Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Social reform”
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Saif, Ibrahim, i Farah Choucair. "Status Quo Camouflaged: Economic and Social Transformation of Egypt and Jordan". Middle East Law and Governance 2, nr 2 (2010): 124–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633710x500720.
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AbstractExamining reforms in Egypt and Jordan, this article calls for rethinking the relationship between economic reform and governance. Conventional analyses of economic and governance reforms overlook the complex relationships between social, political and economic factors within a country that affect reform success. This is quite evident by contrasting the extensive literature praising the "successful" reform progress achieved by countries such as Jordan and Egypt with the failure to achieve significant institutional and legislative reforms that would lead to more effective governance, as well as persistent inequality. Both countries have achieved high GDP growth over the last decade; however, no new social or political forces have been drawn into a new social contract. Instead of reforms being transformative, a complex interplay between political and economic agents has sustained a status quo based on weak governance institutions. The paper suggests that this is the outcome of the international community's unwillingness to press real reforms, as well as cautious domestic elites. Consequently they maintain a Pareto Efficient balance, proclaiming reform while seeking to maintain political stability. The article aims not merely to provide evidence of a contradictory scenario of unsuccessful reforms, but rather to advocate for a more careful reading into governance indicators and deeper understanding of the context for governance reform in the Middle East.
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Higgins, Martyn. "Building a safe and confident future: Social work reform in England and late modernity". Journal of Practice Teaching and Learning 14, nr 2 (13.12.2016): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/jpts.v14i2.965.
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Since 2009 social work has undergone significant changes. However, it remains unclear whether these reforms have reached a conclusion. There appears to exist a state of continuous reform, which may impede the opportunity to embed reform into social work education and practice. This paper aims to apply the theoretical model of late modernity to social work in England. Using this approach may offer a way to understand social work reforms as a feature of contemporary societies rather than a situation unique to English social work. The paper applies late modern thinking on risk, pedagogy and ambivalence to make sense of the change process in social work. Finally, a proposal to engage critically with social work reform is sketched out. The key message of this paper is that social work reform in England can be seen as a response to the dilemmas of late modern society. It attempts to eliminate risk in social work education and practice. However, this goal is doomed to failure and social work reform can be seen as stuck within a cycle of reform and change.Keywords: social work reform, late modernity, risk, pedagogy, ambivalence, irony
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Paige, Jeffery M. "Land Reform and Agrarian Revolution in El Salvador: Comment on Seligson and Diskin". Latin American Research Review 31, nr 2 (1996): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100017970.
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The causes as well as the consequences of land reform are revolutionary. Land reform is not really reform at all. In an agrarian society, land reform is a revolutionary act because it redistributes the major source of wealth, social standing, and political power. Successful large-scale land reforms in Latin America and elsewhere occur only during social revolution or through the actions of invading armies imposing revolution from above. The land reforms in Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, Cuba, and Nicaragua occurred during revolutions; the land reforms in Japan and Taiwan were imposed by invading armies. The reform in South Korea apparently represented a combination of the two. Fundamental land reform without social transformation is a logical and practical impossibility. This is the reason why land reform as a counterrevolutionary strategy, such as the ill-fated “land-to-the-tiller” program attempted in Vietnam, is bound to fail.
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Humphrey, Thomas J. "Social Reform through Social Exclusion". Reviews in American History 41, nr 2 (2013): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2013.0033.
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Williamson, John B., i Sara E. Rix. "Social Security Reform". Journal of Aging & Social Policy 11, nr 4 (28.09.2000): 41–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j031v11n04_05.
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Schuttloffel, Merylann J. "The Social Construction of School Failure". education policy analysis archives 8 (30.08.2000): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v8n45.2000.
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A case study highlights barriers encountered by an urban school principal in implementing reforms within the context of the Kentucky Educational Reform Act. By comparing the competing expectations of Miller's (1995) five capitals and Ianneconne and Lutz's (1970) dissatisfaction theory, the case study dramatizes that Site-Based Decision-Making councils exemplify a policy decision that ignores the practical realities of distressed schools. The lack of congruence between policies and the school reality makes implementation of school reform predictably unsuccessful.
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Chioma Winifred, Ezeanya, Otegbulu Chukwuebuka Gabriel i Anichebe Obiora. "Human and social reforms in Africa: the piecemeal engineering". IKENGA International Journal of Institute of African Studies 23, nr 1 (9.07.2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53836/ijia/2022/23/1/002.
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Most established communities aspire for growth and developments demonstrable in the degree of scientific and technological outputs. These outputs are made possible through the function of the human mind, hence, the expedience of the human person as the focus of social development. However, the sustenance of development is made possible through human policies from reformed entities, and this is where the state and its apparatus (social institutions) like the government are inevitable. Less emphasis has been laid on human reform and the role it plays in social reform in Africa through piecemeal engineering. Therefore, this paper investigates the position and primacy of human reform in social reform in Africa. Using Karl Popper’s idea of piecemeal social engineering as a theoretical framework, this paper argues that human reform remains pivotal to Africa’s social reform. This paper argues that if there is no sufficient human reform, Karl Popper’s piecemeal social engineering which has greatly impacted social reforms in some developed nations will be fruitless in Africa. The methods of argumentation will be expository, analytic as well as evaluative.
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Ferge, Zsuzsa. "The Social Obstacles to Economic Reform in Hungary". Recherches économiques de Louvain 56, nr 2 (1990): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800031894.
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SummaryThe eastern European systems, Hungary included, need complete restructuring. Radical political reform needs take precedence over the economic reforms: no genuine economic reform is possible without a legitimate, democratically elected parliament and government. The transformation of the planned into a market economy has started before the elections. Marketization and privatisation have been pressed in the fields where resistance has been the smallest, i.e. where the losses hit the weaker groups — i.e. in case of health, social security, and such like. Also, inflation and unemployment are accepted as inevitable. The result of neoliberal measures introduced in a totalitarian way is the rapid impoverishment of the population and the increase of inequalities. The mounting tensions may become an obstacle to genuine reforms.
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Leonards, Chris, i Nico Randeraad. "Transnational Experts in Social Reform, 1840–1880". International Review of Social History 55, nr 2 (sierpień 2010): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000179.
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SummaryWho were the people at the cutting edge of social reform in Europe between 1840 and 1880, and how were they connected? This article proposes a method to locate a transnational community of experts involved in social reform and focuses on the ways in which these experts shared and spread their knowledge across borders. After a discussion of the concepts of social reform, transnationalization, and transfer, we show how we built a database of visitors to social reform congresses in the period 1840–1880, and explain how we extracted a core group of experts from this database. This “congress elite” is the focus of the second part of this article, in which we discuss their travels, congress visits, publications, correspondence, and membership of learned and professional organizations. We argue that individual members of our elite, leaning on the prestige of their international contacts, shaped reform debates in their home countries. We conclude by calling for further research into the influence that the transnational elite were able to exert on concrete social reforms in different national frameworks in order to assess to what extent they can be regarded as an “epistemic community in the making”.
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Buchta, S. "Reform of the social system and social policy in ASlovak Republic". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 50, No. 4 (24.02.2012): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5186-agricecon.
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Johnston, Charles. "Social Security Retirement Income Program: Reform vs. Privatize". Journal of Finance Issues 11, nr 1 (30.06.2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v11i1.2505.
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This paper compares recommended reforms to improve the Social Security retirement income program to the expected benefits of privatizing it. The research method is primarily theoretical, applying fundamental principles of finance and economics to analyze and evaluate each alternative. However, enough empirical data is also provided to test the author’s arguments and conclusions. The most important conclusion is that partial privatization would be better than the other recommended reforms, but a fully-funded and totally privatized program would be best, financially and economically for society. However, given government policymakers’ lack of political will to privatize the program, it’s most likely that they will continue to reform it in ways to make it more financially sustainable. The paper primarily adds to the existing literature by providing a strong theoretical and empirical argument for privatizing the Social Security retirement income program, rather than continuing to reform it.
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Burtless, Gary. "Fixing Social Security: Major Reform or Minor Repairs?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 686, nr 1 (listopad 2019): 38–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219872161.
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Without congressional action, the Social Security reserve fund will be exhausted by 2035. When that occurs, benefit payments must be cut by one-fifth. To avoid that outcome, Congress must agree on a reform plan that boosts revenues, cuts pensions, or does both. The choice of a reform strategy should depend on voters’ support for the goals of the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program and evidence about the program’s effectiveness in achieving those goals. This article explains the aims of the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) program, briefly describes how the program attempts to achieve those aims, and considers evidence on whether the goals have been achieved and at what cost. It then considers alternative reforms that address OASI’s main problem, namely, the long-term shortfall in program revenues compared with pension commitments. It concludes by identifying the reforms that seem best suited to achieving OASI’s core aims while conforming to voter preferences.
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Mätzke, Margitta. "Political Competition and Unequal Social Rights". Journal of Public Policy 31, nr 1 (23.02.2011): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x1000022x.
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AbstractMajor social reforms affect the extent to which social rights are granted widely and equally or selectively and in a manner re-enforcing social stratification. Thus, they affect the amount of institutionally sanctioned inequality in a welfare state. This paper seeks to explain the politics of making decisions about unequal social rights. It emphasizes the importance of studying the substantive contents of the policy changes that are on the reform agenda; the kind of actors involved in reform controversies; and the kind of demands they raise. Which actors involved prevail in these controversies, however, is a function of the dynamic of political competition at the time of legislative decision-making. That dynamic tends to be centrifugal; it empowers groups at strategic positions in the political constellation. The paper develops analytical categories for capturing both typological distinctions of substantive policy contents and the empowering dynamic. It demonstrates the significance of this model by analyzing four instances of major welfare reform in Germany.
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Zamorska, Katarzyna. "Rola nauk społecznych w projektach programów i reform społecznych". Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 23 (29.11.2017): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.23.5.
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The role of social sciences in the projects of programs and social reformsThe subject of the article is the problem with applying social science knowledge to programs and projects of social reforms. Two aspects of the issue have been pointed out. The first refers to the role of social sciences as an intellectual backdrop for social reform programs, while the other shows the consequences of a specific definition of reform and assigning it a high or not position in the scale value of social activities and the practice of its implementation. The question arises about the nature of reforms in Poland, from the 1990s to the present. In three interrelated parts, the origins and development of social sciences have been presented, answering the question of how to support social policy with social science knowledge as useful knowledge, and a reference to social reforms in Poland after 1989 has been made. The article ends with a conclusion that the potential success of the reforms is affected by the cooperation between social sciences, the world of politics and society.
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Ümarik, Meril, Krista Loogma i Külliki Tafel-Viia. "Restructuring vocational schools as social innovation?" Journal of Educational Administration 52, nr 1 (28.01.2014): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-08-2012-0100.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the implementation of educational reform processes by applying the concept of social innovation. The paper proposes a model of social innovation and test its applicability in the context of Estonian vocational education reform using two case studies of the school re-organization as an example. Design/methodology/approach – A case study approach has been applied in the empirical study. Different data collection methods have been used including semi-structured interviews with the various change actors, observations and analysis of written documents. Findings – The integrated model of social innovation proved to be a fruitful analytical tool. By focusing on five central aspects – the trigger of change, central change agents, social mechanisms facilitating the adoption of change, implications and social gains – it was possible to explain two school re-organization processes and the reasons behind their success or complications. Practical implications – The analysis of the cases outlined some lessons that can be learned for the future planning and implementation of school reforms. School changes are more easily adopted if actors experience it as useful and rational, school staff are involved in the process as early as possible and the adoption is facilitated by building certain social mechanisms and network structures into the policy implementation process. Originality/value – The paper makes a contribution to the literature on educational reform by applying the concept of social innovation. Up until now, the concept of social innovation has remained rather underused to explain the process of implementing and adopting reforms, and in particular, it is rarely used in the context of analyzing educational reforms.
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Cheal, David. "Sociology and Social Reform". Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 22, nr 1 (1997): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3341566.
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Schmidt, A. J. "Reform and Social Change". Journal of Social History 38, nr 4 (1.06.2005): 1095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2005.0078.
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Vlassov, V. "Russia and social "reform"". Canadian Medical Association Journal 172, nr 4 (15.02.2005): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1041731.
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Caro, Francis G. "Toward Social Security Reform". Journal of Aging & Social Policy 9, nr 4 (4.03.1998): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j031v09n04_01.
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Ridley, John T. "Publishing “reform” social studies". Publishing Research Quarterly 8, nr 4 (grudzień 1992): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02680673.
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Higgins, Martyn. "The Professional Capabilities Framework and contemporary debates: Implications for social work education in England". Journal of Practice Teaching and Learning 15, nr 1 (18.01.2018): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/jpts.v15i1.1116.
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Abstract: The social work reform agenda sought to transform social work education. The aim was to make qualifying social work education effective at producing social workers fit for practice. A number of reforms have been implemented. These include among others the Professional Capabilities Framework. This framework provides a single set of standards for all social workers from initial qualification to advanced practice. The problem for social work reform and the Professional Capabilities Framework is that elements of the reform remain contested. Despite the implementation of the reforms in 2013 differences continue to exist about the nature and purpose of social work. The key message of this paper is that reconfiguring the Professional Capabilities Framework within Sen’s capabilities or human development approach will provide social work education with a more comprehensive foundation with which to engage effectively with contemporary debates about social work education.Keywords: professional capabilities framework; Sen; Naussbaum; capabilities approach; human development model
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Şahin, Mustafa. "The social life in Turkey in the early republic era in the perspective of the New York TimesThe New York Times’ın gözünden erken cumhuriyet döneminde Türkiye’de sosyal hayat". Journal of Human Sciences 13, nr 3 (19.11.2016): 4748. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v13i3.4143.
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This research aims to examine the reforms in social life in the early republican era in the perspective of the The New York Times (NYT) which is one of the most effective newspapers in the USA and the world. The research was made by way of analyzing documents is limited to 1923-1938; the NYT as a research source, and in the content of women rights, the development in education, the art, the transportation, and the clothing reform. The research has been prepared by scanning of the related period of NYT’s collection in the 1851-2015 years. In the newspaper, the articles about the social change of Turkey are generally newsworthy and the number of the writings as a comment about this subject is limited. Whatever the comments are related to Turkey, they were interest in Istanbul and its lifestyle. The themes of the research have been determined as women, education, art, transportation, and clothing. In the newspaper, the rational distribution of news and comments related to the period are as follows: women reform in Turkey is 30%, educational reform is 25%, art reform is 20%, recovery of transportation system is 13% and clothing reform is 12%. ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı, erken cumhuriyet döneminin sosyal hayatındaki reformlarını Amerika’nın ve dünyanın en etkili gazetelerinden biri olan The New York Times (NYT) perspektifinden ele almaktır. Doküman inceleme yoluyla yapılan araştırma dönem olarak 1923-1938 tarihleriyle; kapsam olarak, kadın hakları, eğitimdeki gelişmeler, sanata yaklaşım, ulaşım ve kıyafet reformu; araştırma kaynağı olarak da NYT gazetesiyle sınırlandırılmıştır. Araştırma NYT’nin 1851-2015 yıllarındaki koleksiyonunun ilgili döneminin taranmasıyla hazırlanmıştır. Gazetede Türkiye’deki sosyal değişime ilişkin yazılar genellikle haber niteliklidir ve bu konuda yorum tarzındaki yazı sayısı sınırlıdır. Yapılan yorumlar her ne kadar Türkiye ile ilgili gibi görünse de ağırlıklı olarak İstanbul ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın temaları kadın, eğitim, sanat, ulaşım ve kıyafet olarak belirlenmiştir. Gazetede dönemle ilgili haber ve yorumların oransal dağılımı şöyledir: Türkiye’de kadın reformu % 30, eğitim reform % 25, sanat reform % 20, ulaşım sisteminin iyileştirilmesi % 13, kıyafet reform % 12.
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Shaham, Ron. "Custom, Islamic Law, and Statutory Legislation: Marriage Registration and Minimum Age at Marriage in the Egyptian Sharīʿa Courts". Islamic Law and Society 2, nr 3 (1995): 258–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568519952599222.
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AbstractIn this essay I examine the interaction between social change and law, in general, and between social custom, Islamic Law and statutory legislation, in particular, by analyzing forty decisions issued by Egyptian sharīʿa courts from the turn of the present century until 1955. These decisions, which deal with the application of two reforms pertaining to marriage, indicate, first, that whenever legal reform confronted entrenched social practices, litigants found legal strategies for circumventing the reform; and second, that the attitudes of judges (qādīs) toward the reforms were diverse and complex. Overall, the qādīs applied the reforms, whether because they believed them to be necessary or feared a confrontation with the government. I conclude that in order for a legal reform to be successful in molding social behavior, it must be complemented by state policies that promote the education of women and encourage them to participate in the labor market.
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Poernomo, Marlinda, Burhan Bungin i Sugeng Winarno. "The Power of Mass Media in Social Construction of the Reform of Indonesia Bureaucracy". Webology 19, nr 1 (20.01.2022): 2811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19187.
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Mass media development, both in the form of content and technology, has been promoting the implementation of bureaucratic reform in Indonesia during the last fifteen years. In the world, it generally begins with the spirit of transparency, the spirit of accountability, the spirit of participatory, to the spirit of reforming the state bureaucracy. In Indonesia, these four subjects also appear, at least since the reformation era, mass media gives a new color in the overall Indonesian bureaucracy activity since the beginning of the reform to date, both in the central bureaucracy or regional bureaucracy. The main purpose of this study is to observe the role of mass media in constructing the reality of bureaucratic reform in Indonesia. This study provides overview of the mass media role through the social construction of bureaucratic reform in Indonesia, especially how the roles of social construction of mass media in the bureaucratic reforms. It used narrative method to describe the power of mass media social construction of bureaucratic reform in Indonesia. Based on the analysis, it indicated that Mass media shows the strong effect of people power in the state administration with the ideals for the clean executive, legislative, and judicial as well as bureaucratic administration and to perform their duties as excellent as possible.
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Varma, Ram M., i Anjana Baveja. "Social Change, Social Reform and Professional Social Work". Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development 7, nr 2 (wrzesień 1997): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21650993.1997.9755761.
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Kumar P.M, Suresh. "Reform Movements and their contribution to Social Welfare: A Conceptual Exposition". RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 8, nr 2 (15.02.2023): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n02.008.
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Social Reform aims at introducing radical changes in the existing social order either because certain practices have become redundant or because it is harmful to a specific section of the population. Reforms are achieved through a range of means, from protest militancy to charismatic spiritualism, compassionate humanism, or social philanthropy. It is closely connected with social welfare. Attainment of welfare follows desired groundwork achieved through reforms. Rather, dispelling evil is the function of reform while sustaining the change that has been achieved, and building on it through improving well-being is the task of welfare. Social reform in that sense is a pre-runner of social welfare. Reform targets practices that are grounded in beliefs. These beliefs are nurtured by tradition, custom, and religion. Tradition gives continuity to the practices; customs give sanctity and religion endorses them. All three are mutually complementary. Practices that are widely shared reflect the tenacity of beliefs that reinforces the social order of any given point in time. Reform does not negate the prevalence of a social milieu, instead recognizes its existence as an entity. It aims at changing certain practices which might have originated as a custom through tradition, within the framework of an established social order. In this way, the results of reform are integrated into the value framework of society. Over a period of time, it becomes a universal practice. Thereby change paves the way for stability. This study aims at drawing the instances of the Ezhava community and the Pulaya community who in traditional Kerala suffered injustice through discrimination and social ostracism in the caste-ridden society of ancient India. An extensive review of the literature and focus group discussions with resourceful respondents was undertaken for the collection of data.
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Axinn, June M., i Amy E. Hirsch. "Welfare and the “Reform” of Women". Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 74, nr 9 (listopad 1993): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949307400906.
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Low-income women and the welfare system are under attack by liberals and conservatives, academicians and politicians. “Welfare reform” proposals include cutting benefits unless women pay rent, bear no children while receiving benefits, and ensure that their children attend school and receive vaccinations. Although these reforms are couched in the language of fiscal responsibility and control, the authors argue that the underlying purpose behind such policies is reform of women, not reform of welfare.
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BYCHENKO, YU G. "SOCIAL REFORMS IN THE MILITARY ORGANIZATION: EXPECTATIONS OF RUSSIAN SERVICEMEN". Primo aspectu, nr 3(55) (wrzesień 2023): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/2500-2635-2023-3-55-42-48.
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The prerequisites of a new stage of social reform of the Russian military organization are investigated, the theoretical directions of subsequent reforms are determined, the needs and expectations of Russian servicemen for social changes in military collectives are considered. It is proved that a set of theoretical statements about the direction of reforms and a set of assumptions on the problem of social reform coincide. Regarding the expectation of social reforms , military personnel are divided into three relatively independent groups: 1) 54% expect an increase in the quality of life of the military family as a whole (they consider social reforms as a mechanism for increasing the social consumption of the military family); 2) 27% see the prospect of increasing the effectiveness of social protection and an increase in the level of social security of military service (modernization of household services, updating the psychological climate of military collectives, providing opportunities to meet the social needs of the military when performing direct military public service); 3) 18% hope for the development of a system of educational vocational training that ensures the career growth of military personnel (social reform is considered as a mechanism for managing social professional mobility, as well as the accumulation of professional potential of military personnel); 4) 3% expect stabilization of the existing social condition of servicemen and their family members (social reforms are associated with the achievement of impeccable implementation of existing social programs and projects, the achievement of impeccable implementation of provisions, resolutions, principles of ensuring the quality of life of military subjects have already been prescribed).
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Grenier, Amanda M., i Elham Bidgoli. "The Emotional Consequences of Organizational Change". Canadian Social Work Review 32, nr 1-2 (1.12.2015): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1034150ar.
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This paper explores the emotional experiences of professionals in a health and social care setting during a process of reform in the Canadian province of Quebec. Characterized as “new public management” or “new managerialism,” public health and social care services in a number of countries have undergone reforms since the early 1980s that focus on efficiency and cost reduction (Nadeau, 1996; Hornblow, 1997; Gross, Rosen, & Chinitz, 1998, Anell, 2005; Levine, 2007; Wimbush, Young, & Robertson, 2007). Although differences exist between the cultural and political contexts within which reforms are implemented, reforms regularly involve changing institutional and organizational structures, the implementation of standard procedures, and the generation of outcome measures for service. The process of reform, and the body of knowledge on organizational change however, tend to overlook the flux of emotions that take place in the everyday lives of professionals. This paper reflects on data from 25 individual interviews collected from a critical ethnography of one health and social care setting during a period of provincial health-care reform in Quebec, Canada (2004-2012). The paper provides an in-depth focus on the emotional consequences of reform as an attempt to understand and expose the human costs of change. Three patterns that professionals used to adapt to change and conflict are discussed: internalization of the reform mandate; rationalization; and creating distance between the reform and their professional or personal selves. Important in their own right, the emotions produced in a period of change provide lessons on the general stressors that surround reform, and demonstrate how health and social care professionals are often caught between policy intentions, professional values, and their personal ambitions.
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Schoenfeld, Heather. "A Research Agenda on Reform". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 664, nr 1 (18.02.2016): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215601850.
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In the past 10 years, state legislatures from across the political spectrum have passed or considered reforms aimed at reducing prison populations. The breadth of reform challenges social science scholarship that views mass incarceration as “locked-in” by political, social, and economic forces and, as such, presents an important area of scholarly inquiry. In this article, I argue that new research on reform should be animated by a sociopolitical perspective on punishment that developed out of social science research explaining the rise of mass incarceration. In particular, I pose research questions, hypotheses, and potential methodologies related to (1) the causes of the new moment of reform; (2) the variation in reform efforts; and (3) the process, content, and political effects of reform. I conclude by briefly summarizing what we know about the underlying rationales and strategies of this new moment.
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Serrano Gómez, Alfonso, i Alfonso Serrano Maíllo. "La reforma de los delitos contra la Hacienda Pública y contra la Seguridad Social". Revista de Derecho de la UNED (RDUNED), nr 14 (1.01.2014): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rduned.14.2014.13299.
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Los delitos aquí estudiados han sido objeto de diversas reformas. La última es muy extensa. El contenido de los artículos es complejo, a veces reiterativo, y como ley en blanco necesitan de un extenso apoyo de la legislación tributaria. Se destaca una finalidad recaudatoria en la reforma. Aunque en alguna ocasión se agravan las penas, los supuestos de exención de responsabilidad criminal se amplían, creando también otros atenuados que permiten rebajar la pena en uno o dos grados.Tax fraud and other crimes have been subjected to a number of reforms in the last years. The last reform has been quite ample. The content of the Law is complex, sometimes reiterative. As ley en blanco it demands an extensive use of the taxing Laws for interpretation purposes. The reform obeys in part to the aim of fund raising. Though some of the penalties have been raised, the cases of penalty exemption are now extended, as well as attenuated types that allow a reduction of the penalty in one or two grades.
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Anthony, Thalia, i Penny Crofts. "Special Edition: Limits and Prospects of Criminal Law Reform – Past, Present, Future". International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 6, nr 3 (1.09.2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v6i3.423.
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This special issue traces multifaceted readings of criminal law reform in the context of developments in Australia, North America and Europe. It addresses a range of criminal law legislative regimes, frameworks and issues confronting criminal law reform including as they relate to family violence, organisational liability for child sexual abuse, drug-driving and Indigenous under-representation on juries. In doing so, the articles variously assess the impacts of past criminal law reforms, current processes of reform, areas in need of future reform and the limitations of reform. It poses a number of challenges: Who does law reform serve? What principles should guide the work of criminal justice reform? What is the role and responsibility of universities in law reform? Who are the natural allies of academics in agitating for reform? Is reform of criminal law enough for progressive social change? Do public inquiries and law reform assist with progressive change or do they have the potential to undermine the struggle for more humane and equitable social responses?
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Angell, Alan, i Carol Graham. "Can Social Sector Reform Make Adjustment Sustainable and Equitable? Lessons from Chile and Venezuela-p". Journal of Latin American Studies 27, nr 1 (luty 1995): 189–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0001021x.
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AbstractAdjustment in Latin America has largely been analysed in terms of macroeconomic policy. However, for reforms to be sustainable in the long term, there needs to be accompanying change in the social sectors. Such reform is difficult and costly. It is necessary, however, not simply to sustain the economic reforms, but also for an effective long-term strategy of poverty alleviation and for the consolidation of democracy. There are lessons to be learnt from successful and unsuccessful social sector reform.
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Stojanović, Nataša. "Reform of inheritance law in the Swiss confederation (reform phase I)". Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Nis 62, nr 99 (2023): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfn0-46630.
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In this paper, the author sheds light on the 2020 reform of the Swiss inheritance law, which was instituted by amending the succession law provisions of the Civil Code of the Swis Confederation (2020). The new provisions have been in force since January 2023. The research on this subject matter is aimed at determining the scope and the quality of the revised Swiss legislation on intestate succession. To this effect, the author focuses on a number of new provisions related to statutory heirs: reduction of the children's protected share (forced heir ship portion of the decedent's descendants); abolition of the parents' protected share (forced portion of the decedent's parents); loss of the forced portion for the surviving spouse or same-sex partner in a registered civil partnership in case the divorce proceeding or the proceeding for dissolving a registered civil partnership has been initiated but a spouse or a registered civil partner dies before the proceeding is terminated; a qualitatively different concept of contractual freedom embodied in inheritance contracts; the impact of the "three-pillar system" of the Swiss pension and disability insurance on the exercise and protection of the right to forced portion; changes and nomotechnical improvements of provisions concerning the order of gratuitous donations from which the forced heirs' portion is settled. For the purposes of this paper, the author applied the dogmatic legal science research method, the normative legal research method, and the legal history research method. In the author's opinion, the new provisions on intestate succession are largely aimed at ensuring a greater freedom of testamentary disposition of gratuitous donations, both inter vivos and mortis causa. However, the new legal solutions seem to be insufficiently aligned with the social circumstances in contemporary Switzerland because the right to statutory inheritance is not recognised to an extramarital partner, whereas it is granted to a spouse or a same-sex partner from a registered civil partnership, even though extramarital partnerships are equally present in real life as marriage and registered same-sex partnerships.
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Javed, Attiya Y. "Satu Kahkonen and Anthony Lanyi. Institutions, Incentives, and Economic Reforms in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000. 516 pages. Hardback. Price Indian Rs 595.00." Pakistan Development Review 40, nr 1 (1.03.2001): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i1pp.71-74.
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The economic reform process began in India in 1991. However, the reform agenda is still far from its goals as is evident from low per capita income. Thus, this reform effort has not produced the desired outcome of a faster rate of economic and social development in a meaningful way. It is the premise of this volume that to transform the social and economic landscape, the proposed reforms should be broadbased and multi-pronged which take into account incentives for the stockholders in both the private and public sectors. The institutions are the rules that govern economy and include the fundamental legal, political, and social rules that establish the basis for production, exchange, and distribution. The two editors of this volume have received contributions from a number of authors and the wide range of papers are grouped under five main headings: political economy of reforms, reforming public goods delivery, reform issues in agriculture and rural governance, and reforming the district and financial sector.
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Norkus, Zenonas. "Agrarinių reformų Pirmojoje ir Antrojoje Lietuvos respublikose lyginamoji istorinė sociologinė analizė". Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 30, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 05–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2012.1.400.
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Santrauka. Straipsnyje lyginamos tarpukario ir pokomunistinės agrarinių reformų pradinės sąlygos, eiga ir rezultatai, šį diachroninį palyginimą praplečiant ir kontroliuojant sinchroniniais palyginimais su analogiškais procesais kitose Rytų ir Vidurio Europos šalyse tarpukario ir pokomunistiniais laikais. Svarbiausius abiejų reformų panašumus lėmė 1949–51 m. kolektyvizacija, visus Lietuvos žemdirbius pastačiusi į padėtį, kurioje iki 1922 m. reformos buvo dvarų darbininkai kumečiai, kurie dalį atlyginimo gaudavo natūra – ordinarija. Jos dalis buvo dvaro inventoriumi bei gyvuliais dirbamas dvaro žemės sklypas, analogiškas kolūkiečių asmeninių pagalbinių ūkių sklypams. Skirtingai nuo Rusijos, Lietuvos kolūkiečiai nebuvo kolūkių baudžiauninkai, o tik kumečiai. Kaip ir dvarų iki 1922 m. reformos darbininkams, sovietiniams kumečiams buvo taikomas represinis darbo jėgos kontrolės režimas, suteikęs kolektyvinių ūkių vadovams faktinę „raudonųjų baronų“ galią. Pagrindiniai tarpukario reformų Rytų Europos šalyse tikslai buvo anksčiau privilegijuotų tautinių mažumų galios apribojimas ir bolševizmo įtakos slopinimas. Tik Baltijos šalyse ji neturėjo neigiamų ekonominių pasekmių, ką Lietuvoje užtikrino kartu su dvarų parceliacija vykęs kaimų skirstymasis į vienkiemius. Palyginti su tarpukario reforma, pokomunistinė agrarinė reforma buvo mažiau nuosekli, nes jos eigą lėmė interesų konfliktas tarp naujos sovietinių kumečių kartos, suinteresuotų įprastų darbo vietų išsaugojimu, ir išėjusių į miestus buvusių žemės savininkų palikuonių. Kadangi Lietuva buvo viena tų pokomunistinių šalių, kuriose stipresnė buvo antroji stovykla, čia buvo įgyvendinta radikali restitucinė žemės reforma ir šeiminį ūkį restauruojanti de-kolektyvizacija. Dėl sovietmečiu įvykusios vienkiemių likvidacijos ir demografinių pokyčių, ji negrąžino Lietuvos kaimo ir žemės ūkio į 1940 m., bet sukūrė būklę, labiau primenančią Lietuvos kaimo situaciją iki 1922 m. reformos: gausus mažažemių („trihektarininkų“) sluoksnis, gatviniai kaimai (buvusios kolūkinės gyvenvietės), fragmentuota žemės valdų struktūra, iš žemės ūkio bendrovių (ŽŪB) išaugę arba naujai besikuriantys latifundiniai ūkiai, primenantys ikireforminius dvarus. Pačių ŽŪB, įsikūrusių kolūkių gamybiniuose centruose, pokomunistinė raida analogiška 1922 m. reformos apkarpytų dvarų, kurių nuosavybėje liko jų centrai, likimui: dauguma bankrutavo ir buvo išvaržyti, tačiau dalis virto konkurencingomis kapitalistinėms žemės ūkio įmonėmis. Savo ekonominiais rezultatais tarpukario reforma pranoksta pokomunistinę, nes po jos ir bendra žemės ūkio gamybos apimtis, ir jos produktyvumas tik augo, tuo tarpu kai pirmuoju pokomunistinės transformacijos dešimtmečiu abu rodikliai smuko. Ekskomunistinės kairės propaguota nuosaiki agrarinė reforma nebūtų leidusi išvengti gamybos apimties smukimo, nes tą apimtį užtikrino vėlyvuoju sovietmečiu žemės ūkiui sudarytos „ekonominio šiltnamio“ sąlygos (dosnios subsidijos) ir neribota paklausa. Tačiau nuosaikesnė ar palaipsnė reforma veikiausiai būtų leidusi jau pirmajame dešimtmetyje padidinti žemės ūkio gamybos produktyvumą. Lietuvai tapus ES nare ir jos žemės ūkiui vėl patekus į „ekonominį šiltnamį“, žemės ūkio veikla nebegali būti vertinama vien ekonominiais masteliais. Matuojant pokomunistinės agrarinės reformos padarinius Lietuvoje gamtosaugos vertybėmis, jie yra labai pozityvūs.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: 1922 m. žemės reforma Lietuvoje, pokomunistinė agrarinė reforma Lietuvoje, represinė darbo jėgos kontrolė, tarptautinis tarpukario ir pokomunistinių agrarinių reformų palyginimas.Key words: Land reform in Lithuania in 1922, post-communist agrarian reform ir Lithuania, repressive control of labour, international comparison of the interwar and post-communist agrarian reforms.ABSTRACTA COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF AGRARIAN REFORMS IN THE FIRST AND THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIAThe paper compares the initial conditions, the course and the outcomes of the interwar (1922) and the post-communist (since 1989) agrarian reforms in Lithuania, controlling and enlarging these diachronic comparisons with synchronic comparisons of the analoguos processes in other Eastern and Central European countries at the same times. Most important similarities between both reforms were created by the collectivization in 1948–1951, which for all Lithuaniam tillers shaped the condition in which before the 1922 reform the wage workers (kumečiai) at the large estates were living and working. They received in money only part of their salaries. Another part was paid in kind, including a land plot which was cultivated using the inventory and draught animals provided by landlord. This is quite similar to the small plots allocation for personal use to collective farms workers, and how they were cultivated. However, differently from the workers of collective farms in Russia, who untill late 1960s had no passports, Lithuanian collective farmers were not made serfs, because the passportization of Lithuanian countryside population was implemented by Soviet auhorities as part of their efforts to suppress resistance movement. Similarly to agrarian wage workers before 1922, collective farm workers were subject to the repressive labour force control regime, providing for managers of collective farms the de facto power of „red barons“. Main aims of the interwar agrarian reforms were the restriction of power of the formerly privileged minorities and suppression of Communism. However, only in the Baltic States the reforms had no negative economic outcomes. In Lithuania, such outcomes were preempted by the dispersion of villages into individual settlement farms, which proceeded along with the parcellization of large estates. Comparing with interwar reform, post-communist agrarian reform was less consistent, because its course was under heavy impact of the interest conflict between the new generation of the collective farms workers, interested to keep their working places, and those descendants of the former land owners, who left villages for cities. As far as Lithuania was one of those post-communist countries, where second group was stronger, in this country a radical restitutive land reform was implemented along with the de-collectivization which has restored family farming. However, because of the interjacent liquidation of the individual settlements (re-concentration of rural population in the villages) and demographic changes in the Communist time, it did restore in the Lithuanian countryside and agriculture the status quo of 1940. Rather, it has created the state that is more reminiscent of situation in the Lithuanian countryside before the agrarian reform of 1922: broad social stratum of small plots (3 ha) owners; villages; a fragmented land ownership structure; and large farms reminiscent of landed estates before 1922 reform. While some of them are new ventures (e.g. huge swine-breeding farms, operated by foreignly owned agrobusiness), many emerged out of agricultural partnerships, which were the fragments of the former collective farms. They were established by former collective workers to operate technological complexes of former collective farms which were too large for using by family farms. The evolution of these remainders of collective farms is similar to the evolution of the former landlord farms after their landholdings were reduced by agrarian reform of 1922. The reform left in ownership of the landlords the buildings and other estate with part of land (up to 80–150 ha). Most of these residual estates went bankrupt and were sold in parts at auctions, while some of the survived becoming competitive agricultural enterprises. Similarly, most efficient partnerships survived, expanded and became competitive large-scale corporate capitalist agricultural enterprises. The economic outcomes of the interwar reform are superior to those of post-communist reform: after the first reform, both the general agricultural output and the productivity increased, while both indicators decreased during the first decade of the post-communist agrarian reform. Ex-communist Left in Lithuania promoted moderate agrarian reform, involving transformation of collective farms into the private corporate capitalist agricultural companies. The author argues that such reform would not be able to prevent the reduction in output, because the output as of in 1989 was possible only under economic hothouse conditions of the late Soviet time for agriculture (lavish subsidies, unlimited demand, „price scissors“ favouring agriculture). However, most probably, a more gradual reform would help to increase the agricultural productivity already during its first decade. After Lithuania was accepted to EU and its agriculture is in the „economic hothouse“ again, the agricultural activites cannot be assessed only by economic criteria alone. If the outcomes of the post-communist agrarian reform are assessed by values of ecology, they are very positive indeed.
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Elwitt, Sanford. "DEBATE SOCIAL SCIENCE, SOCIAL REFORM AND SOCIOLOGY". Past and Present 121, nr 1 (1988): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/121.1.209.
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Тихомиров, Юрий, YUriy Tikhomirov, Сария Нанба i Sariya Nanba. "TRENDS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STATES IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD". Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 2, nr 1 (16.03.2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18175.
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Constitutional processes in the contemporary world are flowing slowly, then quickly, then subside. This is due to a real role in the lives of states and their impact on social processes. The strongest influence is achieved in terms of preparation and holding of the constitutional reform, when there are qualitative changes in the structure of political power, legislation, institutes for economic and social development. Therefore careful preparation of the reform allows to anticipate and eliminate risk, and ensure flexible regulation of course of constitutional reforms. The intended purposes of the reform as for the experience of various countries are achieved when “constitutional cycles” are taken into account, when on a systematic basis institutional, legal and other elements of the reform are prepared and implemented, when civil society supports the constitutional reforms. Conversely, failure to follow these requirements inevitably can reduce the potential for constitutional reforms. Therefore, the current value is to study the dynamics of the constitution as “a legal growth” between national and international law.
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Andrew, Caroline. "Welfare Hot Buttons: Women, Work, and Social Policy Reform". Canadian Journal of Political Science 37, nr 4 (grudzień 2004): 1032–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423904290217.
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Welfare Hot Buttons: Women, Work, and Social Policy Reform, Sylvia Bashevkin, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002, pp. viii, 188.Welfare Hot Buttons raises important, and in some ways uncomfortable, questions. Its major argument, in comparing social policy reform in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, is that the conservative leaders (Ronald Reagan, George Bush Sr., Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Brian Mulroney, Kim Campbell) were, in their social policy reforms, less punitive, less restrictive and less obsessed with paid work than their post-conservative successors (Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Jean Chrétien). This raises important questions about the importance of elections and of elected politicians. There were real expectations that, to take the Canadian example, electing Chrétien's Liberals was a major shift away from Mulroney's Conservatives yet, as Sylvia Bashevkin shows, this was not true in the vital policy area of social policy reform.
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Rontos, Kostas, Maria-Eleni Syrmali, Ioannis Vavouras i Luca Salvati. "Corruption and economic competitiveness: What Greece can tell us". Portuguese Journal of Social Science 19, nr 1 (1.03.2020): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00022_1.
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Under the assumption that economic competitiveness has a significant impact on the overall level of corruption in a given country, the present study evaluates the influence that a wide array of national reforms related to the pillars of structural competitiveness has on corruption in the case of Greece. In order to inform national and regional policies against corruption, three indices were calculated that express: (1) the impact of each specific reform on corruption; (2) the required reform effort and (3) the efficiency of the reform index, taking into consideration the competitiveness gap between Greece and Switzerland – the country with the best performance worldwide in terms of competitiveness. These indicators may indicate which reforms have the highest payoff in terms of corruption abatement, which are less costly to undertake and which deliver the greatest reduction in corruption per required effort, respectively. The empirical results of this study suggest that in a number of areas the associated reforms may translate into lower levels of corruption. Under this conceptual framework, institutions seem to be of high importance as they have a substantial impact as far as the reduction of corruption is concerned, with relatively low reform effort. Therefore, a comprehensive policy reform referring to the pillars of structural competitiveness is expected to deliver lower levels of corruption in Greece, allowing the substantial increase of its competitiveness and hence its faster convergence with the more advanced economies in the European Union.
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Lee, Kuk-Hoen. "19th Century American Social Reform Movements and Ellen G. White's Social Reform Activities". Asia-Africa Journal of Mission and Ministry 12 (31.08.2015): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21806/aamm.2015.12.07.
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Goodman, Rogers. "Understanding university reform in Japan through the prism of the social sciences". Learning and Teaching 1, nr 1 (1.03.2008): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/175522708783113497.
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This article looks at current university reforms in Japan through two slightly different social science prisms: how social science methodologies and theories can help us understand those reforms better and how social science teaching in universities will be affected by the current reform processes.
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Philip Davis, E. "The Distributional Aspects of Social Security and Social Security Reform. . Social Security Pension Reform in Europe". Economic Journal 113, nr 491 (1.11.2003): F670—F672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0013-0133.2003.172_10.x.
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Yusuke, Kawamura. "PENSION REFORM IN AN AUTHORITARIAN STATE: A CASE STUDY OF EGYPT". Public Administration Issues, nr 5 (2021): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2021-0-5-89-106.
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This article focuses on two pension reforms in Egypt in order to understand the dynamics of social policy reform under authoritarian rule. One was supported by the World Bank and promulgated in 2010. It included drastic changes, such as the introduction of a defined benefit scheme, and ultimately failed. Another was successfully implemented in 2019. Compared to the 2010 reform, the 2019 reform involved only parametric change (such as increasing the retirement age and amalgamating social insurance funds), in order to mitigate the criticisms that had been made of the previous pension reform and to facilitate gradual, steady enhancement of the programme’s sustainability. The findings suggest that perceptions of authoritarian leaders as having wide-ranging discretion in decision-making concerning public policy and being able to more decisively implement harsh social reform compared with democratic political leaders need to be reconsidered.
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Heo, Inhye. "The Paradox of Administrative Decentralization Reform in Young Asian Democracies: South Korea and Indonesia". World Affairs 181, nr 4 (grudzień 2018): 372–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0043820018813474.
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It is generally perceived that administrative decentralization reform in young democracies is a promise to improve democracy from below. Yet, in terms of democratic development, the impact of this process is ambivalent, and can be described as a paradox of reform. This article argues that preemptive countermeasures that offset problems predicted to emerge as the reform proceeds should be formulated as part of the reform through introducing a preventive policy paradigm in the area of democratic reform policy. This is to alleviate or prevent the creation of the paradox and to contribute to democratic development through enhancing people’s satisfaction with the newly democratized government. To this end, this study examines administrative decentralization reform in South Korea and Indonesia and uncovers these reforms’ paradoxes. These two cases are particularly worthy of study, since their young democratic governments lack countermeasures against predictable reform problems, intensifying the paradox. I argue that the implications drawn from these two cases for methods of enhancing democratic development in other young democracies are worth heeding.
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Lima Filho, Domingos Leite. "A REFORMA DO ENSINO MÉDIO E A CONSTRUÇÃO DE NOSSA RESISTÊNCIA EM DEFESA DA EDUCAÇÃO PÚBLICA". Cadernos de Pesquisa 26, nr 4 (20.12.2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2229.v26n4p123-137.
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No presente artigo discutimos a reforma do ensino médio, em implementação no Brasil, a partir de 2.017, mediante a Lei n. 13.415, a Base Nacional Comum Curricular e as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Médio. O texto consta de uma introdução e dos seguintes tópicos: Regressão e contrarreforma social nos marcos da dependência e subalternidade; A educação pública e o ensino médio no contexto da contrarreforma social: questões de estrutura e conjuntura; O projeto educacional regressivo-conservador: educação como mercadoria e mecanismo de adaptação à exclusão social; O projeto social e educacional da classe trabalhadora: formação integral e emancipação humana; Considerações finais: construir a resistência necessária. Argumentamos que a reforma do ensino médio é parte da contrarreforma social para a supressão de direitos sociais no contexto de disputa de projetos que vivemos no Brasil e da forma de inserção subalterna e dependente do país na ordem mundial, o que envolve a adequação da educação, do trabalho e da classe trabalhadora a este projeto.Palavras-chave: Reforma do ensino médio. Lei 13.415. Regressão social. Política educacional. Educação e trabalho.HIGH SCHOOL REFORM AND BUILDING OUR RESISTANCE IN DEFENSE OF PUBLIC EDUCATIONAbstractIn this article we discuss the reform of the high school, in implementation in Brazil, from 2.017, through the Law n. 13,415, the Common National Curriculum Base and the National High School Curriculum Guidelines. The text consists of an introduction and the following topics: Regression and social counter-reform in the context of dependency and subordination; Public education and high school in the context of social counter-reform: questions of structure and conjuncture; The conservative regressive educational project: education as a commodity and mechanism of adaptation to social exclusion; The social and educational project of the working class: integral formation and human emancipation; Final Considerations: Build the necessary resistance. We argue that high school reform is part of the social counter-reform for the suppression of social rights in the context of disputing projects that we live in Brazil and of the country's subordinate and dependent insertion in the world order, which involves the adequacy of education, from work and working class to this project.Keywords: High school reform. Law 13,415. Social regression. Educational politics. Education and work.REFORMA DE LA ENSEÑANZA SECUNDARIA Y LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE NUESTRA RESISTENCIA EN DEFENSA DE LA EDUCACIÓN PÚBLICAResumenEn este artículo discutimos la reforma de la enseñanza secundaria, en implementación en Brasil, desde 2.017, a través de la Ley n. 13.415, Base Nacional Comum Curricular y Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Médio. El texto consta de una introducción y los siguientes temas: regresión y contrarreforma social en el marco de la dependencia y la subordinación; Educación pública y enseñanza secundária en el contexto de la contrarreforma social: cuestiones de estructura y coyuntura; El proyecto educativo regresivo conservador: la educación como mercancía y mecanismo de adaptación a la exclusión social; El proyecto social y educativo de la clase trabajadora: formación integral y emancipación humana; Consideraciones finales: Construir la resistencia necesaria. Argumentamos que la reforma de la enseñanza secundaria es parte de la contrarreforma social para la supresión de los derechos sociales en el contexto de disputa de proyectos que vivimos en Brasil y la forma de inserción subordinada y dependiente del país en el orden mundial, que implica la adecuación de la educación, del trabajo y la clase trabajadora a este proyecto.Palabras clave: Reforma de la enseñanza secundaria. Ley 13.415. Regresión social. Política educativa. Educación y trabajo.
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BERGGREN, NICLAS, SVEN-OLOV DAUNFELDT i JÖRGEN HELLSTRÖM. "Does social trust speed up reforms? The case of central-bank independence". Journal of Institutional Economics 12, nr 2 (20.07.2015): 395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137415000284.
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AbstractMany countries have undertaken central-bank independence reforms, but the years of implementation differ. What explains such differences in timing? This is of interest more broadly, as it sheds light on factors that matter for the speed at which economic reforms come about. We study a rich set of potential determinants, both economic and political, but put special focus on a cultural factor, i.e. social trust. We find empirical support for an inverse u-shape: Countries with low and high social trust implemented their reforms earlier than countries with intermediate levels. We make use of two factors to explain this pattern: the need to undertake reform (which is more urgent in countries with low social trust) and the ability to undertake reform (which is greater in countries with high social trust). Overall, our findings imply that culture matters for institutional change.
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SMITH, TIMOTHY B. "THE SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION OF HOSPITALS AND THE RISE OF MEDICAL INSURANCE IN FRANCE, 1914–1943". Historical Journal 41, nr 4 (grudzień 1998): 1055–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x98008164.
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This article explores the impact of the First World War on the social reform movement in France, emphasizing hospital policy and medical insurance. I argue that the war gave birth to a concerted reform movement which succeeded in bringing about fundamental changes to health care policy. During the inter-war years, the French embarked on a mission to replace the traditional hospital, the maison des pauvres, with modern facilities designed to cater to the middle class as well as to the poor. In 1928, a landmark law was passed which extended medical insurance to workers and the lower middle class. By 1940, over one half of the population was covered by medical insurance, and dozens of modern hospitals had been constructed. The impetuses to this national reform legislation were the numerous local experiments, whose stories I examine in some detail. Despite the image of Third Republic ‘decadence’, the success of health policy reform during the 1920s and 1930s shows that France was indeed capable of important domestic reforms. Under Vichy, these reforms were consolidated and after the Liberation, Vichy's efforts were saluted and affirmed by French politicians.
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Kennedy, Brianna L., i Amanda Datnow. "Student Involvement and Data-Driven Decision Making". Youth & Society 43, nr 4 (1.12.2010): 1246–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x10388219.
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Existing literature supports the inclusion of students in education reform, documenting benefits for both students and educators. When student voice is not included in reform efforts, these efforts are more likely to flounder. The emerging educational reform of data-driven decision making (DDDM) offers promise for increasing student achievement. However, scant research documents the involvement of students in DDDM reforms. Using a theoretical framework that advocates for democratically involving students in education reform, this cross-case analysis examines the role of students in DDDM reforms in elementary and high schools known to be exemplars of data-driven decision making. Based on findings of efforts made by exemplar districts as well as actions they did not take to involve students, the authors conclude that a new typology is necessary for assessing student involvement in DDDM. Consequently, the authors propose a new three-tiered typology for conceptualizing this phenomenon.
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Aganbegyan, A. G. "THE MAIN ECONOMIC CHALLENGES FACING RUSSIA". Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 238, nr 6 (2022): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2022-238-6-88-101.
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The article analyzes the main challenges for the sustainable development of Russia, identifies measures to achieve socio-economic growth in the country. Among them are the accelerated growth of investments (by 10-15% annually) in fixed assets and in human capital, as well as cardinal reforms. In particular, property reform, financial reform, regional governance reform, social reform and the transition to strategic planning with directive tasks for state organizations and indicative indicators for private business.