Artykuły w czasopismach: „Social Rules Theory”

1

Kew, F. C. "Game-Rules and Social Theory". International Review for the Sociology of Sport 27, nr 4 (grudzień 1992): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101269029202700402.

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Serrano, Roberto. "The Theory of Implementation of Social Choice Rules". SIAM Review 46, nr 3 (styczeń 2004): 377–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/s0036144503435945.

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Buttle, Francis A. "Rules Theory: Understanding The Social Construction Of Consumer Behaviour". Journal of Marketing Management 14, nr 1-3 (kwiecień 1998): 63–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/026725798784959336.

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Bailyn, Sarah J. "Who Makes the Rules? Using Wittgenstein in Social Theory". Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 32, nr 3 (wrzesień 2002): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00189.

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WU, HAOYANG. "QUANTUM MECHANISM HELPS AGENTS COMBAT "BAD" SOCIAL CHOICE RULES". International Journal of Quantum Information 09, nr 01 (luty 2011): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021974991100706x.

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Quantum strategies have been successfully applied to game theory for years. However, as a reverse problem of game theory, the theory of mechanism design is ignored by physicists. In this paper, the theory of mechanism design is generalized to a quantum domain. The main result is that by virtue of a quantum mechanism, agents who satisfy a certain condition can combat "bad" social choice rules instead of being restricted by the traditional mechanism design theory.

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Lehtinen, Aki. "A welfarist critique of social choice theory: interpersonal comparisons in the theory of voting". Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 8, nr 2 (16.12.2015): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23941/ejpe.v8i2.200.

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This paper provides a philosophical critique of social choice theory insofar as it deals with the normative evaluation of voting and voting rules. I will argue that the very method of evaluating voting rules in terms of whether they satisfy various conditions is deeply problematic because introducing strategic behaviour leads to a violation of any condition that makes a difference between voting rules. I also argue that it is legitimate to make interpersonal comparisons of utilities in voting theory. Combining a realistic account of voters’ behaviour with a utilitarian evaluation of the outcomes then leads to the judgment that strategic voting is beneficial. If it is, then Arrow's theorem does not have far-reaching consequences for democracy because one of its conditions is not normatively acceptable.

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V, Muthulakshmi. "Social and Cultural Theory Exposed by Gunasekaran’s Drama of ‘THODU’". Indian Journal of Tamil 3, nr 3 (4.07.2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/ijot2234.

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A country controls and rules another country by its social, political and economical power as it is called colonization. This colonization activity has started from Aryan invasion on Dravidian people and their culture. From 19th century many countries ruled by Portuguese, Dutch, Roman countries. They explored on another country and ruled it as slave. Later The slavery system tried to break its chain and got freedom by political way. Even though the colonized countries got freedom from rued country, their footpath of colonization never vanished and developed based on new world and technology. K.A. Gunasekaran written a drama of “Thodu” which discloses that every nation must have self thinking and its effects on their country by their principle. By this play he wants to recover the Corner people and Tribes people from slavery system.

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Ridinger, Garret. "Shame and Theory-of-Mind Predicts Rule-Following Behavior". Games 11, nr 3 (1.09.2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g11030036.

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This paper examines the idea that adherence to social rules is in part driven by moral emotions and the ability to recognize the emotions of others. Moral emotions like shame and guilt produce negative feelings when social rules are transgressed. The ability to recognize and understand the emotions of others is known as affective theory of mind (ToM). ToM is necessary for people to understand how others are affected by the violations of social rules. Using a laboratory experiment, individuals participated in a rule-following task designed to capture the propensity to follow costly social rules and completed psychometric measures of guilt, shame, and ToM. The results show that individuals who feel more shame and have higher ToM are more likely to follow the rules. The results from this experiment suggest that both shame and ToM are important in understanding rule-following.

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Melkevik, Åsbjørn. "Four concepts of rules: A theory of rule egalitarianism". European Journal of Political Theory 18, nr 4 (22.06.2016): 449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885116653366.

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This article outlines the foundations of a nomos-observing theory of social justice, termed ‘rule egalitarianism’, that explains how the seemingly contradictory merger of classical liberalism and social justice is conceivable. The first step towards such a theory consists in ensuring that a concern for the rule of law is etched in the very core of our understanding of social justice, in which case some egalitarian rules will be acceptable from a classical liberal viewpoint. The legal framework of capitalism can indeed be designed to reduce inequality in the name of justice inasmuch as any egalitarian goal is specified in terms of institutional rules. More precisely, rules in a liberal polity should be general and abstract, which will lead us to establish a distinction between four concepts of rules, namely between laws, regulations, statutes and decrees. Moreover, against the neoclassical liberal understanding of social justice, rule egalitarianism argues that having general and abstract rules of market capitalism imposes some constraints on any institutional framework so that social justice becomes necessary to correct the errors of imperfect generalisations, leaving some people behind.

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OKADA, Norio. "The Game Theory as Design of Rules for Social Systems". INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 14 (1997): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.14.1.

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Wischniewski, Julia, Sabine Windmann, Georg Juckel i Martin Brüne. "Rules of social exchange: Game theory, individual differences and psychopathology". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 33, nr 3 (marzec 2009): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.008.

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HINDRIKS, FRANK, i FRANCESCO GUALA. "Institutions, rules, and equilibria: a unified theory". Journal of Institutional Economics 11, nr 3 (16.10.2014): 459–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137414000496.

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AbstractWe propose a new framework to unify three conceptions of institutions that play a prominent role in the philosophical and scientific literature: the equilibria account, the regulative rules account, and the constitutive rules account. We argue that equilibrium-based and rule-based accounts are individually inadequate, but that jointly they provide a satisfactory conception of institutions as rules-in-equilibrium. In the second part of the paper we show that constitutive rules can be derived from regulative rules via the introduction of theoretical terms. We argue that the constitutive rules theory is reducible to the rules-in equilibrium theory, and that it accounts for the way in which we assign names to social institutions.

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Bartholdi, Laurent, Wade Hann-Caruthers, Maya Josyula, Omer Tamuz i Leeat Yariv. "Equitable Voting Rules". Econometrica 89, nr 2 (2021): 563–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta17032.

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May's theorem (1952), a celebrated result in social choice, provides the foundation for majority rule. May's crucial assumption of symmetry, often thought of as a procedural equity requirement, is violated by many choice procedures that grant voters identical roles. We show that a weakening of May's symmetry assumption allows for a far richer set of rules that still treat voters equally. We show that such rules can have minimal winning coalitions comprising a vanishing fraction of the population, but not less than the square root of the population size. Methodologically, we introduce techniques from group theory and illustrate their usefulness for the analysis of social choice questions.

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Valković, Martina. "PLAYING BY THE RULES: USING GAMES TO STUDY SOCIAL NORMS". Think 21, nr 62 (2022): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175622000045.

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In this article, classic game theory and evolutionary game theory are used to explain how social norms might come into existence. The norm of distributive fairness is taken as a case in point, and illustrated by a simple example of dividing a cake.

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Murugesapandian, N. "Order and Disorder in Sangam Poems: On the Basics of Paanar-Puluvar Tradition". Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 6, nr 2 (1.10.2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v6i2.4406.

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The theory of law, which deals with supernatural powers, shaped the myth of the celestial sphere. Religions that justify birth and gender segregation and produce slave bodies to adapt to the prevailing social conditions. Orders created to protect the power and interests of the rulers are influential in the name of rules from time to time. When one insists on order, disorder automatically reigns. When laying down rules as to what should be strictly followed, what should be excluded is defined as irregularity. In the Sangam Age Tamils insisted on the rules to be followed in practical life, contrary to the rules of good and bad. Such orders, in turn, were called virtues. At the same time the notion that disorder is anti-social as a whole was emphasized. Rules and exemptions are widely used to emphasize order and disorder in the interests of those who economically dominate society. The order and disorder recorded by the Sangam literary works have become the social document of ancient Tamils.

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Thornhill, Nancy Wilmsen. "An evolutionary analysis of rules regulating human inbreeding and marriage". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14, nr 2 (czerwiec 1991): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00066449.

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AbstractEvolutionary theory predicts that humans should avoid incest because of the negative effects incest has on individual reproduction: production of defective offspring. Selection for the avoidance of close-kin mating has apparently resulted in a psychological mechanism that promotes voluntary incest avoidance. Most human societies are thought to have rules regulating incest. If incest is avoided, why are social rules constructed to regulate it? This target article suggests that incest rules do not exist primarily to regulate close-kin mating but to regulate inbreeding between more distant kin (especially cousin categories) and sexual relations between affinal relatives (often nonkin). Three evolutionary hypotheses about cousin marriage and affinal kin mating follow from this suggestion: (1) Rules regulating mating between affinal kin are means of paternity protection. Cousin marriage (inbreeding) is regulated because, if it occurs, it can concentrate wealth and power within families to the detriment of (2) the powerful positions of rulers in stratified societies and (3) the relatively equal social statuses of most men in egalitarian societies. Tests using the comparative method on a worldwide sample of 129 societies supported the three hypotheses. Two alternative anthropological hypotheses (derived from Freudian theory and alliance theory) failed to be supported.

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Matsevich-Dukhan, Iryna Ja. "On Rules in Contemporary Praxis". Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 65, nr 3 (16.09.2022): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2022-65-3-58-76.

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The article exposes the analysis of different socio-philosophical approaches to the fixation of a rule in contemporary praxis. It clarifies the status and role of the rule as a notion in practical philosophy. The author compares the advantages of neo-Aristotelian, neo-Kantian and socio-critical approaches to the revelation of valid forms of praxis rules. In the framework of social philosophy, the article demonstrates the interdependency and succession of these approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the practical rule. The renaissance of the Aristotelean definition of praxis is considered in the works by E. Stein and A. MacIntyre. The relevance of the neo-Kantian approach to the revelation of the nature of practical rule in contemporary social theory is justified on the basis of works by R. Jaeggi, E. von Redecker and J. Butler. The author traces the productive interaction between the neo-Aristotelean and the neo-Kantian approaches to defining praxis rules. Special attention is paid to the philosophy of H. Lotze and E. Lask, where is accomplished the practical turn from the Aristotelean accomplished deed itself to the Kantian judgement about a value of this or that form fulfillment. The dominance of the axiological approach to praxis in contemporary social theory is problematised by means of the neo-Aristotelean interpretation, which prevents its alienation from the essence of the virtue action. The late modern characteristic forms of the practical rule fulfillment in creative activity are considered. There is justified the necessity of turning the theory of practices to the neo-Kantian and the neo-Aristotelean traditions in order to reveal valid forms of expressing and preserving the value-normative nature of rules in contemporary society. That can partially overcome the pragmatic relativism of the theory of practices, which neglects the traditional sense of the praxis rule in its situational intersubjective interpretation. Taking into account complexity and non-linear development of social reality, as well as of the variety of approaches to its reflection, there is explicated the relevance of the determination of contextually possible and universally necessary forms of praxis rules, which are justifiable as value meaningful.

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Young, Peyton. "Optimal Voting Rules". Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, nr 1 (1.02.1995): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.1.51.

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Modern social choice theory, following Kenneth Arrow, treats voting as a method for aggregating diverse preferences and values. An earlier view, initiated by Marquis de Condorcet, is that voting is a method for aggregating information. Voters’ opinions differ because they make errors of judgment; absent these errors they would all agree on the best choice. The goal is to design a voting rule that identifies the best choice with highest probability. This paper examines maximum likelihood estimation. Surprisingly, the optimal rule can also be axiomatized by variations of Arrow's axioms.

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van der Linden, Wim J. "A Decision Theory Model for Course Placement". Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 23, nr 1 (marzec 1998): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986023001018.

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The problem of how to place students in a sequence of hierarchically related courses is addressed from a decision theory point of view. Based on a minimal set of assumptions, it is shown that optimal mastery rules for the courses are always monotone and a nonincreasing function of the scores on the placement test. On the other hand, placement rules are not generally monotone but have a form depending on the specific shape of the probability distributions and utility functions in force. The results are further explored for a class of linear utility functions.

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Hasannia, Ali. "“Manṭiqat al-Firāq”; A Shīʽī Economic Theory". International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, nr 3 (2.06.2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i3.688.

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“Manṭiqat al-Firāq”, a Shiite economic theory, points to an area in religion without a biding legal statement. This theory was presented by S.M.B. al-Ṣadr in his book Our Economy. According to the theory, religion has allowed the Islamic ruler to lay down rules and regulations in certain social matters, taking into account the rules and according to the needs of time. In his book, Ṣadr divides the economic school of Islam into two parts: The part Islam has laid down its laws and rules, and so they are unchangeable. The part Islamic State is responsible to determine the laws and it must lay down the law and order with regard to the needs of time. The latter has been called “Manṭiqat al-Firāq” by him, arguing the Prophet (PBUH) used to perform it as well and made legislations as the ruler of the society (not as the Prophet). In his opinion, this type of Prophet's laws is not permanent and stable in the Islamic school of thought. The present paper aims to review the theory and analyze Islamic scholars’ opinions concerning it. There are defenses and criticisms about the theory; e.g. some argue this theory expresses appropriate materials for treating both governmental and non-governmental narratives, but does not provide a criterion for separating them from each other. His evidences to prove the theory and his claims of contradictory between the theory and Qur’anic verses and narratives claiming the comprehension of Islam and its decrees, have been also criticized, which here fall at glance and discussion.

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Greiffenhagen, Christian, i Wes Sharrock. "Two Concepts of Attachment to Rules". Journal of Classical Sociology 9, nr 4 (listopad 2009): 405–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468795x09344450.

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In this paper, we discuss some implications of John Rawls’ paper ‘Two Concepts of Rules’ (1955) for social science. We argue that Rawls’ notion of ‘practice’ is not a straightforward contribution to sociological theory, but rather re-orients the idea of what understanding social actions might be. We explicate how Rawls’ distinction between ‘summary’ and ‘practice’ views of rules might play out in approaching mathematical practice and mathematical expressions. We argue that social constructivists like Bloor hold on to a ‘summary’ conception of rules while Wittgenstein adopts the more radical ‘practice’ conception.

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Hund, John. "Wittgenstein versus Hart Two Models of Rules for Social and Legal Theory". Philosophy of the Social Sciences 21, nr 1 (marzec 1991): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004839319102100104.

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Heath, Eugene. "Rules, Function, and the Invisible Hand An Interpretation of Hayek's Social Theory". Philosophy of the Social Sciences 22, nr 1 (marzec 1992): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004839319202200102.

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PLEASANTS, NIGEL. "Nothing is Concealed: De-centring Tacit Knowledge and Rules from Social Theory". Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 26, nr 3 (wrzesień 1996): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1996.tb00289.x.

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Hoekstra, Hans A., i Bert A. M. Stoop. "Feeling rules: Testing a model of appraisal—affect relations". European Journal of Personality 3, nr 4 (grudzień 1989): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410030402.

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The aim of this study was to test a model specifying the relations between appraisals and affects. A theory of the appraisal—affect relation is proposed in terms of general feeling rules differentiating between affects. A taxonomy of ten appraisals is presented, each defined by a specific profile of scores on four appraisal variables: desirability, controllability, responsibility, and the kind of value being at stake in an event. The appraisals are related to nine affect dimensions, resulting from earlier taxonomic research on the structure of affect (Hoekstra, 1986). All predictions following from the theory were tested in two independent samples by structural analysis. The model showed a good fit in both data sets.

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Abdelghaffar, Hany, i Lobna Samer. "Social development of rules: can social networking sites benefit e-rulemaking?" Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 10, nr 2 (16.05.2016): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-02-2015-0010.

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Purpose The use of information and communication technologies to provide citizens with the opportunity to give the government their feedback on the rules currently under development is termed as e-rulemaking. Forums – as the main technological tool used for this – has shown many shortcomings and cannot satisfy all the demands of e-rulemaking. Because social networking sites have shown a political impact on ground, they also might have the ability to remedy these shortcomings. This study aims to investigate the possibility of the use of social networking sites in e-rulemaking. Design/methodology/approach This research reviews democratic deliberation theory and e-rulemaking in relation with social networks that are used to develop a proposed conceptual model. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used to test the proposed model. Semi-structured interviews for mangers and surveys for citizens were used for data collection and then analyzed to draw empirical conclusions. Findings Certain variable were found to have a statistically significant impact on the dependent variable of this study. The variables include information collection, user interface, privacy, security and use of emoticons in communications. Through this, the research provides an understanding of the variables that significantly and insignificantly affect the use of social networking sites in e-rulemaking. Originality/value This research contributes with a conceptual model that outlines the influence of different variables on e-rulemaking as well as an understanding of how social networking sites could be used to improve e-rulemaking practices and citizen inclusion.

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Whelan, Frederick G. "Time, Revolution, and Prescriptive Right in Hume's Theory of Government". Utilitas 7, nr 1 (maj 1995): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800001874.

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Hume's theory of government and allegiance falls into two parts. In its better known segment Hume explains the conjectural origin of government in general as a convention necessary to enforce the rules of justice and provide other public goods, and he grounds the general duty of allegiance on the utility of government in making stable social life possible. To his credit, however, Hume goes on to give separate treatment to the topic of what he terms the ‘objects of allegiance”, or rules for assessing the legitimacy of particular political regimes or rulers. Given the general desirability of government and of obedience to it, we might nevertheless ask what entitles the particular government in existence to rule over us; more pressingly, there might be competing claimants to this position. What standards should guide our decision about where our allegiance is due when there is more than one alternative?

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RUNDE, JOCHEN. "Ontology and the foundations of evolutionary economic theory: on Dopfer and Potts' General Theory of Economic Evolution". Journal of Institutional Economics 5, nr 3 (23.10.2009): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137409990051.

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Abstract:This paper offers a critique of the ‘ontology of evolutionary realism’ proposed in Kurt Dopfer and Jason Potts’ recent General Theory of Economic Evolution, concentrating particularly on their treatment of social rules.

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Zhok, Andrea. "Towards a Theory of Social Practices". Journal of the Philosophy of History 3, nr 2 (2009): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187226309x434867.

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AbstractThe notion of social practice and a family of notions akin to it play an essential role in contemporary philosophical reflection, with particular reference to the conceptualisation of historical processes. Stephen Turner's book A Social Theory of Practices (1994) has provided a major challenge to this family of notions, and our purpose is to outline a grounding account of the notion of social practice in the form of an answer to Turner's criticisms. We try to answer three questions: first, if it is necessary to grant a tacit dimension to transmittable habits; second, if and how a tacit dimension of "meaning" could be intersubjectively transmitted; third, what is the possible role of rationality in changing social practices. Our discussion moves from Wittgenstein's argument on rule-following; in its wake we try to examine the nature of habits as a basis for rules and discuss their temporal sedimentation, inertia and modes of intersubjective transmission. In conclusion we support the idea that social practices must rely on a tacit dimension, that their tacit dimension does not represent a hindrance to intersubjective transmission, and that the possible dogmatism of social practices is not due to their "hidden" side, but to their explicit quasi-rational side.

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Vos, Hans J. "Applications of Bayesian Decision Theory to Sequential Mastery Testing". Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 24, nr 3 (wrzesień 1999): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986024003271.

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The purpose of this paper is to formulate optimal sequential rules for mastery tests. The framework for the approach is derived from Bayesian sequential decision theory. Both a threshold and linear loss structure are considered. The binomial probability distribution is adopted as the psychometric model involved. Conditions sufficient for sequentially setting optimal cutting scores are presented. Optimal sequential rules will be derived for the case of a subjective beta distribution representing prior true level of functioning. An empirical example of sequential mastery esting for concept-learning in medicine concludes the paper.

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Hynes, Samuel. "Keeley Rules or How to Play Tennis on Social Security". Sewanee Review 121, nr 2 (2013): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sew.2013.0057.

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de Swart, Harrie de. "Logic, Game Theory, and Social Choice: What Do They Have in Common?" Axioms 11, nr 10 (30.09.2022): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms11100518.

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The answer to the question above is that in all these domains axiomatic characterizations are given of, respectively, mathematical reasoning, certain notions from game theory, and certain social choice rules. The meaning of the completeness theorem in logic is that mathematical reasoning can be characterized by a handful of certain (logical) axioms and rules. If we apply mathematical reasoning to elementary arithmetic, i.e., the addition and multiplication of natural numbers, it turns out that almost all true arithmetical statements, for instance, ∀x∀y[x+y=y+x], can be logically deduced from the axioms of Peano. However, in 1931 Kurt Godel showed that the axioms of Peano do not (fully) characterize the addition and multiplication of the natural numbers, more precisely, that there are certain special self-referential arithmetical sentences that, although true, cannot be deduced from Peano’s axioms. There are axiomatic characterizations of several social choice and ranking rules that say that a given rule is the only one satisfying a particular set of axioms. Arrow’s impossibility theorem in social choice theory tells us that a certain set of, at first sight, quite reasonable axioms for a social ranking rule turns out to be inconsistent. Consequently, a social ranking rule that satisfies the axioms in question cannot exist. Finally, many notions from game theory, such as the Shapley–Shubik and the Banzhaf index, may also be characterized by a set of axioms.

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Roberts, Thomas. "Legal Positivism and Scottish Common Sense Philosophy". Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 18, nr 2 (lipiec 2005): 277–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s084182090000401x.

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This paper identifies a volitional theory of meaning common to speech act theory and legal positivism, represented by Hart and Kelsen. This model is compared and contrasted with the model of social operations developed by Reid, a Common Sense Enlightenment philosopher. Whereas the former subscribes to the view that meaning is generated by acts of will, the latter finds meaning to consist of the dual elements of sign and ‘directedness’.The ability of positivist theories to provide a structural account of the difference between legal rules and other rules is inextricably linked to this commitment to the volitional theory of meaning. The commitment to the volitional view however leads to problems in requiring that some kind of authority be presupposed in for plain rules to attain legal force. Such authority can only be established with recourse to further rules (thus falling into a malign infinite regress) or must be accepted as a matter of faith. Reid's criterion of direction however vitiates the need for an authority, instead accounting for social communication in general, and rules in particular, in terms of sociological factors. Although no comprehensive critique of the volitional theory is proposed, Reid's model is preferable on the grounds of explanatory richness.The core claims of the paper are that: (a) legal positivism necessarily subscribes to the volitional theory of meaning; (b) rejection of the volitional theory necessarily entails rejection of the positivist view that legal and non-legal rules can be differentiated on structural grounds (c) another counter-model exists which avoids some of the pitfalls of the volitional theory; (d) if the volitional theory is rejected then the existence of rules can only be accounted for in a 'strong' sociological sense and legal theory must accordingly accept the dominant role of sociology in conceptualising the nature of rules.

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Hermawan, Andrew, i Fatin Fadhilah Hasib. "Deskripsi Penerapan Kaidah Konsumsi Islami Menurut Al-Haritsi Pada Anggota Paguyuban Cak dan Ning Surabaya 2015". Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 4, nr 2 (14.12.2017): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol4iss20172pp128-143.

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The aim of this research is to describe the behavior of the member of Cak dan Ning Surabaya association in 2015 based on the Islamic consumption behavior theory Al-Haritsi, namely, syari’ah rules, quantity rules, social rules and environmental rules. This study is using descriptive qualitative participative approach to conduct the goals. The units of the analysis in this study are the rule of syari’ah rules, quantity rules, social rules and environmental rules. There are three informants involved in this study who are also the members of the association of Cak and Ning Surabaya 2015. Data triangulation technique is used to ascertain the quality and consistency of data. The technique of analysis which is used is qualitative data analysis according to Miles and Huberman. The results showed that members of the association have implemented syari’ah rules, also apply most of the rules of quantity, social norms, and implementing environmental rules.

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Groom, A. J. R. "World of our making: rules and rule in social theory and international relations". International Affairs 67, nr 4 (październik 1991): 771–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622449.

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Willard, Andrew R., i Nicholas Greenwood Onuf. "World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations". Political Psychology 13, nr 1 (marzec 1992): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3791430.

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Putra Umar Sakka, Gjosphink. "Menalar Formalitas Corporate Social Responsibility dengan Perspektif Institutional Theory". E-Jurnal Akuntansi 30, nr 6 (26.06.2020): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/eja.2020.v30.i06.p12.

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Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has always been associated with the concept of rights and responsibilities and the concept of sustainability. The theory is indeed appropriate to see the company's initiative to do CSR with the company's record in a condition of good financial performance. The problem here is that if a company has not been able to meet the demands of its target profit to shareholders, then there the applicable CSR rules are only seen as a formality without the essence of the initial CSR objectives themselves. This article aims to propose an institutional theory to add literacy theory to CSR in accordance with the case. Keywords: Formality; Corporate Social Responsibility; Institutional Theory.

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Raab, Ruslan. "Friedrich Hayek on the Nature of Law". Pravovedenie 65, nr 4 (2021): 462–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2021.406.

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The article investigates the nature of law as it is presented in the social theory writings of F. A. Hayek. Even though Hayek is mostly famous for his liberal approach to law, the idea of individual liberty does not explain the way Hayekian “law” as “rules of just conduct” is fundamentally distinct from most of the rules commonly regarded as “law” today. Recognizing the influence of liberal philosophy on Hayek’s legal theory, a liberal interpretation of that theory leaves too many things unexplained. Sometimes these unexplained “anomalies” are not just incoherent with the liberal worldview, but radically contradict it. Oddly enough, even the law of due process is not a part of “rules of just conduct” by a Hayekian standard. To make any sense of this standard we need to go beyond the liberal-normative approach and consider Hayek’s purely instrumental social theory. From that perspective, the nature of law as “rules of just conduct” is determined not only by some generalized characteristics of a liberal spontaneous order, but also by several specific conditions of an epistemically “complex” social context in which an individual is supposed to be acting. Since this epistemic “complexity” is not ubiquitous for a liberal spontaneous order, not every social institution intended to secure individual liberty has a chance to be attributed with a distinct name of “true law” in Hayek’s view, as well as not every distinct feature of “true law” is conditioned by liberal considerations. Epistemological considerations matter more. Unusual as it is, this instrumental socio-epistemic interpretation of the nature of law can explain not only all the mismatches between Hayekian “rules of just conduct” and a more traditional liberal-normative ideal of law, but also reveal some of the most distinctive elements of his legal theory. These elements define what can be a possible contribution of Hayek to theoretical jurisprudence and suggest quite a unique “epistemic” way to make a strict distinction between “law” and all the other social rules for the first being only the rules of individual action in an epistemically “complex” social context.

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Gebauer, Gunter, i Jennifer Marston William. "Habitus, Intentionality, and Social Rules: A Controversy between Searle and Bourdieu". SubStance 29, nr 3 (2000): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3685562.

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Ferguson, Todd W. "Whose Bodies? Bringing Gender Into Interaction Ritual Chain Theory". Sociology of Religion 81, nr 3 (27.11.2019): 247–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srz037.

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Abstract The goal of this paper is to bring gender into the theory of interaction ritual chains. While this theory focuses on how bodies emotionally respond within interactions, it ignores how the sex–gender system impacts bodies. The cultural norms for women and men shape how bodies react emotionally in rituals. To demonstrate the need for interaction rituals to account for gender, I explore how gendered feeling rules affect ritual outcomes in religious congregations. Using multilevel regressions to analyze data from the 2001 US Congregational Life Survey, I show that men have lower levels of emotional energy than women. Additionally, the gender ratio has an effect, and individuals who are in congregations with higher percentages of men experience lower levels of emotional energy. This effect is more powerful for men than it is for women. I conclude by stating that interaction ritual theory must account for the gendered identities of its participants.

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Segall, Daniel O. "A Sharing Item Response Theory Model for Computerized Adaptive Testing". Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 29, nr 4 (grudzień 2004): 439–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986029004439.

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A new sharing item response theory (SIRT) model is presented that explicitly models the effects of sharing item content between informants and test takers. This model is used to construct adaptive item selection and scoring rules that provide increased precision and reduced score gains in instances where sharing occurs. The adaptive item selection rules are expressed as functions of the item’s exposure rate in addition to other commonly used properties (characterized by difficulty, discrimination, and guessing parameters). Based on the results of simulated item responses, the new item selection and scoring algorithms compare favorably to the Sympson–Hetter exposure control method. The new SIRT approach provides higher reliability and lower score gains in instances where sharing occurs.

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Laan, Andress, Raul Gil de Sagredo i Gonzalo G. de Polavieja. "Signatures of optimal control in pairs of schooling zebrafish". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, nr 1852 (12.04.2017): 20170224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0224.

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Animals moving in groups coordinate their motion to remain cohesive. A large amount of data and analysis of movement coordination has been obtained in several species, but we are lacking theoretical frameworks that can derive the form of coordination rules. Here, we examine whether optimal control theory can predict the rules underlying social interactions from first principles. We find that a control rule which is designed to minimize the time it would take a pair of schooling fish to form a cohesively moving unit correctly predicts the characteristics of social interactions in fish. Our methodology explains why social attraction is negatively modulated by self-motion velocity and positively modulated by partner motion velocity, and how the biomechanics of fish swimming can shape the form of social forces. Crucially, the values of all parameters in our model can be estimated from independent experiments that need not relate to measurement of social interactions. We test our theory by showing a good match with experimentally observed social interaction rules in zebrafish. In addition to providing a theoretical rationale for observed decision rules, we suggest that this framework opens new questions about tuning problems and learnability of collective behaviours.

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Rose, Randall A. "Organizations as Multiple Cultures: A Rules Theory Analysis". Human Relations 41, nr 2 (luty 1988): 139–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872678804100204.

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Ensor, Bradley E. "Kinship Theory in Archaeology: From Critiques to the Study of Transformations". American Antiquity 76, nr 2 (kwiecień 2011): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.76.2.203.

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Kinship theory is argued to be an important aspect of social dynamics in past societies. However, archaeological critiques of kinship have suggested that descent and residence models are ideological constructs not associated with socioeconomic behavior, that social anthropologists believe normative kinship rules are rarely practiced, and that the models are biased by Western assumptions of biological relatedness. These critiques ignore the past several decades of kinship research. A review of kinship theory demonstrates sophisticated holistic approaches to socioeconomic behavior and ideology that are not based on biological assumptions, and that historic and ongoing social disruptions and political economic transformations have significantly altered kinship behavior. Furthermore, empirical data demonstrate adherence to kinship rules prior to historic transformations. The fact that kinship changes is argued to be the source of confusion leading to the critiques in archaeological literature but is also argued to present an opportunity for archaeologists to explain social transformations in the deep past.

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Johnson, Timothy R., i Andrew D. Martin. "The Public's Conditional Response to Supreme Court Decisions". American Political Science Review 92, nr 2 (czerwiec 1998): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2585665.

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To investigate the effect of the Supreme Court on public opinion, we offer the conditional response hypothesis based on a theory of Supreme Court legitimacy and a microlevel social-psychological theory of attitude formation. Together these theories predict that the Court may affect public opinion when it initially rules on a salient issue, but that subsequent decisions on the same issue will have little influence on opinion. To test our predictions, we analyze public opinion data before and after the Supreme Court ruled in a highly visible abortion case (Webster v. Reproductive Health Services [1989]) and before and after three key capital punishment rulings (Furman v. Georgia [1972], Gregg v. Georgia [1976], and McCleskey v. Kemp [1987]). The results suggest that our theory is not issue bound but is generally applicable to how the Supreme Court affects public opinion when it rules in highly salient cases.

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Ray, Victor. "A Theory of Racialized Organizations". American Sociological Review 84, nr 1 (25.01.2019): 26–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122418822335.

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Organizational theory scholars typically see organizations as race-neutral bureaucratic structures, while race and ethnicity scholars have largely neglected the role of organizations in the social construction of race. The theory developed in this article bridges these subfields, arguing that organizations are racial structures—cognitive schemas connecting organizational rules to social and material resources. I begin with the proposition that race is constitutive of organizational foundations, hierarchies, and processes. Next, I develop four tenets: (1) racialized organizations enhance or diminish the agency of racial groups; (2) racialized organizations legitimate the unequal distribution of resources; (3) Whiteness is a credential; and (4) the decoupling of formal rules from organizational practice is often racialized. I argue that racialization theory must account for how both state policy and individual attitudes are filtered through—and changed by—organizations. Seeing race as constitutive of organizations helps us better understand the formation and everyday functioning of organizations. Incorporating organizations into a structural theory of racial inequality can help us better understand stability, change, and the institutionalization of racial inequality. I conclude with an overview of internal and external sources of organizational change and a discussion of how the theory of racialized organizations may set the agenda for future research.

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Tukwariba Yin, Elijah, i Peter Atudiwe Atupare. "Rights and religious belief in maintaining prison social order". University of Cape Coast Law Journal 1, nr 1 (1.06.2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/ucclj.v1i1.217.

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This paper argues that it is not the prison rules and regulations that alter the behaviour of inmates but rather the ideological justification of their religious faith. The article draws upon the social constructionist theory of reality to underpin the discussion of the data. Data was gathered through in-depth interviews and the distribution of semi structured questionnaires. When analysed, the data revealed that although inmates had the right to practice the precepts of their religious faith as defined in law, in practice, these religious rights were not entirely observed. The partial recognition of these rights divulges that the principle of humane treatment underpinning the respect for rights in prison was ignored and reduced to mere formal respect for rules. Besides, the data disclosed that inmates rarely attributed the change in their personality to the impact of prison rules and regulations, but rather to the transformative power of their religion.

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Haller, Markus. "Carl Menger's theory of invisible-hand explanations". Social Science Information 39, nr 4 (grudzień 2000): 529–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901800039004002.

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Carl Menger's theory of invisible-hand explanations is rooted in his methodology of the social sciences. Contrary to his 18th-century Scottish forerunners he explains both the emergence and the persistence of unplanned social institutions exclusively by the individual pursuit of perceived self-interest. Contrary to Hayek's evolutionary functionalism, Menger's theory is not confined to the explanation of efficient or beneficial institutions. And contrary to Buchanan and Vanberg's constitutional contractualism, it does not require that people form stable preferences over rules.

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Baranowska, Wanda. "Teoria umysłu, oczekiwania społeczne a sytuacja osób z zaburzeniami w spektrum autyzmu, w tym z Zespołem Aspergera". Parezja. Czasopismo Forum Młodych Pedagogów przy Komitecie Nauk Pedagogicznych PAN, nr 2(14) (2020): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/parezja.2020.14.05.

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The author attempted to analyse the state of research on the Theory of Mind and its deficit in people with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD), especially those with Asperger Syndrome (AS). This analysis also searched for connections between the Theory of Mind and expectations which set the rules of social interdependence. In the aspect of the analysed research, it can be concluded that the Theory of Mind is connected – through a common expectation of empathy – with the need and the rules of acceptance and respect. The biologically conditioned deficit of the Theory of Mind of people with ASD causes a high risk of rejecting these people because they do not meet social expectations.

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Singh, Sourabh. "Science, Common Sense and Sociological Analysis: A Critical Appreciation of the Epistemological Foundation of Field Theory". Philosophy of the Social Sciences 49, nr 2 (4.01.2019): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393118819823.

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Field theory is often criticized because sociologists applying it fail to follow two seminal rules: the three key concepts of field theory—capital, habitus, and field structure—must be (1) implemented in relation to each other and (2) reconstructed for the historically specific moment of their application. I claim that Bourdieu developed his conceptual tools in response to Bachelard’s insight that scientific progress requires a break from common sense. Once we appreciate the epistemological foundation of field theory concepts, we can better appreciate the rules for their application, avoid their typical criticism, and further improve them.

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