Rozprawy doktorskie: „Social sciences -> anthropology -> physical anthropology”

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Corewyn, Lisa Cheryl. "Social and reproductive strategies of male mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) at La Pacifica, Costa Rica". Thesis, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3594560.

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This dissertation examines the competitive and cooperative strategies of male mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) living within a fragmented habitat at La Pacifica (LP), Costa Rica. Mantled howlers exhibit considerable intraspecific variation in their social behavior, and there remains much to learn regarding the nature of their sociality and the proximate mechanisms that underlie it, particularly among males living in multimale groups. In contrast to males at other mantled howler study sites, males at LP had higher rates of within-group agonism, and exhibited clear dominance hierarchies. Both groups inhabited a fragmented forest, which may exert greater pressure to compete for both food and reproductive resources than mantled howler males living in more intact forests. However, data from this dissertation also suggest that males may adjust competitive relationships as forest fragment characteristics within the same population vary. The group inhabiting the larger forest fragment experienced higher intergroup competition but lower intragroup competition than the group inhabiting the smaller fragment, allowing higher-ranking males to be more tolerant of subordinates accessing key resources, including females, in order to cooperate in group defense. Despite clear hierarchies, males at LP nevertheless form both preferred and avoided associations with specific males, which suggest that cooperative relationships among males have adaptive value. Neither rank nor age emerged as clear drivers shaping competitive and cooperative relationships. Collectively, these results suggest that male mantled howlers show considerable flexibility in their social relationships that are likely dependent on a complexity of ecological, social, and demographic factors.

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Guthrie, Emily Henderson. "Functional Morphology of the Postcranium of Theropithecus brumpti (Primates: Cercopithecidae)". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12112.

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xvi, 169 p. ： ill. (some col.)
This dissertation describes the postcranial functional morphology of Theropithecus brumpti , a fossil cercopithecoid primate from the Plio-Pleistocene of East Africa. Theropithecus is often used as an analogue for human evolution, but much of our understanding of its paleobiology is based on the grassland adapted Theropithecus oswaldi , masking potential morphological and ecological breadth within the genus and limiting its use as an ecological comparator. To better understand the evolutionary history and ecological breadth of the genus, an analysis of the woodland associated T. brumpti is presented. All available T. brumpti postcranial material is included, along with comparative data on T. oswaldi and a large extant sample. Skeletal elements were metrically described using 125 postcranial measurements believed to have functional relevance. Measurements were transformed into 46 ratios to reflect shape and the functional lengths over which muscles act and to reduce the effects of differences in scale among individuals and species. Contrary to previous findings, there is no evidence T. brumpti was arboreal; rather it is clearly a terrestrial papionin. While T. brumpti retains a degree of flexibility (at the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle), this is not exceptional when compared to other members of the genus, notablyT. oswaldi . Not only are traits similar in both species, but there is a wide range of variation and overlap in both. Features historically used to reconstructT. brumpti as more arboreal are interpreted here as part of a suite of traits that characterize early Theropithecus . This suite of traits may instead be adaptations to manual terrestrial foraging, in particular adaptations related to forest floor locomotion and gleaning, which may be primitive for Theropithecus and possibly for papionins. This interpretation of the paleobiology of T. burmpti compared to that of T. oswaldi offers a parallel with hominins. New fossil evidence suggests use of terrestrial substrates in more woodland habitats for late Miocene to early Pliocene hominins, in contrast to more open habitats associated with later hominins. Therefore, this dissertation develops a framework for understanding the woodland to grassland transition among large bodied primates including hominins.
Committee in charge: Stephen Frost， Chairperson； Frances White， Member； John Lukacs， Member； Samantha Hopkins， Outside Member

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Thompson, Cynthia L. "Sex, Aggression, and Affiliation: The Social System of White-faced Saki Monkeys (Pithecia pithecia)". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1303399136.

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Dorset, Elaine C. "A Historical and Archaeological Study of the Nineteenth Century Hudson's Bay Company Garden at Fort Vancouver: Focusing on Archaeological Field Methods and Microbotanical Analysis". PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/869.

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The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), a British fur-trading enterprise, created a large garden at Fort Vancouver, now in southwest Washington, in the early- to mid-19th century. This fort was the administrative headquarters for the HBC's activities in western North America. Archaeological investigations were conducted at this site in 2005 and 2006 in order to better understand the role of this large space, which seems incongruous in terms of resources required, to the profit motive of the HBC. Questions about the landscape characteristics, and comments by 19th century visitors to the site provided the impetus for theoretical research of gardens as representations of societal power, and, on a mid-range level, the efficacy of certain archaeological methods in researching this type of space. Documentary research related to the history of the HBC Garden was also conducted, including previous archaeology completed at the site. The results of these lines of inquiry are presented, providing insight as to the diverse roles this Garden fulfilled in the survival of the HBC in the region - as a commercial enterprise, as a microcosm of western societal practice, and in the health of its employees.

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Vors, Olivier. "L'activité collective en classe d'éducation physique dans les collèges ECLAIR : étude anthropologique des situations de travail par ateliers en gymnastique et contribution à la connaissance des interactions dans les milieux éducatifs "difficiles"". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800276.

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L'objectif de cette recherche était d'étudier l'activité collective dans les classes de collèges ÉCLAIR en EPS lors d'un dispositif de travail par ateliers en gymnastique avec des enseignants "réussissants". Dans ces classes, une des difficultés majeures pour les enseignants est la mise au travail durable des élèves. Au cours de la leçon, l'activité collective est particulièrement instable en raison d'une activité des élèves marquée par de nombreux décrochages, un refus de travailler, une agitation continue pouvant aller jusqu'à la violence. Toutefois, certains enseignants "réussissants" parviennent à faire travailler le collectif d'élèves de façon relativement durable au cours de la leçon. Cette recherche a donc analysé le travail collectif dans les classes avec ces enseignants pour identifier sa forme typique et comprendre les processus à partir desquels il se construisait. Elle a été conduite dans le cadre théorique et méthodologique du Cours d'action, permettant d'appréhender l'activité collective à partir d'une entrée par l'activité et le sens pour les acteurs. Les études de cas se sont déroulées dans des collèges ÉCLAIR de la banlieue lilloise, en EPS, lors de 27 leçons de gymnastique par ateliers. Sept enseignants "réussissants" et 37 élèves ont été filmés puis amenés à exprimer leur expérience vécue en classe lors d'entretiens d'autoconfrontation. L'activité collective a été renseignée à deux niveaux d'analyse autonomes et interdépendants : d'une part, celui de l'activité individuelle-sociale de l'enseignant et des élèves par croisement des matériaux relatifs à la description des comportements observés en classe et ceux relatifs aux verbatim d'entretien ; et d'autre part au niveau de la configuration de l'activité de la classe en repérant les points d'articulation entre l'activité de l'enseignant et celle des élèves et en identifiant la forme de l'activité collective qui en émerge. Les résultats montrent que malgré une constante agitation dans les ateliers de gymnastique, une activité collective de travail domine dans la classe sans qu'une perturbation majeure vienne rompre les leçons étudiées. Premièrement, l'analyse de l'activité individuelle-sociale a fait ressortir deux traits typiques : une forme bipolaire organisée par la dyade " travail - jeu " pour les élèves et par la dyade " instruction - contrôle " pour l'enseignant. Deuxièmement, la configuration d'activité collective en classe a une forme studieuse typique : elle repose sur des processus d'ostension et de masquage permettant l'articulation des activités de l'enseignant et des élèves dans la classe. Les conclusions de cette étude permettent de répondre à des visées épistémiques concernant la compréhension de l'activité collective et de sa construction, ainsi que des visées transformatives apportant des éclairages sur les pratiques d'apprentissage et d'enseignement dans les classes issues de milieux " difficiles ".

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Waller, Michel Tyler 1973. "The ranging behavior of bonobos in the Lomako Forest". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11648.

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xvii, 149 p. : ill. (some col.), maps
The ranging behavior of an animal can reveal much about the social and ecological conditions it faces. Food availability, feeding competition, population pressures, metabolic requirements and human influences can all influence the ranging behavior of individuals. For modern humans, the manner in which we move about our world is limited only by access to technology and other cultural factors. Of course, it has not always been that way. Based on recent fossil discoveries, our earliest bipedal ancestors more closely resembled the living great apes in morphology. Consequently, studies of great ape behavior have been used to reconstruct scenarios of early hominin behavior. And while much has been written about chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) ranging in this regard, less is known about bonobos (Pan paniscus ). Along with chimpanzees, bonobos are our closest phylogenetic relative, existing today as a descendant of a common ancestor the Homo and Pan genera shared sometime around six million years ago. Despite their close taxonomic relationship, however, there are a variety of behavioral differences between bonobos and chimpanzees. The aim of this dissertation is to better understand these differences within the context of ranging and social behavior and apply the results to models of early hominin behavior. More specifically, I used a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) approach to examine general bonobo ranging data, the differences in ranging behavior between males and females, and the manner in which neighboring groups interact. Compared with chimpanzees, bonobos at Lomako range over a much smaller total area, are not territorial, and differ in the composition of social parties. In general, female bonobos are more gregarious and cohesive, moving in semi-stable groups I call "cliques", while males are less aggressive and more likely to move independently. These results likely reflect the high levels of food availability for bonobos at Lomako, reducing the level of feeding competition, and emphasizing social and mating strategies in group formation. Consequently, the spectrum of potential early hominin ranging behavior must be expanded from the current chimp-centric perspective.
Committee in charge: Frances White, Chairperson; Stephen Frost, Member; Larry Sugiyama, Member; James Schombert, Outside Member

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Anderson, Bruce Edward, i Bruce Edward Anderson. "Forensic anthropology as science: Is there a difference between academic and applied uses of biological anthropology?" Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282649.

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The central issued explored by this research is whether forensic anthropology can be characterized as being fundamentally different from academically-oriented biological anthropology. My view--and thesis statement--is that they are not two fundamentally-differing pursuits. While I recognize that important differences do exist between these fields, I argue that the differences are not sufficient to draw a stark line between academically-oriented biological anthropology and its medico-legal application. The principal source of data marshaled in support of this view is my dozen-plus years experience as a student. then practitioner, of forensic anthropology. One hundred forensic anthropology case reports of mine are utilized to illustrate an example of the product that forensic anthropologists routinely supply to medico-legal and governmental agencies. However, more important than this product are the processes behind the issuance of such reports. I argue that while the product may be different--a necessity because the intended audience certainly is--the conscientious forensic anthropologist employs the same analytical processes as when engaged in academic pursuits. Thus, it is my position that forensic anthropologists remain biological anthropologists while performing medico-legal services.

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Ewart, Ian James. "An anthropology of engineering". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:69c42210-e6c0-49c7-bec2-4a27f2e9903c.

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This dissertation considers the place in anthropology of ‘production’ generally, and ‘engineering’ specifically, by asking the simple question: How do people make things? Scholars of material culture have until recently focused on issues of consumption, especially the consumption of commodities (Miller), and considered production only in the abstract. Other theoretical approaches are therefore drawn upon to act as a framework for the thesis, including network theory (Law and Latour), and environmental relationism (Ingold). A methodology of ‘parallel fieldwork’ was developed (from Bourdieu), to situate myself as an experienced engineer carrying out anthropological fieldwork. Work in a ‘familiar’ environment (the Didcot Railway Centre, UK) was used to provoke thoughts about engineering in my primary fieldsite (the Kelabit highlands, Borneo). Data from the UK thus helped frame my analysis of Kelabit engineering, presented here in four parts. First, using the construction of two bridges as a case study, I suggest that a design can be seen as the revelation of a potential future, rather than a complete plan, as is suggested by design researchers such as Lawson and Norman. Then, by looking at changing traditions of house-building, I demonstrate the intimate relationship between materials and environment, even as the environment becomes more industrialised (Tsing), and consider this example in the light of debates about materiality (Miller; Ingold). Personal involvement in the conception and building of a new suspension bridge allowed me to investigate in some depth the act of construction. As a communal project, this incorporated aspects of individual skill, in the way that Ingold has described, but also the organization of people, tools and materials, akin to Law’s ‘heterogenous engineering’. This leads me to conclude that a theory of engineering might come from due consideration of both these approaches to relational thinking. Finally, I describe an abandoned longhouse and trace its deconstruction, suggesting that this is an example of creative destruction (Colloredo-Mansfeld), and re-materialization (Gregson). The dissipation of the material parts of the building shows that engineered objects should be seen as an ongoing process of material creation and disposal, and not a unified whole. In conclusion, my hope is that this dissertation contributes to ideas about the place and nature of material culture, and advocates a more prominent place for ‘production’ within anthropology.

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Rusu, Corneliu. "The ZEGG Intentional Community?Keeping the Spirit Alive". Thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13808702.

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This ethnographic study of ZEGG explores the challenges a radical intentional community faces when it rejects mainstream economic and social norms, creating a new culture governed by new norms. ZEGG, an intentional community in Germany, began as an experiment in community living in the 1970s and 1980s, under the leadership of Dieter Duhm, a German psychoanalyst. The community operated in various locations across Germany before finally buying a farm and settling more permanently in Flaming in 1992. The study is based on several months of participatory observation, carried out over the course of four years, and 42 interviews with community members and visitors. As required by the participatory research methodology, designated community members were involved in every stage of the study and their feedback was incorporated into the final version submitted for publication. To survive and thrive, ZEGG had to organize, find ways to finance its operations, and adjust its mission. The loss of its charismatic leader threatened its existence at the very beginning, but, in the long term, it allowed for more flexibility and helped the community adapt and survive for over 25 years. Presently ZEGG is a dynamic, financially stable community with over a hundred members and several thousand yearly visitors.

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Carter, Katherine. "The Evolution of Third Molar Agenesis and Impaction". Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493544.

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Up to 70% of modern humans experience problems with their third molars, whether it is failure of proper eruption (impaction) or not erupting at all (agenesis). Thus, it is a commonly used example for explaining why humans are still evolving and the relevance of evolutionary medicine. Agenesis dates back to at least early Homo erectus, and is seen with greater frequency during the evolution of later Homo. However, there are currently few data that support any of the three hypotheses (agenesis as selection against impaction, developmental delay, and the probable mutation effect) proposed to explain the evolution of agenesis and impaction. Furthermore, while most researchers associate changes in the physical properties of food with an increased frequency of third molar pathologies, it is unclear whether these changes took place during the advent of agriculture, the beginning of industrialization or both. Considerable variation exists among modern human populations in the rate of agenesis and impaction, but there are inconsistencies in reports of how modern variation partitions among sex, population, and morphological traits. Thus, this study first aims to explain modern variance in agenesis and impaction, then to use morphological data to assess how the third molar pathologies of four different populations from Serbia, Egypt, Japan and SE USA changed with the adoption of agriculture and the beginnings of industry. This will lead to an understanding of the evolution of third molar agenesis and impaction that will help understand the evolutionary origins of an important condition affecting modern humans. First, we aimed to consolidate all available data on worldwide third molar agenesis frequencies, with a particular emphasis on exploring the factors leading authors to find contradictory results for the demographic and morphological predictors of this anomaly. A total of 12,376 studies were originally identified, then narrowed down to 1,312 for title/abstract screening. Based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 92 studies, containing 100 effect sizes and 63,314 subjects, for systematic review and meta-regression. The worldwide rate of agenesis was found to be 22.63% (95% CI: 20.64%-24.76%), though the estimates ranged from 5.32% to 56.0%. Our subgroup analyses revealed that females are 14% more likely to have agenesis of one or more third molars than males and that maxillary agenesis was 36% more likely than mandibular agenesis in both sexes. Further, we found that having agenesis of one or two molars was most common, while agenesis of three molars was least common. Finally, we found large differences among agenesis frequency depending on geographic region. This information is expected to be of use not only to clinicians and patients but also to policy makers, given the implications for third molar extraction protocols. Next, we performed a meta-analysis to synthesize the abundant existing literature on third molar impaction frequencies worldwide. A total of 7,936 records were originally identified, then narrowed down to 864 for title/abstract screening. Based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 49 studies, containing 83,484 subjects, for systematic review and meta-regression. The worldwide rate of impaction was found to be 24.40% (95%CI: 18.97%-30.80%), though the estimates ranged from 3.08% to 68.60%. Our subgroup analyses revealed that mandibular impaction was 57.58% more likely than maxillary impaction, while we did not detect any difference in impaction frequency between males and females. In addition, we found that mesioangular impaction was most common, followed by vertical impaction, with distoangular and horizontal impaction less frequent. Further, we found that having impaction of one or two third molars was most common, while impaction of three or four third molars was least common. Finally, we found small differences among impaction frequency depending on geographic region. Given the rich debate surrounding third molar treatment policy, understanding demographic and morphological differences in impaction rates is an important first step in assessing appropriate treatment protocols. Finally, we applied the results of these analyses to explore the evolutionary origins of third molar agenesis and impaction. Humans are unique in having high frequencies of pathological third molars, including impacted molars that fail to erupt and agenesis, or missing, molars. Many researchers attribute an increased prevalence of third molar agenesis and impaction to highly processed modern diets. Three competing hypotheses exist to explain the evolution of third molar agenesis: 1) agenesis as the result of selection against impaction, 2) agenesis as developmental delay, and 3) the probable mutation effect. These hypotheses, however, remain untested. Here we test these hypotheses using data from four populations sampled before, during and after the transitions to agriculture and two populations before, during, and after the transition to industry. We found the selection against impaction hypothesis contributed to the rise in third molar agenesis at the end of the industrial transition, but impaction remained at such low frequencies during the agricultural transition that this mechanism is unlikely to have been a causative force. Furthermore, we found a negative relationship between dental arch space and third molar agenesis in the industrial transition, but a positive relationship between these two variables in the agricultural transition. Overall, these data suggest that two different mechanisms influenced the prevalence of human third molar agenesis: one operating since the time of Homo erectus and one with much more recent origins.
Human Evolutionary Biology

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Nalls, Michael A. "Admixture mapping and investigation of genetic associations of white blood cell count". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2008. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/9412.

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Anthropology
Ph.D.
This study analyzes variation in WBC among participants in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study (Health ABC). First, white blood cell (WBC) counts are compared among African Americans and European Americans in the study, confirming a significant difference. These population-based differences in WBC are also described in literature as differing significantly between different African populations, Caribbean populations, Central and South American groups, Asian populations and Europeans (Bain et al., 1984; Saxena and Wong, 1990; Bain, 1996; Menard et al., 2003; Hsieh et al., 2007). Ancestry informative markers are used to estimate the individual ancestry of the African Americans in the study. There is a significant association of low WBC with a higher proportion of African ancestry. An admixture mapping approach is used to identify a novel locus [independently identified in a separate admixture scan in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS)] that influences WBC levels. The peaks of association in both studies localize to a region ~0.9 Mb centered on the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines gene (DARC [MIM 110700]). Second, the functionality at the DARC locus is determined by investigating associations between DARC and neutrophils, lymnphocytes, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. This investigation shows a consistent genetic effect at this locus associated with all of these differential cell types. Third, the association of DARC with all marrow derived cell lineages and red blood cell levels is evaluated. It is shown that, in addition to known associations between the DARC gene and malarial resistance (Miller et al., 1976; Livingstone, 1984) often associated with red blood cells, the DARC gene is also associated with WBC levels (Nalls et al., 2008). Selective pressure at this genetic locus may be related to its effect on WBC that may have contributed to the fixation of the FY- allele in some populations.
Temple University--Theses

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Brown, Jacqueline. "Oral Health Disparities Across Racial/Ethnic Groups". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/37.

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Oral health disparities persist across various sociodemographic groups in the United States. Data were obtained from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)to investigate differences in tooth count, self-rated condition of teeth, decay in at least one tooth, and ownership of dentures across racial/ethnic groups.

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Mitchell, Eleonore. "Pre-Lent Celebrations: Shrovetide & Carnival". TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2661.

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The history of pre-Lent celebrations is traced through the presentation, comparison, and evaluation of the main theses of origin held by Shrovetide and Carnival scholars. It is determined that the question whether the festivals are of pagan or Christian origin is not important for the analysis of their present-day significance. Their vitality stems first of all from the general importance of celebration for humans to define themselves in a setting in which they can perform, act, and behave in non-traditional ways that cannot be transferred to everyday life. However, the festivals' uniqueness can be defined through two main characteristics: (I) the establishment of fools' or mock-governments and the ritual dismissal of the local authorities, and (2) the use of elaborate masks and costumes. Masks and costumes not only facilitate new contacts with other, particularly non-masked, members of one's community, no matter to which social level they belong; they also allow people to freely parody and thus criticize their society's political, social, and moral order, without having to suffer consequences. Although considered to be anarchic by their critics, pre-Lent celebrations actually reflect the everyday world, which they need as a background on which to stage their distinct nature. The actors, give up their performance after the reenter their routine lives they often take with them a without special equality, which they may use within interactions. called "fools," willingly festive period and misgivings. However, feeling of democracy and their everyday social interactions. The results of fieldwork done in Southwest Germany (the area of the Swabian -Alemannic Shrovetide) are reflected throughout the study. Forty-nine black-and-white photographs as well as a map give a visual impression of Shrovetide in Germany.

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Rossi, Christine Skei. "After the sixties : anthropology in sixth grade social studies textbooks". PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3691.

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During the 1960s, anthropology was an important part of the social studies curriculum. This study explores the question of whether twenty years later, anthropology is still an important part of primary and secondary school curricula and textbooks. To answer that question, the author used content analysis to analyze 13 sixth grade social studies textbooks for their anthropological content. Results of the research indicate that there is very little anthropology in the texts, the same topics and concepts are covered in most of them, and that most of the anthropological material is narrative or descriptive in form rather than theoretical. The exclusion of anthropology from the textbooks would seem to be tied in with the process of textbook production, publishing, and adoption. If anthropologists wish to see more anthropology in textbooks, then they will have to involve themselves in the textbook process.

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Hansen, Gregory. "The Blankety-Blank of Bear Creek Camp: A Rhetorical Analysis of a Folk Drama". TopSCHOLAR®, 1987. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2418.

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A rhetorical theory of folklore was used to interpret how summer camp staffers use a folk drama as a means of identification and as a type of artistic expression. The performance was analyzed for ethnographic information using Kenneth Burke's theory of dramatism and for artistic techniques using Burke's theory of the psychology of audience. The dramatistic pentad contextualized the performance, and this information was analyzed for motives through the delineation of dramatistic ratios. The skit's syntagmatic structure was outlined using Burke's description of five aspects of form. The analysis demonstrates that meaning is emergent through both the content and form of the symbolic action of the folk drama. Identification is achieved primarily through the presentation of motives. The aesthetic experience is created primarily through the use of form. The interpretation demonstrates that the skit's content and form can not be understood apart from each other and that understanding content and form is but one aspect of the performance's meaning.

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Cromwell, Natasha Renée. "Typhoid Fever InAthens County, OhioFrom 1867-1903:Mortality, Social NetworksAnd Cultural Status". Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1430344483.

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Stewart, Alicia Kathleen 1972. "The relationship between body composition and indicators of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in Zuni adolescents". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291815.

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The relationships among obesity, body fat distribution, and insulin and glucose levels (fasting and 30-minute post prandial) were examined in Zuni Indian adolescents. Males showed a significantly higher mean lean body mass (LBM), mean waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and mean waist circumference, but a significantly lower mean percent body fat and 30-minute insulin level than did females. Males followed a pattern of abdominal fat distribution while the female pattern was more gluteo-femoral. Increasing mean fasting insulin levels were significantly related to increasing mean fasting glucose levels in both males and females, indicating the presence of insulin resistance in these adolescents. While males and females exhibited a similar correlation between insulin and glucose, females secreted more insulin in response to a glucose load. This study suggests that waist circumference is a preferred method of assessing risk for hyperinsulinemia and possibly insulin resistance than WHR in these adolescents.

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Breakey, Alicia Ann. "The Life History Significance of Human Breast Milk: Immune and endocrine factors as indicators of maternal condition and predictors of infant health and growth". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467473.

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This dissertation explores the relationships between maternal energetic condition, four bioactive compounds in milk, and infant health and growth outcomes through the lens of human life history theory. Research was conducted among the Toba of Barrio Namqom in Formosa, Argentina. This is among the first of studies to apply a life history biology lens to the dynamics of cortisol, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in human milk. First, the role of maternal energetic condition as a predictor of the concentration of these four compounds in milk is explored. Several interesting relationships emerge, including significantly lower milk cortisol and IGF-1 among women with higher body mass index, and significantly higher milk cortisol among primiparous mothers. Next, the relationships between infant symptoms of illness and the two milk immunofactors, lactoferrin and sIgA, are investigated. Lactoferrin is found to exhibit a positive association with symptoms of illness, and sIgA shows a negative association. Finally, associations between concentration of milk bioactives and infant growth rate are tested, as well as associations between infant illness and growth rate, and maternal energetic condition and growth rate. Milk IGF-1 is found to positively associate with infant linear growth rate. Maternal parity is found to negatively associate with linear growth rate. First-born status is associated with significantly greater gains in length and mass over a four-month period. These and other results are discussed through the lens of life history biology and avenues for future research at the intersection of life history biology and public health are identified.
Human Evolutionary Biology

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Wilkinson, Margot Carolina 1971. "Reconstruction of historical fire regimes along an elevation and vegetation gradient in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278618.

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The purpose of this study was to reconstruct historical fire regimes along an elevation and vegetation gradient in the Sacramento Mountains, NM. I cross-dated fire-scarred specimens to reconstruct the fire history within two mixed-conifer, four ponderosa pine, and two pinon-juniper stands. Prior to Euro-American settlement, historical fire intervals were estimated at 6 years in ponderosa pine, 10 years in mixed-conifer, and 27 years in pinon-juniper forests. To evaluate whether Native Americans may have influenced historical fire regimes, I cross-dated scars from peeled trees found within the study area. Comparison between scar dates, historical records, and variations in fire frequencies did not show a regional effect on historical fire regimes by Mescalero, but suggested that they may have had a local impact on fire frequencies of the late 1700's. Following Euro-American settlement (ca. 1880) fire was nearly absent from the study area due to livestock grazing and fire suppression.

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Rushing, Jon. "Horsetrading: An East Texas Study in Establishing Context". TopSCHOLAR®, 1991. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2788.

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Scholarship to date on the subject of horsetrading and horsetraders has been primarily narrative collections with a minimum of attention paid to the cultural context within which the horsetrader lives and works. This thesis focuses on the lives and dealings of several horsetraders in a five county region in middle to southern east Texas. Beginning with a discussion of the merits and failings of existing scholarship, I outline the historical background leading to the unique regional context and strong sense of independence in my area of study. A combination of early isolation, radical economic and political swings, and a strong southern Baptist presence work to give this region a particular character that both condemns and supports a number of horsetraders. Long ethically suspect, the horsetrader here has evolved from the travelling gypsy trading stock over vast areas into a fixed, though feared member of the community. The question of ethics arises in a flexible duality on the community's part as they teach and preach against al that they believe the trader guilty of, yet continually suspend these ethical values as they enter into the trader's world and attempt to beat him at his own game. A vast bank of community narrative exists to warn of the trader's deceptions, yet should a community member ever best the trader, his social status skyrockets with David and Goliath-like fame. In order to grasp the nuances and subtleties of the trader's craft, I then describe aspects of the horsetrade in light of current folklore theory. There are elements of both folk drama and gaming in the verbal dueling and strategy of the trade, but nothing that can affix the interchange to either genre. Next I explore many of the deceptions for which the traders have become known, and more often, have become victims of themselves. My final concern is with the changes that have taken place in the trader's world. Agribusiness that no longer relies on animal power coupled with widespread urbanization has depleted the market for horses in many respects. A new class of customers now acquire horses for specific, convenient needs, and often these are only temporary. The horsetrader has been forced to adapt to these changes or retire completely. In summation, the region and people I studied are responsible for a unique environment that both shuns and supports horsetraders. The community depends upon the reputations of the traders to serve as examples of improper behavior and lifestyle, yet applauds the individual who can enter their ethical hinterland and return successful. (i.e. having suspended acceptable ethics). The duality works on several levels, and pervades the region and the trades, forming the very context within which the trader exists.

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Bowsher, Andrew John. "Authenticity and the commodity : physical music media and the independent music marketplace". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a421adac-1d86-4351-8778-6e16e1744513.

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This thesis examines the circulation of physical music media (78rpm records, LPs, CDs, tape) in the independent music marketplace. It is based on six months of ethnographic fieldwork in Austin, Texas, amongst the producers of goods for the independent marketplace, independent music stores and consumers of these goods and services. Against prevailing constructivist interpretations, I will argue for the value of authenticity as an analytical anthropological concept because it unites what my research participants value about materiality, technology, and marketplace relationships. In the independent marketplace for physical music media, authenticity is a multi-local, multi-vocal phenomenon. A nexus of economic rationales, design, reproduction-technologies, histories and personal conduct interact in an ongoing process that authenticates music commodities and their marketplace. This means that particular commodities are sought out over others on account of the multi-local authenticities they anchor. The thesis firstly demonstrates how the independent music scene safeguards claims to authentic identities by constructing an opposition to the mainstream, drawing on discourses of ethical production and consumption, sound technologies, spaces of consumption and cultural production. Secondly, I will uncover how physical music media and sound-reproduction technologies are assessed as effective providers of authentic musical reproductions according to their historical contingencies and performative material capacities. Thirdly, I develop the notion of the scene (Shank 1994) from its previously genre-fixed perspective to encompass multiple musical styles operating within a common social network of producers, retailers and collectors. The pluralistic scene I describe utilises multiple musical genres and nuanced notions of materiality and authenticity to establish their complex hierarchy of sonic and technological experiences.

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Urlacher, Samuel Scott. "Growing Up Shuar: Life History Tradeoffs and Energy Allocation in the Context of Physical Growth Among an Indigenous Amazonian Population". Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493603.

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Life history theory assumes that organisms allocate energetic resources (i.e., calories) to primary life functions such as maintenance, growth, reproduction, and physical activity in a manner that maximizes fitness. Under this conceptual framework, energy is limited, resource allocation is dynamic, and functional tradeoffs between competing metabolic processes are expected to occur. Life history tradeoffs have been invoked to explain biological variation across a range of species and ecological contexts. However, few studies have examined patterns of energy allocation and tradeoffs during human development, restricting fundamental understandings of human life history, phenotypic plasticity, and health. This dissertation investigates human energy allocation and life history tradeoffs in the context of physical growth among the Shuar, a small-scale indigenous population from Amazonian Ecuador. Mixed-longitudinal anthropometric data were collected from 2,553 Shuar between the ages of 0-29 years. Additional market integration (i.e., production for and consumption from a market-based economy) and immune activity (i.e., finger-prick blood biomarker) data were obtained from a subset of children and adolescents. Analysis was performed to explore variation in physical growth at the population, regional, household, and individual levels. Results demonstrate that, as a population, the Shuar grow significantly more slowly than international references and experience several unique developmental characteristics that may be explained by energetic life history tradeoffs. Between-individual variation in Shuar growth, however, is substantial. A large portion of this variation is explained by household-level market integration factors associated with differences in diet, lifestyle, and pathogen exposure. Among Shuar children, linear growth is negatively related to several diverse biomarkers of immune function, such that growth is reduced by as much as 83% during intermittent periods of elevated immune activity. These tradeoffs occur over timeframes as short as one week and are typically avoided by children with adequate energy reserves (i.e., high levels of subcutaneous body fat). Taken together, these findings provide evidence for an important role of energetic tradeoffs in shaping patterns of human ontogeny and health.
Human Evolutionary Biology

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Margaris, Amy Vlassia. "Meat and potatoes: recipes for a range of egalitarianism in three hunter-gatherer societies". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1316173721.

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Gaylord, Wendy A. "Reformasi and teachers' implementation of civic education in West Sumatra, Indonesia". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3344624.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Educational Leadership & Policy Studies, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct 30, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-02, Section: A, page: 0527. Adviser: Margaret Sutton.

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25

Perin, Jodi R. "Educational travel for societal change: An exploration of popular education along the Mexico-United States border". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278807.

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During the past few decades, anthropologists have become increasingly interested in how different cultural frameworks come together. One opportunity to view such interactions is presented by travel seminars based on a transformative education model, which aim to educate middle-class people about conditions in economically depressed areas through travel. The task of this thesis is to examine the experiences of U.S. participant groups in one transformative education program, paying particular attention to interpersonal contact, both within groups and between them and local people, and to how participants experience the location of poverty. I argue that multiple factors play a role in terms of whether, how, and why trip participants appear to form new meanings based on their experiences. These factors include the individual's ability to empathize with the 'Other' (i.e. local people) met on the trip and previous experience in and knowledge of economically depressed areas, especially the Third World.

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Zwolinski, Mary. "Displays of Culture: Personal Museums in Wisconsin". TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2958.

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Fieldwork was undertaken in the state of Wisconsin to document and interpret privately owned and displayed collections. Collections were comprised of various types of objects, most commonly artworks created and/or collected by the collection owners. These collections often take on an environmental scope, occupying private spheres such as collection owners' homes or outbuildings. An examination of environmental type collections that are housed in bars was also undertaken. Collections of this specific type are culturally and locally significant. The objects in the collections and the collection owners address and provide important information on such local or regional subjects as history, local storytelling practices, and local aesthetics. These collections also serve as natural repositories for the objects of various folkgroups relevant to the region. In this thesis that region is defined as the state of Wisconsin, and those folkgroups examined include occupational, recreational, and ethnic communities. Personal museums are one way that members of these communities preserve, display, interpret, and reaffirm their personal involvements in those groups. Collectors preserve and display tangible evidence of the significance of these communities and their affiliations with those groups. In this thesis I advocate a closer examination of personal museums by teachers, anthropologists, folklorists, and others interested in artifacts of culture.

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Williams, Jennifer L. "ADVICE, INFLUENCE, AND INDEPENDENCE: ADOLESCENT NUTRITIONAL PRACTICES AND OUTCOMES IN BELFAST, NORTHERN IRELAND". UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/9.

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The goal of this dissertation is to discuss relationships between the sociocultural environment and nutritional status outcomes in an urban industrialized city with high rates of poverty. The purpose is to highlight the complex web of factors shaping nutritional status outcomes and move beyond cause and effect approaches to nutrition in an environment where obesity is a central nutritional concern. To accomplish this goal, I examine a range of factors that relate to adolescent nutritional practices and nutritional status outcomes in a sample population of adolescents living in Belfast, Northern Ireland. I discuss connections between social locations such as age, gender, geographic area, and socioeconomic status. I also highlight the range of nutritional status outcomes observed in the sample population, while examining broader social, political, and economic aspects of the lives of adolescents that differentially shape nutrition-related experiences in the city. Finally, I demonstrate that adolescents occupy a complex social location in which autonomy, advice, and influence from sociocultural and political-economic factors shape their diet and exercise practices and nutritional status outcomes in multi-faceted, and at times unexpected, ways. In doing so, I emphasize the benefits of a localized, rather than a globalized approach to nutritional concerns such as obesity.

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Winkler, Lauren A. "The Social Structuring of Stress in Contact-Era Spanish Florida: A Bioarchaeological Case Study from Santa Catalina de Guale, St. Catherines Island, Georgia". The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1304529731.

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Stansberry, Donna W. "Burial practices in Southern Appalachia". [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2004. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1112104-101034/unrestricted/StansberryD112404f.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.L.S.)--East Tennessee State University, 2004.
Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-1112104-101034 Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.

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Huxley, Angie Kay 1963. "The consequences of serum calcium homeostasis, reproductive life history and bone mineral content in postmenopausal women with implications to theories of aging". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289006.

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Type I and II osteoporosis will become an increasingly common problem in years to come, since the population structure is changing with the graying of America. This study identifies anthropometric and reproductive variables known to affect bone mineral in a mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal retrospective study. Data were collected from 3120 women and 1222 men throughout Arizona by single photon absorptiometry of the distal third of the radius by Lunar software for bone width, bone mineral content and bone mineral density and anthropometric, reproductive, nutritional and fracture histories. With age-stratified and age-adjusted statistical analyses, important relationships are found to exist between these variables. In females, the anthropometric variables--age, height and weight--are highly correlated with distal third radial width, bone mineral content and density. In males, weight is correlated with distal third radial width; age and weight with bone mineral content; and age, height and weight with bone mineral density. Reproductive variables--age, age at menarche and menopause and total reproductive span--are predictors for women who undergo surgical oophorectomy and hysterectomy, but not those who undergo natural menopause or either surgery. Variables related to pregnancy--age, height, weight, pregnancy duration and span--are predictors of distal third radial width. Only age, height and weight are predictors of bone mineral content. Age, height, weight, age at last pregnancy and one derived ratio are predictors of bone mineral density. When variables related to breastfeeding are incorporated, pregnancy duration and derived ratios are identified for predictors of distal third radial width. Only one ratio is related to bone mineral content, whereas pregnancy number, pregnancy and breastfeeding duration and derived ratios are useful predictors of bone mineral density. These findings suggest that pregnancy and breastfeeding leave lasting effects on bone mineral. While techniques exist to measure bone mineral in various locations, the distal third of the radius is more trabecular than some sites (e.g., the femoral head and vertebral centra). With such changes documented in the radius, more extreme effects are expected at more trabecular locations. Thus, a life's reproductive history is etched in bone.

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Huxley, Angie Kay 1963. "Estimation of antemortem body weight from the talus". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291472.

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Estimation of antemortem body weight is difficult to ascertain from skeletal material. In this analysis, I examine 49 right tali. T-tests run on right and left tali from the same sample show no significant differences between the two sides. Incorporation of data from various individuals, including both males and females, allows for the statistical assessment obtained through Pearson's correlation coefficient between estimated antemortem body weight and 21 measurements conducted on the surface of the talus. All correlations ranged from R = -.1706 to +.4811, suggesting no strong relationship between estimated antemortem body weight and variables utilized in this analysis. A multiple regression was applied and provided an adjusted R square of +.2150. This suggests the measurements incorporated into the statistical run only accounted for twenty-one percent of the total variance in estimated body weight. The surface anatomy of the talus relates more to an interplay between form and function than to weight-bearing.

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Noche-Dowdy, Liotta Desiree. "Multi-Isotope Analysis to Reconstruct Dietary and Migration Patterns of an Avar Population from Sajópetri, Hungary, AD 568-895". Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5547.

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The Avar were nomadic people from Central Asia who migrated into the Carpathian Basin in Central-Eastern Europe during the mid to late Migration Period (AD 568 - 895). Archaeological evaluation of grave goods and documentation of mortuary practices have been the primary means of understanding the Avar. However, this approach has largely neglected skeletal and biochemical analysis, in particular as these approaches relate to the biological variation, ancestry, and dietary patterns of the Avar. There remains debate as to whether disparities existed among the socially stratified Avar population of ancient Hungary. It is argued by some that these disparities existed and were the result of differential access to nutritional resources. This hypothesis was tested using the unique properties of isotopes and their chemical signatures. In so doing, the qualitative work on the grave goods was augmented by an additional, quantifiable line of evidence. To investigate social stratification among the Avar population, the techniques of chemical multi-isotope and osteological analysis were employed. Multi-isotopic analyses can be done on stable isotopes (carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) and on the heavy isotopes (strontium and lead). The particular stable isotopes examined were carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15 N), and oxygen (δ18O). The heavy isotopes analyzed were strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and lead (206Pb/204Pb). Stable isotope analysis as well as ratio analysis of the heavy isotopes strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and lead (206Pb/204Pb) are well-established analytical chemistry methods for examining diverse aspects of diet and mobility through specific geographic regions. The analysis was performed on samples derived from well-preserved tooth enamel and bones. Reconstructing migration and dietary patterns at the Sajópetri cemetery site has helped estimate variability among social groups and between sexes in this population at the time of the Migration Period. Results of the heavy isotope analysis revealed that the Avar population were non-locals to the region, and the stable isotope analysis demonstrated that there was little variation between social groups with slightly higher variation between sexes. This research provides an empirical and analytical framework for further research into migration patterns and social class dynamics of late prehistoric Hungry. This study also adds existing research possibilities to the on-going biogeochemical studies conducted throughout Europe.

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Lucas, William A. "Dynamics of Food Consumption in a Q'eqchi' Maya Community". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10604462.

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This thesis examines how a nutrition transition effects identity, locality, and economy in a Q’eqchi’ Maya aldea (hamlet) near Livingston, Guatemala, located along the Caribbean coast. The data collected explore community members’ attitudes and behaviors regarding food consumption, food sources, and health—both individual and familial. This thesis examines the structuralist categories community members created within a larger discussion of the effects of globalization and economic development on indigenous communities. Analysis explored how external processed food companies profit by hijacking internal cultural attributes. Findings indicate that, as community members have had consistent contact with external forces for at least 25 years, local notions of healthiness have accommodated processed foods into the diet. Based on these findings, this research enhances our understandings of how processed food companies have used marketing and branding to insert themselves into rural communities—what Thomas Leatherman calls “Coca Colonization.”

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Tracy, Janet. "Jack Epperson: A Modern Folk Healer". TopSCHOLAR®, 1991. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2921.

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This study in folk medicine focuses on a modern magico-religious folk healer named Jack Epperson, who utilizes the principles of bioenergetics or placing hands on an ill person's body and directing healing energy into blocked channels to heal, in the context of the small Alaskan community in which he lives and practices. The thesis is divided into seven chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. To fit Jack Epperson into the full spectrum of folk medicine, it is necessary to comprehend fully the two categories of folk medicine: herbal or natural medicine, and magico-religious healing or shamanism. The first chapter defines these categories, places Epperson within the realm of magico-religious healing, and describes the community in which he lives. In the second chapter, a thorough description of Epperson's emergence as a healer and subsequent training with his mentor, a woman named Patricia Sun, is given. This chapter also contains extensive biographical information which relates his life experiences to his decision to become a healer. As Epperson continued on his path into magico-religious healing, he took many physical and spiritual journeys venturing into the occult. Chapter Three describes these journeys and provides case studies on healing situations. Chapter Four continues with case studies in curing but limits these memorates to Epperson's experiences in Homer with his patients. Chapter Five establishes Epperson as a modern shaman within the traditional background of shamanism in other cultures. The next two chapters describe the role of the patient in folk medicine providing interviews with two of Epperson's patients as well as the researcher as patient. Motives for enlisting the aid of a magico-religious healer are examined in these two chapters as well. The concluding chapter focuses on the importance of Jack Epperson and modern folk healers like him in our society. The prevailing question throughout the research and writing concerned the reason why such healers are reemerging in an increasingly technologically advanced society. With the strides the conventional medical establishment have made, it is important to understand why people are returning in increasing numbers to magico-religious healers. Healing is a profoundly cultural activity and research into folk healers provides information about human behavior and thought processes that occur when faced with traumatic illness or injury.

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Chavarria, Sara Patricia. "Anthropology and its role in teaching history: A model world history curriculum reform". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284264.

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This study addresses the importance of committing to redesigning how world history is taught at the high school level. Presented is a model for curriculum reform that introduces an approach to teaching revolving around a thematic structure. The purpose of this redesigned thematic curriculum was to introduce an alternative approach to teaching that proceeded from a "critical perspective"--that is, one in which students did not so much learn discrete bits of knowledge but rather an orientation toward learning and thinking about history and its application to their lives. The means by which this was done was by teaching world history from an anthropological perspective. A perspective that made archaeological data more relevant in learning about the past. The study presents how such a model was created through its pilot application in a high school world history classroom. It is through the experimental application of the curriculum ideas in the high school classroom that I was able to determine the effectiveness of this curriculum by following how easily it could be used and how well students responded to it. Therefore, followed in the study was the evolution of the curriculum model's development as it was used in the pilot classroom. Thus, I was able to determine the extent of its success as a tool for teaching critically and for teaching from an anthropological perspective.

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Wilson, Victoria Arriola. "The Social Organization of the Hip Hop Graffiti Subculture". W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626015.

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Jucker, Jean-Luc. "Ambiguous artefacts : towards a cognitive anthropology of art". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0c90f23e-7f20-45b7-b9fd-f66dbdfaa3ab.

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This thesis proposes elements for a cognitive anthropology of visual art. Most works of art are human-made objects that cannot be approached in purely functional terms, and as such they frustrate important cognitive expectations that people have about artefacts. For this reason, it is hypothesised that art triggers speculation about the artist’s intention, and that it is intuitively approached as a form of communication. By application of Bloom’s (1996) theory of artefact categorisation, and Sperber and Wilson’s (1986/1995) relevance theory of communication, a series of predictions are generated for art categorisation (or definition), art appreciation, and art cultural distribution. Two empirical studies involving more than 1,000 participants tested the most important of these predictions. In study 1, a relationship was found between how much a series of works of art were liked and how easy they were to understand. Study 2 comprised four experiments. In experiment 1, a series of hyperrealistic paintings were preferred when they were labelled as paintings than when they were labelled as photographs. In experiments 2a and 2b, a series of paintings were considered easier to understand and, under some conditions, were preferred, when they were accompanied by titles that made it easier to understand the artist’s intention. In experiment 3, a series of artefacts were more likely to be considered “art” when they were thought to have been created intentionally than when they were thought to have been created accidentally. The results of studies 1 and 2 confirmed the predictions tested, and are interpreted in the framework of relevance theory. The art experience involves speculation about the artist’s intention, and it is partly assessed as a form of communication that is constrained by relevance dynamics. Implications for anthropology of art, psychology of art, and the art world are discussed.

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Muhlberger, Alana Hope. "The Evolution of Monogamy in Primates: A Phylogenetic Approach". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1302210482.

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Taft, Ann. "At the Spiritual Grassroots: An Analysis of Visionary Art & Artists". TopSCHOLAR®, 1986. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2896.

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In this thesis I focus on an art form alternately described as "naive," "visionary," "environmental," "singular," "individual," or "grassroots." Not easily placed within established academic or popular art categories, such art usually lands by default in the folk art pile and is quickly cast to the peripheries of that genre. In this thesis, I am not concerned with inventing another label for these artists and their work. Instead, I explore the possibility that visionary art may be a separate genre, but one to which folklore analysis may usefully be brought to bear. Chapter One is a historical and bibliographical analysis of visionary art. Beginning with an overview of the literature on the subject, I review the development of the definitional debate in the United States as well as in Europe and trace the gradual evolution of this art form into a loosely separate category. Chapter Two consists of an analysis of visionary art. I construct a "behaviorist" model which draws not only upon the usual criteria of building styles or materials used but also examines such subjects as the artist's motivations, personal visions, life history and community role. In Chapter Three I test this model using the work of Valenty Zaharek, an Arizona woodcarver and ceramicist. Zaharek's previously undocumented work, "Pecos West," is a three-dimensional carved depiction of Western scenes. It is aesthetically magnificent and falls along the borders of a variety of art forms --folk, visionary, popular.

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Howell, Britteny M. "HEALTHY AGING IN THE NORTH: SOCIOCULTURAL INFLUENCES ON DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN ANCHORAGE, ALASKA". UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/24.

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Increasing rates of overweight, obesity, and related cardiovascular diseases among older adults in the United States present unique public health challenges. Cross-cultural research has shown marked variation in health across the world’s elder populations because aging is a biological process rooted in sociocultural context. The sociocultural environment contributes to complex negotiations of food and physical activity patterns for older adults. It is well established in the literature that urban residents report low levels of physical activity and have easy access to fast food outlets, which tend to be concentrated in lower-income neighborhoods. I utilize a biocultural framework, integrating nutritional anthropology with healthy aging perspectives to recognize the role of the social determinants of health throughout the lifespan. This anthropological study integrates qualitative and quantitative methods to answer the following research question: What is the relationship between the sociocultural factors that shape diet, physical activity, and nutritional status among Alaskan elders in Anchorage? The results indicate that diet and physical activity practices in this sample do not meet national recommendations and that diet differs adversely from national reference samples. Statistical analyses indicate that the media and friends positively influenced older adults to increase their energy expenditure. Family influences increased fruit consumption, while participation in cultural and social events increased intake of fats and sweets. Cultural identity was an important factor for Alaska Native participants’ dietary selections. Social supports increased access to healthy foods and safe physical activities. This research suggests that trying to reach older adults with diverse needs through a variety of channels, including the media, social networks, and social events, can help alleviate some of the barriers to healthy diet and exercise patterns. These data indicate a need for culturally-responsive programs that maintain relationships with family members and make connections between elders with similar healthy aging goals in order to improve diet and physical activity practices.

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Boyd, Varna G. "A Reflection to Life: A Social and Economic Study of Cedar Grove Cemetery, Williamsburg, Va". W&M ScholarWorks, 1988. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625440.

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Hunt, B. Joby. "Place-based consciousness and social transformation| Perspectives from Flagstaff, Arizona's STEM City". Thesis, Northern Arizona University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1594170.

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Since WWII, the United States has experienced unprecedented economic growth and global expansion through the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Today, STEM technological innovations permeate many aspects of the social experience, from education to career to home-life, contributing to a pervasive technocratic ideology emphasizing global U.S. economic and political superiority. Many sectors of American society now tout STEM initiatives as a premium for U.S. education, contributing to the neoliberal model of producing effective, efficient, and skilled laborers. But, does STEM necessarily contribute to those social forces that routinely devalue the principles of a liberal, democratic educational ideal?

In 2014, I investigated new forms of collaboration between the commercial sector and education system in Flagstaff, AZ. The STEM City Center is a non-profit organization that seeks to bridge the gap between community and schools by identifying local assets and sponsoring integrated STEM experiences for students. Using STEM as a conceptual tool to support interdisciplinary approaches to education, participants of this project revealed the core values that motivate social transformation in a town that borders multiple ethnic and cultural realities recognized as under assault by increasingly globalized markets. STEM City's model emphasizes increased critical thinking, collaborative learning, creativity, and effective communication and supports an implicit goal of encouraging a critically engaged, politically aware, and socially conscious society.

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Stewart, Marissa Catherine. "Bioarchaeological and Social Implications of Mortuary Behavior in Medieval Italy". The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492180687268026.

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Roberts, Kathryn S. "Bioarchaeology : digging for the truth". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1135.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Sciences
Anthropology

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45

Reynolds, Rebecca Jane. "Locating persons : an ethnography of personhood and place in rural Kyrgyzstan". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4006/.

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This thesis is an anthropological investigation of the interconnections between personhood and place in rural northern Kyrgyzstan. It studies the way people negotiate and experience relations with others and with the places in which they live and work. It is based on 18 months of fieldwork carried out in Kochkor raion between June 2006 and August 2008. I look at how the interplay between conceptual forms and everyday practices constitute personhood. I show how both formal ways of reckoning kinship, such as recounting genealogies and tracing back seven generations of male ancestors, and everyday forms of socialising are both integral in what it means to be a person, and are flexible in their designation of persons of the same kind and persons that are different. I go on to show how place holds particular significance for the attribution and negotiation of personhood, but that this meaning is emergent and processual. Providing an historical overview of the linking of persons to places by successive bureaucratic structures, I highlight how understanding places as “cultured” or “pure” have important consequences for how people understand themselves and others as more or less “Kyrgyz”, more or less “modern”. I show how recent reworkings of the meaning of “lineage places” following privatisation and village resettlement have led to changing forms of personhood, shifting from state farm worker to independent farmer. Other kinds of places are also meaningful for personhood. I highlight how the home and the objects it contains are active in the negotiation of a daughter-in-law’s personhood. I examine everyday practices of caring for the home, as well as more unusual practices of building new kinds of homes. These practices are integral to varied personhoods such as being a village daughter-in-law, or seeing oneself as “modern”. These personhoods and relationships with place are subject to ongoing negotiation, and death and grief disrupt these connections. A focus on emotion both within ritual practice and during grief lived everyday enables a better understanding of how personhood emerges from intersubjective processes which involve negotiation, rejection and incorporation of social and political processes. A focus on the co-production of place and personhood allows us to see both as becoming meaningful through these interactions.

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46

Janssen, Catherine Jo. "An Ethnographic Study of The Moth Detroit StorySLAM". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1461.

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The Moth Detroit StorySLAM is one of many storytelling events staged in urban bar environments. Unlike the increasingly aged audiences attending the National Storytelling Festival and similar story festivals, the Detroit StorySLAM consistently yields at capacity crowds of college students and young professionals. Participants were informally interviewed during the September, October, and November slams of 2010 and the January 2011 slam. In addition to conducting these interviews, the researcher was a participant observer—throwing her name into the hat and being twice called to the stage. Data are presented as a thick description organized according to Richard Bauman's 6 situational factors of the performance event. Until now questions about the nature and meaning of storytelling have been largely considered from the storyteller's perspective. By redirecting those questions to the listeners, this study reveals the ethos of hundreds of story enthusiasts—an undisputed admiration for the revelation of authentic, individual truths.

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Perez, David M. "Native Subordination Through The Franciscan Institutions During The Sixteenth Century". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/189.

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My thesis, building on over two centuries of scholarly research on colonialism and evangelism in Mexico, seeks to heighten the visibility of the Franciscan order in New Spain. I intend to clearly establish how the Virgin de Guadalupe’s influence on native conversions was mediated through, and controlled by, the Franciscan institutional systems between 1523 and 1572. Many scholars have argued that the most influential factor in converting the Nahua populations was the apparition of the Virgin de Guadalupe, in 1533. These scholars have argued that at the time of her appearance the conversion of the country had been incomplete, but following her appearance Guadalupinist Catholicism spread rapidly in Central Mexico and became the “focal value of Aztec culture” (Madsen 1967, 378), resulting in some nine million baptisms by 1537. Although the Virgin de Guadalupe proved to be a substantial contributing factor for conversion in New Spain, I will argue that these scholars have given disproportionate emphasis to the Virgin, in the process neglecting the institutional systems implemented by the Franciscans between the years of 1523 and 1572. This thesis will discuss the desire of the Franciscan administration to establish a moral order, defined by leading scholar of Globalization Christopher Chase-Dunn as, people’s agreements about definitions of right and wrong, obligations, and legitimate conflicts (Chase-Dunn 2014, 176). Using Michel Foucault’s theories about power and the subjected I will expand on this definition and argue that the moral order helped define the relationship and the roles of the Franciscans and the Natives; the Franciscans becoming the administrators of a new society that they largely defined and managed, while using the institutions they developed as tools of social regulation and control to produce docile native subjects, deprived of a unique cultural heritage.

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Ruff, Joseph. "Country Music in the Northeast: Two Careers". TopSCHOLAR®, 1993. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2792.

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Although country music and its antecedents have received attention primarily as cultural phenomena of the South, the past twenty years have witnessed a growing scholarly interest in the interplay between commercial country music, vernacular components. and performers within a regional context. The commercial product which has now attained worldwide appeal undoubtedly sustains a significant relationship to the folkways and regional identity of the South; nonetheless, performers and vernacular styles from other areas of the country have contributed to the development of country music. Most important. many areas outside of the South maintain local traditions of country music entertainment. In this thesis, I argue for a broader conception of country music and its sources by examining the careers of Gene Hooper and Dick Curless within the context of country music in Maine. The evidence presented suggests that country music, in its local context, retains a significant link to regional image and identity, as well as maintaining a connection to traditional music style and function. The acceptance of the "new social history" rests upon the belief that knowledge of everyday people and culture contributes to our understanding of historical processes and periods. The methods of folkloristics complement this perspective and also provide an approach with which to study performance in small group contexts. Much of my information derives from observation of country music culture in Maine and interviews with relevant persons. I have also utilized archival material and scholarship concerning the history of country music and vernacular music in the Northeast. Within the thesis. I examine theoretical considerations of region and group identity. Because the scholarly and popular conceptions of country music identify it primarily as a cultural phenomenon of the American South, my examination begins with a summary of historical perspectives on country music and the development of the Southern image connected with it. This discussion is followed by a brief survey of theoretical attitudes toward country music and regional identity within the discipline of folklore. Turning toward country music in the Northeast, I outline the roots of vernacular music there and describe the evolution of a regional country music boom. A detailed description of the careers of Gene Hooper and Dick Curless follows, with particular emphasis on the differing professional contexts of their music. Finally, I return to academic models of country music and region, elaborating on distinctions between the commercial context of the Nashville music industry and the vernacular music of the Northeast.

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Sawyer, Heather Jan. "PRECARITY IN PARADISE: TOURISM, MIGRATION, AND THE BROADER CAUSES OF INSTABILITY IN ROATÁN, HONDURAS". UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/35.

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Since the 1990s, the population on the Honduran island of Roatán has grown from around 20,000 (mostly English-speaking Islanders) to roughly 100,000 residents (at least half of which are native Spanish-speaking Ladinos from the Honduran mainland) (Bay Islands Voice 2014b). This population growth has occurred alongside increasing forms of economic and environmental precarity that have fueled widespread instability on the island. While ethnic tensions between Ladinos and Islanders have existed since colonial times, conflict between the groups reached a crescendo in 2014 after the murder of a cruise ship employee in Roatán by a Ladino migrant. This sparked a security crisis for the island’s idyllic tourism industry. In an effort to address growing security concerns, municipal authorities proposed a plan that included the installation of surveillance cameras in key population centers, use of 24-hour police patrols, and implementation of an identification program to track migration to the island. Authorities argued Ladino migrants were not only an ecological burden on the island, but also a major source of criminal activity, leading to the tourism industry’s instability. Yet, while stakeholders of island tourism were quick to cite Ladino migration as a major source of precarity, my research shows its causes are much broader and more complex. I argue simply blaming population growth – without a nuanced analysis of emerging human-environment relationships – does little to explain the multifaceted causes of instability in Roatán’s tourism industry. Drawing on twelve months of ethnographic research, I find the instability in Roatán’s tourism industry is more fully explained through four overlapping crises playing out across Honduras for the majority poor, including: a lack of physical and political representation, struggles over land rights, social and economic immobilities, and disappearing childhood. I examine this precarity as part of wider trends in global capitalism (e.g. increased expulsions of people from their lands), but also as something inextricably local in nature (e.g. filtered through a Ladino threat narrative). My analysis contributes to broader conversations occurring in the field of anthropology about how to discern and make sense of the growing forms of precarity humans face. For example, Sassen (2014) argues pinpointing the causes of precarity, such as those shaping life in Roatán, has grown more challenging as complex constellations of power obscure direct causal relationships. Parsing out the complicated relationships between formations of power on the Honduran mainland and growing sources of precarity on Roatán is one way I add to this body of literature. My research also contributes to this issue through examinations of the everyday cultural productions of value, meaning, and hope that emerge through engagements with the tourism industry—and how they anchor people amidst the backdrop of escalating uncertainty.

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MacKay-Tisbert, Tully. "Continuities of violence and vulnerability| An ethnographic study of supportive housing for the homeless". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527984.

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Research on homelessness has tended to be divided theoretically between looking at personal pathology and emphasizing structural forces, but both have focused on street and shelter life. While there is a growing consensus in Anthropology that research should place homelessness within structural context, homelessness continues to be framed within the discourse of medicalization. This discourse continues into supportive housing programs for the formerly homeless, an area that has not yet been focused on much in research.

Based on ethnographic research conducted at Lamp Community in Los Angeles, California this thesis examines the continuity of struggle and vulnerability that continues even once the homeless are placed in supportive housing. It explores how this vulnerability has structural origins and how various levels of subjective and objective violence play out in the course of people's lives to maintain that vulnerability. By reuniting the issues of extreme poverty and homelessness, current measures to address homelessness are called into question.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Social sciences -> anthropology -> physical anthropology”

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