by China’s increasing power and by competitors – including Russia – armed with nuclear, conventional and hybrid capabilities. It also stressed the continuing risks to global security and resilience due to conflict and instability in weakened and failed states. These threats have the potential to increase poverty and inequality, violent extremism, climate degradation and the forced displacement of people, while presenting authoritarian competitors with opportunities to enhance their geopolitical influence. There are moral, security and economic motives to foster durable peace in conflict-prone and weakened regions through a peacebuilding approach that promotes good governance, addresses the root causes of conflict and prevents violence, while denying opportunities to state competitors. The recent withdrawal from Afghanistan serves to emphasize the complexities and potential pitfalls associated with intervention operations in complex, unstable regions. Success in the future will require the full, sustained and coordinated integration of national, allied and regional levers of power underpinned by a sophisticated understanding of the operating environment. The UK armed forces, with their considerable resources and global network, will contribute to this effort through ‘persistent engagement’. This is a new approach to overseas operations below the threshold of conflict, designed as a pre-emptive complement to warfighting. To achieve this, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) must develop a capability that can operate effectively in weak, unstable and complex regions prone to violent conflict and crises, not least in the regions on the eastern and southern flanks of the Euro-Atlantic area. The first step must be the development of a cohort of military personnel with enhanced, tailored levels of knowledge, skills and experience. Engagement roles must be filled by operators with specialist knowledge, skills and experience forged beyond the mainstream discipline of combat and warfighting. Only then will individuals develop a genuinely sophisticated understanding of complex, politically driven and sensitive operating environments and be able to infuse the design and delivery of international activities with practical wisdom and insight. Engagement personnel need to be equipped with: An inherent understanding of the human and political dimensions of conflict, the underlying drivers such as inequality and scarcity, and the exacerbating factors such as climate change and migration; - A grounding in social sciences and conflict modelling in order to understand complex human terrain; - Regional expertise enabled by language skills, cultural intelligence and human networks; - Familiarity with a diverse range of partners, allies and local actors and their approaches; - Expertise in building partner capacity and applying defence capabilities to deliver stability and peace; - A grasp of emerging artificial intelligence technology as a tool to understand human terrain; - Reach and insight developed through ‘knowledge networks’ of external experts in academia, think-tanks and NGOs. Successful change will be dependent on strong and overt advocacy by the MOD’s senior leadership and a revised set of personnel policies and procedures for this cohort’s selection, education, training, career management, incentivization, sustainability and support.