Artykuły w czasopismach: „SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination”

1

Waitzkin, Howard. "Discrimination in Social Science & Medicine?" International Journal of Health Services 20, nr 3 (lipiec 1990): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/9tn6-ywxq-akth-umcf.

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Sumodiningrat, Aprilian, i Jihan Arsya Nabila. "Against Discrimination". Journal of Contemporary Sociological Issues 2, nr 2 (31.08.2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/csi.v2i2.27711.

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Racial discrimination and violence against minority communities are prohibited by law, and the protection of these minority groups is protected by the Constitution, national laws, and international laws or conventions ratified by Indonesia, such as ICCPR, and ICERD. Violence cases involving ethnic Papuans are a form of human rights violation that is often ignored by the state. This study will use the normative juridical approach method, by presenting and analyzing the validity of the provisions of the legislation. Socio-legal studies, in this study, will be conducted by conducting an analysis of social studies, the theory of multidisciplinary theory of social sciences, related to the phenomenon of racial discrimination against ethnic Papuans, such as Psychological science in looking at a guess, to discrimination; communication science; Theory of Social Integration and Disintegration; and Social Conflict Theory. The aim of this study was to examine law enforcement, using paradigms in the social sciences. In this study, it will be reviewed on the quality of law enforcement, the extent to which the rules are enforced, as well as the extent to which law enforcement, as well as the government, can fulfill the rights of citizens not to discriminate in it. This research shows that discrimination against the Papuan people is caused by racial discrimination in various aspects, economic, political, educational, law enforcement, etc. The application of anti-discrimination law must be based on the professionalism of law enforcement officers, so as not to cause new discrimination in law enforcement. This study recommends that the Government of Indonesia to further increase political will in the enforcement of anti-discrimination and violence laws in all cases, especially against Papuan ethnic groups. Maximum anti-discrimination law enforcement efforts are needed to realize human rights goals, namely the fulfillment, enforcement, and protection of human rights. Keywords: Discrimination, Minority, Human Rights, Papua, Politics

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Wylie, Alison. "Social Constructionist Arguments in Harding'sScience and Social Inequality". Hypatia 23, nr 4 (grudzień 2008): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2008.tb01441.x.

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Harding's aim in Science and Social Inequality is to integrate the insights generated by diverse critiques of conventional ideals of truth, value freedom, and unity in science, and to chart a way forward for the sciences and for science studies. Wylie assesses this synthesis as a genre of social constructionist argument and illustrates its implications for questions of epistemic warrant with reference to transformative research on gender-based discrimination in the workplace environment.

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Goff, Phillip Atiba, i Kimberly Barsamian Kahn. "HOW PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IMPEDES INTERSECTIONAL THINKING". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 10, nr 2 (2013): 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x13000313.

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AbstractPsychological science that examines racial and gender bias, primarily located within social psychology, has tended to discount the ways in which race and gender mutually construct each other. Lay conceptions of racial and gender discrimination tend to see racism as primarily afflicting men and sexism primarily afflicting White women, when in fact race and gender are interrelated and work together intersectionally. Ignoring women's experiences of racial discrimination produces androcentric conceptions of racisms—in other words, many definitions of racial discrimination are to some degree sexist (Goff et al., 2008). Similarly, privileging the experiences of White women produces narrow definitions of gender discrimination—in other words, many definitions of gender discrimination are to some degree racist, such that they serve to reinforce the current societal hierarchies. Psychological science sometimes appears to reflect such conceptions. The result is that the social science principally responsible for explaining individual-level biases has developed a body of research that can undervalue the experiences of non-White women (Goff et al., 2008). This article examines features of social psychological science and its research processes to answer a question suggested by this framing: is the current psychological understanding of racism, to some extent, sexist and the understanding of sexism, to some extent, racist? We argue here that the instruments that much of social psychological science uses to measure racial and gender discrimination may play a role in producing inaccurate understandings of racial and gender discrimination. We also present original experimental data to suggest that lay conceptions parallel social psychology's biases: with lay persons also assuming that racism is about Black men and sexism is about White women.2 Finally, we provide some suggestions to increase the inclusivity of psychology's study of discrimination as well as reasons for optimism in this area.

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Palley, Elizabeth. "Social Work and Pregnancy Discrimination". Social Work 61, nr 2 (6.02.2016): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/sww015.

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Scheitle, Christopher P., Taylor Remsburg i Lisa F. Platt. "Science Graduate Students’ Reports of Discrimination Due to Gender, Race, and Religion: Identifying Shared and Unique Predictors". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (styczeń 2021): 237802312110251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211025183.

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Students from underrepresented groups face numerous challenges during their scientific education and training, including discrimination. Research tends to investigate student experiences with discrimination on the basis of a single characteristic, but an intersectional framework is necessary for understanding the complexity of discrimination. Using data from a survey of more than 1,300 U.S. graduate students in five natural and social science disciplines, the authors examine the predictors of reported discrimination across three different characteristics: gender, race, and religion. They find that nearly two thirds of students report discrimination on at least one characteristic, while almost 30 percent report discrimination along multiple characteristics. Multivariate analyses show that a student’s report of discrimination on any one characteristic is significantly associated with increased odds of reporting discrimination on each of the other two characteristics. This suggests that an individual’s experiences within one social location are often intertwined with and influence their experiences with in other social locations.

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Lane, Tom. "Along which identity lines does 21st-century Britain divide? Evidence from Big Brother". Rationality and Society 32, nr 2 (10.02.2020): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463120904049.

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This article measures discrimination in the reality TV show Big Brother, a high-stakes environment. Data on contestants’ nominations are taken from 35 series of the British version of the show, covering the years 2000–2016. Race and age discrimination are found, with contestants more likely to nominate those of a different race and those different in age from themselves. However, no discrimination is identified on the basis of gender, geographical region of origin, or level of education. Racial discrimination is driven by males, but females exhibit stronger age discrimination than males. Age discrimination is driven by the younger contestants discriminating against the older. Regional differences emerge, particularly between contestants from Greater London and those from the north of England; northerners have a stronger tendency to engage in racial and age discrimination, and to discriminate in favour of the opposite gender.

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Pate, Richard L. "Invisible discrimination". International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 12, nr 3 (wrzesień 2012): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229112470300.

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With the advent and popularity of social networking sites, the boundaries of the relationship between the employer and employee/prospective employee have stretched well beyond the workplace and working hours. Predictably, this relationship expansion has led to uncharted adversarial scenarios between the respective parties. Unfortunately, in this new, vibrant cyber world, employment law is struggling for deference and attention. Notwithstanding this ostensible indifference, each phase of the relationship is heavily impacted by social network media. Applicant recruitment, information gathering and applicant selection stand to be impacted by the social network communications made by employees or prospective employees. This article examines whether present and proposed law protects job applicants from potential, unlawful discrimination resulting from the employer’s use of social media in its applicant recruitment, information-gathering and applicant selection processes.

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Ram, Rajesh. "Teaching with biosecurity content in the social sciences learning area: A Year 13 social science teacher’s experience". Waikato Journal of Education 27, nr 3 (9.12.2022): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15663/wje.v27i3.878.

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In this era of pandemics, asylum seekers, and conflict between super powers, social sciences are a critical subject that can help develop young people who can not only recognise racial and social discrimination but also injustices at a regional, national, and global scale. Mainstream subjects, such as sociology, routinely support learning in the social sciences area. As a science/biology teacher, I wanted to find out whether biosecurity science could be used to support learning in the social sciences area. My interest in biosecurity stems from personal and professional experiences in New Zealand. Further, in my own pedagogical experience, teaching science/biology in schools, I found young people (15–18 years) were unfamiliar with the concept of biosecurity in New Zealand. Considering my experiences, I set out to conduct research to look at the efficacy of using biosecurity in teaching and learning. This paper reports on the experience of one Year 13 social science teacher who used biosecurity content to teach in the social sciences learning area. Classroom observations and individual teacher interviews were used to gather data. The results show that biosecurity content engaged Year 13 social sciences students in the classroom and that the teacher used transformational learning theory to engage his students into undertaking social action related to biosecurity. Given the importance of biosecurity to New Zealand, this paper shows that social sciences as a learning area could support teaching and learning about biosecurity.

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Sullivan, Elizabeth L. "Discrimination and ‘meta-discrimination’: Issues for reflective practice". Australian Social Work 52, nr 3 (wrzesień 1999): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03124079908414129.

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Steil, Justin P., Len Albright, Jacob S. Rugh i Douglas S. Massey. "The social structure of mortgage discrimination". Housing Studies 33, nr 5 (3.11.2017): 759–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2017.1390076.

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Ryan, James E. "Race Discrimination in Education: A Legal Perspective". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 105, nr 6 (sierpień 2003): 1087–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810310500605.

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This paper was prepared for the Panel on Methods for Assessing Discrimination, National Academy of Sciences, Committee on National Statistics. It describes the formal legal definitions of race discrimination in education, demonstrates how those definitions are applied in various contexts, and highlights the role that social science evidence has played and could play in the cases. The paper argues that what currently counts as race discrimination in education and how such discrimination is proven are, from a legal perspective, at once both straightforward and complex questions. They are straightforward because the formal legal definitions are simple enough to grasp. The questions are complex because at times the formal definitions of race discrimination are modified in their application, and also because some important questions about how to apply those definitions in a particular case or context remain unanswered. The paper offers some suggestions as to how these lingering questions could be answered and describes the limited role that social science evidence could play in shaping the answers. It also highlights the irony that, under the current legal definitions of race discrimination, it is much easier to block voluntary integration efforts designed to assist minority (and white) students than it is to block practices that unintentionally disadvantage minority students.

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Pardeck, John T. "Disability Discrimination in Social Work Education". Journal of Teaching in Social Work 19, nr 1-2 (17.11.1999): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j067v19n01_12.

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Yaroshenko, Oleg M., Kostiantyn Y. Melnyk, Dmytro І. Sirokha, Olena S. Arsentieva i Irina I. Тeslikova. "Gender Inequality in Social Security on the Basis of the ECtHR Case-Law". Sriwijaya Law Review 6, nr 2 (13.07.2022): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol6.iss2.1878.pp224-238.

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As the European case-law shows, nowadays, there are numerous problems in the social sphere. Accordingly, there appears to be a need to study international regulation of equality and current social security problems to find possible solutions to the existing shortcomings and to strengthen human rights protection. The article aims to analyse the universal international regulation of equality and gender equality, in particular, and to study the problems of gender inequality in social security based on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law to eliminate this discrimination. The leading research method is a legalistic one. It allowed us to analyse the international legislation on gender equality and to look into the ECtHR case law in gender discrimination in social security. It was found that gender inequality in social security is often a result of prior gender-based discrimination in labour relations. Despite the fact that legal acts protect women in cases of inequality, the analysis of the ECtHR case-law permitted us to conclude that men suffer from gender discrimination as much as women. Therefore, it is suggested to adopt legal acts on the equality of men and women in social security to overcome such discriminative practices at the legislative level. It is also recommended to implement the governmental policy on counteracting gender stereotypes in society. The research results can improve national legislation and international legal acts, further research into equality issues, and develop a methodological base for teaching human rights and social security.

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Mickelson, Roslyn Arlin. "When are Racial Disparities in Education the Result of Racial Discrimination? A Social Science Perspective". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 105, nr 6 (sierpień 2003): 1052–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810310500604.

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In this article I seek to answer the question, “When are racial disparities in education the result of racial discrimination?” To answer it I synthesize the social science research on racially correlated disparities in education. My review draws from the sociology, anthropology, political science, psychology, history, and education literatures. I organize explanations into six categories: biological determinism, social structure, school organization and opportunities to learn, family background, culture, and the state. I arrive at three answers. The first is a definition: Racial discrimination in education arises from actions of institutions or individual state actors, their attitudes and ideologies, or processes that systematically treat students from different racial/ethnic groups disparately or inequitably. The second answer is that while distinguishing racial discrimination from disparities may be an interesting intellectual, legal, and statistical challenge, the conclusion probably is less meaningful than social scientists and policy makers might hope. The third answer follows from the first two. I propose the following reformulation of the original question: “When are racial disparities in education not due to discrimination?” I argue that the reformulated question is more likely to bring solutions to the race gap than the original one. Even if we conclude that discrimination does not cause racial disparities in education, we should not conclude that schools have no role in addressing them. If public schools do not address educational disparities, then who or what institution will?

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Gălăţeanu, Oana Elena. "Perspectives on Discrimination and the European Law Combating IT". Jurnalul de Studii Juridice 17, nr 1-2 (10.10.2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/jls/17.1-2/95.

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By discrimination we mean that action whereby certain persons are treated differently from others or bear the restriction of certain rights unfairly, on the basis of groundless reasons. Direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment and instigation to discrimination have been identified as forms of discrimination at social level. At the level of international society, preventing and combating any form of discrimination by resorting to the most appropriate legal measures represent a concern even today. The right on non-discrimination prohibits those cases whereby persons or groups of persons in a similar situation are treated differently, and situations where persons or groups of persons in different situations are treated in the same way. The aim of the right on non-discrimination is to guarantee to all people equal and fair prospects of access to the opportunities granted by the society. The discrimination’s different manifestation forms, the criteria underlying discriminatory behavior, the areas where it manifests itself and some perspectives regarding the European non-discrimination law will be presented in this study.

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Franco, Marisa, Rahel Katz, Jessica Pickens i David L. Brunsma. "From my own flesh and blood: An exploratory examination of discrimination from family for Black/White Multiracial people". Qualitative Social Work 19, nr 2 (28.11.2018): 246–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325018815734.

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This qualitative study examined instances of racial discrimination from family members among 36 Black/White Multiracial individuals. Forms of discrimination included stereotyping, identity invalidation, racist comments, lack of acknowledgment, vicarious discrimination, and negativity. Participants responded to discrimination by distancing themselves from family members, resisting, and/or dismissing discrimination. Discriminatory experiences made race more salient for participants. Participants reported feeling hurt, alienated, and confused following discrimination. Implications of findings for social workers counseling Multiracial people and interracial families are discussed.

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Carter, Betty. "Book Review: Countering Discrimination in Social Work". International Social Work 43, nr 3 (lipiec 2000): 407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087280004300313.

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Thornton, Margaret. "Domesticating Disability Discrimination". International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 2, nr 3 (marzec 1997): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822919700200303.

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This paper presents a brief overview of disability discrimination legislation in Australia over the last two decades. The documentation of the Australian experience may he of interest to jurisdictions contemplating such legislation. Although a raised social consciousness concerning disability has engendered remedial and prophylactic developments a simple progressivist thesis has to he rejected because antidiscrimination legislation is also sensitive to less positive social moods. Despite the appearance of sophisticated models of legislation during the last decade, die conservative political mood of the 1990s has seen a growing ambivalence about the extent of support for progressive social measures, mirroring trends in other pails of the world. The ambivalence subtly ensures that a line of demarcation between the norm and the ‘other’ remains.

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Hernández, Tanya Katerí. "Racial Discrimination". Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 3, nr 1 (15.01.2019): 1–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340005.

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Abstract This fifth volume in the Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law surveys the field of comparative race discrimination law for the purpose of providing an introduction to the nature of comparing systems of discrimination and the transnational search for effective equality laws and policies. This volume includes the perspectives of racialized subjects (subalterns) in the examination of the reach of the laws on the ground. It engages a variety of legal and social science resources in order to compare systems across a number of contexts (such as the United States, Canada, France, South Africa, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Israel, India, and others). The goal is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of various kinds of anti-discrimination legal devices to aid in the study of law reform efforts across the globe centered on racial equality.

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Stryker, Robin, Danielle Docka-Filipek i Pamela Wald. "Employment Discrimination Law and Industrial Psychology: Social Science as Social Authority and the Co-Production of Law and Science". Law & Social Inquiry 37, nr 04 (2012): 777–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01277.x.

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This article combines Monahan and Walker's classification of social facts, social authority, and social frameworks with political-institutionalism's view of law and science as competing institutional logics to explain how, and with what consequences, employment discrimination law and industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology became co-produced. When social science is incorporated into enforcement of legislative law as social authority—rationale for judicial rule making—law's institutional logic of relying on precedent and reasoning by analogy ensures that social science will have ongoing influence on law's development. By helping set research agendas and providing new professional opportunities, institutionalized legal doctrine shapes social science knowledge. But because of differences in institutional logic, wherein legal cumulation is backward looking whereas scientific cumulation is forward looking, co-production of law and science may produce institutional mismatch between legal doctrine and scientific knowledge.

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Chen, Kun-Dang, Xiaojie Wan i Ping-Kuo Chen. "Learning Outcomes for Improving Science Entrepreneurship in Higher Education". SAGE Open 11, nr 1 (styczeń 2021): 215824402097467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020974678.

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This study’s purpose was to investigate the relationships among learning through experience, learning for stress resistance, learning cognition, learning outcomes, the entrepreneurial mindset, and the discrimination of social information. The main research methods adopted in the study were the partial least squares (PLS) and the Sobel test. We adopted PLS to test the relationships between six variables, including mediating and moderating effects. In addition to PLS, this study used the Sobel test to verify the mediating effects. Large samples may cause a mediating effect testing error when PLS is used; however, the Sobel test can resolve this issue. According to our test results, learning through experience and learning for stress resistance can change students’ learning cognition and improve their learning outcomes. In addition, an entrepreneurial mindset has a mediating effect on the relationship between learning through experience, learning for stress resistance, and learning cognition. That is, for the student, having an entrepreneurial mindset strengthens the effect of learning through experience, as well as learning for stress resistance, and improves learning cognition. However, the discrimination of social information has a moderating effect on the relationship between learning cognition and learning outcomes. That is, a lower discrimination capability with respect to social information changes learning cognition and results in poor learning outcomes.

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Huynh, Virginia W., i Cari Gillen-O’Neel. "Discrimination and Sleep". Youth & Society 48, nr 5 (3.08.2016): 649–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x13506720.

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Enoksen, Elisabeth. "Perceived discrimination against immigrants in the workplace". Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 35, nr 2 (14.03.2016): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-07-2015-0058.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how perceptions of organizational justice and social-focussed personal values influence perceived discrimination against immigrants in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 224 employees of a mental health clinic in Norway completed Schwartz’s Portrait Values Questionnaire that measures personal values, Colquitt’s Organizational Justice Scale, and scale measuring perceived discrimination against immigrant in the workplace. Findings – Perceived organizational justice and the social-focussed value universalism contributed significantly in explaining variance in perceived discrimination against immigrants in the workplace. Employees who scored low on perceived organizational justice scored high on perceived discrimination against immigrants, and employees who scored high on the value universalism scored high on perceived discrimination against immigrants in the workplace. Research limitations/implications – The cross-sectional design cannot determine causality. The direction of the relationship between the variables is founded on prevailing empirical and theoretical contributions in the field. Practical implications – Cultural diversity training programs should make employees aware of how their personal values and personal justice experiences influence their perceptions of discrimination against immigrants. Culturally diverse workplaces could benefit from recruiting employees who emphasize universalism. Originality/value – Co-workers’ perception of exclusion and discriminating behavior against immigrants in the workplace is critical in order to reduce such unjust treatment. There is limited research on factors that influence perceptions of discrimination against others.

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Rusu, Marinela. "Feminism in contemporary art – prejudice and discrimination". Studiul artelor şi culturologie: istorie, teorie, practică, nr 1(44) (luty 2024): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55383/amtap.2023.1.20.

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This article updates the problem of cultural studies as a specific field of humanitarian knowledge. It has been stated that, with a certain similarity in the understanding of the ontology of culture (and in relation to the general boundaries of the problem field of humanitarian knowledge), the knowledge about various aspects of the cultural life of man and society is separated by the existing boundaries of the scientific competence of various social and human sciences, which contradicts the process of understanding the integrity of the cultural phenomenon itself. Cultural studies, learning culture as a whole, already by virtue of this circumstance cannot be a humanitarian science „among others”. This circumstance complicates the process of self-determination of cultural studies as an independent science (including the reflection of its method). Despite the fact that the emphasis on cultural studies as a specific area of theoretical knowledge is recognized by the Humanities, however, the problem of identifying the scientific method, which is associated with the final legitimization of this field of knowledge of culture, has not been sufficiently convincing yet. It is concluded that the Humanities are in dire need of rigor and improvement of their scientific status. With the exception of the descriptive part in these sciences, everything else remains the opinion of individual authors.

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Somek, Alexander. "Genetic discrimination". Society 40, nr 6 (wrzesień 2003): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02712650.

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Killen, Melanie, Adam Rutland i Tiffany Yip. "Equity and Justice in Developmental Science: Discrimination, Social Exclusion, and Intergroup Attitudes". Child Development 87, nr 5 (wrzesień 2016): 1317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12593.

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Campos-Vazquez, Raymundo M., i Eva Gonzalez. "Obesity and hiring discrimination". Economics & Human Biology 37 (maj 2020): 100850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100850.

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Borgatfa, Edgar F. "Age Discrimination Issues". Research on Aging 13, nr 4 (grudzień 1991): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027591134006.

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Odeh, Amer, Timothy J. Bruce, Daniel R. Krenn i Shan Ran. "A Broader Perspective for Subtle Discrimination Interventions". Industrial and Organizational Psychology 10, nr 1 (marzec 2017): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.112.

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Jones, Arena, Nittrouer, Alonso, and Lindsey (2017) make the case that discrimination is multifaceted and can be identified along several continua. They also emphasize the role that every individual may play in the propagation of discrimination. As such, they make note of several interventions from bystanders and allies to combat subtle discrimination. Although we agree that subtle discrimination causes harm and that interventions targeted at such discrimination are necessary, we propose some additional considerations for the science and practice of subtle discrimination reduction. Specifically, we discuss the limitations of focusing on subtle discrimination at the individual level, the ambiguous nature of intentionality, the view of subtle discrimination as a manifestation of a hostile environment that falls under the broader umbrella of negative interpersonal treatment, and the emphasis placed by Jones et al. on the potential for organizational level interventions by proposing several considerations for tackling a climate of negative interpersonal treatment.

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Edward Curtis Jr., James. "Wealth Discrimination Theory". International Research in Economics and Finance 2, nr 2 (8.08.2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/iref.v2i2.443.

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One approach to analyzing inequality is to compare average economic choices from a classical theoretical framework. Another approach considers the impact of the formation of society, through statutes and institutions, on average economic outcomes. This paper studies the effects of slavery on black-white wealth inequality upon the emancipation of slaves in the US using historical data. The purpose of wealth has varied from over time. From an economics perspective, wealth is the accumulation of resources that have market value and can be liquidated for present and future consumption. This study proceeds based on the most measurable assumption: households reside in a country with a mixed economy of markets and social planning, such that they have an incentive to accumulate material wealth for intertemporal household consumption and social influence. Becker (1957) and Arrow (1972) developed the most general theories of wage discrimination and favoritism. Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973) have mechanized their theories for empirical analysis. While their findings are insightful, they cannot be directly applied to studying wealth differences since wealth is a complex combination of wages and other variables. Finally, since unexplained differences in states that abolished slavery after the Civil War were 10 percent higher than unexplained effects in states that abolished slavery well before the Civil War and the magnitudes of the unexplained effects were similar over the long-run, we cannot reject the existence of a negatively bounded correlation between the duration of time from enslavement and the magnitude of unexplained differences in wealth. This research was funded in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant SES 0096414. I would like to thank John Ham, Richard Steckel, Randall Olsen, Bruce Weinberg, Audrey Light, Nori Hashimoto, James Peck, Patricia Reagan, Charles Kirwin, Rebecca Blank, Charles Betsey, Alvin Thornton, Leibert Morris, Maude Toussaint-Comeau, Simone Wegge, James Wilbanks, Thomas Maloney, and William Collins for their insightful comments. I would also like to thank participants in workshops and seminars at the Ohio State University, Howard University, University of Michigan, American Economic Association Summer Program and Pipeline Conferences, Western Economics Association International meetings, and Social Science History Association meetings. I would also like to thank James Curtis Sr, K D Curtis, Karen Curtis (deceased), Lariece Grant-Brown, Barbara Broadnax, Dwayne Broadnax, Rudy Broadnax, Zee Curtis-Grant, Raymond Tillery, Chris Cooper, Dr. K A Troy, Dr. H. Beecher Hicks, Reverend Charles Lewis, Reverend Cornelius Wheeler, Reverend James Lewis, Elder David Treadwell, Dr. Stephen Tucker and Roberta Tucker, Minister Charles Webb, Minister David Surles, and Elder Gregory Strong for their support. This draft is a revision of a November 2010 paper and August 2001 paper.

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Stewart-Williams, Steve, i Lewis G. Halsey. "Men, women and STEM: Why the differences and what should be done?" European Journal of Personality 35, nr 1 (styczeń 2021): 3–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890207020962326.

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It is a well-known and widely lamented fact that men outnumber women in a number of fields in STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths). The most commonly discussed explanations for the gender gaps are discrimination and socialization, and the most common policy prescriptions target those ostensible causes. However, a great deal of evidence in the behavioural sciences suggests that discrimination and socialization are only part of the story. The purpose of this paper is to highlight other aspects of the story: aspects that are commonly overlooked or downplayed. More precisely, the paper has two main aims. The first is to examine the evidence that factors other than workplace discrimination contribute to the gender gaps in STEM. These include relatively large average sex differences in career and lifestyle preferences, and relatively small average differences in cognitive aptitudes – some favouring males, others favouring females – which are associated with progressively larger differences the further above the average one looks. The second aim is to examine the evidence suggesting that these sex differences are not purely a product of social factors but also have a substantial biological (i.e. inherited) component. A more complete picture of the causes of the unequal sex ratios in STEM may productively inform policy discussions.

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Zakharenkova, Alina Viktorovna. "DISCRIMINATION OF YOUTH AND ADOLESCENTS IN SOCIAL SOCIETY". Наука XXI века: актуальные направления развития, nr 1-1 (2022): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/sciencexxi-2022.03-1.1-pp.143.

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Hirsch, Moshe. "Cognitive Sociology, Social Cognition and Coping with Racial Discrimination in International Law". European Journal of International Law 30, nr 4 (listopad 2019): 1319–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa003.

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Abstract Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of mental processes involved in the acquisition, classification, organization and interpretation of knowledge in the human environment as well as the decision taken on the appropriate action based upon it. The point of departure is that people do not directly sense information; cognitive processes mediate between sensory input from the environment and behaviour. These cognitive processes are influenced by neurological, psychological, socio-cultural and other factors. In recent years, there has been growing scholarly interest in the study of cognitive sociology, focusing on the interactions between culture and cognition. This stream in sociological literature draws upon and complements cognitive psychological literature. The prohibition on discrimination constitutes one of the fundamental rules in international human rights law, but studies reveal that racial discrimination is pervasive and persistent in many states. Non-compliance with this international legal rule is significantly related to cognitive processes through which people acquire and interpret incoming information about other people. Racial groups are socially constructed and deeply ingrained socio-cognitive biases feed and reproduce racially discriminatory behaviour. These biased mental processes, however, are not inevitable and may change over time. Effective struggle against racial discrimination requires that international legal mechanisms also address the socio-cognitive infrastructure that facilitates and sustains racial discrimination. Consequently, this study also discusses some international legal strategies aimed at mitigating cognitive biases and enhancing compliance with treaties prohibiting racial discrimination.

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Richman, Laura Smart, i Mark L. Hatzenbuehler. "A Multilevel Analysis of Stigma and Health". Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, nr 1 (październik 2014): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732214548862.

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This article reviews research on stigma and discrimination—at both the interpersonal and societal levels—faced by disadvantaged groups. Research on interpersonal discrimination primarily concerns discrimination that is perceived and directly experienced (e.g., discrimination in employment and health care), whereas research on societal discrimination focuses on broad societal factors (e.g., institutional policies, social attitudes). We review evidence across numerous fields of study that rely on several types of research designs, which indicate that both forms of stigma and discrimination demonstrably contribute to health inequalities for disadvantaged groups such as racial and ethnic minorities and lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. These adverse health outcomes range from maladaptive physiological stress responses in a laboratory setting to premature mortality at a population level. The science on stigma and discrimination applies to policy issues in education, same-sex marriage, and health care delivery. Some current policies increase the experience of stigma. We argue that more holistic social policies can recognize the psychosocial factors that contribute to well-being, thereby reducing social inequalities in health.

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Park, Min-Kyoung, i Christine Mair. "Perceived Discrimination, Social Environment, and Older Adults’ Psychological Well-Being". Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1.12.2021): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1780.

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Abstract Experiencing discrimination can have detrimental effects on psychological well-being. For older adults in the U.S., discrimination on the basis of country of origin may be a particularly alienating experience. A positive social environment, however, has been shown to buffer associations between discrimination and poorer psychological well-being. However, this hypothesis has not been tested in a sample of older Americans who perceive discrimination because of country of origin. As the United States continues to diversify and politically polarize, understanding older adults’ experiences with discrimination and identifying potential buffers to these negative effects is increasingly important. We analyze 942 older Americans (aged 50+) from the Psychosocial Module of the most recent wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, 2020). Specifically, we analyze associations between perceived discrimination on the basis of country of origin and three psychological well-being outcomes: loneliness, anxiety, and life satisfaction. We further test if the social environment buffers negative effects by examining interactions between discrimination and social support as well as discrimination and neighborhood environment. Our results reveal clear and consistent associations between older adults’ perceived discrimination and increased loneliness and decreased life satisfaction. These negative associations, however, appear to be buffered by social support and positive neighborhood environment, respectively. The potential buffering effect of positive social environments on psychological well-being is particularly pronounced for older adults under the age of 65. We discuss these findings in light of the prevalence of discrimination in the U.S. and consider potential mechanisms for improving the social environment of older adults.

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McMahon, Joe, i Erika Szyszczak. "I. Social Policy". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 54, nr 4 (październik 2005): 983–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei047.

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The wide range of developments in social policy has necessitated dividing this commentary into two parts. The first part will examine discrimination law developments; the second part, published inthe next issue, will look at general employment law developments.

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Khamzina, Zhanna, Yermek Buribayev, Yerkin Yermukanov i Aizhan Alshurazova. "Is it possible to achieve gender equality in Kazakhstan: Focus on employment and social protection". International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 20, nr 1 (marzec 2020): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229120927904.

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International ratings confirm that Kazakhstan is a leader in Central Asia in addressing the causes of gender inequality; however, there are still significant gender differences in key areas. In particular, gender discrimination in the labor market is complex: when hiring or dismissing, while restricting access to certain professions and positions, in matters of promotion and career growth, when remuneration is paid for performing the same work, not related to differences in labor efficiency. Discrimination is especially sensitive in relation to pregnant women and women with young children. Discrimination continues with access to social measures for avoiding poverty and in the pension system. Further progress requires more strategically significant and focused actions to identify and bridge the remaining factors of systemic discrimination and gender gaps. In the article, we show the insufficient attention of the legal science of Kazakhstan to the problems of regulation of equality. We present the author’s methodology for analyzing labor and social legislation from the perspective of regulating gender equality, consisting of several assessments: Kazakhstan’s fulfillment of international obligations; implementation of the principle of nondiscrimination in labor and social legislation; administrative and judicial mechanisms to protect against discrimination based on sex; and opportunities for implementing best foreign and international practices for the regulation of equality.

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Pfeiffer, David. "Eugenics and Disability Discrimination". Disability & Society 9, nr 4 (styczeń 1994): 481–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687599466780471.

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Yan, Mengzhao, Yuri Jang i Kathleen Wilber. "MENTAL HEALTH IMPACT OF DISCRIMINATION: THE PROTECTIVE FUNCTION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN DIVERSE GROUPS OF OLDER ADULTS". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1.11.2022): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1326.

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Abstract Discrimination occurs in complex social contexts leading to various levels and types of outcomes. Although the negative health impact of discrimination is well-documented, there is a need to investigate patterns among discrimination, social factors, and health outcomes in diverse racial/ethnic groups of older adults to inform interventions. For example, social capital, such as social cohesion, social ties, and safety, is anticipated to be directly associated with mental health and also to modify the impact of discrimination. In the present study, we examined (1) racial/ethnic differences in perceived discrimination, social capital, and depressive symptoms and (2) the direct effect of perceived discrimination and social capital, as well as their interactions, on depressive symptoms among different racial/ethnic groups. Data were drawn from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) Round 3 (2,988 non-Hispanic Whites, 719 non-Hispanic Blacks, and 499 Hispanics; 68 mean age). Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks had a significantly higher level of perceived discrimination, lower social capital, and more depressive symptoms. Findings from multivariate linear regression models demonstrated that, in all racial/ethnic groups, frequent experiences of discrimination and low levels of social capital were associated with increased symptoms of depression. A significant interaction between discrimination and social cohesion was observed in non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics. In both groups, the negative impact of discrimination was lower among those with higher levels of social cohesion. Our findings support efforts such as improving well-being for older adults by promoting age-friendly communities to build greater social cohesion.

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Pritchard, Erin. "Shortchanged: height discrimination and strategies for social change". Disability & Society 35, nr 5 (23.07.2019): 854–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1629562.

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Myers, Martha A., i Susette M. Talarico. "The Social Contexts of Racial Discrimination in Sentencing". Social Problems 33, nr 3 (luty 1986): 236–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.1986.33.3.03a00060.

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Painter, Genevieve R., Stephanie Bornstein i Joan C. Williams. "Discrimination against Mothers Is the Strongest Form of Workplace Gender Discrimination: Lessons from US Caregiver Discrimination Law". International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 28, Issue 1 (1.03.2012): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2012004.

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Work-family reconciliation is an integral part of labour law as the result of two major demographic changes. The first is the rise of the two-earner family. The second is that, as Baby Boomers age, caring for elders has become a pressing concern for men as well as women. Despite these changes, most European and American workplaces still assume that the committed worker has a family life secured so that family responsibilities do not distract him from work obligations. This way of organizing employment around a breadwinner husband and a caregiver housewife, which arose in the late eighteenth century, is severely outdated today. The result is workplace-workforce mismatch: Many employers still have workplaces perfectly designed for the workforce of 1960. Labour lawyers in both Europe and the United States have developed legal strategies to reduce the work-family conflicts that arise from this mismatch. Yet the legal strategies developed in Europe are different from those used in the United States. The Europeans' focus is on public policy, based on a European political tradition of communal social supports - a tradition the United States lacks. Advocates in the United States, faced with the most family-hostile public policy in the developed world, have developed legal remedies based on the American political tradition of individualism, using anti-discrimination law to eliminate employment discrimination against mothers and other adults with caregiving responsibilities. This article explores both the social science documenting that motherhood is the strongest trigger for gender bias in the work place and the American cases addressing 'family responsibilities discrimination' (FRD).

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Kim, Donguk, Keunho Jang i Rosa Minhyo Cho. "A Study on Relevant Factors of Social Withdrawal and Longitudinal Changes amongst Multiethnic Adolescents". Korean Association of Governance Studies 33, nr 3 (30.09.2023): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26847/mspa.2023.33.3.1.

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This study pays attention to the dynamic relationship of affect discrimination perception on social withdrawal by mediating multicultural acceptability attitudes. To estimate the relationship, we used a Multivariate Latent Growth Model. The analysis results of this study are as follows. First, discrimination perception had a positive effect on the social withdrawal in the early stage. However, discrimination perception and social withdrawal they received as they grew up did not show a significant relationship between the two. Second, overall high level of perception of discrimination showed a low multicultural acceptability attitudes (both foreign culture and Korean culture). Third, multicultural acceptability attitudes in the early stage had a negative effect on high level of social withdrawal, and the acceptability attitude they took while growing up also had a negative effect on the social withdrawal. Fourth, multicultural acceptability attitudes showed indirect effects between discrimination perception and social withdrawal. This study suggests that the government needs public education and policy PR for enhancing multicultural consciousness. This study proposes that it is necessary to prepare systems and measures to support underprivileged multiethnic adolescents.

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Rosenberg, Rosalind. "Disparity or discrimination?" Society 24, nr 6 (wrzesień 1987): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02695568.

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Basham, Victoria. "Effecting Discrimination". Armed Forces & Society 35, nr 4 (17.09.2008): 728–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x08324762.

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Barrett, Gerald V., Ralph A. Alexander, Martin N. Anesgart i Dennis Doverspike. "Frequently Encountered Problems in the Application of Regression Analysis to the Investigation of Sex Discrimination in Salaries". Public Personnel Management 15, nr 2 (czerwiec 1986): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102608601500205.

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Regression analysis has played an important role in social science research and litigation involving sex discrimination in pay. Seberhagen is typical of those researchers who have conducted a regression analysis and reached a conclusion that there was discrimination against females in pay. He concluded that 70% of the male-female pay differential was due to sex discrimination. An analysis of his regression procedures, identification of variables, definition of discrimination, and a micro analysis of individual cases indicated that little confidence could be placed in Seberhagen's conclusion of discrimination in compensation.

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Thornton, Patricia. "Disabled People, Employment and Social Justice". Social Policy and Society 4, nr 1 (styczeń 2005): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746404002192.

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Since it came to power in 1997 the Labour Government has conceived of low levels labour market participation by disabled people as not just an economic concern but also an indicator of social exclusion or social injustice. This article presents some evidence about inequalities between disabled and non-disabled people in the labour market; reviews the evidence on discrimination in employment and discusses the potential of anti-discrimination legislation as a tool to reduce social injustice; discusses sources of social justice in the benefits system; and considers whether people in receipt of Incapacity Benefits should be expected to seek work. It concludes that rights and responsibilities are unjustly distributed between government and disabled people.

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Wang, Jin-Liang, Hsing-Fang Hsieh, Shervin Assari, James Gaskin i Detlef H. Rost. "The Protective Effects of Social Support and Engagement Coping Strategy on the Relationship Between Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Distress Among Chinese Migrant Children". Youth & Society 50, nr 5 (8.12.2015): 593–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x15619804.

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This study was aimed to figure out whether perceived stress mediates the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress among Chinese migrant children and whether social support and engagement coping moderate the detrimental effects of perceived discrimination on psychological distress. The sample comprised 813 middle-school students (482 migrant children, 331 non-migrant children) from three schools in Southwest China. The results indicate that migrant children’s perceived discrimination and perceived stress are associated with psychological distress, and perceived stress does not mediate the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress. Both social support and engagement coping are inversely related to psychological distress and compensate the deleterious influences of perceived discrimination and stress on psychological distress. These findings highlight the need to consider providing social support and cultivating engagement coping when designing mental health interventions to reduce the negative influence of perceived discrimination on Chinese migrant children’s mental health.

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Angermeyer, Matthias C., i Herbert Matschinger. "Labeling—stereotype—discrimination". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 40, nr 5 (maj 2005): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0903-4.

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination”

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